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Riassunto: Il contributo propone riflessioni di natura tipologica, funzionale e socioculturale in relazione ai manufatti rientranti nelle categorie delle spade e delle daghe cronologicamente inquadrabili nel contesto della Sardegna nuragica (Bronzo Medio – Primo Ferro), con la sola esclusione dei manufatti denominati «spade votive».

The article presents 30 years of Italian archaeological research in Armenia, carried out by CNR and ISMEO. The research - surveys and excavations - focused on the presence in Armenia of the Urartian kingdom, the first state in the Caucasian area, and on its background, the Early Iron Age. Fieldwork was carried out in the basin of the Sevan Lake and in the regions of Kotayk and Vayots Dzor. The studies included pre-Urartian and Urartian systems of territorial control; travel routes; development of social complexity and increase of conflicts among local and foreign groups between Early Bronze Age and the birth of the Urartian state; the impact of the birth and development of the Urartian kingdom and its interactions with local communities; architecture and material culture from late Iron Age to the Achaemenid empire; cultural continuity between the end of the Urartian kingdom and Late Antiquity. It was possible to see that the economic basis of the Urartian state was based on the co-existence of a stock-raising model and of a high agricultural development, with the exploitation of local mineral resources. Interaction and integration with local communities was crucial for the success of Urartu, which had a very strong impact on local cultures also in the centuries following its demise. The strong Urartian influence was an essential element in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigate breastfeeding and weaning patterns using stable isotope analysis of multiple tissues--deciduous and permanent dentin, ribs, and femora--from two Iron Age (seventh-fourth century B.C.) sites in southern Italy. In addition to exploring general patterns of infant and childhood feeding in these samples, our objectives are to determine if weaning occurred earlier among individuals who did not survive childhood, and to examine variability in stable isotope data between dentin and bone samples within the same individual. To address these objectives, d 15N and δ 13C data were obtained from incremental dentin sections from 12 subadults (< 10 years) and eight adolescents/adults (16+ years). Results from the deciduous dentin samples show that weaning began after 5 months of age, and data from the permanent teeth of subadults indicate that weaning was complete by 2.0 ± 0.6 years. Meanwhile, isotope data from the permanent teeth of adolescents/adults suggest that weaning was complete by 3.1 ± 0.3 years. Dentin isotope profiles of 11 subadults were also compared against the respective rib and femora data. Results reveal that rib isotope values correspond to dentin values more closely during early childhood (< 5 years), while rib and femora isotope data show greater likeness after 5 years of age, indicating an isotopically consistent post-weaning diet. The results from this study demonstrate that weaning in these two Iron Age samples began in the first year of life and the overall weaning process lasted longer for those individuals who survived to adolescence/adulthood. If dentin is not available for stable isotope analysis, our study shows that ribs should be used as an alternative, since their faster turnover rate provides a closer approximation to dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the locality of Pian di Gallo, the excavation have brought to light a settlement, dating between the VIIth and the IVth centuries BC. Of particular interest is an area, peripheral to the built-up area, with numerous furnaces of different types.

The site of Zambana el Vato lies on a debris fan on the right bank of the river in the Adige Valley north of Trento at an elevation of 220 m asl. Emergency excavations conducted in 2009-10 documented successive settlement phases between the 7th/6th and 5th centuries BC. In the remains of the oldest house (phase 1) – destroyed, like the others, by fire – we identified a very particular combustion structure: a mass of regular blocks of travertine, connected to one another and covered with clay and sand that had been transformed by heat and, often, vitrified by prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The location on the raised floor of the house, the choice of a particular type of stone (travertine) and the construction method (coating with refractory – heat resistant – baked material) all lead us to view this as a prototype “stufa a olle” : that is a type of domestic heating system that was widely used in the Alpine area in historic times. Il sito di Zambana el Vato è ubicato su un conoide detritico a nord di Trento, in destra idrografica della Valle dell’Adige e a una quota media di 220 m s.l.m. (Fig.1). Le indagini archeologiche di pronto intervento condotte tra il 2009 e il 2010 hanno permesso di documentare reiterate fasi insediative (comprese tra VII-VI e V sec. a.C.) con abitazioni realizzate parte in seminterrato con pietra a secco e parte, fuori terra, con lo sviluppo di un piano rialzato ligneo, secondo il modello della cd. “casa retica” (Fig.2). In seguito all’abbandono delle strutture abitative, l’area è stata adibita ad officina metallurgica, con allestimenti e scarti riferibili alla lavorazione del ferro e del bronzo (BELLINTANI et alii 2014, GIUMLIA-MAIR et alii 2015, STEFAN et alii 2017; GIUMLIA-MAIR et alii 2017).

The Forcello site (Bagnolo S. Vito, Mantua) is the main Etruscan settlement north of the Po in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. It is approximately 12-hectare wide, with a fully urban pattern. It’s characterized by an orthogonal plan, defined by main and secondary roads that intersect each other orthogonally and outline blocks, occupied by both residential and productive buildings. The archaeological investigations are carried out in the settlement’s core area, over about 900 m2. After more than thirty years of excavations, nine archaeological phases have been recognized, resulting by the stratification of domestic activities, craft activities and catastrophic events. The extension and the long duration of the researches have brought to light dozens of fire structures: hearths, pit furnaces to cast bronze or to forge iron objects, remains of kilns. The wide typological variety of the fire structures can be evaluated according to the function of the buildings in which they are located, detected by study of archaeological findings and building techniques.

A horizontal type furnace, dated to the 5th century BCE, was unearthed in Oppeano (Verona). Stratigraphy, pottery and samples taken for soil micromorphology and laboratory analyses are discussed.

Ovens with mobile elements have been known in the Bronze and Iron Ages of Western Europe since the 1970s (Sévrier oven). Traces attributable to the same production context have been recognized in numerous sites of the Early and developed Iron Age of Caput Adriae, from which come large quantities of concotto (fire-hardened clay) fragments. In this paper, we are representing a review of this kind of findings, together with technological, morphological and structural features useful for the definition of a possible model of the oven with mobile elements diffused in the Caput Adriae area during the Iron Age.

Nell’ambito del progetto IESP, il presente contributo indaga i supporti epigrafici di tipo faunistico, confrontando i resti etruschi, apparentemente non iscritti, con quelli retici, iscritti. I contesti di rinvenimento, la presenza di fori e il probabile uso di inchiostri sulle ossa etrusche consentono di avanzare l’ipotesi di un contatto tra le due culture, nella sfera divinatorio-oracolare. Ciò potrebbe essere legato al movimento di singoli individui avanzato in letteratura sulla base dell’iscrizione sull’astragalo da Monte Ozol.

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This paper presents a new outstanding discovery from 2016 at the site of Arslantepe (Malatya, SE Turkey), a finely made ivory plaque found in an Iron Age context approximately dated at the beginning of the 8th century BCE. The object belongs to the well-known "Flame and Frond" ivory carving school and its discovery at Arslantepe suggests intriguing cross-cultural relationships with the Levantine and northern Mesopotamian worlds. The article describes and discusses the new find within the corpus of the 1st millennium BCE Near Eastern production of ivory and luxury goods. It aims at evaluating innovative aspects of intercultural communication as well as the legacy of ancient traditions in the formation of the new artistic trends at Arslantepe and within the flourishing of the Iron Age societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riassunto: Recenti lavori di consolidamento del nuraghe Orgono di Ghilarza (OR) sono stati affiancati dallo scavo delle due camere della singolare struttura. I risultati più importanti si sono avuti nell’indagine dei due focolari sovrapposti della camera superiore, pertinenti a due distinti momenti di frequentazione: età del ferro ed età romana (fine repubblica-inizio impero). Il primo era sigillato dalla sistemazione pavimentale di epoca storica, il secondo dal sopravvenuto crollo della volta. Entrambi propongono lo studio di alcuni manufatti ceramici di scarsa qualità, solo in parte ispirati ai repertori tipologici dei rispettivi periodi e pertanto difficilmente collocabili tra le produzioni ceramiche conosciute, che sembrano attestare la lunga sopravvivenza di tecniche di lavorazione domestica. Abstract: Besides recent consolidation works of nuraghe Orgono (Ghilarza - OR), both rooms of the uncommon structure have been excavated. The most important results come from the research of the two superimposed hearths of the upper room, which belong to two distinct occupation moments: Iron Age and Roman Age (Late Republic - Early Empire). The former was covered by the floor of historical period, the latter by the collapse of the vault. Both hearths propose the study of some pottery products of low quality, which are only partly inspired to the typologies of their respective periods and therefore can hardly be placed among the known pottery productions, which suggest a long survival of home working techniques.

Riassunto: L’analisi dei modelli di torri nuragiche di Monte Prama e del valore memoriale assunto da questi oggetti nel corso della prima età del Ferro offre lo spunto per una riflessione sul valore dei monumenti reali nel paesaggio culturale vissuto dalle popolazioni nuragiche dopo la fine dell’età del Bronzo. I modelli di nuraghe assumono in questa ricostruzione la valenza ideologica di specifico segno del potere che si lega alla realtà dei nuovi tempi. Il simulacro del nuraghe funziona come meccanismo ideologico che legittima l’autorità e il prestigio nella percezione di gruppi umani per i quali la torre è ancora segno vitale del presente e del proprio paesaggio fisico e psicologico. Abstract: The analysis of models of Monte Prama’s nuragic towers and the memorial significance assumed by these objects during the early Iron Age is the starting point for a reflection on the value of the real monuments in the cultural landscape experienced by nuragic populations after the end of the Bronze Age. The models of Nuraghe assume in this reconstruction the ideological meaning of specific sign of the power that binds to the reality of the new times. The simulacrum of the Nuraghe works as ideological mechanism that legitimizes the authority and prestige in the perception of human groups for which the tower is still vital sign of the present and of their physical and psychological landscape.

Riassunto: In questo lavoro si presentano i corredi ceramici delle fasi Nuragico II e Punico-Romana provenienti dal settore nord-occidentale del villaggio di Su Nuraxi di Barumini, da originarie strutture dell’età del Bronzo riadattate nel corso dell’età del Ferro ed in età storica. Le categorie vascolari qui presentate e riferite alla fase Nuragico II sono ben note nel panorama della ceramica nuragica dell’età del Ferro (VIII sec. a.C.) specie nei siti della Sardegna centro-meridionale, mentre le labili ma importanti testimonianze di età punica e romana sono ascrivibili a momenti compresi tra V e III sec. a.C. Abstract: In this paper we present the Iron age and Punic-roman pottery founded in the proto-historic village of Su Nuraxi-Barumini (Sardinia, Italy). The vessels come from the Bronze Age structures then modified during the Iron Age and historical period. The phase of reference of Iron age pottery is called Nuragico II and is chronoligcally situated during of eighth century BC. The comparisons of the context of Su Nuraxi with other Iron age sites of central-southern Sardinia allow to identify some important kind of pottery in association. Few but important records of Punic age testify a frequentation of the village during the fifth-third centuries BC.

The nuraghe of S. Pietro di Sorres, located on the commune of Borutta (SS), is the largest of a series of buildings ready to crown the slopes of the plateau of limestone of Mura. The location - at the top of the hill of Sorres (524 m above se level) - near the romanesque cathedral of S. Peter, suggests a military use that began during the Late Bronze Age and maintained in the subsequent history (Punic, Roman, Vandalic, Byzantine, Judicial). From an architectural point of view it falls within the type tholos polilobato. The remains of local limestone give an impressive testimony of the building. Numerous materials of ceramic and bronze found inside and around, during the excavation work in the 50s of last century, are a confirmation of its importance in the Mejlogu area. We can’t not exclude a certain type of ritual/ funerary connection with the nearby karst cave of Sa Rocca 'e Ulari and an hierarchical connection with the nuraghe Santu Antine of Torralba.

Il centro indigeno ubicato presso il nuraghe S’Urachi e l’adiacente villaggio di Su Padrigheddu, nella Sardegna centro-occidentale, fu abitato senza soluzione di continuità fra la tarda età del Bronzo e la prima età romana. Ricerche condotte presso i due siti hanno restituito un cospicuo lotto di materiali di tipologia fenicia, databili fra l’VIII e il VI sec. a.C. Nel presente articolo, mediante l’analisi delle caratteristiche cronologiche e funzionali della ceramica fenicia, in particolare anfore e ceramica da cucina e da mensa, si vuole porre in evidenza come la distribuzione di ceramica fenicia a S’Urachi e Su Padrigheddu incrementò in modo sostanziale dalla metà del VII sec. a.C. Mentre una cospicua percentuale dei materiali è rappresentata da frammenti di anfore, probabilmente importate dai vicini centri coloniali sulle sponde del golfo di Oristano, una parte significativa di ceramica di tipologia fenicia è composta da manufatti da cucina di produzione locale. Si suggerisce che questa categoria funzionale sia da mettere in relazione con pratiche culinarie tradizionali di un gruppo di individui di estrazione culturale fenicia, che giunsero a S’Urachi e Su Padrigheddu dai vicini centri coloniali e Tharros e/o Othoca.