Search

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Preferences for risk disclosure in population‐based studies assessing Parkinson's disease (PD) risk have not been assessed so far.To examine preferences for risk disclosure in a subset of the European Healthy Brain Aging (HeBA) multicenter study.After a remote PD risk assessment, a structured pilot‐questionnaire on risk disclosure was first presented to participants (≥50 years, without neurodegenerative diseases) during in‐person visits at the Innsbruck study site.From the included 81 participants (63% females, median age 65 years), 79% expressed an unconditional desire to be informed about their PD risk. Confronted with a hypothetical scenario of a positive, specific PD test, most would try to live a healthier lifestyle. Regarding future placebo‐controlled disease‐modification trials, 66% stated they would probably or definitely participate.This pilot‐study shows an open‐minded view of participants towards disclosure of risk for future PD and a proactive attitude regarding dealing with one's risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to explore and identify the issues and opportunities for the ethical and legal regulation of artificial intelligence by the example of digital transformation in Morocco.Methods: the study was conducted using analytical and comparative approaches to address the emerging legal issues arising from the development of artificial intelligence. The traditional scientific method in law is based on legal analysis, which was applied to the study of legal texts, scientific literature, diagnosis of the condition of the study field at the national and international level. Along with this, the comparative approach in law was used, which made it possible to examine the Moroccan legislation comparison with that of other countries.Results: the article presents a review of scientific literature on the legal and ethical issues of using artificial intelligence. Legal texts and decrees developed at national and international level, directly or indirectly linked to the use of artificial intelligence, were reviewed. Moroccan legislation was compared with that of other countries. The findings suggest that, in the absence of a specific legal framework for artificial intelligence systems, the adoption of ethical standards in the form of guidelines, best practices and ethical charters is preferable. These mechanisms appear to be a viable alternative to legal regulation. In this sense, several initiatives were taken to promote “soft law”, which aims to encourage appropriate behavior of technological agents.Scientific novelty: the analysis of digital transformations in Morocco made it possible to present a comprehensive view on the role of ethical aspects and on the sufficiency of law to respond to the changes in the modern society, transformed by the development of artificial intelligence.Practical significance: the study allows identifying ways to find a more flexible balance between “soft” and “hard” law in the regulation of relations, taking into account the technological reality. This should encourage the appropriate behavior of technological agents and positively affect the specificity of the current situation. Today, the “hard law” slowly recognizes and addresses the problems associated with the digital technologies’ regulation and slowly takes into account the possible risks posed by artificial intelligence and the insufficiency of its regulation.

Background: Autonomy is a fundamental ethical principle within the nursing profession. It plays a significant role in patients' decision-making processes when seeking nursing interventions. In the context of hypertensive individuals, autonomy pertains to their capacity to manage and regulate their hypertensive condition. This encompasses the independent decision-making related to medications, lifestyle adjustments, and overall care. Method: The method utilized for this analysis is the Walker & Avant approach (2011). The concept analysis was conducted by consulting literature on autonomy sourced from Google Scholar and Preplexity databases. The search keywords employed were "concept of autonomy" and "hypertension sufferers". Results: The concept analysis followed the 8-step method outlined by Walker and Avant. This systematic approach, which involves identifying the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of autonomy, leads to the development of an operational definition. Autonomy is defined as the capacity of an individual to make decisions independently, without external influence, to manage themselves and take responsibility for the outcomes of those decisions. Conclusion: the results of the analysis it was found that autonomy is very beneficial for hypertension sufferers because a person can make decisions, so that they have self-satisfaction, increased motivation and clear life goals. Autonomy grants nurses the freedom to make clinical decisions based on their professional knowledge and skills. Nurses can determine the best course of action for patients without having to wait for instructions from a doctor, while still being accountable for their decisions and ready to explain their actions within the context of ethics and law.

The subject of the study is the norms of current legislation regulating the creation and application of artificial intelligence technology in healthcare, including acts of technical regulation, as well as available scientific research by domestic and foreign scientists in the field presented. In recent years, foreign experts have conducted a significant amount of research on the development of ethical principles for the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare. However, these works tend to be abstract and do not explain what justifies and justifies their recommendations and how these recommendations should be used in practice. In turn, in the Russian Federation at the moment there is a small number of domestic studies devoted to a comprehensive study of ethical principles that should guide subjects engaged in the creation and use of medical devices based on artificial intelligence technologies, which confirms the relevance and significance of our research.Objective: to develop a system of ethical principles for the creation and application of artificial intelligence technologies in the field of healthcare, which will serve as the basis for the legal regulation of public relations in the presented area.Methods: the methodological basis of the system of ethical principles for the creation and application of artificial intelligence technologies was made up of general scientific and private scientific methods of scientific cognition, including analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, classification, analogy and comparison.Results: to the attention of lawyers, scientists and practitioners, medical professionals, members of clinical ethics committees, medical ethics specialists, representatives of law– making bodies, government departments, the business community and public organizations, patients, as well as a wide range of readers interested in the digital transformation of the healthcare system, ethical principles for the creation and application of artificial health technologies are proposed intelligence in healthcare, which can serve as the basis for the formation of an appropriate system of legal regulation. The stated goal has been achieved, which is confirmed by the development of a system of ethical principles that serve as the basis for the development of a system of legal regulation of artificial intelligence technologies in healthcare. The developed ethical principles can be used to further improve domestic legislation, and also lay the foundation for further research.

BACKGROUND: Autonomy is a fundamental ethical principle within the nursing profession. It plays a significant role in patients' decisionmaking processes when seeking nursing interventions. In the context of hypertensive individuals, autonomy pertains to their capacity to manage and regulate their hypertensive condition. This encompasses the independent decision-making related to medications, lifestyle adjustments, and overall care. METHOD: The method utilized for this analysis is the Walker & Avant approach, 2011. The concept analysis was conducted by consulting literature on autonomy sourced from Google Scholar and Preplexity databases. The search keywords employed were "concept of autonomy" and "hypertension sufferers". RESULTS: The concept analysis followed the 8-step method outlined by Walker & Avant. This systematic approach, which involves identifying the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of autonomy, leads to the development of an operational definition. Autonomy is defined as the capacity of an individual to make decisions independently, without external influence, to manage themselves and take responsibility for the outcomes of those decisions. CONCLUSION: From the results of the analysis, it was found that autonomy is very beneficial for hypertension sufferers because a person can make decisions, so that they have self-satisfaction, increased motivation and clear life goals. Autonomy grants nurses the freedom to make clinical decisions based on their professional knowledge and skills. Nurses can determine the best course of action for patients without having to wait for instructions from a doctor, while still being accountable for their decisions and ready to explain their actions within the context of ethics and law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research devoted to freedom and responsibility proceeds only “inside” philosophical knowledge, and therefore there is a certain limitation. Only the synthesis of ideological positions will allow to open the veil of secrets of human actions. The article states that there are two clearly expressed positions regarding the causes of human behavior: the first is based on the theory of the synthetic evolution and emphasizes its biological (genetic) origin; the second rejects the biological conditionality of actions, because deterministic statements make people perceive their genome as an inescapable fate. To agree with the lack of freedom means to accept the lack of moral responsibility. Without asserting the truth of the predestination of human behavior, the authors believe that such “philosophical perseverance” can not only lead scientists to a dead end, but also slow down the development of those studies that are associated with the introduction of new technologies, including medical ones based on discoveries in the field of genetics. Therefore, in order to “remove” ethical restrictions, the authors attempted to prove the possibility of freedom even within the framework of deterministic behavior by clarifying the essence of “subordination to the principle”, with which moral responsibility is associated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article identifies a contemporary concern for Christian educational ministry—namely the potential danger of men in ministry leadership—through an examination of the sexual exploitation narratives in Genesis. This article makes the concern evident by examining the narratives with a hermeneutic constructed from an appropriation of feminist theology with a doctrinally confessional foundation. Applying the hermeneutic to the text reveals a foundational and timeless ethical principle in the inerrant text. The implications of the ethical principle underscore the need to implement safeguards for men in educational ministry leadership to mitigate the potential for abuse and sexual exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To support equitable adaptation planning, quantitative assessments should consider the fairness of the distribution of outcomes to different people. What constitutes a fair distribution, however, is a normative question. In this study, we explore the use of different moral principles drawn from theories of distributive justice to evaluate fairness. We use adaptation planning in Vietnam Mekong Delta as a case study. We evaluate the preference ranking of six alternative policies for seven moral principles across an ensemble of scenarios. Under the baseline scenario, each principle yields distinctive preference rankings, though most principles identify the same policy as the most preferred one. Across the ensemble of scenarios, the commonly used utilitarian principle yields the most stable ranking, while rankings from other principles are more sensitive to uncertainty. The sufficientarian and the envy-free principles yield the most distinctive ranking of policies, with a median ranking correlation of only 0.07 across all scenarios. Finally, we identify scenarios under which using these two principles results in reversed policy preference rankings. Our study highlights the importance of considering multiple moral principles in evaluating the fairness of adaptation policies, as this would reduce the possibility of maladaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the important concept of justice, one of the four ethical principles developed by Beauchamp and Childress (2019). Gillon (1994) divided justice into three categories: distributive justice, rightsbased justice and legal justice. Justice also forms an important part of British values regarding democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty, mutual respect and tolerance of those of different faiths and beliefs. Following an introduction defining what is meant by the term 'justice', the relevant parts of the Nursing Midwifery Council code (NMC, 2018a) will be identified and presented. There will then follow a discussion on the three categories of justice as laid out by Gillon (1994) and how justice fits in with British values. Finally, this discussion will point towards how justice can be achieved for the patients in your care and the colleagues you work alongside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this article is to highlight the strong pragmalinguistic potential of language as a means of communication in social work and the potential problems of Czech-Russian translation of terminology in this field. Using the material of Russian-Czech terminological equivalents covering the semantic field of “social work”, the author attempts, on the one hand, to illustrate some functions of language in the field under study, on the other hand, to point out a certain interlingual asymmetry in the terminological apparatus of Russian and Czech languages. Last but not least, the author focuses on the growing tendency towards the observance of the ethical principles and correctness of expression in the studied area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The article is dedicated to analysing the possible ethical regulation of problems that arise during the interaction of participants in the educational process through integration and inclusion (based on the example of teaching children with disabilities and orphaned children in regular schools). The relevance of the article is in its discussion of the trend towards the spread of inclusive and integrative practices in modern Russian education. Materials and Methods. The study was aimed at investigating problems experienced in terms of inclusion and integration in the context of ethical principles of interaction in education. The study involved 391 respondents, all students of regular schools of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast, in which programs of inclusion and/or integration have been put into practice, as well as their parents and teachers. The problems arising in the interaction of subjects of education in the conditions of integration and inclusion were studied by sociometry (characteristics of the position of special children in the system of interpersonal relations with peers in a heterogeneous class), structured interviews (analysis of the teachers’ attitudes to work in heterogeneous classes) and questionnaires (analysis of the parents’ attitude to teaching their children in a heterogeneous class). Interpretation of the results was carried out by comparing the empirical data with the ethical principles fixed in the Model Code of Professional Ethics of Pedagogical Workers, as well as ethical codes adopted by representatives of related professions. Results. During processes of integration and inclusion, a hidden or obvious social exclusion is observed in every part of interaction during the educational process (“student-student”, “student-teacher”, “student-parent”, “parent-teacher”) and is specified by the following characteristics: discrimination and stigmatisation of children with special needs and their parents; exclusion of children with special needs to the fringes of the social system inside their class; intentional or unintentional information disclosure about the child’s health and/or his family status. The ethical principles that are most often violated in the interaction of participants in the educational process (the principle of respect, the principle of competence, the principle of confidentiality) are highlighted. A theoretical comparison of the items that reveal these ethical principles in the professional codes of doctors, social workers, educational psychologists and the Model Code of Professional Ethics of Pedagogical Workers showed that ethical regulation can become a useful resource for resolving moral conflicts that arise in pedagogical interaction. For this, it is necessary to indicate the principles of respect and competence regarding the conditions of an integrated and inclusive education, as well as to develop special content related to the principle of confidentiality. Discussion and Conclusion. The findings contribute to the development of pedagogical deontology and can be used to clarify ethical principles of interaction in ter ms of integration and inclusion in education.

Concern over the fragility of unity in Malaysiahas affected development of modern biotechnology. In addressing this issue, the development of an ethical principleof religious sensitivity, culture and dignity is believed to be a proactive measure in preventing misunderstandings regarding religion, culture and dignity in modern biotechnology. However, the nature of the ethical principle is descriptive and difficult to interpret. The objective of this study therefore is to identify and study the appropriate indicators for an ethical principle of religious sensitivity, culture and dignity in modern biotechnology from the perspective of stakeholders in Malaysia. This study was conducted using qualitative methods through focus group discussion (FGD) by purposive sampling that consisted of stakeholders in biotechnology around Klang Valley. The audio recordings of the discussion were transcribed verbatim before analysis. Research results show that all panels strongly agreed on the importance of an ethical principle and its suitability for the modern biotechnology of Malaysia. All panels have also agreed to suggest two main indicators for the principle which the practitioner of modern biotechnology must provide: 1) Halal status is presented for modern biotechnology products for Muslim users and; 2) A letter of declaration that the study and production of modern biotechnology products are carried out with due respect to sensitivity of religion, culture and dignity in Malaysia. It is agreed that both indicators for an ethical principle of religious sensitivity, culture and dignity are important to facilitate regulators, researchers and producers in the field of modern biotechnology in performing their tasks ethically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranean Educational Research Journal / Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Turkish Educational Research Association (TERA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article comprises an analysis of the concept of "courage" as an ontological and ethical principle, constituting the chief category in the philosophical theology of Paul Tillich, called "the philosopher of borderlands," regarded as the most important thinker in the Protestant, liberal theology of the 20th century. In his philosophical theology or theological philosophy the notion of "courage to be" provides an essential point of reference in the context of spiritual development of the human individual, as well as revealing possibilities of giving sense to being, which appears itself to man as devoid of sense. In the first part, the concept of "courage to be" is itself subjected to analysis as the ontological and the ethical principle. According to Tillich, the existentially (ethically) oriented being constituted a step in the individual's life, which is already connected with conscious life and self-affirmation. The second part discusses Tillich's understanding of faith as the "to be or not to be' of human existence. The author of Dynamics of Faith says that the courage to be can be expressed either in individuation, that is, in the personal relationship and encounter with God, which represents the existentialist approach, or by means of participation in God's power. Tillich proclaims that only the virtue of courage can overcome the anxiety arising from lack of sense and from doubt, which is characteristic of human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hand washing is an age long infection control practice in hospital. It is aim at preventing the spread of spore forming microorganisms in the hospital environment. All persons who will engage in any hospital service must first learn the science of hand washing technique and appropriate its benefits. Extant studies reported varied compliance rate among categories of medical practitioners with an average of less than 75% compliance rate. There are policies and regulations across care settings on proper hand washing and where laws are not enacted it is propagated as health promotion activity with the ethical principles underpinning the procedure. Nurses in particular are frontliners in patients care and are therefore motivated to jointly scale up infection control with other practitioners to prevent spread of disease causing pathogens which can complicate the patients care, increase length of hospital stay, care cost and rate of hospital re-admission [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Habana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Press freedom in Malaysia is bound under several regulations and restrictions ever since Malaysia granted independence in 1957. Due to this, a few media and press laws were also inadvertently inherited from the draconian colonial law or introduced in controlling any extremist actions during emergency periods and also used in silencing any political rivals. Based on the report compiled by Reporters without Borders (RSF), Malaysia jumped 22 places to 123rd of the World Press Freedom Index in 2019, better than all of our South East Asian neighboring countries. The success of Malaysia press freedom movement triggered by the reformation of a few media institutions, laws, and practices throughout the year. The enhancement of Malaysia press freedom assisted in the development of the country and led the nation in becoming more progressive and transparent alongside other developing nations worldwide. In this research, a case study conducted at one of a privately-owned media organization headquarters in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is aimed to analyze the ethical issues regarding business ethics involving informal interviewing methods performed towards internal staff. The case recorded will then be categorized into four different setups. Each case from each category analyzed will discuss, in detail, the business ethic concept and ethical principles. In this study, the discussion aims to strengthen moral values and business ethics that has supposedly implemented in the media industry sector in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private institutions in Malaysia are bound to the Private Higher Institution Act 1996, normally relies on corporate investment to sustain their operations. Data from Department of statistic Malaysia show that there is a significant incensement of gross output value in the education sector in Malaysia from RM 17.6 billion in 2017 compared to RM 15.2 billion in 2015 which reflect the business competencies in private institution (Ministry of Education Malaysia, 2015). In this research, a case study will be conducted at one of the private colleges in Kuantan, Pahang. The aim of this research is to analyze the ethical issue regarding business ethics using a semi-structured interview method with college staff and students. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. Each case would be analyzed, discussed and the cases would be related to the business ethics concept and ethical principle. This study aims to create good moral value and business ethics that can be practiced in the private education sector in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]