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The current study aimed to investigate the in vitro and in silico antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of essential oil (EO) and ethanolic extract (EE) from Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. fruits. GC-MS analysis of the EO revealed a predominance of perillaldehyde (80%), followed by limonene (13.45%). Antioxidant activity results showed that EO had excellent superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 20.95 μg/mL) compared to α-tocopherol (IC50 = 31.52 μg/mL), while EE demonstrated good ABTS•+ and DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 52.06 and 63.51 μg/mL, respectively, compared to BHT (13.01 and 23.14 μg/mL). In addition, noticeable ferric and cupric reducing powers were observed. EO showed good inhibitory activity against both acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BChE) compared to galantamine (199.81 and 86.09 vs. 8.14 and 36.44 μg/mL, respectively). However, very low activity was demonstrated by the EE (IC50 > 200 μg/mL). Molecular docking analysis predicted high binding affinities of perillaldehyde and limonene with AChE and BChE ranging from −5.8 to −6.2 kcal/mol and an inhibition by binding via the π-interaction with the residues of active sites His447 and His438, respectively. Additionally, only perillaldehyde presented hydrogen bonds with both enzymes. Furthermore, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET) prediction studies of perillaldehyde and limonene showed good pharmacokinetic properties without inhibition of cytochromes P450 (CYP), nephrotoxicity, or mutagenicity, as well as good drug likeness evaluated by Lipinski's Rule and a bioavailability score of 0.55. Thus, A. leucotrichus could be a good resource for pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is a component of the development of the aerial parts (leaves and stems) of Oudneya africana R., of the Brassicaceae family. For that purpose, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, β-carotene, and phenanthroline assays), and antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extracts of this plant were evaluated. Ethanolic leaf extract had a higher quantity of phenolics (69.75 ± 1.87 μg GAE/mg) and flavonoids (91.88 ± 1.94 μg QE/mg) than stem extract. Despite their significant antioxidant activities, leaf and stem ethanolic extracts had a weaker capacity to block the DPPH radical, as well as the ABTS radical, the β-carotene-linoleate bleaching assay, and the phenanthroline test, than industrial antioxidants, namely butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylhydroxyanisole (BHA). The remarkable antioxidant activity was observed in ethanolic stem extract on the ABTS assay with an IC50 value of 15.90 μg/mL and in the β-carotene with an IC50 value of 20.21 μg/mL. The ethanolic extract from leaves and stems showed excellent antibacterial activity against Candida albicans, with inhibition diameters of 13 mm and 12 mm, respectively. This work comprises a preliminary investigation, and as such, it suggests Oudneya africana R. as a potential candidate for having antibacterial and antioxidant properties and also draws attention to the potential value of using this plant as a traditional treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Algerian endemic plant Ammoides atlantica (Coss. et Durieu) H. Wolff was studied for the chemical profiling and biological activities of its essential oil (EO) and ethanolic extract (EE). The chemical analysis by GC/MS and HPLC/DAD/UV revealed, respectively, the major compounds thymol (39.46%), γ- terpinene (31.74%), and p-cymene (19.01%) in the EO, and apigenin (33.58%), luteolin 7-O-glucoside (20.09%), and luteolin (14.39%) in the EE. The EO exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with a significant ABTS•+ scavenging capacity (IC50 = 2.79 µg/mL) compared to EE, Trolox, and BHT. The EE showed comparable effects to BHT in DPPH scavenging and reducing power tests. Moreover, the EO demonstrated noteworthy antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 32.1 to 70 mm and MICs below 0.3 to 5 mg/mL. Furthermore, the EE exhibited strong antiinflammatory activity by inhibiting hemolysis of red blood cells >70% at a concentration of 20 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eupatorium odoratum (EO) L (Siam weed) is a highly invasive species that contains various beneficial active compounds. This study was conducted to explore the antibacterial properties of EO ethanol extract against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of EO ethanolic extract against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to assess its potential as an antimicrobial agent. Methods: The study employed the agar well diffusion method to measure the antimicrobial effectiveness of the EO ethanolic extract. Additionally, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the broth microdilution assay for different bacterial strains. Results: The results showed that the EO ethanol extract could not inhibit Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It presented weak to moderate inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Proteus vulgaris, and exhibited moderate to strong inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC and MBC of the EO ethanolic extract against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, P. vulgaris, and K. pneumoniae were 12.00 and 12.00 mg/ml; 5.00 and 7.50; 15.46 and 18.98 mg/ml; 75.00 and 87.50 mg/ml; 25.00 and 25.00; and 77.50 and 100.00 mg/ml. Conclusion: It was concluded that while EO ethanolic extract showed moderate to strong effectiveness against S. aureus, it was less effective against other Gram-positive bacteria and showed no activity against the tested Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of EO was considered to have potential as an antimicrobial agent, particularly against S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eupatorium odoratum L (Siam weed) is a highly invasive species that contains various beneficial active compounds. This study was conducted to explore the antibacterial properties of E. odoratum ethanol extract against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of E. odoratum ethanolic extract against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to assess its potential as an antimicrobial agent. Methods: The study employed the agar well diffusion method to measure the antimicrobial effectiveness of the E. odoratum ethanolic extract. Additionally, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the broth microdilution assay for different bacterial strains. Results: The results showed that the E. odoratum ethanol extract could not inhibit Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It presented weak to moderate inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Proteus vulgaris, and exhibited moderate to strong inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC and MBC of the E. odoratum ethanolic extract against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, P. vulgaris, and K. pneumoniae were 12.00 mg/ml and 12.00 mg/ml; 5.00 mg/ml and 7.50 mg/ml; 15.46 mg/ml and 18.98 mg/ml; 75.00 mg/ml and 87.50 mg/ml; 25.00 mg/ml and 25.00 mg/ml; and 77.50 mg/ml and 100.00 mg/ml. Conclusion: It was concluded that while E. odoratum ethanolic extract showed moderate to strong effectiveness against S. aureus, it was less effective against other gram-positive bacteria and showed no activity against the tested gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of E. odoratum was considered to have potential as an antimicrobial agent, particularly against S. aureus. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(11.000): 3100-3107]

The Algerian endemic plant Ammoides atlantica (Coss. et Durieu) H. Wolff was studied for the chemical profiling and biological activities of its essential oil (EO) and ethanolic extract (EE). The chemical analysis by GC/MS and HPLC/DAD/UV revealed, respectively, the major compounds thymol (39.46%), γ-terpinene (31.74%), and p-cymene (19.01%) in the EO, and apigenin (33.58%), luteolin 7-O-glucoside (20.09%), and luteolin (14.39%) in the EE. The EO exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with a significant ABTS•+ scavenging capacity (IC50 = 2.79 µg/mL) compared to EE, Trolox, and BHT. The EE showed comparable effects to BHT in DPPH scavenging and reducing power tests. Moreover, the EO demonstrated noteworthy antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 32.1 to 70 mm and MICs below 0.3 to 5 mg/mL. Furthermore, the EE exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting hemolysis of red blood cells >70% at a concentration of 20 µg/mL.

Massive production of watermelon is correlated with its nutritional value and attractive appearance. Intensification of plant breeding through polyploidization is of utmost importance in horticulture to improve productivity with desirable morphological traits. Colchicine is a common polyploid inducer with limitations, including effects on plant viability and high costs. Another anti-mitotic agent has been developed from Catharanthus roseus ethanolic extract, but the applicative provisions need further exploration. This research focuses on the efficacy and performance of biocatharantine and colchicine in improving ploidy levels with morphological evaluation on orange watermelon ‘Citra Laga’. Mature seeds were treated with 2% biocatharantine and 0.2% colchicine for 12 and 24 hours. Generally, major morphological traits are unchanged, with significant differences found only in the width of leaves and color characteristics. Flow cytometry is performed to assess the ploidy level of plant cells. Mixoploid plants containing 2C+4C+8C DNA are produced by colchicine, but the lowest germination rate is found to have a negative effect. Biocatharantine increases the peak intensities of tetraploid 4C DNA within mixoploid plants with minimum risk to plant viability. This research discovers the potential of biocatharantine as an anti-mitotic agent, with an evaluation of the octaploid success of orange watermelon ‘Citra Laga’ mediated by colchicine.

This study investigates the impact of mulberry leaf extract on the viability, plasma membrane integrity, and motility of spermatozoa from male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to e-cigarette smoke. A total of twenty-five male rats were divided into five groups: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), T1, T2, and T3. All groups, except for the NC group, were exposed to e-cigarette smoke. Rats in the T1, T2, and T3 groups received mulberry leaf extract in doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw, respectively, while the NC and PC groups were given a placebo of 1% Na-CMC. Both the mulberry leaf extract and the placebo were administered daily, beginning three days prior to the start of e-cigarette smoke exposure, which lasted for 28 days. Results showed that spermatozoa motility, plasma membrane integrity, and viability in the experimental groups were significantly lower than those in the NC group (p

In this study, we determined chemically active compounds extracted from Syzygium cumini stem using four different solvents, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, ethanol, and methanol. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was used to investigate the chemical constituents in the targeted plant material and the in vitro antimalarial assay was evaluated through Giemsa staining microscopy utilizing the Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. The results indicate that the number of active compounds in the extract of ethyl acetate, n-hexane, ethanol, and methanol is 23, 7, 5, and 21 respectively, there are more compounds found in the ethyl acetate and methanol compared to ethanol and n-hexane. The antimalarial test confirmed that all four extracts were able to stop the growth of tested plasmodium but the ethyl acetate extract showed a remarkable ability to prevent the growth of plasmodium falciparum and completely inhibit it at the concentration of 100 µg/mL with the lowest IC50 of 11.08 µg/mL. The finding of this study could be useful for further development of natural product-based drugs for malaria disease treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed the toxic effect of the ethanolic extract of Passiflora incarnata (EEP) and its nanoformulation (N-EEP) in the in vitro and in vivo models (zebrafish embryos and Swiss albino mice). The EEP composition was verified by phytochemical and GC–MS analysis. The synthesized N-EEP was characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro results showed both EEP and N-EEP have a dose-dependent effect in L132 cells (normal embryonic lung cells). In zebrafish embryos, no developmental changes were observed for both EEP and N-EEP at 200 µg/ml. The acute and sub-acute toxicity of EEP and N-EEP was identified by oral administration in Swiss albino mice. A single-day oral dose of EEP and N-EEP at different concentrations was administered for acute toxicity, and changes in body weight, food, water intake, temperature, respiration rate, skin color changes, and eye color till 72 h was observed. In a sub-acute toxicity study, 28 days oral administration of different concentrations of EEP and N-EEP was done. Hematological analysis, serum hepatic biochemical parameter analysis, and histopathological analysis for the liver, kidney, spleen, intestine, and heart were performed. The results indicated that lower than 600 mg/kg of EEP and N-EEP can safely be used for the remediation of a spectrum of diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roselle is a popular plant in Malaysia, especially for its use in food and beverage production. The roselle calyces are decocted to make roselle juice and cordial, resulting in a significant amount of waste or roselle decoction residues. Surprisingly, these residues retain their dark red colour and are still intact although softened. However, to date, no research on the antioxidant compounds and activities of roselle decoction residues from cordial and juice production has been reported. Therefore, this study aims to determine the anthocyanins content and antioxidant activities remaining in the roselle decoction residues. The roselle decoction residues were evaluated for colour, Delta E (ΔE), pH, total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing ability assay (FRAP), and ferrous ion chelating (FIC). All assays were also correlated and showed positive effects among themselves. The decoction residues reported were still in acidic conditions ranging from pH 2 to 4. The decocted cordial residue (DCR) showed a similar colour with control or fresh roselle calyx (FRC), and a bit duller in decocted juice residue (DJR). The DCR showed similar and slightly lower antioxidant content and activity of TAC, TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP and FIC (73.34 ± 1.26 mg/100 g FW, 185.01 ± 15.27 mg GAE/g extract, 98.13 ± 5.79 mg QE/g extract, 19.88 ± 1.29 %, 209.22 ± 20.43 µM TE/g extract and 38.37 ± 1.18 %, respectively) to FRC but much better than DJR. The study revealed that the DCR residues were still rich in anthocyanin contents and had good antioxidant activity without having colour changes. These residues can be converted to wealth and could be an alternative source of natural antioxidants. Further research is needed to explore their potential applications in functional foods, dietary supplements, and pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernonia amygdalina, commonly known as bitter leaf, is a widely grown plant in Africa that has several health benefits. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial activities of ciprofloxacin with those of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) on selected bacteria. Swabs were collected from patients presenting with bacterial conjunctivitis at the Eye Clinic, Department of Optometry, Federal University of Technology, Owerri. The samples were transported to the Microbiology Laboratory at the Federal University Teaching Hospital, Owerri, for culturing and identification of microorganisms using standard microbiological methods. The zones of inhibition of ciprofloxacin on selected bacteria isolated from the swab samples were compared with those of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina. Four bacteria were isolated from the samples: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. At concentrations of 100, 50, 25 and 12.5 mg/ml respectively, there were significant differences (p=0.05) in the zones of inhibition between ciprofloxacin and the ethanolic and aqueous extracts against S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes. With 12.5 mg/ml concentration, the extracts showed no significant differences (p>0.05) in the zone of inhibition. Ciprofloxacin showed significantly higher (p=0.05) zones of inhibition, followed by Vernonia amygdalina ethanolic extract (p=0.05) and Vernonia amygdalina aqueous extract (p=0.05). The zones of inhibition produced by Vernonia amygdalina ethanolic extract on both grampositive and gram-negative bacteria highlight its antibacterial effect and its potential as an alternative treatment option for bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an anticancer drug that causes infertility disorders. This study was designed to evaluate a nanoformulation of chitosan with an ethanolic extract from Spirulina platensis in terms of its protection against cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian toxicity. Nine groups of female Wistar rats were randomly assigned as follows: 1: control vehicle, 2: chitosan polymer, 3: telmisartan, 4: Spirulina platensis extract, 5: nanoformulation of the Spirulina platensis, and 6: single injection of CP; groups 7, 8, and 9 received the same treatments as those used in groups 3, 4, and 5, respectively, with a single dose of CP (200 mg/kg, I.P). The results displayed that the CP treatment decreased estradiol, progesterone, anti-mullerian hormone, and GSH content, and it downregulated PPAR-γ, Nrf-2, and HO-1 gene expression. In addition, the CP treatment caused an increase in the FSH, LH, and MDA levels. In the same manner, the protein expression of caspase-3, NF-kB, and TNF-α was upregulated in response to the CP treatment, while PPAR-γ was downregulated in comparison with the control. The rats treated with SPNPs exhibited a substantial reduction in the detrimental effects of oxidative stress and inflammation of the ovarian tissue. This study's conclusions showed that SPNPs counteracted the effects of CP, preventing the death of ovarian follicles and restoring the gonadotropin hormone balance and normal ovarian histological appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geoffroea decorticans, commonly known as Chañar, is a native Chilean plant widely used in folk medicine for its expectorant, pain relief, and antinociceptive properties. This study explored the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and protective effects of its ethanolic (EE) and aqueous (EA) seed extracts against oxidative stress induced by copper sulfate, using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the extracts. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) identified significant components such as phytol, alpha-tocopherol, vitexin, and rutin, with the EE being particularly rich in phytol and vitexin. Antioxidant assays—measuring the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging, and copper and iron chelation—confirmed their potent antioxidant capabilities. Both extracts were non-cytotoxic and provided protection against CuSO4-induced oxidative stress in the 3T3 cell line. Additionally, the use of Tenebrio molitor as an invertebrate model underscored the extracts' antioxidant and protective potentials, especially that of the EE. In conclusion, this study highlights the significant antioxidant and protective properties of Chañar seed extracts, particularly the ethanolic extract, in both in vitro and in vivo models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety transcends a natural emotion, evolving into a pathological condition with the potential to trigger cascading cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders. Although conventional allopathic medicine offers treatment options, concerns regarding their side effects and long-term efficacy remain prevalent. Medicinal plants contain natural compounds that may be promising sources of therapeutic drugs. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to compare the anxiolytic potential of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum (OS). The growing appeal of plant-based therapies for anxiety stems from perceived advantages in safety and tolerability compared to synthetic drugs. Materials and Methods: The anxiolytic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract of OS is evaluated with an elevated plus maze test. A total of 36 Wistar albino rats (150-200 g) were used and randomly divided into six groups of six animals each. The effects of the test drug at different doses, 100 and 200 mg/kg, were compared with the standard anxiolytic drug diazepam at 2 mg/kg body weight and the control group using distilled water at 0.5 mL/kg body weight. Results: The behavioral changes suggested reduced anxiety and openarm exploration in plus-maze indicates reduced anxiety in animals treated with OS extracts. The changes are significantly (P < 0.001) comparable with the standard drug diazepam. Conclusion: The ethanolic extracts of OS are more significant than aqueous extracts for evaluating anti-anxiety activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ethanolic extracts are more likely to contain a wider range of bioactive compounds, which are thought to be responsible for the anti-anxiety effects of OS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micromeria biflora (M.B) Benth has proven anti-inflammatory efficacy, thereby, the goal of the current investigation was to assess the anti-arthritic potential of M.B ethanolic extract and fractions as well as to investigate the likely mechanism of action. The effectiveness of M.B against acute arthritic manifestations was assessed using an arthritic model prompted by formaldehyde, whereas a chronic model was developed using an adjuvant called Complete Freund's in Sprague–Dawley rats. Weekly evaluations were conducted for parameters involving paw volume, body weight, and arthritic score; at the completion of the CFA model, hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters as well as the level of various mediators (PGE2, IL-1β, TNFα, IL6, MMP2, 3, 9, VEGF, NF-ĸB, IL-10, and IL-4) were evaluated. The results demonstrated the plant's ability to treat arthritis by showing a significant decrease in paw volume, arthritic score, and histological characteristics. The levels of NF-ĸB, MMP2, 3, 9, IL6, IL1β, TNFα, and VEGF were all significantly reduced after treatment with plant extract and fractions. Plant extract and its fractions substantially preserved body weight loss, oxidative stress markers and levels of IL-4 and 1L-10. PGE2 levels were also shown to be reduced in the treatment groups, supporting the M.B immunomodulatory ability. Hematological and biochemical indicators were also normalized after M.B administration. Outcomes of the study validated the anti-arthritic and immunomodulatory attributes of M.B probably through modulating oxidative stress, inflammatory, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Man has used medicinal plants as remedies for several human diseases for centuries. This paper therefore evaluates the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of ethanolic and gel extracts of common wireweed (Sida acuta Burm.f.) using appropriate standard techninques. The filtrate was concentrated to a semi-solid mass (extract) and the antibacterial activity of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were assessed using the agar well diffusion technique. The gels have good homogeneity, and spreadability, and are easily washable. The pH ranges between 5.8 and 6.3 and is within the normal skin pH range (4.0-6.8). The extrudability ranges from 45 to 70%. The viscosity of the gels is between 6178.6 mPas and 59,343 mPas and they are shear thinning systems. The gels prepared using Sida acuta ethanolic extract have antibacterial activity that is comparable to that of the extract alone. Gells formulated using carbopol were comparable to those prepared using HPMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of mulberry leaf extract on the viability, plasma membrane integrity, and motility of spermatozoa from male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to e-cigarette smoke. A total of twenty-five male rats were divided into five groups: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), T1, T2, and T3. All groups, except for the NC group, were exposed to e-cigarette smoke. Rats in the T1, T2, and T3 groups received mulberry leaf extract in doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw, respectively, while the NC and PC groups were given a placebo of 1% Na-CMC. Both the mulberry leaf extract and the placebo were administered daily, beginning three days prior to the start of e-cigarette smoke exposure, which lasted for 28 days. Results showed that spermatozoa motility, plasma membrane integrity, and viability in the experimental groups were significantly lower than those in the NC group (p <0.05). Conversely, rats in the T1, T2, and T3 groups that received mulberry leaf extract demonstrated significantly greater spermatozoa viability, plasma membrane integrity, and motility compared to the PC group (p <0.05). The T3 group exhibited the most pronounced improvements, with significantly enhanced spermatozoa viability, membrane integrity, and motility (p <0.05) relative to the PC group. These results indicate that mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract enhanced spermatozoa viability, plasma membrane integrity, and motility in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) subjected to e-cigarette smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (K. pinnata), a succulent plant native to tropical regions, are used as a medicinal alternative against cancer in several countries worldwide; however, its therapeutic potential to fight cancer has been little addressed. In this study, we analyzed the phytochemical content, antioxidant capacity, and selectivity of K. pinnata leaf ethanolic extract against different human cancer cell lines in vitro. Methodology This study subjected the ethanolic extract to enzymatic assays to quantify the phytochemical content (phenolics, flavonoids, and anthraquinones) and its radical scavenging and iron-reducing capacities. Also, the phytoconstituents and major phenolic compounds present in the extract’s subfractions were identified by GC-MS, HPLC, and NMR. Human cancer (MCF-7, PC-3, HT-29) and normal colon (CoN) cell lines were treated with different concentrations of K. pinnata leaf ethanolic extract, and the changes in cell proliferation (sulforhodamine B assay), caspases activity (FITC-VAD-FMK reporter), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, rhodamine 123 assay), chromatin condensation/fragmentation (Hoechst 33342 stain), and ROS generation (DCFH2 probe assay) were assessed. Results The results showed that the K. pinnata leaf ethanolic extract is rich in phytoconstituents with therapeutic potential, including phenols (quercetin and kaempferol), flavonoids, fatty acid esters (34.6% of the total composition), 1- triacontanol and sterols (ergosterol and stigmasterol, 15.4% of the total composition); however, it presents a poor content of antioxidant molecules (IC50 = 27.6 mg/mL for H2O2 scavenging activity vs. 2.86 mg/mL in the case of Trolox). Notably, the extract inhibited cell proliferation and reduced MMP in all human cell lines tested but showed selectivity for HT-29 colon cancer cells compared to CoN normal cells (SI = 8.4). Furthermore, ROS generation, caspase activity, and chromatin condensation/fragmentation were augmented significantly in cancer-derived cell lines, indicating a selective cytotoxic effect. Conclusion These findings reveal that the K. pinnata leaf ethanolic extract contains several bioactive molecules with therapeutic potential, capable of displaying selective cytotoxicity in different human cancer cell lines.

In response to the escalating concerns surrounding antibiotic resistance and associated side effects, interest in plant extracts and bioactive compounds derived from medicinal herbs has been resurgent. This study investigates the Phytochemical Screening, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) Analysis, and Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts against clinical isolates. Utilizing aqueous and ethanolic extractions, the study determined the yield percentages as 16.25% and 7.14%, respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins in both extracts, with the absence of phenol. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method, showing inhibitory effects against the tested isolates. The ethanolic extract exhibited superior antibacterial activity, with a maximum zone of inhibition (17mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 800mg/ml. The aqueous extract demonstrated a maximum zone of inhibition (12mm) against the same bacterium at the same concentration. Comparative analysis with standard antibiotics revealed competitive inhibitory effects, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, GCMS analysis identified sixteen phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract and eleven in the aqueous extract. The findings underscore the significant antibacterial potential of Moringa oleifera extracts, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The GC-MS results provide crucial insights into the bioactive chemical profile, supporting the potential therapeutic applications of Moringa oleifera in combating various infections. This study contributes valuable knowledge to exploring alternative treatments amid growing antibiotic resistance concerns.

Background: The leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (K. pinnata), a succulent plant native to tropical regions, are used as a medicinal alternative against cancer in several countries worldwide; however, its therapeutic potential to fight cancer has been little addressed. In this study, we analyzed the phytochemical content, antioxidant capacity, and selectivity of K. pinnata leaf ethanolic extract against different human cancer cell lines in vitro. Methodology: This study subjected the ethanolic extract to enzymatic assays to quantify the phytochemical content (phenolics, flavonoids, and anthraquinones) and its radical scavenging and iron-reducing capacities. Also, the phytoconstituents and major phenolic compounds present in the extract's subfractions were identified by GC-MS, HPLC, and NMR. Human cancer (MCF-7, PC-3, HT-29) and normal colon (CoN) cell lines were treated with different concentrations of K. pinnata leaf ethanolic extract, and the changes in cell proliferation (sulforhodamine B assay), caspases activity (FITC-VAD-FMK reporter), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, rhodamine 123 assay), chromatin condensation/fragmentation (Hoechst 33342 stain), and ROS generation (DCFH2 probe assay) were assessed. Results: The results showed that the K. pinnata leaf ethanolic extract is rich in phytoconstituents with therapeutic potential, including phenols (quercetin and kaempferol), flavonoids, fatty acid esters (34.6% of the total composition), 1- triacontanol and sterols (ergosterol and stigmasterol, 15.4% of the total composition); however, it presents a poor content of antioxidant molecules (IC50 = 27.6 mg/mL for H2O2 scavenging activity vs. 2.86 mg/mL in the case of Trolox). Notably, the extract inhibited cell proliferation and reduced MMP in all human cell lines tested but showed selectivity for HT-29 colon cancer cells compared to CoN normal cells (SI = 8.4). Furthermore, ROS generation, caspase activity, and chromatin condensation/fragmentation were augmented significantly in cancer-derived cell lines, indicating a selective cytotoxic effect. Conclusion: These findings reveal that the K. pinnata leaf ethanolic extract contains several bioactive molecules with therapeutic potential, capable of displaying selective cytotoxicity in different human cancer cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rhizome of Boesenbergia rotunda (fingerroot) is an edible herb that has antioxidant properties and has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive pathogens including coagulase-positive staphylococci. However, there is no data on its activity against the primary cause of canine superficial pyoderma Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of an ethanolic B. rotunda rhizome extract were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride assay and antioxidant activity was determined in the 2,2-diphenyl-l-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging test. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of the extract against 12 clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius causing pyoderma were determined in broth microdilution assays and the time-kill kinetics were examined against S. pseudintermedius ATCC 49051. The extract contained high levels of flavonoids (394.01 ± 4.79 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract) and phenolic compounds (85.11 ± 2.68 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract) and the antioxidant index of the extract was more than 95% at concentrations above 1.25 mg/mL, which was consistent with the activity of the positive control; butylated hydroxytoluene. The MIC50/90 (2/8 µg/mL) and MBC50/90 (8/32 µg/mL) values for the extract were slightly higher than cephalexin (MIC50/90 1/2 µg/mL and MBC50/90 1/4 µg/mL). In the time-kill assay, the fingerroot extract eliminated 99.9% of viable S. pseudintermedius ATCC 49051 within eight hours at 256 × MIC (512 µg/mL). The promising antioxidant effects of the extract combined with its antibacterial activity against pathogenic S. pseudintermedius isolates suggest that fingerroot rhizome extract may be an effective novel or supplementary treatment for superficial pyoderma in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doxorubicin, an anthracycline derivative, is a cytotoxic agent with proven efficacy in various malignancies. The clinical utility has been limited due to its dose - dependent cardiac toxicity. To evaluate the role of Chlorophytum borivilianum L. on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats and to predict the role of Chlorophytum borivilianum L. by insilico and in vivo methods. Invitro studies were conducted on Chlorophytum borivilianum L. Cardiotoxicity was produced by administration of doxorubicin (Dox-15 mg/kg ip. for two weeks). Ethanolic extract and fractions of Chlorophytum borivilianum L. (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered as pretreatment for 15 days followed by Doxorubicin 2.5 mg/kg i.p. on alternate day for two weeks. The parameters like body weight, food and water consumption, cardiac specific markers like Creatine Kinase (CK-MB), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and Cardiac Troponin-I (cTnl), ECG changes, antioxidant parameters like superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) were monitored. Histopathological studies of the heart were also performed to evaluate myocardial toxicity. Dox treatment results in cardiomyopathy characterised by elevated cardiac biomarkers and deficiency of antioxidant enzymes. By reducing the elevated levels of biomarker enzymes like LDH and CK-MB and the absence of cTnI, pretreatment with the EECB (500mg/kg) significantly protected the myocardium from the toxic effects of Dox. In addition, the EECB increased the reduced levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT while decreasing the elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cardiac tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elicitors are considered sustainable alternatives for the management of phytopathogenic viruses. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nine elicitors on morphology, yield, and fruit quality of tomato plants inoculated with the Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV-Tobamovirus/Virgaviridae), Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV-Potexvirus/Alphaflexiviridae), and mixed infection (ToBRFV + PepMV). The experiment was set up under a completely randomized design with six replicates. Ten days after transplanting, virus inoculation was done mechanically in all the treatments, except the negative controls. Three morphological, four yield, and seven fruit quality variables were evaluated. Virablock® 3G50 increased yield by more than 44% compared with the positive control in plants inoculated with ToBRFV, PepMV, and the mixed infection, while Supermagro cell extract and enhanced Supermagro increased yield in plants inoculated with ToBRFV and the mixed infection by more than 82% and 34%, respectively. Virablock® 3G50 and an ethanolic extract of Arracacia bracteata showed the highest values in fruit quality variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Due to the rich ethnobotanical and growing evidence-based medicine records, the Alchemillae herba, i.e., the upper parts of the Lady's mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris L.), was used for the assessment of antimelanoma activity. The ethanolic extract of A. vulgaris strongly suppressed the viability of B16F1, B16F10, 518A2, and Fem-X cell lines. In contrast to the in vitro study, where the B16F1 cells were more sensitive to the treatment than the more aggressive counterpart B16F10, the results obtained in vivo using the corresponding syngeneic murine model were quite the opposite. The higher sensitivity of B16F10 tumors in vivo may be attributed to a more complex response to the extract compared to one triggered in vitro. In addition, the strong immunosuppressive microenvironment in the B16F1 model is impaired by the treatment, as evidenced by enhanced antigen-presenting potential of dendritic cells, influx and activity of CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes, decreased presence of T regulatory lymphocytes, and attenuation of anti-inflammatory cytokine production. All these effects are supported by the absence of systemic toxicity. A. vulgaris extract treatment results in a sustained and enhanced ability to reduce melanoma growth, followed by the restoration of innate and adopted antitumor immunity without affecting the overall physiology of the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani are highly destructive soil-borne diseases that have a significant impact on agricultural productivity and quality on a global scale. Ginger, a significant medicinal plant, is utilized as a substitute for chemical fungicides and bactericides due to the properties of its rhizome extract. This work aims to demonstrate the antifungal and antioxidant effects of the phytochemical components found in ethanolic crude extracts derived from ginger rhizomes. The ethanolic extract of ginger rhizome underwent phytochemical examination, which detected the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, polysaccharides, saponins, and glycosides. The ginger rhizome's ethanolic extract has a concentration of 573.87 mg GAE/100 g extract for total phenols (TPCs) and 232.43 mg QE/100 g extract for total flavonoids (TFCs). The DPPH radical scavenging activity exhibited a significant increase, rising from 13% to 89%, as the concentration of the extract was raised from 100 to 600 µg/mL. Our observation revealed that the ethanolic extract derived from ginger rhizome effectively suppressed the growth of F. solani and R. solani mycelium on solid agar medium Petri dishes. The degree of inhibition was found to be directly proportional to the concentration of the extract. Our research suggests that ginger has the potential to be a valuable source of natural antioxidants and antifungal substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anti-inflammatory activity of the “Mela Rosa Marchigiana” (MRM) pulp callus ethanol Extract (MRME) was tested in different cellular models including (i) LPS-treated RAW 264.7; (ii) HUVEC exposed to short-term high Glucose (HG, 45 mM) or normal glucose (NG, 5 mM) concentrations; and (iii) HG (30 mN) and LPS-treated U937. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract, Nitric Oxide (NO) production was measured in RAW 264.6 cells, while IL-8, IL-1ß and MCP-1 expressions, along with modulation of some inflammation- or senescence-associated miRNAs (miR-21, miR-126, miR-17 and miR-217) were assessed in HUVECs and/or U937. MRME treatment reduced pro-inflammatory markers amount, suggesting a decreased generalised inflammatory response. Present findings indicate that MRME can contrast senescence- or HG-induced inflammation. Moreover, in HG- and LPS-induced inflammation, MRME reduced U937 monocyte activation by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration and inflammatory markers. Finally, the inhibitory potential of MRME on the digestive enzymes α-glucosidase, α-amylase and lipase activity was investigated. Our results support the idea that MRME has a positive effect on inhibition of endothelial/macrophage dysfunction under HG/senescence inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, the obtained results showed a modest inhibitory power of the extract (IC50 values: 2.98 ± 0.24, 1.77 ± 0.15, and 2.06 ± 0.31 mg/ml, respectively), which, however, could be of some help in decreasing the absorption of glucose and triglycerides.

Gnetum gnemon L. is an evergreen tree that belongs to the Gnetaceae family and is commonly used as a vegetable and medicinal plant among indigenous people. The key goal of this study was to assess the antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic G. gnemon leaf extract (EGLE) against six food-borne pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of EGLE was evaluated using multiple methods, including the well diffusion assay (WDA), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and time-kill assay. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to identify active volatile compounds responsible for EGLE's antibacterial activities. Total plate count (TPC) was conducted to measure microbial populations and evaluate the efficacy of EGLE as a natural preservative in raw quail eggs. 100 g of dried and powdered sample yielded an average of 11.58 ± 0.38 % post-extraction. The inhibition zone in WDA ranged from 11.00 ± 0.57–13.50 ± 0.58 mm, MIC ranged from 6.25 to 50.00 mg/mL, and MBC values were between 12.5 and >50 mg/mL. Results from the time-kill study showed that at 4 × MIC Bacillus pumilus and B. megaterium were completely killed in 1 h incubation time and other bacteria were killed within 2–4 h. Findings from TPC demonstrated that at the highest tested concentration of EGLE, there was no significant bacterial growth for a 30-day observation period. Thereby, suggesting that it had the potential to function as a natural preservative for raw quail eggs. EGLE may be a viable alternative to synthetic preservatives in combating food-borne pathogens.

Man has used medicinal plants as remedies for several human diseases for centuries. This paper therefore evaluates the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of ethanolic and gel extracts of common wireweed (Sida acuta Burm.f.) using appropriate standard techninques. The filtrate was concentrated to a semi-solid mass (extract) and the antibacterial activity of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were assessed using the agar well diffusion technique. The gels have good homogeneity, and spreadability, and are easily washable. The pH ranges between 5.8 and 6.3 and is within the normal skin pH range (4.0-6.8). The extrudability ranges from 45 to 70%. The viscosity of the gels is between 6178.6 mPas and 59,343 mPas and they are shear thinning systems. The gels prepared using Sida acuta ethanolic extract have antibacterial activity that is comparable to that of the extract alone. Gells formulated using carbopol were comparable to those prepared using HPMC.

ObjectivesThis study presents the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta leaf extract. Materials and MethodsThe antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was performed by in vitro assay. Our research employs a comprehensive approach combining experimental assays and computational simulations to assess the extract’s potential bioactive components and their interactions with key biomolecules. ResultsThe study’s results demonstrated a progressive rise in the percentage of inhibition, which was dependent on the dosage, in both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This trend was observed for both the extract and the standard, encompassing concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 μg/ml. ConclusionThe results showed that Euphorbia hirta’s possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and this may contribute to a traditional medicinal. The discoveries of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of Euphorbia hirta’s medicinal properties and its potential as a source of natural therapeutic agents.

Abstract Background The present study investigated the potential wound healing activity comparisons between ethanol leaf & seed extracts of Costus speciosus topical formulation using mice Excision wound models, compared to Neomycin sulphate ointment as a standard drug. To assess the efficacy of Costus speciosus ointment as a potential alternative to commercially available ointments, a study was conducted using a cohort of 16 healthy male mice, aged between 3 and 4 months. The ointment formulation was prepared utilizing ethanol extracts from both the leaves and seeds, presented in a dosage form for application. This investigation seeks to provide insights into the comparative effectiveness of Costus speciosus ointments in relation to conventional market preparations, with a focus on its potential applicability as an alternative therapeutic option. The parameter measured was wound contraction and epithelization period. Result The mice groups treated with seed & leave extracts ointment showed better wound size changes than the negative and standard groups. However, the leaf extract ointment promotes the formation of granulation in tissue, allowing the reepithelization phase to occur more rapidly than seed extract. From the 1st day to the results of the 9th day of the extract indicate that there is a significant increase (P

Objectives: This study presents the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta leaf extract. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was performed by in vitro assay. Our research employs a comprehensive approach combining experimental assays and computational simulations to assess the extract's potential bioactive components and their interactions with key biomolecules. Results: The study's results demonstrated a progressive rise in the percentage of inhibition, which was dependent on the dosage, in both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This trend was observed for both the extract and the standard, encompassing concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 µg/ml. Conclusion: The results showed that Euphorbia hirta's possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and this may contribute to a traditional medicinal. The discoveries of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of Euphorbia hirta's medicinal properties and its potential as a source of natural therapeutic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, in human and animal diseases, inflammation and pain have become the focus of scientific research as it affects more people than any other disease. Inflammation is the natural phenomenon of the immune response to remove stimuli when the body is exposed to external/internal injury. Eulophia nuda Lindl. is a perennial orchid and belongs to the family Orchidaceae. This plant is used according to folklore for the treatment of human breast cancer, inflammation, pain and as an antioxidant. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of the ethanolic extract of tubers and different fractions of Eulophia nuda. The ethanolic extract (ENEE) and different fractions of E. nuda were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction. ENEE and obtained fractions were used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity assessed on carrageenan-induced inflammation using the cotton pellet method. The ENEE and different fractions were also used to evaluate analgesic activity by assessing via the tail immersion test and hot plate method. The significant results from the present study indicate that ethanolic extract and its different fractions possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential, supporting the traditional uses of the plant. Further investigation is required to reveal the exact metabolites responsible for the observed result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant Callistemon citrinus have very wide history in medicinal uses in traditional medicinal systems in China and Australia. Formulation development and antimicrobial potential evaluation of Callistemon citrinus bark extract. In this research, ethanolic extract was prepare from dried bark using Soxhlet apparatus and phytochemical screening of the bark extract with the help of reagents. The ethanolic bark extract was used for formulation of cream and evaluated for physical, physiochemical and antimicrobial evaluation of herbal cream. The observation of phytochemical screening was found that different phytoconstituents were present like alkaloids, lipids, carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, and steroids etc. antimicrobial activity was significant, zone inhibition was increased with higher concentration of extract. The cream was formulated using different concentration of ethanolic extract. The pH of cream 6 to 6.8: texture is smooth: viscosity ranges b/w 27000 to 27050 cP and stable at physiochemical evaluation. In conclusion, on the basis of research conducted, it can be concluded that creams containing Callistemon citrinus extract with a good antibacterial property and it can be used for the treatment and management of topical infections like bacterial, fungal and viral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure of Tetrahymena pyriformis cultures to cobalt-60 for 72 h significantly impacted the cells' growth, appearance, and physiology. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of Arbutus unedo L flowers and fruit extracts on T. pyriformis against gamma radiation. Initially, aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts of the fruits and flowers were prepared, and their cytotoxicity on the ciliate was evaluated. The irradiated ciliate's cellular viability and morphological aspect improved when a non-toxic concentration of 25 µg/mL was added to the growth medium. The addition of extracts restored glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities to their initial levels, similar to non-irradiated cells. In addition, the extracts reduced oxidative stress markers, such as lipid peroxidation, and decreased the activities of antioxidant defence enzymes, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. This may be attributed to the antioxidant properties of the extracts. Results of this study revealed that the flower extracts exhibited better protective effects than the fruit extracts, with superior antioxidant activity in the in-vitro DPPH scavenging assay. These results suggest that A. unedo flower extracts may have potential as exogenous radioprotective agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, affecting millions of people worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-diabetic activity of Schefflera stellata leaves ethanolic extract in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rat model. Wistar rats were induced with diabetes using STZ and subsequently treated with Schefflera stellata leaves ethanolic extract. Various biochemical parameters such as fasting blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, lipid profile, and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. Additionally, histopathological examination of pancreatic tissues was performed to evaluate the impact of the extract on structural alterations. The results revealed a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels in rats treated with Schefflera stellata extract compared to the untreated diabetic group. Moreover, the extract exhibited a positive influence on serum insulin levels, lipid profile, and antioxidant enzyme activities, suggesting its potential in ameliorating diabetes-induced metabolic dysregulation. Histopathological analysis of pancreatic tissues indicated a preservation of islet architecture in the extracttreated group, highlighting the protective effects of Schefflera stellata against STZ-induced pancreatic damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cordyceps militaris is a well-known medicinal mushroom in Asian countries. This edible fungus has been widely exploited for traditional medicine and functional food production. C. militaris is a heterothallic fungus that requires both the mating-type loci, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, for fruiting body formation. However, recent studies also indicated two groups of C. militaris, including monokaryotic strains carrying only MAT1-1 in their genomes and heterokaryotic strains harboring both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. These strain groups are able to produce fruiting bodies under suitable cultivating conditions. In previous work, we showed that monokaryotic strains are more stable than heterokaryotic strains in fruiting body formation through successive culturing generations. In this study, we report a high cordycepin-producing monokaryotic C. militaris strain (HL8) collected in Vietnam. This strain could form normal fruiting bodies with high biological efficiency and contain a cordycepin content of 14.43 mg/g lyophilized fruiting body biomass. The ethanol extraction of the HL8 fruiting bodies resulted in a crude extract with a cordycepin content of 69.15 mg/g. Assays of cytotoxic activity on six human cancer cell lines showed that the extract inhibited the growth of all these cell lines with the IC50 values of 6.41–11.51 µg/mL. Notably, the extract significantly reduced cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the extract also exhibited strong antifungal activity against Malassezia skin yeasts and the citrus postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum. Our work provides a promising monokaryotic C. militaris strain as a bioresource for medicine, cosmetics, and fruit preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) constitute approximately one-third of the global pharmaceutical market and are the first drugs of choice when treating fever and pain. Furthermore, among NSAIDs, the use of diclofenac sodium (DS) is preferred as it is a strong inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzyme. However, despite its strong efficacy, DS is known for its potential to cause hepatorenal damage. Currently, to mitigate the adverse effects of certain drugs, medically effective agricultural products are often preferred as they are inexpensive, effective and safe. One such agricultural product—mandarin—is noteworthy for its high phenolic contents. The purpose of the present study was to assess the efficacy of mandarin peel ethanolic extract (MPEE) in protecting against hepatorenal damage induced by DS. Four groups (six/group) of adult male albino rats received oral administration of physiological saline (control group), DS (10 mg/kg body weight), MPEE (200 mg/kg body weight), and DS + MPEE for 7 days. Rats in the DS group showed increased serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, CRE, and UA. Furthermore, the hepatic and renal tissue levels of MDA, TNF-α and IL-1β increased, whereas those of GSH, SOD, GP-x and IL-10 decreased (p < 0.05). Investigation of MPEE in terms of its effects on biochemical, oxidative and inflammatory parameters, it exerted protective and healing effects. Therefore, MPEE can be used to ameliorate DS-induced hepatorenal damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explored the use of the ethanolic extract of Enteromorpha intestinalis to determine its capability to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The GC-mass technique was utilized to identify the active compounds in the algal ethanolic extract. The extract's potential in fabricating silver nanoparticles was tested, and their formation was inferred through the color change of the mixture from light green to dark brown. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques, (FTIR) spectroscopy, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In addition, they were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antibacterial effectiveness was tested through the agar well diffusion method. The GC-mass results showed that the ethanolic extract contained several active compounds, including nhexadecanoic acid (37.40%), neophytadiene (11.08%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, (Z, Z, Z)-(17.32%), and oleic acid (10.28%). A peak at 435nm in the UV-vis absorption spectrum confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles. The XRD technique determined the crystalline nature of the silver nanoparticles, and SEM results showed that they had spherical shapes with sizes ranging between 47-78nm. EDX analysis revealed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles comprised silver, carbon, oxygen, and chlorine. The efficacy of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was tested against four types of pathogenic bacteria, namely E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results demonstrated that the silver nanoparticles had a significant inhibitory capability against these pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]