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The projected increase in coastal risk requires a reevaluation of coastal risk reduction strategies. A multi-model approach is proposed to examine the variability of coastal storms influenced by climate change and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). To this end, the historic coastal storm of August 8 2015, resulting from a local extratropical cyclone (ETC) off the central Chilean coast, was analyzed through the coupling of the WRF atmospheric model, Delft3D FM (D-FLOW and D-WAVE modules), and EOT20 astronomical tide model. The results show that the characteristics of local ETCs are susceptible to regional temperature gradients associated with climate change and ENSO. The coastal storm of August 8 2015, presented a decrease in wave height and counterclockwise rotation of wave direction along the Chilean coast under the climate change scenario. Meanwhile, the ENSO scenarios under cold conditions generated a ETC track's displacement toward the north, causing both an increase in wave height along the coast of the Antofagasta and Atacama regions and a decrease in wave height in the Valparaíso, O'Higgins, and Maule regions. Findings from this study emphasize the importance of considering dynamic design for coastal structures rather than traditional methods to adapt to changing storm patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro-morphological characterization of rice is vital for rice breeding programs, which help to document phenotypical differences. The research was conducted in Sundarbazar, Lamjung, during the spring season from February to August 2023, where the design was completely randomized with two replications. Twenty-five quantitative and thirty-nine qualitative traits were recorded according to the characterization descriptors of the International Rice Research Institute, Sixteen quantitative traits were observed for 16 landraces, and 11 showed high coefficient of variance (CV) values. In comparison, for the remaining nine traits, two traits showed a high CV value for all 20 landraces. Three principal components with an eigenvalue greater than one accounted for 88.2% variation. Furthermore, principal component analysis bolsters our results by clustering rice landraces into four clusters. The intra-cluster distance was most significant in cluster I (4.25) and the lowest in cluster IV (2.16), thereby indicating that genotype diversity was the greatest in cluster I and least diverse in cluster IV. Three of the four clusters did not follow geographic distribution, possibly indicating free exchange of landraces among the farmers and adaption of the landraces in both districts. Monomorphism was observed for leaf blade: lemma: anthocyanin in keel and lemma: anthocyanin of the area below apiculus, while high polymorphism was observed for lemma: the colour of apiculus (early observation) (1.542) according to Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′). Even distribution was observed for traits ligule: colour (0.971), lemma: colour of apiculus: (late observation) (0.920), and sterile lemma: shape (0.908). The Simpson evenness index was maximum for lemma: colour of apiculus (0.783), indicating a higher probability of obtaining two characters for a trait under random selection. Thus, the present study is the preliminary depiction for characterization and diversity analysis in cultivated rice landraces with potential for further rice improvement programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We begin by deriving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) in the presence of nonlinear microstructures, where the refractive index undergoes periodic modulation in the transverse direction for photonic crystal containing circular shape. Our investigation delves deeply into the intricate mechanisms behind transverse and longitudinal modulation of the refractive indexes, which aligns with the design of numerous manufactured slab microstructure waveguides. Theory of solitary waves in nonlinear microstructure, here unconventional fiber has been studied and examined in detail. In this work, composite methods leading both transverse and longitudinal modulation of refractive indexes have been presented in detail. The work also presents the diverse characteristics of this NLSE for both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous medium, encompassing various orders of nonlinearity specific to the nonlinear microstructure under consideration. Additionally, we analyze the wave propagation profiles for wide signals, which are wider than the periodicity of micro-structured photonic crystal. We also conduct a perturbation analysis for narrow signals that are even narrower than the periodicity of photonic crystal in transverse direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the static analysis of porous functionally graded material cooling plates with cutouts, employing a sophisticated multilayered modelling approach. The focus lies on understanding the nuanced effects of critical parameters, including volume fraction index, thickness ratio, porosity distribution, and porosity index, on the bending responses of shear-deformable porous FGM plates with cutouts. The research encompasses a diverse range of boundary conditions, both conventional and unconventional, shedding light on the collective influence of these variables on the bending response of the FGM plates featuring cutouts. In the instance of this porous FGM plate, the model integrates effective material properties obtained using a power-law distribution, which is then applied in a modified rule of mixture. The multilayered approach enhances the precision of the static analysis, providing a robust framework for exploring the mechanical behavior of porous FGM cooling plates in practical scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins bind RNA and are present in mitochondria and chloroplasts of Eukaryota. In fungi, they are responsible for controlling mitochondrial genome expression, mainly on the posttranscriptional level. Candida albicans is a human opportunistic pathogen with a facultative anaerobic metabolism which, unlike the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , possesses mitochondrially encoded respiratory Complex I (CI) subunits and does not tolerate loss of mtDNA. We characterized the function of 4 PPR proteins of C. albicans that lack orthologs in S. cerevisiae and found that they are required for the expression of mitochondrially encoded CI subunits. We demonstrated that these proteins localize to mitochondria and are essential to maintain the respiratory capacity of cells. Deletion of genes encoding these PPR proteins results in changes in steady-state levels of mitochondrial RNAs and proteins. We demonstrated that C. albicans cells lacking CaPpr4, CaPpr11, and CaPpr13 proteins show no CI assembly, whereas the lack of CaPpr7p results in a decreased CI activity. CaPpr13p is required to maintain the bicistronic NAD4L–NAD5 mRNA, whereas the other 3 PPR proteins are likely involved in translation-related assembly of mitochondrially encoded CI subunits. In addition, we show that CaAep3p, which is an ortholog of ScAep3p, performs the evolutionary conserved function of controlling expression of the ATP8–ATP6 mRNA. We also show that C. albicans cells lacking PPR proteins express a higher level of the inducible alternative oxidase (AOX2) which likely rescues respiratory defects and compensates for oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in severe impairment and fatality as well as significant motor and sensory abnormalities. Exosomes produced from IPSCs have demonstrated therapeutic promise for accelerating spinal cord injury recovery, according to a recent study. Objective: This study aims to develop engineered IPSCs-derived exosomes (iPSCs-Exo) capable of targeting and supporting neurons, and to assess their therapeutic potential in accelerating recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: iPSCs-Exo were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), and western blot. To enhance neuronal targeting, iPSCs-Exo were bioengineered, and their uptake by neurons was visualized using PKH26 labeling and fluorescence microscopy. In vitro, the anti-inflammatory effects of miRNA-loaded engineered iPSCs-Exo were evaluated by exposing neurons to LPS and IFN-γ. In vivo, biodistribution of engineered iPSC-Exo was monitored using a vivo imaging system. The therapeutic efficacy of miRNA-loaded engineered iPSC-Exo in a SCI mouse model was assessed by Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) scores, H&E, and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining. Results: The results showed that engineered iPSC-Exo loaded with miRNA promoted the spinal cord injure recovery. Thorough safety assessments using H&E staining on major organs revealed no evidence of systemic toxicity, with normal organ histology and biochemistry profiles following engineered iPSC-Exo administration. Conclusion: These results suggest that modified iPSC-derived exosomes loaded with miRNA have great potential as a cutting-edge therapeutic approach to improve spinal cord injury recovery. The observed negligible systemic toxicity further underscores their potential safety and efficacy in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies fixed/preassigned-time synchronization in a fuzzy inertial neural network characterized by discontinuous activation functions and mixed delays. First, we adopt a more accurate method to calculate the settling-time. Then, we extend the result of fixed-time synchronization (FXS) to preassigned-time synchronization (PAS). Next, by designing event-triggered controller and applying the non-smooth theory, the stability criterion of FXS/PAS are obtained. Finally, in the simulation section, we illustrate the validity and practicability of the results by listing a specific example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background A spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in severe impairment and fatality as well as significant motor and sensory abnormalities. Exosomes produced from IPSCs have demonstrated therapeutic promise for accelerating spinal cord injury recovery, according to a recent study. Objective This study aims to develop engineered IPSCs-derived exosomes (iPSCs-Exo) capable of targeting and supporting neurons, and to assess their therapeutic potential in accelerating recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods iPSCs-Exo were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), and western blot. To enhance neuronal targeting, iPSCs-Exo were bioengineered, and their uptake by neurons was visualized using PKH26 labeling and fluorescence microscopy. In vitro, the anti-inflammatory effects of miRNA-loaded engineered iPSCs-Exo were evaluated by exposing neurons to LPS and IFN-γ. In vivo, biodistribution of engineered iPSC-Exo was monitored using a vivo imaging system. The therapeutic efficacy of miRNA-loaded engineered iPSC-Exo in a SCI mouse model was assessed by Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) scores, H&E, and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining. Results The results showed that engineered iPSC-Exo loaded with miRNA promoted the spinal cord injure recovery. Thorough safety assessments using H&E staining on major organs revealed no evidence of systemic toxicity, with normal organ histology and biochemistry profiles following engineered iPSC-Exo administration. Conclusion These results suggest that modified iPSC-derived exosomes loaded with miRNA have great potential as a cutting-edge therapeutic approach to improve spinal cord injury recovery. The observed negligible systemic toxicity further underscores their potential safety and efficacy in clinical applications.

Fake review detection, often known as spam review detection, is a crucial aspect of natural language processing. It involves extracting valuable information from text documents obtained from various sources. Various methodologies, such as simple rule-based approaches, lexicon-based methods, and advanced machine learning algorithms, have been extensively employed with diverse classifiers to provide accurate detection of fake reviews. Nevertheless, review classification based on lexicons continues to face challenges in achieving high accuracies, mostly because of the need for domain-specific comprehensive dictionaries. Furthermore, machine learning-driven review detection also addresses the limitations in accuracy caused by the uncertainty of features in social data. In order To address the problem of accuracy, one effective approach is to carefully choose the most optimal set of features and minimize the number of features used. The Objective of the research paper is to select a small subset of features out of the thousands of features for accurate classification of spam review detection. Therefore, a good feature selection method is needed in order to speed up the processing rate and predictive accuracy. This paper, Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO), is utilized for feature selection in sentiment analysis tasks. The performance of the selected feature subsets was evaluated using SVM, X-GBoost, ETC classifiers. Experimental results on tweet reviews for the airline dataset demonstrated superior sentiment classification capabilities, achieving an accuracy of 0.9435% with SVM and 0.9607%, 0.9635% for X-Boost, ETC, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent decade, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been widely explored owing to their versatile properties and prodigious demands in the drug delivery, medical, energy storage, cosmetics, and the healthcare sectors. Therefore, the current work opts for an environmentally benign method to prepare ZnO NPs. The leaf extract of Calendula officinalis L. acts as a reducing agent for the metal ions; therefore, in the current research, ZnO NPs were prepared via green route by using Calendula officinalis leaf extract. Furthermore, the ZnO NPs were analysed with different spectroscopic techniques to confirm the structure and stability of nanomaterials. The prepared ZnO NPs were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, FT-IR and UV–Vis studies. Also, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the synthesized ZnO NPs were investigated. The XRD result of synthesized ZnO NPs showed the crystalline size 28.23 nm with wurtzite hexagonal structure along with the most intense peak (101). Following preliminary confirmations of the intended ZnO NPs, both big and small agglomerated forms were observed in the FE-SEM, which is often used to determine their exterior assembly. Further, the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicated the formation of pure ZnO NPs with an absorption peak of the Zn–O bond between 4000 cm−1 and 500 cm−1 and no discernible peak in the monitoring range. The UV–Vis spectrum of the green synthesized ZnO NPs were revealed two prominent absorption peaks at 355 nm and 370 nm with energy band gap of 2.986 eV. Using the 1, 1-di phenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test, the antioxidant activity of the described ZnO NPs was assessed. It demonstrated how, ZnO NPs significantly increased their antioxidant activity by scavenging 1, 1-di phenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. It could be seen that synthesis of the naturally occurring plant product ZnO NPs have been acting as an alternate of chemical antioxidant. The antimicrobial analysis was also performed with the help of disk diffusion method where three multi-drug resistant human pathogens namely Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and E.coli were used. The Zone of Inhibition diameter values are 35.2 mm ± 0.9, 23.6 mm ± 0.1 and 13.5 mm ± 0.1, respectively, which showed that the ZnO NPs was highly effective against S. aureus. Thus, the green synthesis method of ZnO NPs using leaf extract of Calendula officinalis is evidence that it is superior and environmentally friendly method for the preparation of ZnO NPs and hence it can be utilized in various nano-medicine approaches.Article Highlights: Green synthesis (hydrothermal method) of ZnO-NPs using leaf extract of Calendula officinalis L. and its spectroscopic investigation. Found effective Antioxidant activities of green synthesised ZnO that can be employed as skin care and cosmetics. Green synthesized ZnO NPs having a significant bactericidal activity observed against bacteria S. aureus, K. pneumonia and E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project aims to address the critical issue of urban air pollution caused by vehicular emissions. By integrating Machine Learning (ML) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, this project seeks to develop a real-time monitoring and control system to mitigate vehicular pollution. IoT sensors will be deployed on vehicles and in strategic urban locations to collect real-time data on pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM). This data will be analyzed using advanced ML algorithms to identify patterns, predict pollution levels, and recommend actionable measures to reduce emissions. The project will also incorporate engine model and fuel quality data to provide a comprehensive analysis of emission and traffic-related pollution. The expected outcome is an intelligent, data-driven system capable of providing timely insights and interventions, thereby contributing to cleaner air and healthier urban environments. This approach not only enhances pollution monitoring and control but also supports sustainable urban planning and public health initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, substrates of glass were used for the deposition of transparent nanostructured thin layers of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) using a spin-coating system, and the solution was processed by sol-gel process. TiO2 sol and films were prepared with TTIP, hydrochloric acid, DI water, and ethanol. Here is the current work, these thin films were analyzed for various annealing treatments at 300°C, 400°C, 500°C. The various attributes of films such as structural are described by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and RAMAN spectroscopy, morphology, and topography are studied by SEM and AFM, and optical properties are examined by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The direct energy bandgap estimated for the TiO2 films is 3.65ev, 3.71ev, and 3.75ev after heating at 300°C-400°C-500°C. The initial crystalline phase (anatase) of TiO2 shows up after 400°C for the four layers which are confirmed by XRD and RAMAN studies. At high temperatures, brookite and rutile crystalline phases are also found with the anatase phase. The attained films are translucent in the wavelength range between 380-700nm and blurred in the 100-380nm range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study adsorption of chromium (VI) ion by using blended natural novel adsorbent like neem leaves powder with peanut shell powder. The batch Adsorption experiments were conducted by different proportions of blended neem leaf powder and peanut shells powder and variations in the weight of adsorbents, contact time at room temperature, and various pH. Investigate the concentration of adsorbate before adsorption and after adsorption by 1, 5 Diphenyl Carbazide Colorimetric method with reference to calibration curve. Results obtained by blended neem leaves powder with peanut shell powder adsorbent are more effective at pH 6. Removal of efficiency increases with increasing contact time and dosage of adsorbent. This adsorbent is low cost and readily available in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, in order to detect 25 classes of malware, with the aim of increasing the detection accuracy, we used the pre-trained convolutional neural network of Alex Net and combined it with the perceptron neural network optimized with the Worm Shabbat algorithm. In fact, Alex Net's convolutional neural network automatically extracted 1000 feature vectors for each input image using the convolutional layer in its architecture. In the next step, we used the transfer learning method to classify the extracted features. In this thesis, we transferred the learning done by the Alex net convolutional neural network to a multi-layer perceptron neural network that was optimized using the firefly meta-heuristic algorithm for classification. In this work, we optimized the optimal weight and bias of the neural network by meta-heuristic algorithm. Finally, we were able to achieve 99.8% accuracy, which showed that the proposed method was superior in terms of accuracy compared to the compared methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the legal and ethical complexities surrounding physician participation in judicial executions in the United States. Despite the medicalization of execution methods, physicians face potential professional misconduct charges for participating in a process often mandated by death penalty statutes. This conflict arises from ambiguities within state legislation, creating a dilemma for medical professionals obligated to uphold both medical ethics and legal requirements. This paper argues that resolving this conflict necessitates legislative reform that balances the needs of the condemned, the public, and the medical profession. By examining the historical involvement of physicians in shaping execution methods, the paper contextualizes the contemporary debate surrounding their role. Ethical, policy, and legal arguments for and against physician participation are analyzed, revealing the need for a nuanced approach. Current legislative attempts to address this issue are critiqued, and the paper proposes a more comprehensive legislative solution to bridge the gap between death penalty statutes and medical practice acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public-private partnership is a prime factor for the exponential growth of an economy. Growth here assumes a holistic approach that comprises financial, technical, and environmental well-being. Of the various public procurement models - Bonus System, Swiss Challenge, Automatic Shortlisting, Direct Negotiation, and Full Competition - the Swiss Challenge Model (SCM) has come a long way with its application in various developing and developed countries even without proper regulations and robust framework. Regional laws exist but with meager detailing. Claiming an age-old history right from its inception through the Swiss government's mode of awarding contracts, the Swiss challenge had now extended its roots into its application in Insolvency proceedings under The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code of India. Though used extensively for infrastructural development processes in many emerging global powers, SCM poses deficiencies and limitations. The article analyses the extent of the effectiveness of this concept based on the existing studies conducted so far around the globe, critically examines and compares the guidelines, rules, and practices followed, and then connects it with the logic of using the same in Insolvency proceedings in India for suggesting an ameliorated model of better public acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitalization emerged Metaverse with a pace ahead after Pandemic drastically. Through that continuing digital shift, the idea of the metaverse is spread into various segments. This paper examines the impact of the metaverse in the retail sector. Metaverse revolutionizing the retail sector with spatial dimensions. It is affecting retail businesses and there is an evolution of VR, 3D visualization, etc. at large. A special focus is placed on important advertising elements, and we draw attention to the main obstacles and possibilities that users encounter in the metaverse. Metaverse faces challenges that enable future generations towards augmented life, complete and isolated immersion. For this phenomenon, the impact is analyzed through the timing to move from traditional to metaverse. One key finding is that this scenario is facilitating consumers and retailers by generating trust, costeffectiveness, augmented experience, etc. In the end, there are some examples showing a blend of both growing and capturing the market in the metaverse phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the financial growth and technical efficiency of selected dairy cooperatives in India from 2013-14 to 2021-22, utilizing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) methodologies. The Indian dairy sector has witnessed significant growth, with cooperatives playing a vital role in supporting small-scale farmers through collective ownership and equitable profit-sharing. The analysis highlights marked disparities in performance across different geographical zones, revealing that while some cooperative dairies, such as Jammu & Kashmir, Goa, and Sabar, have maintained high levels of technical efficiency (TE) over the years, while others, like Indore and Amritsar, face challenges in operational performance but have room for improvement. The results highlight the essential role of cooperative models in empowering small-scale farmers and improving rural livelihoods, especially in areas with robust cooperative infrastructures such as Gujarat and Karnataka. Similarly, the impressive CAGR of cooperatives in the northern and western regions, respectively, indicates effective operational strategies and investment in infrastructure. Nonetheless, challenges remain, particularly in the East, where cooperatives are underdeveloped and less efficient. Therefore, focused investments and supportive policies are vital to strengthening these cooperatives, helping them stay competitive and foster growth in the Indian dairy sector. The findings emphasize the importance of enhancing cooperative structures and infrastructure, particularly in underperforming regions, to ensure sustainable growth and competitiveness in the global dairy market. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers and cooperative managers aiming to optimize their operations and reinforce India's leadership in the global dairy market while ensuring sustainable growth and strengthening the socio-economic conditions of millions of rural dairy farmers in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into how Rabindranath Tagore examined the theme of freedom in his works, influenced by his experiences under foreign rule, including issues like racism, language barriers, living conditions, and the freedom to voice opinions. Tagore criticizes narrow nationalism, which he views as fueled by selfish ambition and greed. His plays--Dakghar (The Post Office), Achalayatan (The Immovable), Muktadhara (The Waterfall), and Raktakarabi (Red Oleanders)--each reveal different dimensions of his expansive concept of freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the efficacy of Human Resource Change Management (HRCM) techniques and their effect on workforce performance in Nagpur's industrial sector. Using a descriptive study approach, data were obtained from 100 respondents via structured questionnaires, which were complemented with additional information from relevant literature. The findings show that HRCM tactics are generally well-received; nonetheless, substantial hurdles such as worker opposition and insufficient communication impede implementation. Statistical investigation, including an F-test, found that HRCM techniques had no significant influence on worker performance, implying that while these approaches are evaluated positively, they do not result in demonstrable performance increases. To maximise the efficacy of HRCM activities, recommendations are made for improving communication, leadership engagement, and continuous training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automobiles have been a part of modern culture and tradition since centuries and they have invariably become part of our lives. The automobile industry of India stands great and tall in front of all the other automobile sectors of different countries of the world. Moreover, the booming automobile sector of India is casting significant impact by fostering growth and development of nation as a whole. However, in recent years the automobile industry has faced certain hiccups due to demonetization and advent of COVID-19. Besides man induced and natural disasters there are several other challenges, which the automobile industry of India has to grapple with. In this backdrop of present paper endeavors to identify the most critical challenges confronted by the automobile industry of India and rank them through the Modified Total interpretative Structural Modeling (TISM). The study identifies nine challenges. It uses Total Interpretative Structural Model for modeling the enablers. Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM), is a qualitative methodology advocated by Sushil (2017). TISM represents an evolved iteration of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and aims to elucidate intricate and vague mental models of systems by crafting a precise and well-defined model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is the major backbone of our society. It develops a person's capacity for reasoning and decisionmaking. Primary education is often referred to as 'elementary education' and is very important for society and the country at large. Elementary education is very important whether you are living in a developing country or a developed world. This study addresses the research gap in understanding parental influence on primary education among the Lambada tribe in Palnadu District, Andhra Pradesh. Despite low literacy rates and educational challenges noted in previous research, limited studies have focused on this tribal population. Using a mixed-methods approach with a sample of 260 respondents, the study employs stratified random sampling and quantitative and qualitative analyses to explore the impact of parental beliefs, socio-economic factors, and involvement in children's education. Key findings reveal significant associations between parental roles, income levels, and school attendance, aiming to inform policy improvements and targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives and scope: Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs) are rare genetic disorders resulting from mutations in genes crucial for effective oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) that can affect mitochondrial function. In this review, we examine the bioenergetic alterations and oxidative stress observed in cellular models of primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs), shedding light on the intricate complexity between mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular pathology. We explore the diverse cellular models utilized to study PMDs, including patient‐derived fibroblasts, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and cybrids. Moreover, we also emphasize the connection between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Insights: The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction due to its dependence on aerobic metabolism and the correct functioning of OXPHOS. Similar to other neurodegenerative diseases affecting the CNS, individuals with PMDs exhibit several neuroinflammatory hallmarks alongside neurodegeneration, a pattern also extensively observed in mouse models of mitochondrial diseases. Based on histopathological analysis of postmortem human brain tissue and findings in mouse models of PMDs, we posit that neuroinflammation is not merely a consequence of neurodegeneration but a potential pathogenic mechanism for disease progression that deserves further investigation. This recognition may pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies for this group of devastating diseases that currently lack effective treatments. Summary: In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of bioenergetic alterations and redox imbalance in cellular models of PMDs while underscoring the significance of neuroinflammation as a potential driver in disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article investigates an adaptive neural networks (NNs) tracking control design issue for nonlinear multi‐input and multi‐output (MIMO) systems involving the sensor‐to‐controller event‐triggered mechanism (ETM). In the design, NNs are utilized to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions. A sensor‐to‐controller ETM is designed to save unnecessary transmission and communication resources. Subsequently, a first‐order filter technique is presented to solve the problem that the virtual control function is not differentiable. Furthermore, an event‐triggered adaptive NNs control strategy is presented by constructing Lyapunov functions and using adaptive backstepping recursive design. It is demonstrated that the presented scheme can ensure the whole closed‐loop signals are uniformly ultimately bounded without exhibiting the Zeno behavior. Finally, a numerical simulation example confirms the effectiveness of the presented adaptive event‐triggered control (ETC) approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of machine learning algorithms across various fields is gaining momentum, and the results increasingly emphasize the need for further testing and implementation. This is driven by the potential to streamline and expedite numerous processes. In this paper, we have employed five algorithms: KNN, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Logistic Regression, and Naive Bayes, and these algorithms have been tested in three large datasets. On average, their performance ranges from a minimum of 80% to a maximum of 90%. Data preprocessing has been completed, and concurrently, we have implemented the SMOTE algorithm to address the challenge of unbalanced data in this research. Simultaneously, the Naïve Bayes algorithm yields the most favorable results of Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1 Score, for the "is_arrested" class. Furthermore, to assess the performance of each algorithm, we employed metrics including Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1 Score. These metrics allowed us to decide which algorithm achieved the most effective classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crowd funding is the process of raising essential amounts of funds from a large number of people to launch a new business initiative. It is typically accomplished by connecting investors and entrepreneurs through social media and crowd funding platforms, with the potential to boost entrepreneurship by broadening the pool of investors outside the conventional circle of owners, relatives, and venture capitalists. Although the crowd financing market is only a few years old, it has quickly become one of the most popular ways to raise funds. This enables entrepreneurs to avoid the traditional banking system. Banks have been more reluctant to lend to small firms, particularly in the aftermath of the financial crisis. This has made it difficult for many entrepreneurs to secure the funds they require to establish or grow their firms. Crowd funding not only gives prospective entrepreneurs with the capital they need, but it also validates their ideas and helps them develop a network of early adopters and supporters. Collective contributions have enabled inventive entrepreneurs to bring their ideas to life. This research study presents an outline of crowd funding's current position and prospects as a source of financing for Indian enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the combination of UV persulfate (UV/PS) treatment of recycled water and deficit irrigation to minimize pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) accumulation and improve crop quality. Lettuce, carrot, and tomato, commonly consumed raw, were cultivated in a greenhouse using PPCPs spiked recycled water, UV/PS treated recycled water, and tap water control, under irrigation rates at 60 %, 80 % and 100 % of crop evapotranspiration (ETC) rates. UV/PS removed ≥ 99 % of carbamazepine, diclofenac, and fluoxetine from spiked recycled water. Post-treatment, carbamazepine accumulation in harvested lettuce, carrot, and tomato was reduced by 96–99 %, 35–70 % and 72–93 %, respectively. Minimal accumulation of diclofenac and fluoxetine occurred in edible crops due to their existence as dissociated ions. Three edible crops exhibited distinct trends of PPCPs accumulation in response to irrigation rates. Lettuce exhibited a decreasing PPCPs accumulation with a reduced irrigation rate, which was attributed to slower transpiration. In contrast, carrot and tomato exhibited increased PPCP accumulation due to osmotic adjustment. Lettuce and carrot exhibited higher irrigation water utilization efficiency at deficit irrigation, while the opposite was observed for tomato. This study highlights the beneficial integration of UV/PS with deficit irrigation to conserve water, maintain crop yield, and minimize PPCPs accumulation.

Cel artykułu. W niniejszym artykule podjęto tematykę instrumentów finansowych typu ETC (ang. Exchange-Traded Commodities). Przyczynkiem do tej analizy było wprowadzenie pierwszego takiego instrumentu do obrotu na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie w sierpniu 2023 r., co stanowiło znaczący krok w ewolucji rynku kapitałowego w Polsce. Koncentrując się na regulacjach wprowadzonych przez GPW w Warszawie, przeanalizowano adekwatność środków mających na celu ochronę nabywców instrumentów typu ETC. Analiza ta objęła również perspektywę i rynek europejski, dostarczając porównawczego spojrzenia na krajowe rozwiązania. Przeanalizowano konstrukcję instrumentu, ramy regulacyjne, genezę oraz zasady działania ETC, rozróżniając te instrumenty od funduszy typu ETF. Pomimo podobieństw, instrumenty typu ETC różnią się bowiem znacznie pod względem struktury i charakteru prawnego od funduszy typu ETF. W szczególności nie są one zharmonizowane na poziomie europejskim, co wpływa na ochronę inwestorów. Ta różnica skłania do postawienia pytań dotyczących skuteczności istniejących regulacji dla zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa inwestorów i pewności obrotu, nie tylko na gruncie Polski. Metoda badawcza. Aby odpowiedzieć na te pytania, w podjętej analizie dokonano przeglądu literatury, analizy aktów prawnych oraz danych rynkowych. Zastosowano analizę porównawczą, aby zbadać funkcję w obrocie, konstrukcję oraz aspekty regulacyjne funkcjonowania instrumentów typu ETC w porównaniu do ETF-ów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem mechanizmów ochrony inwestorów. Dodatkowo, porównano regulacje obowiązujące w zakresie instrumentów typu ETC na kluczowych giełdach europejskich w odniesieniu do rozwiązań wdrożonych przez Giełdę Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Wyniki badań. Przeprowadzona analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że brak zharmonizowanych regulacji dla instrumentów typu ETC stanowi istotne wyzwanie dla inwestorów. W praktyce są oni, niejednokrotnie w kluczowych aspektach, chronieni na poziomie zbliżonym do inwestorów w ETF-y. Nie są to jednak uniwersalne i zagwarantowane regulacyjnie standardy, na których inwestorzy mogliby polegać. Rekomendowane jest zatem ujednolicenie terminologiczne instrumentów pasywnego inwestowania, które powinno pociągać za sobą harmonizację podstawowych zasad konstrukcji danych instrumentów i ich obrotu. W odniesieniu do instrumentów typu ETC na GPW w Warszawie, wprowadzone rozwiązania przewyższają pod względem ochrony inwestorów odpowiedniki obserwowane na niektórych innych rynkach UE. Niemniej jednak, postulowane są dalsze zmiany regulaminowe, który mogłaby przyczynić się do dalszego rozwoju rynku instrumentów typu ETC w Polsce.

A study was carried out at Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, during the rabi seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 to investigate the effects of irrigation levels, crop geometry, and mulch on yield parameters, yield, economics, and water use efficiency of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Findings showed that the irrigation level of 0.8 ETc considerably increased the yield parameters of fennel, including seed (1684 kg ha-1) and stover yield (3110 kg ha-1), net return (103149 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.58). At 0.6 ETc, a maximum water use efficiency of 5.48 kg ha-1 mm-1 was observed. 40 cm x 60 cm paired row planting produced significantly superior yield parameters, seed yield, and water use efficiency. Results further revealed that the application of plastic mulch considerably improved yield parameters, yield, net return, and benefit: cost ratio as compared to no mulch treatment. However, test weight and harvest index were not influenced by plastic mulch. Thus, in arid and semi-arid parts of Rajasthan, integrated use of drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and plastic mulch under paired row sowing of 40 cm x 60 cm proved more viable for ensuring higher productivity of rabi fennel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates temperature evolution in graphene field-effect transistors. We present a refined Ballistic-diffusive equation model (BDE) tailored for scrutinizing the phonon transport within GNRFET transistors. Furthermore, we examine the influence of the channel length on thermal characteristics. COMSOL Multiphysics is employed to compute the phonon transport and temperature distribution in nano-GNRFET. Our results reveal that the phonon transport anticipated by the suggested BDE model closely corresponds to that derived from the Boltzmann transport equation. The proposed model proficiently gauges the thermal performance of GNRFET, with the outcomes suggesting that the characteristic length of the GNR has a negligible impact on the temperature increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of Zero Energy Buildings (ZEBs) is gaining traction as a sustainable solution to the increasing energy demands and environmental concerns associated with traditional building practices. This project explores the implementation of ZEB solutions for both residential and commercial buildings, aiming to achieve energy selfsufficiency through the integration of renewable energy sources and advanced energy-efficient technologies. The study involves a comprehensive analysis of building design, materials, and systems that contribute to minimizing energy consumption while maximizing energy production. Key components include photovoltaic panels, advanced insulation techniques, smart energy management systems, and passive design strategies. By conducting simulations and case studies, the project evaluates the feasibility, costeffectiveness, and environmental impact of ZEBs. The findings demonstrate that with the right combination of technologies and design principles, it is possible to create buildings that not only meet their own energy needs but also contribute to a reduction in overall carbon footprint. This research provides valuable insights and practical guidelines for architects, engineers, and policymakers aiming to promote sustainable building practices and advance the adoption of ZEBs in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental problems usually have a cross-border context, which results in the need for an international solution. Nation-states within their frameworks can partially contribute to the solution of individual environmental problems, but in most cases joint action is needed, both bilaterally and multilaterally, to overcome environmental phenomena and conditions related to climate change, deforestation, desertification, protection of biodiversity and natural resources, etc. Hence, the role of organizations and international environmental law, which regulate the matter of international agreements and conventions in the field of the environment, is of great importance. The authors of the paper review international relations through the analysis of international documents that protect the environment. Moreover, they analyze the weaknesses, as well as the process of implementation and monitoring, which are essential for the efficient undertaking of measures and activities for the protection of the environment, but also of the entire living world, humanity, wildlife, and vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aims: To determine the role of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway in rhodoquinone (RQ) and de novo NAD+ biosynthesis and whether NAD+ rescue pathways are essential in parasitic worms (helminths). Results: We demonstrate that RQ, the key electron transporter used by helminths under hypoxia, derives from the tryptophan (Trp) catabolism even in the presence of a minimal KYN pathway. We show that of the KYN pathway genes only the kynureninase and tryptophan/indoleamine dioxygenases are essential for RQ biosynthesis. Metabolic labeling with Trp revealed that the lack of the formamidase and kynurenine monooxygenase genes did not preclude RQ biosynthesis in the flatworm Mesocestoides corti. In contrast, a minimal KYN pathway prevented de novo NAD+ biosynthesis, as revealed by metabolic labeling in M. corti, which also lacks the 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase gene. Our results indicate that most helminths depend solely on NAD+ rescue pathways, and some lineages rely exclusively on the nicotinamide salvage pathway. Importantly, the inhibition of the NAD+ recycling enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase with FK866 led cultured M. corti to death. Innovation: We use comparative genomics of more than 100 hundred helminth genomes, metabolic labeling, HPLC-mass spectrometry targeted metabolomics, and enzyme inhibitors to define pathways that lead to RQ and NAD+ biosynthesis in helminths. We identified the essential enzymes of these pathways in helminth lineages, revealing new potential pharmacological targets for helminthiasis. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that a minimal KYN pathway was evolutionary maintained for RQ and not for de novo NAD+ biosynthesis in helminths and shed light on the essentiality of NAD+ rescue pathways in helminths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, low bone mass and skeletal fragility. Bone fragility is affected by bone remodelling, bone turnover, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone quality. BMD is measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), which is a surrogate measure of bone strength. Material & Methods: Study was conducted district hospital Ganderbal Kashmir. Total 240 patients of age more than 50 years with backache problem were enrolled in study. These patients underwent radiological investigation (DEXA Scan) and shown features of osteoporosis. Among these 240 patients we performed X-Ray thoraco lumbo sacral spine to find out any vertebral compression fracture. Results: Total 240 patients were enrolled in our study. 112 were male and 128 were female. Among these patients, we found vertebral compression fracture in 39 cases. Of 39 cases 25 were female (64%) and rest 14 were male (36%). Mean age of fracture vertebrae was 69.20 years. Prevalence of vertebral compression fracture came out to be 16.25%. Conclusion: Vertebral fractures are also associated with back pain, physical deformity, and decline in social function, loss of selfesteem, impaired quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vlogs, Recordings, news, sport coverages are huge sources of multimodal information that do not just limit to text but extend to audio, images and videos. Applications such as summary generation, image/video captioning, multimodal sentiment analysis, cross modal retrieval requires Computer Vision along with Natural Language Processing techniques to extract relevant information. Information from different modalities must be leveraged in order to extract quality content. Hence, reducing the gap between different modalities is of utmost importance. Image to text conversion is an emerging field and employs the use of encoder decoder architecture. Deep CNNs extract the feature of images and sequence to sequence models are used to generate text description. This paper is a contribution towards the growing body of research in multimodal information retrieval. In order to generate the textual description of images, we have performed 5 experiments using the benchmark Flickr8k dataset. In these experiments we have utilized different architectures - simple sequence to sequence model, attention mechanism, transformer-based architecture to name a few. The results have been evaluated using BLEAU score. Results show that the best descriptions are attained by making use of transformer architecture. We have also compared our results with the pretrained visual model vit-gpt2 that incorporates visual transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria are essential components of bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways and are capable of making quick adjustments to accommodate the cell's changing metabolic requirements. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that conduct a variety of functions, including adenosine triphosphate synthesis, calcium homeostasis management, apoptosis, and population maintenance via fission and fusion. Mitochondrial malfunction manifested as oxidative stress and mutations can contribute to the aetiology of a variety of catastrophic disorders, including neurological disease, neuromuscular disease, ischemia-reperfusion damage, cancer, and the ageing process. This mitochondrial dysfunction prompted a thorough search for novel strategies that utilize critical facets of mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, mitophagy, redox metabolism, and the unfolded protein response to restore mitochondrial function. In the literature, from cardiovascular to neurodegenerative illnesses, targeting mitochondria as a therapeutic intervention to avoid cellular damage or cell death has been mentioned more frequently. For mitochondrial delivery currently, both passive and active targeting has been used. But due to the physical characteristics of mitochondria, passive targeting is challenging. In this review, we explore approaches and techniques for directing drugs and genetic materials to the mitochondria for mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of various disorders associated with mitochondria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This viewpoint conveys insights about the Expressive Therapies Continuum (ETC) from the perspective of two students who trained under ETC co-creators Vija Lusebrink and Sandra (Kagin) Graves-Alcorn. The structure of the ETC is based on relationships among various kinds of information processing, and the function of the ETC is to provide integrative treatment through the modification of task complexity, task structure, and media properties, collectively known as Media Dimension Variables (MDV). Adjusting MDV potentiates activation of the Creative Dimension, where client-specific interventions serve to balance overused, underused, and blocked information processing patterns. ETC-based assessment determines the starting point for ETC-based treatment; a client's artmaking behavior, art products, and verbalizations are then used to ascertain subsequent steps in art therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]