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A π-type hydrogen bonding between the OH group and the π electron is a crucial factor for the conformational preference of the molecular structure with a flexible group. However, the information on the effect of the substituent on the OH/π interaction is insufficient. The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation, the dispersed fluorescence (DF), the IR–UV hole-burning, and the IR dip spectra of jet-cooled 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol were measured for the first time. Almost all bands observed in the spectral region of 35 550–36 500 cm−1 in the LIF excitation spectrum were successfully assigned with the DF and the IR–UV hole-burning spectra coupled with the quantum chemical calculation at M06-2x/6-311G and MP2/6-311G levels. Five conformers were found in the LIF excitation spectrum. The most stable conformer was Ggπ, and the second most stable conformer was Ggπ′ (the trans rotamer of the methoxy group for Ggπ). Ggπ and Ggπ′ had the OH group directed toward the π electron system of the benzene ring. The OH stretching frequency of Ggπ/Ggπ′ of MPE in the IR dip spectra was red-shifted against that of Ggπ of phenylethanol, indicating that the introduction of the methoxy group would enhance the intramolecular OH/π interaction. In addition, the torsional vibration between the benzene ring and the side chain (−CH2CH2OH) (mode 63) was observed in the DF spectra of the Ggπ–00 and Ggπ′–00 band excitation, but their intensities were rather different, resulting from the different orientation of the OH group for each conformer toward the π electron system. The methoxy group would increase the negative charge on the benzene ring and would enhance the intramolecular OH/π interaction through the electrostatic interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used inelastic x-ray scattering methods to measure the terahertz spectrum of density fluctuations of ethanol in both liquid and solid phases. The results of a Bayesian inference-based lineshape analysis with a multiple excitation model and the comparison with a previous similar analysis on water indicate that the different structures induced by hydrogen bonds in ethanol and water have a profound influence on the respective dynamic responses, the latter being characterized by longer living and better resolved high-frequency acoustic excitations. In addition, we compare these findings with those obtained with an alternative approach based on the exponential expansion theory and ensuring sum rules fulfillment, demonstrating that the model's choice directly impacts the number of spectral modes detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binary mixtures of water with lower alcohols display non-linear phase behaviors upon mixing, which are attributed to potential cluster formation at the molecular level. Unravelling such elusive structures requires investigation of hydrogen-bonding sub-nanosecond dynamics. We employ high-resolution neutron time-of-flight spectroscopy with polarization analysis in combination with selective deuteration to study the concentration-dependent structural dynamics in the water rich part of the phase diagram of water–ethanol mixtures. This method enables simultaneous access to atomic correlations in space and time and allows us to separate spatially incoherent scattering probing self-diffusion of the ethanol fraction from the coherent scattering probing collective diffusion of the water network as a whole. Our observations indicate an enhanced rigidity of the hydrogen bond network at the mesoscopic length scale compared to the molecular scale as the ethanol fraction increases, which is consistent with the hypothesis of clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gold surface is functionalized by chemisorption of the enantiopure N,N′-bis-[2,2′;5′,2″]tert-thiophene-5-yl methylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine (2T3N), a chiral oligothiophene derivative, via overnight incubation in a 2T3N ethanol solution. The Au|2T3N interface is characterized by x-ray photoelectron circular dichroism and comparing x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and electro-desorption results. Charge transmission at the Au|2T3N| solution interface is characterized by recording the cyclic voltammetry of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) reversible redox couple, finding a charge transfer rate constant, k°, variation from 1 × 10−1 to 3.3 × 10−2 cm s−1, when comparing the bare Au and the Au|2T3N interfaces, respectively. The "anomalous" high value of k° found for the chiral Au|2T3N interface can be rationalized on the basis of the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect, as further proved by magnetic–conductive atomic force microscopy measurements at room temperature. A spin polarization of about 30% is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the working temperature and increasing sensitivity and selectivity has always been a research hotspot in the field of MOS based gas sensors. In this work, improved triethylamine (TEA) sensing performance and mechanism of SnO2 by doping Pd have been investigated. SnO2 nanoparticles and Pd-SnO2 with different doping amounts of Pd (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7%) were successfully prepared by the hydrothermal method. The size of SnO2 nanoparticles is very uniform (∼15 nm). The SnO2 sensor exhibited the highest sensitivity to ethanol at 290 °C. After Pd doping, Pd/SnO2 sensors not only reduced the optimum working temperature but transformed selectivity from ethanol to TEA. In the Pd-SnO2 system, the 0.5Pd-SnO2 sensor exhibited high sensitivity (61), fast response-recovery properties (16 s/6 s) to 50 ppm TEA, lower detection limits (0.1 ppm), good repeatability, and higher selectivity. Furthermore, based on density functional theory calculations, the improved TEA sensing performance of 0.5Pd-SnO2 sensors can be attributed to the improved surface activity of SnO2 by Pd doping and the catalytic activation of O2 and TEA by Pd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dispersion, nanoparticles can interact with the surrounding dispersion medium, such that an interfacial region with a structure differing from that of the bulk exists. Distinct nanoparticulate surfaces induce specific degrees of interfacial phenomena, and the availability of surface atoms is a crucial prerequisite for interfacial restructuring. Here, we investigate the nanoparticle–water interface of 0.5–10 wt. % aqueous iron oxide nanoparticle dispersions of 6 nm diameter in the presence of 6 vol. % ethanol with x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. The absence of surface hydroxyl-groups in XAS spectra is in accordance with the double-difference PDF (dd-PDF) analysis, due to a fully covered surface from the capping agent. The previously observed dd-PDF signal is not stemming from a hydration shell, as postulated in Thomä et al. [Nat Commun. 10, 995 (2019)], but from the residual traces of ethanol from nanoparticle purification. With this article, we provide an insight into the arrangement of EtOH solutes in water at low concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides information on the synthesis and characterization of various thiochromeno[2,3-c]pyrrole derivatives. The compounds were synthesized using specific reactions and their structures were confirmed using spectroscopic techniques. Crystallographic analysis was also performed on one of the compounds. The document includes detailed information on the synthesis, characterization, and analysis of each compound. [Extracted from the article]

Converting carbon dioxide into value-added fuels and chemicals is considered a promising long-term strategy to mitigate global warming and address energy supply challenges. Constrained by the slow kinetics of C–C coupling processes, ensuring efficient generation of C 2 products in CO₂ catalytic reduction remains challenging. Herein, a semiconductor catalyst containing Cu 9 S 5 , Cu 2 S, and ReS 2 was synthesized through pulse electrodeposition and high-temperature sulfurization. The incorporation of Re induced the formation of Cu 9 S 5 with high light absorption coefficient during the Cu sulfidation process, and spontaneous loss of Cu ions led to the high density of holes in Cu 9 S 5 that might result in improved photoelectrochemical performance of the semiconductor catalyst. More importantly, the composite of Cu x S and ReS 2 enhanced the adsorption capacity of CO 2 at the interface, effectively reducing the activation energy barrier for CO 2 molecules. Simultaneously, the adsorption of CO on the surface of composite catalyst was also strengthened to a certain extend, the retention of CO intermediates promoted C–C coupling and high-efficient conversion of CO 2 to ethanol. As a result, the optimized Cu x S-ReS 2 /TiO 2 NTs (TiO 2 nanotubes) heterojunction achieved an increased generation rate in the liquid system, with ethanol yield of 30.12 μmol cm−2 after 5 h of photoelectrocatalysis. Even after five cycles of photocatalytic reactions, the ethanol production maintained at 8.08 μmol cm−2. The absence of new phases on the surface further indicates the stability of this semiconductor catalyst. This work provides an effective strategy for the catalyst design aimed at achieving the efficient conversion of CO 2 and selective synthesis of ethanol and other multi-carbon products. [Display omitted] • Semiconductor catalysts containing Cu 9 S 5 and ReS 2 were synthesized. • Cu x S-ReS 2 /TiO 2 NTs exhibit high photoelectrocatalytic CO 2 reduction capability. • The composite of Cu x S and ReS 2 enhances the adsorption of CO 2 and CO. • High selectivity for ethanol product can be achieved on this catalyst. • This provides an effective strategy for the selective synthesis of ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of heavy metal ions in the human body sharply affects health, drawing global attention. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop environmentally-friendly and non-toxic metal ion fluorescent sensing probes. Herein, two fluorescent probes based on Cs–Bi–Cl perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) with distinct structures, namely Cs 3 BiCl 6 :Eu3+ (3-1-6-E) and Cs 3 Bi 2 Cl 9 :Eu3+ (3-2-9-E), were successfully synthesized by using the ligand-assisted re-precipitation (LARP) method for detecting Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions in ethanol. Both PeQDs exhibit polychromatic emission, including feature emission around 505 nm and distinctive emission from Eu3+ ions in the long-wavelength region, making them suitable for ratiometric fluorescent probes. Significantly, both probes displayed excellent linear relationship with correlation coefficients of 0.998 (3-1-6-E) and 0.985 (3-2-9-E), respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) reached 6.23 μM (3-1-6-E) and 4.55 μM (3-2-9-E). Notably, the 3-2-9-E quantum dots (QDs) successfully detected Fe3+ ions in ethanol, owing to their unique photo-quenching and photo-recovery phenomena. The detection results exhibited excellent linear fitting, with a correlation coefficient of 0.996 and a low LOD of 3.6 μM. Furthermore, compared to undoped PeQDs, Eu3+ ion-doped PeQDs demonstrate strongly enhanced luminescence intensity and excellent photo-stability. This work expands the potential applications of lead-free PeQDs while simultaneously improving their luminescent properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical incompatibility of clove oil due to its immiscibility in water may affect the safety, efficacy, appearance, and stability of the drug during immersion anesthesia. Though there are reports of using ethanol to enhance the anesthetic efficacy of clove oil, there are no reports of quantitative calculations of anesthetic efficacy and stages of anesthesia for this combination. To overcome this issue, a study was designed to enhance the miscibility of clove oil in water by incorporating ethanol as an interphase. Two trials were conducted using clove oil at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L, respectively, dissolved in ethanol at a 1:10 ratio. These trials were performed on tilapia fishes (Oreochromis mossambicus) to evaluate the time required for anesthesia induction, duration (maintenance time), and recovery from anesthesia. The results of the study showed an induction time of 1 min for the 100 mg/L concentration and 10 min for the 50 mg/L concentration. The duration of action was observed to be 12 min for the 100 mg/L concentration and 31 min for the 50 mg/L concentration, respectively. The recovery times were 10 min and 3 min for the 100 mg/L and 50 mg/L doses, respectively. Changes associated with various stages and planes for surgical anesthesia were also documented in this study. This study concludes that the mixture of clove oil and ethanol serves as a more effective general anesthetic for fish compared to conventional clove oil immersion anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the solubility of Triamterene (TRM), a diuretic drug, in pure and ethanol-modified subcritical water (SCW) was investigated by a static method. Experiments were performed at high temperatures (363.15–433.15 K) with co-solvent (0–10% w/w ethanol) at a pressure of 20 bar. Increasing the temperature and weight percentage of ethanol significantly increased the mole fraction solubility of TRM. The mole fraction solubility of TRM in pure water (0% wt ethanol), 5%wt ethanol, and 10%wt ethanol was obtained in the range of 0.73 × 10–4–1.56 × 10–4, 0.73 × 10–4–1.82 × 10–4, and 0.78 × 10–4–2.16 × 10–4, respectively. For the correlation of experimental solubility data, linear and modified Apelblat models were selected. The values of ARD and RMSD were calculated as indicators of the accuracy and validity of the models. The modified Apelblat model showed the best performance in correlating the experimental solubility data. Finally, the dissolution thermodynamic functions ( Δ dis G ∘ , Δ dis H ∘ and Δ dis S ∘ ) were calculated for the solubility of TRM in pure and ethanol-modified SCW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fluoride-assisted galvanic replacement reaction (FAGRR), metallic dendrites are formed simultaneously with hydrogen gas. However, the presence of hydrogen bubbles impedes the reduction of metallic ions to form metallic dendrites. This study investigates the FAGRR approach to manufacturing Ag dendrites where ethanol is incorporated into an AgNO3 reaction solution. The findings of this study demonstrate the efficacy of ethanol as an antifoaming agent in enhancing the deposition of the Ag dendrites during the FAGRR process. The antifoaming effect of ethanol becomes more intense at higher concentrations of AgNO3. The introduction of ethanol into FAGRR can significantly improve processing efficiency and yield in the limited time for manufacturing science and engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resource utilization of fly ash has always been a popular topic in the field of solid waste recycling. This paper is based on the three-phase reaction system of "fly ash (s)-[Ca(OH)2–H2O/ethanol] (l)-CO2 (g)", using the bubble carbonization method to carry out heterogeneous phase reaction with fly ash as the core crystallized to form a fly ash-based calcium carbonate composite with higher brightness. The composite material is used in the filling of paper instead of calcium carbonate filler. Based on the previous research of our team, we focused on exploring the addition of miscible wettability additives (ethanol and acetone) to improve the wettability of the reaction system, thereby improving the whitening and modification effect of fly ash. The results showed that the addition of ethanol and acetone can significantly improve the coating effect of fly ash, however, acetone is slightly toxic, more volatile, and expensive than ethanol, so ethanol is more suitable as a wetting agent to be added to the reaction system. Under the optimal coating conditions, when the ratio of ethanol and water is 1:1, the brightness of fly ash can reach 71.62 % ISO, which is 17.29 % ISO higher than that without ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Preclinical studies report attenuated ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) following chronic ethanol exposure, suggesting that tolerance develops to the aversive properties of ethanol. However, these studies are confounded by pre-exposure to the unconditioned stimulus (US; ethanol), which is well known to hinder conditioning. Objectives: This study was designed to determine whether chronic ethanol exposure produces tolerance to the aversive properties of ethanol in the absence of a US pre-exposure confound. Methods: CTA was performed in adult male and female Long-Evans rats by pairing 0.1% ingested saccharin with an intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (1.5 or 2.0 g/kg) or saline. Rats were then rendered ethanol dependent using chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor exposure. Controls were exposed to room air (AIR). The effect of chronic ethanol on CTA expression and reconditioning were examined following vapor exposure. Results: Prior to vapor exposure, both sexes developed CTA to a comparable degree with 2.0 g/kg producing greater CTA than 1.5 g/kg ethanol. Following vapor exposure, AIR controls exhibited an increase in CTA magnitude compared to pre-vapor levels. This effect was largely absent in CIE-exposed rats. Re-conditioning after vapor exposure facilitated increased CTA magnitude to a similar degree in AIR- and CIE-exposed males. In contrast, CTA magnitude was unchanged by re-conditioning in females. Conclusions: These data suggest that chronic ethanol does not facilitate tolerance to the aversive properties of ethanol but rather attenuates incubation of ethanol-induced CTA. Loss of CTA incubation suggests that CIE exposure disrupts circuits encoding aversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Chronic stress exposure disrupts the medial prefrontal cortex's (mPFC) ability to regulate impulses, leading to the loss of control over alcohol drinking in rodents, emphasizing the critical role of this forebrain area in regulating alcohol consumption. Moreover, chronic stress exposure causes lateralization of mPFC functions with volumetric and functional changes, resulting in hyperactivity in the right hemisphere and functional decrease in the left. Objectives: This study investigated the inhibitory role of the left prelimbic cortex (LPrL) on ethanol consumption induced by chronic social defeat stress (SDS) in male mice and to examine if inactivation of the LPrL causes disinhibition of the right mPFC, leading to an increase in ethanol consumption. We also investigated the role of lateralization and neurochemical alterations in the mPFC related to ethanol consumption induced by chronic SDS. To this end, we examined the activation patterns of ΔFosB, VGLUT2, and GAD67 in the left and right mPFC. Results: Temporarily blocking the LPrL or right PrL (RPrL) cortices during acute SDS did not affect male mice's voluntary ethanol consumption in male mice. When each cortex was blocked in mice previously exposed to chronic SDS, ethanol consumption also remained unaffected. However, male mice with LPrL lesions during chronic SDS showed an increase in voluntary ethanol consumption, which was associated with enhanced ΔFosB/VGLUT2-positive neurons within the RPrL cortex. Conclusions: The results suggest that the LPrL may play a role in inhibiting ethanol consumption induced by chronic SDS, while the RPrL may be involved in the disinhibition of ethanol consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To construct the microemulsion delivery system (ME) loading ATSO and NA and study their physicochemical characteristics to enhance their stability and water solubility. By plotting ternary phase diagrams, the composition and proportions of the MEs were determined. The physicochemical characteristics and stability of MEs were evaluated by mean diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), pH, electrical conductivity, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), rheological behaviour measurement, and phase inversion temperature (PIT). The MEs was composed with EL-40 as a surfactant and specifically with the addition of ethanol as a cosurfactant in NA-loaded ME. The mean diameters of ATSO-loaded ME and NA-loaded ME were 39.65 ± 0.24 nm and 32.90 ± 2.65 nm, and PDI were 0.49 ± 0.01 and 0.28 ± 0.14, respectively. The TEM confirmed the spherical and smooth morphology of MEs. The rheological results indicated that MEs are dilatant fluids with the advantages of low viscosity, high fluidity, and tolerance to temperature fluctuations. The mean diameter and PDI of MEs showed no significant change after storage at 25 °C for 28 days and centrifugation. The prepared microemulsions could expand the application prospects of ATSO and NA products in cosmetics, medicine, foods and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiology of 13 yeast strains by assessing their kinetic parameters under anaerobic conditions. They included Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAT-1 and 12 isolated yeasts from different regions in Brazil. The study aimed to enhance understanding of the metabolism of these strains for more effective applications. Measurements included quantification of sugars, ethanol, glycerol, and organic acids. Various kinetic parameters were analyzed, such as specific substrate utilization rate (q S), maximum specific growth rate (μ max), doubling time, biomass yield, product yield, maximum cell concentration, ethanol productivity (P Eth), biomass productivity, and CO 2 concentration. S. cerevisiae CAT-1 exhibited the highest values in glucose for μ max (0.35 h−1), q S (3.06 h−1), and P Eth (0.69 gEth L−1 h−1). Candida parapsilosis Recol 37 did not fully consume the substrate. In fructose, S. cerevisiae CAT-1 stood out with higher values for μ max (0.25 h−1), q S (2.24 h−1), and P Eth (0.60 gEth L−1 h−1). Meyerozyma guilliermondii Recol 09 and C. parapsilosis Recol 37 had prolonged fermentation times and residual substrate. In sucrose, only S. cerevisiae CAT-1, S. cerevisiae BB9, and Pichia kudriavzevii Recol 39 consumed all the substrate, displaying higher P Eth (0.72, 0.51, and 0.44 gEth L−1 h−1, respectively) compared to other carbon sources. [Display omitted] • The physiology of 13 yeasts was investigated under anaerobic conditions using glucose, fructose, or sucrose. • Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAT-1 showed the higher fermentation capacity and rapid substrate consumption. • Candida glabrata Recol 43 also exhibited favourable metabolic traits and high ethanol productivity. • Only S. cerevisiae CAT-1, S. cerevisiae BB9, and Pichia kudriavzevii Recol 39 consumed all the sucrose. • All yeast strains exhibited higher ethanol yields when using fructose as a substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote the efficient and clean application of low-carbon alcohol fuels in internal combustion engines, this article compares and studies the effects of three internal EGR strategies, including exhaust valve lift strategy (EVVL), exhaust timing advance strategy (EVT), and intake valve timing advance strategy (IVT), on the combustion, performance, and emissions of gasoline, methanol, and ethanol. Under the same internal EGR rate, the internal EGR temperature generated by the three valve strategies is, from highest to lowest, as follows: EVT, EVVL, and IVT. With an increase in internal EGR in the cylinder, the ignition delay and combustion duration under the EVVL and IVT strategies increase progressively, whereas the ignition delay under the EVT strategy tends to first shorten and then lengthen. Methanol has the shortest combustion duration. Furthermore, methanol and ethanol have lower heat transfer and exhaust losses than gasoline. The thermal efficiency of methanol, ethanol, and gasoline can be raised by 7.7%, 7.5%, and 7.2%, respectively, using the IVT strategy; 3.1%, 3.9%, and 4.6% using the EVVL strategy; and 6.82%, 6.85%, and 7% using the EVT strategy. The combination of methanol and ethanol with internal EGR technology greatly reduces NOx emissions, with an 84.5% reduction under the EVVL strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a globally important insect pest, causing extensive damage and losses in horticultural production systems. New natural options are needed to control the whitefly. Ethanol extracts (92) of different organs from 40 plant species of the Yucatan Peninsula were evaluated against B. tabaci in a greenhouse, and an adult repellency index (RI) was determined for leaves and an oviposition deterrence index (ODI) for the extracts. Ethanol extracts at 1% (w/v) after 48 h suppressed the population density of B. tabaci. Leaves of Malpighia glabra L. had the highest repellent activity, causing a decrease in the population density of adults (RI 0.05) and eggs (ODI − 85). Three fractions differing in polarity were obtained by partitioning the ethanol extract of M. glabra, and the hexane fraction had an intermediate RI, but the ODI was not active. LC–UV–HRMS analysis of the fractions showed the presence of syringaresinol, 10-hydroxy-pheophorbide a, pheophorbide a, and lupenone, the first report of these four for this species. Eleven unknown compounds were also detected. This bioprospecting research on botanical extracts from native species of the Yucatan Peninsula enriches our knowledge of potential sources of products for pest management. M. glabra is a promising candidate for further formulation and application studies to control B. tabaci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are species of the Vibrio genus that often cause disease and mass mortality in crustaceans. If not handled quickly and appropriately, these diseases can cause considerable losses to farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to find a solution with safe and environmentally friendly disease prevention technology using natural ingredients, among others from plants, namely oil palm. Some parts of oil palm, namely leaves, fronds, fibres and oil palm pulp, which are palm waste, contain antibacterial compounds. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of palm waste extracts, namely pulp, leaves, fronds and fibres using n‐hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol and water maceration solvents against pathogenic bacteria V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus, and identify active compounds contained in palm waste. The results of the research are expected to produce innovative and sustainable solutions to control diseases in shrimp farming, contribute to the development of a sustainable fishing industry and open up the potential for utilizing palm waste as a value‐added resource in the field of aquatic health. The results of observations on antibacterial activity tests and identifying the content of palm waste extract compounds were analysed descriptively displayed in the form of figures, tables and graphs. The results showed that palm waste extracts (pulp, leaves, fronds and fibres) with ethyl acetate and ethanol maceration solvents had very strong antibacterial potential, namely 20.14 ± 0.31 mm–25.52 ± 1.42 mm on V. harveyi bacteria and 20.41 ± 0.55 mm–25.00 ± 0.51 mm on V. parahaemolyticus bacteria. Palm extracts with n‐hexane (>20 mm) and chloroform solvents generally have strong category antibacterial potential (10–20 mm), and palm extracts in water solvents have medium category potential (5–10 mm) against V. harveyi and V. parahemolyticus bacteria. The results of phytochemical tests on palm waste extracts with ethyl acetate and ethanol maceration solvents contain bioactive compounds of flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols and alkaloid tannins, steroids and triterpenoids. Palm extracts with n‐hexane and chloroform solvents generally contain saponins, alkaloids, steroids and triterpenoids, while palm waste extracts with water solvents contain saponins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil (EO) and ethanolic extract (EE) of Algerian Ammoides verticillata (Brot.) Breistr. were investigated for chemical composition and biological activities. GC and GC/MS analyses of the EO revealed thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, limonene, and γ-terpinene as major compounds. HPLC/DAD/UV analysis of EE identified luteolin 7-O-glucoside as the most prominent component. The EO showed moderate inhibition activity against acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BChE) compared to galanthamine, while no activity for EE was observed. Both extracts showed higher to similar antioxidant activity to that of BHT in DPPH and ABTS•+ radical scavenging activity and ferric and copper reduction power. Nevertheless, weak β-carotene bleaching inhibition activity was noted for both extracts. Additionally, the EE displayed a significant antihemolytic effect against AAPH-induced hemolysis. Moreover, EO and EE showed high and no antibacterial activities, respectively. Thus, A. verticillata might represent a useful material in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mao tree (Antidesma thwaitesianum) is a native and medicinal fruit tree found in Southeast Asia, thriving especially in dipterocarp forests, notably in Northeast Thailand's Phu Phan valley. Ripe Mao fruits are rich in various nutrients and antioxidants that have the potential to mitigate the risk of chronic diseases and cancer. A comprehensive study was conducted to assess the impact of ethanol at different concentrations (40 or 60 % v/v), with and without honey added. The effects of varying maceration times (0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 months) on Mao liqueur's properties were also investigated. The investigation explored various parameters, including color, total soluble solids, total acid content, alcohol concentration, and bioactive compounds. The results showed that the color lightness (L*) values of all recipes decreased over the storage period. However, adding honey to the production of Mao liqueurs decreased the yellowness (b*) value in the first 3 months but resulted in a higher total soluble solid content in Mao liqueur. Increasing the ethanol concentration from 40 to 60 % did not affect the total acid content (TTA 0.04 %). However, the addition of honey increased the total acid content from 0.04 to 0.08 % (p = 0.05). The maceration time did not affect the alcohol content of Mao liqueur (p > 0.05). The use of 60 % (v/v) ethanol with honey addition resulted in the highest alcohol content (42 % v/v). Increasing the ethanol solution concentration from 40 to 60 % with and without honey added increased the total phenolic content from 126 to 165 GAE mg/L and 136 to 160 GAE mg/L respectively. The addition of honey increased the anthocyanin content in the liqueurs in the 12th month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and use of renewable energy resources is a crucial solution for a sustainable energy strategy to decrease the dependence on fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic ethanol has gained recognition as a renewable energy resource vital for sustainable development. Currently, the research and industry sectors utilize a single type of lignocellulose biomass for ethanol production. However, this biomass dependency is a potential risk due to the global warming effect on biomass plantations. This study assessed the versatility of rice straw (RS), Napier grass (NG), and sugarcane bagasse (SB) as a mixed biomass for bioethanol production. The mixture of equal proportion of RS, NG, and SB in a 1:1:1 ratio produced higher concentration of bioethanol than individual biomasses. NaOH-pretreated samples were more effective than H2SO4 pretreated and untreated samples in bioethanol production. The NaOH-pretreated mixed sample yielded maximum bioethanol of 0.82% (v/v). About 0.43 g/g and 0.12 g/g of reducing sugars and ethanol, respectively, could be produced using RS, NG, and SB in the ratio of 1:1:1. This research indicates that different biomass types can replace one another in the event of limited resources, thus reducing the dependency on a particular biomass type for biorefinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulosic cellulose serves as a key source for bioethanol production. The efficient conversion of cellulose relies on three major cellulase components. High cost of cellulases and the need for a single microbe that produces all cellulase components in the right proportion and quantities are a few challenges in bioethanol production from cellulose. This investigation is an attempt in developing an enzyme cocktail involving recombinant thermostable cellulases (rMtEgl, rMtCel6A and rMtBgl3c) of the thermophilic mold Myceliophthora thermophila and testing their applicability in the conversion of agro residues to ethanol for the first time. The most effective pretreatment method for paddy straw and sugarcane bagasse was optimized. Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with sodium chlorite and acetic acid resulted in a 5.5-fold increase in total reducing sugar liberation, while, in paddy straw, total reducing sugar release increased by 9-fold, when biomass was treated with NaOH and microwaves compared to untreated biomass. The inclusion of recombinant enzymes in the enzyme cocktail supported 80–90% saccharification of pretreated paddy straw and sugarcane bagasse, which is 2-fold higher than that achieved using commercial enzyme mix alone. The ethanol production levels of 55.8 and 37.0 g/L, with the fermentation efficiencies of 80 and 76%, were attained from the pre-treated paddy straw and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates, respectively. An appropriate blend of each enzyme component and pretreatment method tailored for the specific biomass is crucial for efficient biofuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioproduction of short chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs) and medium chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs) has emerged as an alternative strategy to upgrade low-value organic waste and reduce fossil fuels requirement. Using synthesis gas (syngas) to generate SCCAs and MCCAs by microbial communities would be an option to address part of the current energy challenge. Syngas fermentation offers a pathway for the sustainable synthesis of fuels and chemicals with advantages over catalytic syngas conversion. In the same way, chain elongation is an anaerobic microbial process driven by ethanol, carbohydrates, and SCCAs (e.g., acetate, lactate) to obtain high-value MCCAs (e.g., caproate, valerate). Because these technologies use organic wastes as feedstocks, mixed microbial communities are often considered biocatalysts. However, the management of microbial communities is the biggest bottleneck for efficient and simultaneous production of SCCAs and MCCAs. Understanding and steering these microbiomes is critical to optimize bioprocess performance. Therefore, this review discusses the metabolic pathways of both syngas fermentation and chain elongation. Also, to examine the overall performance of microbial communities involved in syngas fermentation and chain elongation, the influence of reactor parameters on the growth and metabolic activity of the key microorganisms is presented. The experimental strategies for simultaneous syngas fermentation and chain elongation processes are also presented and discussed. Finally, the use of multi-omics to better understand both syngas fermentation and chain elongation processes is discussed to steer these bioproduction processes towards full-scale applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delineates the design and fabrication of Nafion and Chlorophyll-Nafion membranes in originating the flexible supercapacitors and direct alcoholic fuel cells. Herein, the procedure for the extraction of Chlorophyll from the plant leaves is demonstrated. An advanced flexible membrane of Nafion-Chlorophyll is synthesized by a facile synthesis procedure. Here, we examine the Nafion-Chlorophyll membrane as a supercapacitor and its performance is enhanced in the absence of light using three-electrode setup. The chlorophyll intercalated membrane electrodes depict a specific capacitance of 0.237 μ F c m - 2 when the light is just on from the dark and decreased to 0.15 μ F c m - 2 after 60 min of light exposure. Moreover, the membrane electrode also exhibits capacitive retention of 89.04% after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the excellent efficiency of the Nafion-Chlorophyll membrane is observed in methanol and ethanol oxidation reactions (MOR and EOR) along with the current density of 10 and 9.43 μ A c m - 2 respectively. Thus, the fabricated flexible chlorophyll membrane shows huge proficiency in portable and flexible energy storage platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) is promising source for mobile and portable applications, but the electrocatalysts are based on metal noble alloys or doping elements to minimize the incomplete ethanol oxidation and poisoning effect. While the main problem persists, this study describes the enhancement of ethanol oxidation reaction by adding graphene (G) to Vulcan XC-72R carbon black (C) metal support, with different C/G ratios. The Graphene was prepared from exfoliated graphite following by dried at ambient temperature. The 60 wt% graphene hybrid support enhances the current density at 5% cyclic voltammetry (CV) and 127% chronoamperometry (CA) higher than carbon pure support in acid electrolyte, whereas in alkaline, graphene (60 wt%) showed the highest electrochemical activity with an increase of current 82% (CV) and 130% (CA). Therefore, we demonstrated the enhancement of the catalyst electrochemical activity in both electrolytes through a simple synthesis method. The 40 wt% carbon and 60 wt% graphene hybrid support achieving higher performance in ethanol oxidation, evidencing a potential application in DEFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tamarix gallica L. is a halophytic medicinal shrub traditionally used in the treatment of liver disorders. Leaf and flower infusions are widely used for anti-diarrheic and anti-inflammatory preparations. In this work, we have explored the combined effect of method (Maceration and Decoction) and solvent extraction (70% Methanol, 70% Ethanol, 70% Acetone, and Water) on phenolic composition and biological activities (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) of different T. gallica organ extracts (Leaves, Flowers, Stems, and Fruits). Obtained results showed that Tamarix leaves reveal more potent antioxidant activity. Methanol (70%) was the best maceration solvent for the extraction of leaves and flowers with high total antioxidant and anti-radical capacities. HPLC analysis showed that catechin, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, isoquercetin were the major phenolics in 70% methanolic extract. Furthermore, this extract showed considerable anti-inflammatory activity. This prospect could be of great importance in the valuation of this halophyte as a source of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While DNA serves as the fundamental genetic blueprint for an organism, it is not a static entity. Gene expression, the process by which genetic information is utilized to create functional products like proteins, can be modulated by a diverse range of environmental factors. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNAs, play a pivotal role in mediating the intricate interplay between the environment and gene expression. Intriguingly, alterations in the epigenome have the potential to be inherited across generations. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) poses significant health issues worldwide. Alcohol has the capability to induce changes in the epigenome, which can be inherited by offspring, thus impacting them even in the absence of direct alcohol exposure. This review delves into the impact of alcohol on the epigenome, examining how its effects vary based on factors such as the age of exposure (adolescence or adulthood), the duration of exposure (chronic or acute), and the specific sample collected (brain, blood, or sperm). The literature underscores that alcohol exposure can elicit diverse effects on the epigenome during different life stages. Furthermore, compelling evidence from human and animal studies demonstrates that alcohol induces alterations in epigenome content, affecting both the brain and blood. Notably, rodent studies suggest that these epigenetic changes can result in lasting phenotype alterations that extend across at least two generations. In conclusion, the comprehensive literature analysis supports the notion that alcohol exposure induces lasting epigenetic alterations, influencing the behavior and health of future generations. This knowledge emphasizes the significance of addressing the potential transgenerational effects of alcohol and highlights the importance of preventive measures to minimize the adverse impact on offspring. [Display omitted] • Chronic ethanol consumption alters the epigenome, such as DNA methylation. • Ethanol consumption before gestation affects offspring. • Ethanol alters behavior in offspring who were not prenatally exposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In human adolescents, females often report drinking for coping reasons to avoid negative affective states. We have shown previously that adolescent female rats with elevated levels of anxiety-like behavior under social test circumstances, indexed via low social preference, are sensitive to anxiolytic effects of ethanol given intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a low-to-moderate dose range. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that patterns of neuronal activation across brain regions implicated in social activity and social preference (used as an index of low versus high anxiety-like social responding) would be affected by acute ethanol differently in adolescent females with high and low social preference, with initial levels of social preference also predicting ethanol-induced changes in social behavior. Adolescent female Fos-LacZ rats were given social interaction tests on postnatal day (P)33 for determination of baseline levels of responding to an unfamiliar social partner and on P35 following administration of 0 or 0.75 g/kg ethanol. Brain tissue was collected, and expression of β-galactoside (β-gal) was used as an index of neuronal activation. Baseline levels of social preference did not predict social responsiveness to an acute ethanol challenge, whereas significant decreases in this social measure that reflects anxiety-like behavioral alterations were evident in adolescent females challenged with ethanol relative to saline-injected controls, suggesting high sensitivity to the anxiogenic effects of ethanol. Ethanol precipitated negative relationships between social preference and prefrontal cortical activation, decreased neuronal activation of the anterior cingulate cortex, but substantially increased β-gal expression in the central amygdala. These results suggest high sensitivity of the prefrontal cortical regions and central amygdala to ethanol-induced alterations in adolescent Fos-LacZ females and provide a background for further phenotyping of neurons activated by ethanol under social test circumstances. • Baseline social preference used as a measure of anxiety-like behavior in adolescent females is not predictive of ethanol-induced changes in social preference and overall social activity. • Neuronal activation of the prefrontal cortex is negatively associated with peer-directed social behavior in females following ethanol. • In adolescent females, social anxiogenic effects of ethanol are associated with increased activation of the central amygdala, but reduced activation of the cingulate cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years there has been a renewed interest in benchtop NMR. Given their lower cost of ownership, smaller footprint, and ease of use, they are especially suited as an educational tool. Here, a new experiment targeted at upper‐year undergraduates and first‐year graduate students follows the conversion of D‐glucose into ethanol at low‐field. First, high and low‐field data on D‐glucose are compared and students learn both the Hz and ppm scales and how J‐coupling is field‐independent. The students then acquire their own quantitative NMR datasets and perform the quantification using an Electronic Reference To Access In Vivo Concentration (ERETIC) technique. To our knowledge ERETIC is not currently taught at the undergraduate level, but has an advantage in that internal standards are not required; ideal for following processes or with future use in flow‐based benchtop monitoring. Using this quantitative data, students can relate a simple chemical process (fermentation) back to more complex topics such as reaction kinetics, bridging the gaps between analytical and physical chemistry. When asked to reflect on the experiment, students had an overwhelmingly positive experience, citing agreement with learning objectives, ease of understanding the protocol, and enjoyment. Each of the respondents recommended this experiment as a learning tool for others. This experiment has been outlined for other instructors to utilize in their own courses across institutions, with the hope that a continued expansion of low‐field NMR will increase accessibility and learning opportunities at the undergraduate level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous investigations have revealed that a functional fermented orange beverage presented in its composition different phenolic compounds, which through in silico investigation demonstrated to have biological effects of therapeutic importance as antioxidant, gastrorepair, and anti-ulcerative properties. Thus, this study confirmed in vivo, through a model of EtOH-induced gastric ulcers in rats, the beneficial properties indicated by the in silico tests. Gastric ulcer was induced by EtOH (intragastric) and was treated after 1 h with fermented orange beverage with and without Mentha piperita extract (0.5 mL/100 g w.b). Omeprazole was used as positive control. Histopathological evaluation revealed that EtOH administration resulted in the formation of gastric ulcers due to the reduction of the mucus layer, presence of hemorrhage, and infiltration of neutrophils in the stomach tissue of rats, and only treatment with omeprazole was able to reverse these changes. Additionally, EtOH administration altered the gastric juice volume and induced oxidative stress in the gastric tissue observed through the increase in lipid peroxidation (TBARS), reduction in the levels of non-protein thiols (NPSH), and alteration in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The ingestion of the fermented orange beverage increased NPSH levels and reduced changes in TBARS levels induced by ethanol. These findings suggested that the fermented orange beverage has antioxidant effects, as pointed out by in silico studies, but not gastrorepair and anti-ulcerative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Materials and methods Results Conclusion Ethanol (Eth) intake is known to cause numerous detrimental effects on the structure and function of the brain, and it is commonly used as a psychostimulant drug by adolescents. Conversely, omega‐3 (O3) can reduce the risk of cognitive decline and promote the maintenance of neurophysiological functions. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of O3 on behavioral alterations, oxidative stress, and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels induced by chronic Eth intake during adolescence in rats.Adolescent male rats (21 days old) were divided as follows: (1) Vehicle, (2) Eth (Eth in drinking water [20%]), (3–5) Eth + O3 (50/100/150 mg/kg), and (6) O3 (150 mg/kg). After 5 weeks, Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) tests were performed, and the hippocampal and cortical levels of oxidative stress markers and inflammatory indices were measured.Adolescent Eth intake impairs learning and memory function in MWM and PA tests (groups × day, p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). It was shown that Eth induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. O3 improved learning and impairment induced by Eth by reducing the adverse effects of Eth on the oxidant/antioxidant balance in the hippocampi (for malondialdehyde [MDA]/thiol: p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively) and for superoxide dismutase (SOD)/catalase (CAT): p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Furthermore, we found that O3 prevented the Eth‐induced increase of hippocampal IL‐6 (p < 0.001).O3 supplementation acts as an effective approach to prevent learning and memory impairments induced by chronic Eth consumption during adolescence. In this respect, the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of O3 seem to be the main underlying mechanisms of neuroprotection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement of contaminant elements, especially cadmium and lead, in biological samples typically requires time-consuming sample preparation methods that consume organic solvents that are harmful to humans and the environment. Therefore, a fast, easy, low-cost, and green method is necessary for their determination. In this work, for the first time, the cloud point extraction method has been transferred into a simple plastic syringe, resulting in the in-syringe cloud point extraction (IS-CPE) method. The effective parameters on IS-CPE were optimized using an experimental design approach, and the optimized method was used to measure cadmium and lead in human hair samples using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES). The IS-CPE method is based on forming a hydrophobic complex of lead and cadmium ions with 8-hydroxy-quinoline (8-HQ), followed by extraction into the micellar environment of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and then injection of the extractive phase of the ethanol solvent into the instrument. Using factorial design in the parameter screening stage showed that the three parameters of ligand concentration, potassium iodide (KI) salt as a clouding agent, and pH are effective at the 95% confidence level. Then, the central composite design was used in the optimization stage to obtain the response level and identify the critical values. Under optimal conditions (pH = 4.5, 8-HQ = 0.002 mol L−1, and KI = 0.2 mol L−1), a linear range of 10.0–1500.0 and 200.0–15 000.0 μg L−1 was obtained for cadmium and lead, respectively. The detection limit of 3.0 and 62.0 μg L−1 was obtained for cadmium and lead, respectively. A relative standard deviation of 3.1–4.1% at concentration 0.3–0.7 mg L−1 and 5.0–5.8% at concentration 3.0–7.0 mg L−1, respectively, for cadmium and lead was obtained. The proposed IS-CPE method was successfully used to measure lead and cadmium ions in human hair samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical professionals are constantly exposed to bodily fluids and sanitizing agents during routine medical procedures. Unbeknownst to many healthcare workers, however, the barrier integrity of medical gloves can be altered when exposed to these substances, potentially resulting in exposure to dangerous pathogens. Methods: This experimental study was designed to test the hypothesis that the durability of both natural and synthetic solvent-exposed medical gloves will be lower than the durability of the gloves in air. The testing consisted of a sample of commercially available medical gloves exposed to 70% ethanol, phosphate buffered saline, and deionized water, aimed at simulating the environments in which medical gloves are commonly worn. Gloves were included in this study based on their performance in previous durability studies in air. Data were collected over a period of three months. The glove assessment device automatically detects pinhole-sized perforations in medical gloves, eliminating the need to visually inspect each glove. Relative durability was measured as the average number of sandpaper touches until glove puncture. Results: Four out of five glove brands performed better when exposed to all three solvents than in air, which is likely due to slippage in the interface between the wet glove and the sandpaper. Sensicare Micro, a polyisoprene surgical glove, had the most consistent durability in all three solvents tested. A two-way ANOVA revealed that both glove brand (P = 0.0001), solvent (P = 0.0001), and their interaction (P = 0.0040, α = 0.05) significantly affected average glove durability. Conclusions: Glove durability did not remain consistent in 70% ethanol, phosphate buffered saline, deionized water, and air. These results make it clear that additional testing and labeling information would help healthcare workers select gloves for use in specific environments to ensure the best barrier protection against disease or toxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have unique potential in the field of gas sensing due to their ultra-high specific surface area and abundant mesoporous structure. In this paper, a mesoporous Co3O4 hollow polyhedron structure with high specific surface area (141.6 m2 g−1) was synthesized by annealing at the optimum temperature. The gas response of the mesoporous Co3O4 hollow polyhedron structure to volatile organic compounds such as xylene, ethanol, methanol and acetone was systematically tested. The experimental results show that the mesoporous Co3O4 hollow polyhedron structure has the highest sensitivity (21.33) and excellent stability for xylene gas, and the detection limit is low (1 ppm). The excellent sensing performance benefits from large surface area, high oxygen defect concentration and mesoporous structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered double hydroxides (LDH) have attracted much attention in the gas sensing field due to their unique laminate structure and flexible chemical composition. In this work, the single crystalline nanosheet-assembled ZnCo-LDHs are synthesized by a facile one-pot hydrothermal route. We find that the Zn addition amount plays a vital role in tuning the Co2+/Co3+ ratio distributed in the laminate structure of LDH, further modulating the amount of oxygen defects. When the Zn/Co addition ratio is 1.8 in the synthetic system, the obtained ZnCo-LDH exhibits abundant exposed active sites due to its orderly arranged nanosheet structure. It also shows a favorable oxygen adsorption capability resulting from more oxygen defects in the laminate structure. The hierarchical structure facilitates gas diffusion and catalysis in sensing the redox process by cooperation of Zn2+ and Co3+. The obtained flower like ZnCo-LDH exhibits a high response of 19.19 to 200 ppm ethanol at working temperature as low as 80 °C. It also shows good selectivity and stability. The hierarchical ZnCo-LDHs provide a new chemiresistive sensing material with low energy consumption and high sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy driven electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (CO2RR) to alcohols provides an effective pathway for achieving carbon neutrality and sustainable development. However, it is challenging to convert CO2 into ethanol due to the sluggish C−C coupling and complex 12 electron/proton transferred process, which has been achieved mainly on Cu catalysts but with poor selectivity. Herein, In2O3 catalysts were doped with small amount of Pd and exhibited high activity for CO2RR to ethanol with a high Faradaic efficiency (50.7 %) at low overpotential. The introduction of Pd promotes the transformation of reaction products from formic acid to ethanol by modulating the binding strength of *CO intermediates. The in‐situ ATR‐SEIRAS and DFT calculations proved that the formation of Pd−O−In could modulate the binding strength of *CO and enhanced its coverage, thus facilitating C−C coupling step towards ethanol. This study may provide a new strategy to the generation of high value‐added products from CO2 over Non‐Cu‐based catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The homogeneously catalyzed Guerbet upgrading of ethanol to butanol can be modulated by the application of partial H2 pressure before the reaction. Ruthenium(II) PNP pincer complexes with methylene‐extended acridine‐based ligands and singly‐chelated ruthenium(II) complexes with PN ligands perform best at very low catalyst loadings and upon the application of catalyst‐specific pre‐reaction partial H2 pressure. The combination of ruthenium(II) PNP pincer complexes and manganese(I) pincer complexes with MACHO‐type PNP ligands allows for even lower ruthenium loadings while retaining low base load and consumption, thus enabling high space‐time yields, catalyst productivity and recyclability. Mechanistically, Mn is proposed to stabilize coordinatively unsaturated Ru species and allow coordination of ethoxide to Ru instead of attacking the electrophilic ligand backbone based on NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of hydrogen-rich gas used in fuel cell-powered cars from steam reforming and sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol was studied over nickel-impregnated mesoporous carbon catalyst in conventional and microwave heated reactor systems. Two important process intensification methods, sorption-enhanced reforming and microwave heating, were investigated to obtain a sustainable and energy-efficient system. Higher hydrogen yield was observed in the microwave heated system compared to the conventional heated system. With an increase in the reaction temperature, the hydrogen yield and hence the hydrogen concentration were increased in both systems. Sorption-enhanced steam reforming resulted in very high hydrogen purity, higher than 97 %, containing no carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide before the breakthrough point in the microwave system at 500 °C. The outperformance of the microwave system compared to the conventional system was proved in terms of the hydrogen yield and purity. • Nickel impregnated mesoporous carbon catalyst has a high microwave absorption capacity in the microwave system. • Higher hydrogen yield and purity were achieved in the microwave system. • Sorption-enhanced results revealed very high H 2 purity in the MW reactor at 500 °C during the first 25 min of the reaction. • The enhancement in hydrogen yield and purity in the MW system are evidence of its superiority to the conventional system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]