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Kljub temu da je traktorsko spravilo lesa najpogostejši način spravila v Sloveniji, je metoda spravila lesa s traktorjem, ki je poleg vitla opremljen tudi z dvigalom z grabežem, redka in nepoznana, zato v diplomski nalogi po učinkovitosti in težavnosti dela primerjamo to metodo spravilo lesa s tradicionalno metodo spravila lesa, pri kateri je traktor opremljen le z vitlom. Raziskavo smo izvedli v podjetju Gozdarstvo Rigler v gozdnogospodarski enoti Žužemberk, v kateri smo učinkovitost in težavnost dela po obeh metodah posneli v 50-ih ciklih spravila lesa s traktorjem Kotschenreuther K115 R. Ugotovili smo, da je pri povprečni prostornini odkazanih dreves nad 0,2 m3/drevo spravilo lesa z dodatno uporabo dvigala učinkovitejše od spravila lesa, pri katerem je uporabljen samo vitel. Uporaba dvigala pri spravilu lesa zmanjša tudi težavnost dela. Tako je povprečni delovni pulz pri spravilu lesa z dodatno uporabo dvigala znašal 49,5 u/min, relativni delovni pulz pa 33,5 %, pri spravilu lesa samo z vitlom pa 59,8 u/min oziroma 40,4 %. Glede na dane delovne razmere ugotovitve kažejo na višjo težavnost dela, kot jo dopušča veljavni Pravilnik. Z uvedbo obveznih kratkotrajnih sistematično razporejenih odmorov skozi celoten delovnik namesto krajšanja delovnega časa ter uvedbo procesorske glave bi zmanjšali težavnost dela. Despite the fact that tractor harvesting is the most common method of harvesting wood in Slovenia, the method of harvesting wood with a tractor, which is also equipped with a lift with a grab, is rare and unknown, so in the diploma thesis we compare this method of harvesting wood with the traditional method of harvesting wood, in which the tractor is equipped only with a winch. The research was carried out in the company Forestry Rigler in the forest management unit Žužemberk, in which we recorded the efficiency and difficulty of work using both methods in 50 cycles of harvesting wood with the tractor Kotschenreuther K115 R. We found that in the average volume of cancelled trees above 0.2 m3/tree, harvesting wood using an additional lift is more efficient than harvesting wood using only a winch. Using a lift when harvesting wood also reduces the difficulty of work. Thus, the average working pulse for harvesting wood using an additional lift was 49.5 u/min, while the relative working pulse was 33.5 %, while for harvesting wood using a winch alone it was 59.8 u/min or 40.4 %. Considering today's working conditions, the findings indicate a higher difficulty of work than is allowed by the current Rules. By introducing mandatory short-term systematically distributed breaks throughout the working day instead of shortening working hours and introducing a processor head, the difficulty of work would be reduced.

Diplomsko delo proučuje konstruiranje orgel. Cilj naloge je pripraviti zbir načel, ki so v pomoč pri konstruiranju in na praktičnem primeru prikazati njihovo uporabo. Namen je ugotoviti uporabnost računalniško podprtega konstruiranja pri snovanju orgel. Metode dela zajemajo zbiranje podatkov iz literature in prakse, ter praktično delo v orglarski delavnici. S programskim orodjem SolidWorks je bila izdelana konstrukcijska dokumentacija novih orgel. Rezultat raziskave je sistematično urejen skupek konstrukcijskih napotkov, razdeljen po glavnih sestavih orgel. To so dovod stisnjenega zraka, sapnice, piščali, igralnik, traktura, ogrodje in ohišje. Opisano je delovanje in vloga navedenih sestavov v orglah in našteti pogosti izdelavni materiali. Praktični primer konstruiranja orgel je predstavljen s sestavnimi načrti, ustvarjenimi po 3D modelu novo zasnovanega glasbila. Konstruirane orgle imajo šest registrov ter en manual in pedal z zvezo. Vsebujejo 12245 sestavnih delov, od katerih je 300 piščali. Ugotovili smo, da glavni sestavi orgel vplivajo eden na drugega že med procesom konstruiranja. Velik vpliv imajo dispozicija orgel, tip tonske in registrske trakture, oblika pročelja, pozicija igralnika in sapnic ter z mestom vgradnje pogojene zunanje dimenzije glasbila. Potrdili smo, da je računalniško podprto konstruiranje učinkovito in zmanjšuje verjetnost nastanka napak, a zahteva sistematičen pristop in računalnik z obsežnim delovnim spominom. This thesis researches pipe organ design. Its goal is to create a set of guidelines to help with organ design and show their use through a practical example. In doing so, the value of computer-aided design is explored. The work methods include the collection of data from both a review of the literature and practical work in an organ building workshop. The design of the new organ was done using the SolidWorks software. The result of the research is a systematically sorted bundle of design directions, divided based on the main assemblies of an organ. These are the compressed air supply unit, windchests, organ pipes, console, action, support structure and the casing. Descriptions are given on the operation and role of these assemblies in the organ, and the common building materials used in them. The practical example of organ design is presented through blueprints, created from a 3D model of the newly conceived instrument. The designed organ has six stops and a manual and pedal keyboard with a coupler. It contains 12,245 parts, 300 of which are organ pipes. We have found the main assemblies affect one another during the design process. The leading factors are the stop types, the type of key and stop action, layout of the façade, positioning of the console and windchests and the outer dimensions of the instrument, which is predetermined by the location of instalment. We have confirmed that computer-aided design is generally effective and useful in decreasing the likelihood of design mistakes. It does, however, require a systematic approach and a computer with enough random-access memory.

U ovom radu bit će obrađena tema znanstvene discipline zvane ergonomija te njenih metoda i njihovih primjena i načina izvođenja. Također na samome početku rada obradit će se pojam studij rada i vremena koji je usko povezan uz ergonomiju. Na to će se ukratko obraditi povijest ergonomije i njezini utjecaju kroz povijest od najranijih početaka čovječanstva. Ovaj uvod je potreban kako bi se bolje i jednostavnije shvatilo poimanje ergonomije i zadatak ovog rada. Nakon odrađenog uvoda bit će odrađen sam pojam ergonomije te njezini značaj u industriji, pri konstruiranju radnog mjestu i poboljšanju izvođenja što boljeg i ugodnijeg posla. Zadnje što će biti prikazano i objašnjeno u ovom radu je ujedno i tema ovoga rada a to su ergonomske metode. Objasnit će se najpoznatije metode i one koja se najčešće primjenjuju kao što su REBA, RULA, OWAS i mnoge druge. Na samom kraju prikazat će se nekoliko studija slučaja primjene nekih od ergonomskih metoda te kako one utječu na poboljšanje rada. This paper will deal with the subject of scientific discipline called ergonomics and its methods and their application and methods of execution. Also, at the very beginning of the work, the term study of work and time, which is sloceli related to ergonomics, will be discussed. The history od ergonomics and its influence throughout history from the eraliest beginnings of mankind will be briefly discussed. The introduction is necessary in order the better and moere easily undersrand the conceprt od ergonimics and the task of this paper. After the introduction, the very concept od ergonomics and its importance in industry,svhen designing the workplace and inproving the performance of the best and mos pleasant work will be discussed. And the last thing that will be shown and explained in this pape ris astually the topic of this paper, which is ergonimics methods. The most famous methods and those that are most often applied, such as REBA, RULA, OWAS and many others, will be explained. At the very end, several case studies of the application of some of the ergnomic methods and how they affect work improvement will be presented.

Sviranje bubnjeva u ovom radu promatrano je iz aspekta ergonomije s ciljem pronalaženja veze između načina postavljanja bubnjarskog kompleta i položaja tijela koji je njime uvjetovan. Kako bi se problem približio čitatelju dan je uvid u povijest bubnjarskog kompleta i elemente koji ga čine. Na standardnom bubnjarskom kompletu (četiri bubnja i četiri činele) pokazane su mogućnosti postavljanja visine i nagiba elemenata te ovisnost položaja tijela bubnjara o raznim postavkama. Odabrane su neke postavke kompleta za koje se smatra da obuhvaćaju najčešće probleme po pitanju bubnjarske ergonomije i na njima je provedena analiza sviranja. Kroz analizu sviranja subjektivnom procjenom pomoću Borgove ljestvice kvantificiran je stupanj opterećenja kritičnih dijelova tijela. Pronađena je veza određenih postavki bubnjarskog kompleta s osjećajem napora u određenim kritičnim dijelovima tijela. In this paper drumming was observed from the aspect of ergonomics with the aim of finding a connection between the way the drum kit is set up and the position of the body that is conditioned by it. In order to introduce the problem to the reader, an insight into the history of the drum kit and an overview of its elements is given. Using the standard drum kit (four drums and four cymbals) the possibilities of adjusting the height and angle of the elements, as well as the dependence of the position of the drummer's body on various settings are shown. Some drum kit settings that are considered to cover the most common problems in terms of drummer ergonomics were chosen for the performance analysis. Through the performance analysis, the amount of load on critical parts of the body was quantified by subjective assessment using the Borg scale. A relationship was found between certain drum kit settings and the feeling of exertion in certain critical parts of the body.

Understanding the changes in cognitive processing that accompany changes in posture can expand our understanding of embodied cognition and open new avenues for applications in (neuro)ergonomics. Recent studies have challenged the question of whether standing up alters cognitive performance. An electronic database search for randomized controlled trials was performed using Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Ultimate, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science following PRISMA guidelines, PICOS framework, and standard quality assessment criteria (SQAC). We pooled data from a total of 603 healthy young adults for incongruent and 578 for congruent stimuli and Stroop effect (mean age = 24 years). Using random-effects results, no difference was found between sitting and standing for the Stroop effect (Hedges’ g = 0.13, 95% CI = −0.04 to 0.29, p = 0.134), even when comparing congruent (Hedges’ g = 0.10; 95% CI: −0.132 to 0.339; Z = 0.86; p = 0.389) and incongruent (Hedges’ g = 0.18; 95% CI: −0.072 to 0.422; Z = 1.39; p = 0.164) stimuli separately. Importantly, these results imply that changing from a seated to a standing posture in healthy young adults is unlikely to have detrimental effects on selective attention and cognitive control. To gain a full understanding of this phenomenon, further research should examine this effect in a population of healthy older adults, as well as in a population with pathology. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Soavtorji: Manca Peskar, Bettina Wollesen, Klaus Gramann, Uroš Marušič. Opis vira z dne 30. 1. 2023. Bibliografija: str. 25-27. Abstract. ARRS, Raziskovalni programi, SI, Kineziologija za kakovost življenja EU, Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, TWINning the BRAIN with machine learning for neuro-muscular efficiency, TwinBrain

Vloga človeka bo v tovarnah prihodnosti še vedno zelo pomembna. Skladno s konceptom industrije 5.0 pa bosta ročno delo in vloga delavca celo pridobivala na veljavi. V proizvodni industriji se dandanes posveča preveč pozornosti samo preprečevanju tveganj na delovnih mestih, ki imajo takojšen vpliv na zdravje in počutje, kot so udarci, ureznine itd. Premalo pozornosti pa se namenja mišično skeletnim obolenjem (MSO), ki se pokažejo šele po daljšem časovnem obdobju, vendar niso nič manj nevarna za zdravje delavca. Zato je treba delovna mesta analizirati tudi v tej smeri in zmanjšati ali odpraviti ta tveganja. V nalogi smo za analizo ergonomije delovnih mest uporabili program, ki uporablja umetno inteligenco in s tem popisali obstoječe stanje v izbranem podjetju ter pripravili prioritetno listo opravil glede na stopnjo tveganja za nastanek MSO. S pomočjo morfološke matrike smo predlagali nekaj izboljšav ter skupaj s programom oblikovali najbolj optimalno rešitev. Končni rezultati analize kažejo, da je bilo več kot 80% opravil na montažnih linijah ocenjenih z visoko ali zelo visoko stopnjo tveganja, pri čemer je bil temu najbolj izpostavljen del telesa desni komolec. Humans will still play an important role in the factories of the future. Manual work and the role of the worker will gain even greater importance according to the concept of Industry 5.0. Today, in the manufacturing industry, too much attention is paid only to the prevention of workplace risks that have an immediate impact on health and well-being, such as blows, cuts, etc. However, insufficient attention is paid to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), which appear after a long period of time, but are no less dangerous for the worker's health. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the workplaces and reduce or eliminate these risks. In our research we used a program that analyzes workplace ergonomics with the help of artificial intelligence. We made analysis of the current state in the selected company and prepared a priority list of tasks according to the level of risk for the occurrence of MSDs. With the help of the morphological matrix, we proposed some improvements and, together with the program, designed the most optimal solution. The results of the analysis show that more than 80% of the tasks on the assembly lines were assessed as having a high or very high level of risk, with the right elbow being the most exposed.

Primjena optičkih pomagala postaje gotovo neizbježna u svakodnevnoj stomatološkoj praksi. Uvođenje mikroskopa u svijet dentalne medicine predstavljalo je veliko napredovanje za struku iz razloga što specifični optički principi te ergonomski povoljniji način rada povećavaju učinkovitost uz smanjenje umora i neugode pri radu. Upotreba mikroskopa posebno je značajna u endodonciji gdje je njegovom upotrebom prevaziđen problem prikazivanja endodontskog prostora. Time se olakšala dijagnostika i terapija bolesti pulpe i periapeksa. To danas omogućava lakše izvođenje širokog spektra zahvata u endodontskom prostoru kao i u drugim dijelovima usne šupljine čime su dentalni mikroskopi našli primjenu u gotovo svim granama dentalne medicine.

One of the side-effects of the COVID-19 pandemic is a global change in work ergonomic patterns as millions of people replaced their usual work environment with home to limit the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection. The aim of our cross-sectional pilot study was to identify musculoskeletal pain that may have resulted from this change and included 232 telecommunications company workers of both genders [121 (52.2 %) men aged 23-62 (median 41; interquartile range 33-46 yrs.) and 111 (47.8 %) women aged 23-53 (median 40; interquartile range 33-44)] who had been working from home for eight months (from 16 March to 4 December 2020) before they joined the study. The participants were asked to fill in our web-based questionnaire by self-assessing their experience of hand, lower back, and upper back/neck pain while working at home and by describing their work setting and physical activity. Compared to previous work at the office, 90 (39.1 %) participants reported stronger pain in the lower back, 105 (45.7 %) in the upper back/neck, and 63 (27.2 %) in their hands. Only one third did not report any musculoskeletal problems related to work from home. Significantly fewer men than women reported hand, lower back, and upper back/ neck pain (p=0.033, p=0.001 and p=0.013, respectively). Sixty-nine workers (29.9 %) reported to work in a separate room, 75 (32.4 %) worked in a separate section of a room with other household members, whereas 87 (37.7 %) had no separate work space, 30 of whom most often worked in the dining room. Ninety-five participants (40.9 %) had no office desk to work at, and only 75 (32.3 %) used an ergonomic chair. Of those who shared their household with others (N=164), 116 (70.7 %) complained about constant or occasional disturbances. Over a half of all participants (52 %) said that they worked longer hours from home than at work, predominantly women (p=0.05). Only 69 participants (29.9 %) were taking frequent breaks, predominantly older ones (p=0.006). Our findings clearly point to a need to inform home workers how to make more ergonomic use of non-ergonomic equipment, use breaks, and exercise and to inform employers how to better organise working hours to meet the needs of work from home.Pandemija izazvana širenjem koronavirusa teškog akutnog respiratornog sindroma 2 dovela je do značajnih promjena u globalnoj ergonomiji rada. Naime, tisuće zaposlenika iznenada su uobičajene radne prostore zamijenile kućnim prostorom ne bi li se smanjilo širenje virusa i obuzdala pandemija. Kako bi se opisale mišićno-koštane tegobe u uvjetima rada od kuće te analizirali novonastali uvjeti rada od kuće, ovo presječno pilot-istraživanje obuhvatilo je 232 zaposlenika telekomunikacijske tvrtke: 121 muškarca (52,2 %) u dobi od 23 do 62 godine i 111 žena (47,8 %) u dobi od 23 do 53 godine, koji su radili od kuće osam mjeseci, tj. od 16. 3. 2020. do 4. 12. 2020. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja autori su izradili virtualni upitnik u kojem su ispitanici samostalno procijenili intenzitet bolova u šakama, donjem dijelu leđa te u vratu i gornjem dijelu leđa tijekom rada od kuće, uvjete rada od kuće te razinu vlastite tjelesne aktivnosti. U odnosu na vrijeme prije rada od kuće, 90 ispitanika (39,1 %) prijavilo je jače bolove u donjem dijelu leđa tijekom rada od kuće, pri čemu je pogoršanje bola u vratu i gornjem dijelu leđa prijavilo 105 ispitanika (45,7 %), a bola u šakama njih 63 (27,2 %). Samo trećina zaposlenika nije prijavila mišićno-koštane tegobe tijekom rada od kuće. Muškarci su značajno rjeđe prijavili bol u šakama, donjem dijelu leđa te u vratu i gornjem dijelu leđa (p=0,033; p=0,001 odnosno p=0,013). Posebnu prostoriju za rad od kuće imalo je 69 ispitanika (29,9 %), odvojeni radni prostor njih 75 (32,4 %), a njih 87 (37,7 %) nije imalo radni prostor, pa su najčešće radili u blagovaonici (njih 30). Pisaći radni stol za rad nije imalo 95 ispitanika (40,9 %), a ergonomsku radnu stolicu imalo je njih tek 75 (32,3 %). Od ispitanika koji žive s ukućanima (N=164), njih 116 (70,7 %) smatralo je da ih ukućani ometaju u radu stalno ili povremeno. Više od polovice ispitanika (52 %) smatralo je da radi dulje kod kuće nego na poslu, i to značajno više žene (p=0,05). Samo je 69 ispitanika (29,9 %) uzimalo češće predahe, i to značajno češće stariji zaposlenici (p=0,006). Naši rezultati upućuju na to da, radi sprječavanja mišićno-koštanih tegoba, zaposlenike treba educirati o metodama i načinima prilagodbe neergonomske opreme, korištenju pauza, potrebi tjelovježbe, a poslodavce treba educirati o potrebi organizacije radnog vremena u novim uvjetima rada od kuće.

Tema ovog završnog rada je koncipirati i konstruirati podesivi radni stol za prihvat škripca. Cilj uređaja je olakšati operacije radnika u automehaničarskoj radioni tako da radna površina stola bude podesiva po visini, kutu nagiba i zakretu oko vertikalne osi. Stol mora biti konstruiran po pravilima ergonomije kako bi radnik imao optimalan položaj tijela u sjedećem ili stojećem položaju. Podizanje, spuštanje i promjena nagiba moraju biti pogonjene motorom dok rotacija oko vertikalne osi može biti odrađena ručnom silom. U prvom dijelu rada provedena je analiza tržišta i razrađeni su koncepti. Odabran je optimalan koncept s kojim se išlo u daljnju razradu, proračun kritičnih dijelova te izradu 3D CAD modela. Naposlijetku je izrađena tehnička dokumentacija. The topic of this undergraduate thesis is conceptualization and design of an adjustable clamp-holding workbench. The purpose of the device is to facilitate the operations of the workers in the auto mechanic workshop so that the working surface of the table is adjustable in terms of height, angle of inclination and rotation around the vertical axis. The desk must be constructed according to the rules of ergonomics so that the worker has an optimal body posture in a sitting or standing position. Lifting, lowering and tilting must be driven by a motor, while rotation around the vertical axis can be done manually. In the first part of the thesis, market analysis was carried out and the concepts were developed. An optimal concept for further development was chosen and the calculation of critical parts was made. Finally, the 3D CAD model and technical documentation were created.

Uvod:Ergonomija je veda, ki oblikuje in prilagaja delovno okolje zaposlenih z namenom izboljšanja njihovega delovanja. S pravilnim oblikovanjem delovnih mest se zmanjša obremenjenost zaposlenih in s tem poveča njihovo produktivnost.Z načrtovanjem pravilne razporeditve delovnih mest in naprav je dosežen tekoč potek dela. Delovna mesta si sledijo v pravilnem zaporedju.Zato lahko zaposleni delo izvajajo nemoteno in so pri delu bolj efektivni, saj ne izgubljajo časa s premikanjem po prostoru.Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je na osnovi strokovne literature predstaviti in izdelati sistematizirano organizacijo procesa dela v zobnem laboratoriju. Predstavljena bo ergonomska razporeditev delovnega mesta, delovnih prostorov zobnega laboratorija in sodobne laboratorijske opreme.Metode dela:Metodadela, uporabljenaza izdelavo diplomskega dela, jebil študij strokovne literature, strokovnih revij in zbornikov. Vodenje mentorja, raziskava trga in priprava slikovnega gradiva so bili ključnega pomena. Za izdelavo načrta zobnega laboratorija je bil uporabljen računalniški program za projektiranje notranje opreme.Rezultati:Kot zaključni izdelek smo naredilinačrt zobnega laboratorija. Razdelili smo ga na delovne in podporne prostore. Delovni prostori so razdeljeni na čisti in nečisti prostor, rezkalni prostor in strojnico. Načrtovan laboratorij je dovolj velik za 6 laboratorijskih zobnih protetikov z dodatnimi delovnimi mesti za izobraževanje in usposabljanje novega kadra. Delovni prostor je razdeljen na segment za izlivanje in obdelovanje modelov, segment za tiskanje in polimerizacijo modelov, lasersko varjenje itd. Rezkalni prostor s strojnico je zaradi hrupa ločen. V njem sorezkalna naprava, žarilna peč in ulivalnik. Čisti prostor ima delovna mesta za fiksno protetiko, snemno protetiko ter čeljustno in zobno ortopedijo. Prostor za fasetiranje s kompozitnimi in keramični materiali je ločen. Razprava in zaključek:Ergonomija ima pomembno vlogo pri načrtovanju delovnih prostorov. Prispeva k boljšemu počutju zaposlenih in s tem k njihovi produktivnosti, zato je ključna pri načrtovanju novega zobnega laboratorija. Pri načrtovanju moramo biti pozorni narazporeditev delovnih mest in naprav. Laboratorij naj bo načrtovan tako, da omogoča tekoč in nemoten potek dela. Introduction: Ergonomics is a science that shapes and adapts the working environment of employees in order to improve their performance. Proper job design reduces the workload on employees and thus increases their productivity. A smooth workflow is achieved by planning the correct layout of workplaces and devices. Layouts of workplaces follow each other in the right order. Therefore, employees can perform their work smoothly and be more effective at work, as they do not waste time moving around the workplace. The purpose: The purpose of the diploma thesis is to present and create a systematized organization of the work process in the dental laboratory on the basis of professional literature. The ergonomic layout of the workplace, work spaces of the dental laboratory and modern laboratory equipment will be presented. Methods: The methods of work used for the preparation of the diploma thesis are the study of professional literature, professional journals and proceedings. Mentoring, market research and preparation of pictorial material were crucial. A computer program for interior design was used to create the dental laboratory plan. Results: As a final product, we made a plan of the dental laboratory. We divided it into workspaces and support spaces. Workspaces are divided into clean and dirty space, milling space and engine room. The planned laboratory is large enough for 6 laboratory dental prosthetists, with additional workplaces for education and training of new staff. The workspace is divided into a segment for model casting and processing, a segment for model printing and polymerization, laser welding, etc. The milling room with the engine room is separate due to noise. It has a milling device, a furnace and a casting machine. Clean space has workplaces for fixed prosthetics, removable prosthetics and jaw and dental orthopedics. The space for veneering and ceramics is separate. Conclusion: Ergonomics plays an important role in workspace design. It contributes to the well-being of employees and thus to their productivity, so it is crucial when planning a new dental laboratory. When planning, we must pay attention to the layout of workplaces and devices. The laboratory should be designed in a way that allows a smooth and uninterrupted workflow.

Ergonomija, kao multidisciplinarna znanost, predstavlja jako važnu ulogu u području logistike, a pogotovo ručnih logističkih zadataka. Ručni logistički zadaci često od radnika zahtijevaju teške fizičke napore koji posljedično prouzročuju razvoj mišićno-koštanih poremećaja (MSD-ova) i zbog toga je bilo potrebno uvesti odgovarajuća rješenja. Iz tog razloga je Internacionalna zajednica za standardizaciju (ISO) propisala normu ISO 11228 koja daje preporuke i smjernice za sigurnije ručno rukovanje materijalom. Standard se sastoji od 3 dijela - ISO 11228-1, ISO 11228-2, ISO 11228-3 i svaki dio prikazuje smjernice, preporuke i metode procjene rizika za druge aktivnosti. U ovom radu biti će objašnjeni prvi i drugi dio norme, prikazane konkretne studije za dvije metode (NIOSH, zatim Snook i Ciriello) i pojednostavljenim ilustrativnim primjerima iz svakodnevnog života pobliže prikazani načini procjene rizika. Temeljem procjena rizika korištenjem danih smjernica radni zadaci se mogu modificirati, a također se može primijeniti i odgovarajuća ergonomska oprema za koju se daje pregled na kraju rada. Ergonomics, as a multidisciplinary science, plays a very important role in the field of logistics, especially manual logistics tasks. Manual logistics tasks often require heavy physical efforts from workers which consequently cause the development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and therefore it was necessary to introduce appropriate solutions. This is why the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has prescribed the ISO 11228 standard, which provides recommendations and guidelines for safer manual handling of material. The standard consists of 3 parts - ISO 11228-1, ISO 11228-2, ISO 11228-3 and each part presents guidelines, recommendations and risk assessment methods for other activities. In this paper, the first and second part of the norm will be explained, concrete studies for two methods will be presented (NIOSH and Snook & Ciriello) and with simplified illustrative examples from everyday life, methods of risk assessment will be presented in more details. Based on risk assessments using the given guidelines, work tasks can be modified, and appropriate ergonomic equipment can also be applied, for which an overview is given at the end of the work.

Pandemija COVID-19 je globalno vplivala na življenje ljudi. Zaradi izdanih preventivnih varnostih ukrepov se je veliko delavcev v zelo hitrem času preselilo v t. i. domače pisarne. Nov način dela lahko vpliva na dobro počutje večine delavcev. Cilj diplomskega dela je predstaviti ergonomski vidik dela od doma zaradi pandemije COVID-19. Rezultati so pridobljeni na osnovi anketnega vprašalnika in pregleda literature. Udeleženci so bili iz več organizacij, ki so med pandemijo delale od doma. V študijo je bilo vključenih 92 delavcev. Rezultati so pokazali, da imajo delavci, ki so med pandemijo delali od doma, običajno dovolj velik in osvetljen delovni prostor. Pri delu najpogosteje uporabljajo prenosni računalnik, kot dodatno opremo pa zunanjo miško in dodatni monitor. Kot posledica večurnega strmenja v zaslon delavci največkrat občutijo utrujenost oči. Uporaba ergonomskih računalniških dodatkov je dokaj nizka, prav tako uporaba ustreznega sedeža. To je lahko tudi posledica neustrezne informiranosti o ergonomsko urejenem delovnem mestu delavcev s strani delodajalca. Delavci največ časa sedijo s pokrčenimi nogami ali pa v pravilnem ergonomskem položaju. Najpogostejša fizična obremenitev je bolečina v vratu in hrbtu, občasno se pojavita tudi glavobol in mravljinčenje. Pogosta je tudi prisotnost prezentizma. Med najpogostejše psihične obremenitve spadajo pomanjkanje koncentracije, utrujenost in stres. Delavci običajno doživljajo enako oziroma manjšo mero stresa, ko delajo doma, v primerjavi z delom v podjetju. Glavna vzroka stresa pri delu od doma sta omejena komunikacija s sodelavci/nadrejenimi in prisotnost drugih oseb v prostoru. Delavci se strinjajo, da jih motita hrup ostalih članov gospodinjstva in zunanjih vplivov (promet, industrija itd.). Število odmorov doma v primerjavi s podjetjem je večje oziroma enako, produktivnost pa manjša. Delo od doma lahko vpliva na dobro počutje delavcev z različnih vidikov. V prihodnosti sta potrebna večji poudarek na ergonomskem vidiku dela od doma ter aktivno vključevanje izvajalcev varnosti in zdravja pri delu. Le tako se lahko ustrezno preprečijo tveganja in poudari promocija zdravja v tem 'novem običajnem' vzorcu poklicnega življenja. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the lives of people globally. Due to many preventive measures taken by companies, a lot of workers had to move to home offices in a very short time. This new way of working can impact how workers feel in a positive way. The main goal of the diploma thesis is to present the ergonomic principles of working from home. The results were obtained with a survey questionnaire with participants from multiple organizations that implemented remote working during the pandemic. 92 people were included in the study and the results showed that those who were working remotely usually had a sufficiently large working space with appropriate lighting. They most commonly used laptops and their main accessories were a separate computer mouse and a monitor. The most significant reported side effect of working multiple hours behind the screen was tired eyes. The usage of ergonomic computer accessories is relatively low, as is the usage of an appropriate seat. This is possibly due to employers' insufficiently educating their employees about a proper ergonomic workstation setup. Workers spend most of the time sitting with their legs crossed or in a proper ergonomic position. The most common physical strain is neck pain, back pain, sometimes also headaches. Psychological issues include lack of concentration, tiredness and stress. Workers usually receive the same amount of stress or less while working from home and the main source of this stress is limited communication with co-workers and lack of other people in the same room. Workers agree that at home they are disturbed by other members of the household. Compared with an office, workers took more breaks when working remotely and reported lower productivity. Remote working can impact the wellbeing of workers from different aspects. Companies/workers need to put a bigger emphasis on the ergonomic aspect of remote working and should involve an occupational safety specialist more intensively in the process. Only this way can we avoid risks and emphasize the health benefits in this new way of working.

Cilj naloge je razvoj mehanskega izvlečnega drsnega sedeža za dodatno osebo v vagonu mestne ali primestne železnice, kjer se spreminjajo potrebe po prostoru v vagonih tekom dneva. Namen sedeža je maksimiziranje prostora za stoječe potnike, ko je v vagonu gneča med prometnimi konicami in maksimiziranje prostora za sedenje, ko je potnikov v vagonu manj. Drsni sedež bi glede na razmere v vagonu lahko izvlekel ali pospravil potnik sam in bi tako v neizvlečenem stanju služil za sedenje enega potnika, v izvlečenem pa za sedenje dveh potnikov. Preko smernic metodike konstruiranja smo predstavili sistematičen razvoj koncepta skozi posamezne faze razvojnega procesa in metodologijo določanja komponent, dimenzij, oblike, materialov in izpolnjevanja funkcijskih zahtev, ki bi naredile delovanje in uporabo sedeža kar se da zanesljivo in enostavno. Pripravili smo prototip CAD delujočega, ergonomičnega, in tehnično izvedljivega izvlečnega sedeža in ustreznost konstrukcije preverili z analizo FEM. The goal of this thesis is the development of a retractable sliding seat for an aditional person in the metro or suburban railway carriage, where the need for space changes during different times through day. The purpose of the seat is to maximize space for standing passengers when the carriage is crowded during rush hours, and to maximize seating space when there are fewer passengers in the carriage. Depending on the conditions in the carriage, the sliding seat could be pulled out or stowed away by the passenger himself, and thus in the unfolded state it would serve for one passenger to sit, and in the extended state for two passengers to sit. Through the guidelines of the construction methodology, we presented the systematic development of the concept through the individual phases of the development process and the methodology for determining the components, dimensions, shape, materials and fulfilling the functional requirements, which would make the operation and use of the seat as reliable and easy as possible. We prepared a CAD prototype of a working, ergonomic, and technically feasible pull-out seat and checked the suitability of the structure with FEM analysis.

Obremenitve, ki se pojavljajo na delovnem mestu, lahko privedejo do negativnih učinkov na zdravje delavca in njegovo učinkovitost pri delu. Da to preprečimo, nam pomaga veda, ki jo imenujemo ergonomija. Ergonomija je znanost, ki povezuje človeka in njegovo delo, saj z znanjem le-te lahko delo prilagodimo delavcu. V delovnih okoljih se srečujemo z različnimi obremenitvami. Obremenitve so lahko psihične, ekološke, fiziološke ter delovne razmere. V diplomski nalogi so zajete meritve osvetljenosti, hrupa in temperature. Fizične obremenitve delovnega mesta so analizirane s pomočjo ergonomske analize telesnih položajev OWAS. Na podlagi rezultatov so opisane možne posledice na delavčevo zdravstveno stanje in predlagani ukrepi, ki bi lahko zmanjšali obremenitve na delovnem mestu. Workplace pressures can lead to negative effects on both the health of the worker and their performance at work. To prevent this, we have a science called ergonomics. Ergonomics is the science that links people and their work, because it is the knowledge that can be used to adapt the work to the worker. We face different pressures in our work environments. The stresses can be psychological, ecological, physiological and working conditions. The thesis includes measurements of lighting, noise and temperature. The physical stresses of the workplace are analysed using the OWAS ergonomic posture analysis. The results are used to describe the possible consequences for the worker's health and to suggest measures that could reduce the workload in the workplace.

V diplomskem delu je obravnavana ergonomija delovnega mesta šivilje. Na delovnem mestu sem preveril, s kakšnimi obremenitvami se srečuje delavka na tem delovnem mestu. Izmeril sem fizične, vidne, slušne in toplotne obremenitve. Poleg tega sem izračunal porabo energije delavke pri delu. Delo sem uvrstil med lažja dela. Ugotovil sem, da je pri tem delu največji problem drža telesa, ki bi se lahko popravila z ustreznimi ukrepi. This dissertation discusses the ergonomics of the seamstress`s workplace. At the workplace I researched the workload that the employee faces throughout her workday. I measured physical, visual, auditory and heat workloads. Furthermore, I calculated energy consumption of the worker. I defined a workplace as easy. I concluded that the biggest issue of the considered workplace is posture, which could improve with appropriate measures.

Ergonomsko znanost na področju tehniške varnosti potrebujemo za zagotovitev humanih pogojev dela delavca in prilagoditev okolice delovnega mesta delavcu. V podjetju, ki se ukvarja z dejavnostjo prevoza blaga v cestnem prometu, lahko tekom raziskovanja najdemo različne ergonomske dejavnike tveganja iz razloga raznolikosti delovnih mest in njihovih specifik. V diplomskem delu so obravnavana delovna mesta petih skupin (vodstveni delavci, pisarniški delavci, delavci v pralnici in skladišču, na zaščiti podvozja in vodja tehničnega oddelka, delavci v kleparsko-ličarski delavnici, delavci Fix&Save in kot zadnja skupina vozniki tovornih vozil), v skladu z izjavo o oceni tveganja, narejeno za podjetje Hoedlmayr logistika, d. o. o., ki se ukvarja z avtomobilsko logistiko v dejavnosti cestnega prometa. Delovna mesta so bila v času diplomskega dela obravnavana po različnih opazovalnih metodah, in sicer za vodstvene delavce in pisarniška dela je bila uporabljena metoda RULA, za delavce iz delavnice, pralnice, skladišča in kleparsko-ličarske delavnice metoda OWAS in za voznika tovornega vozila metoda HEA. Metode obravnavanih delovnih mest so bile izbrane na podlagi predvidenih ergonomskih dejavnikov tveganja in načina dela delavca na delovnem mestu. Pri vseh obravnavanih delovnih mestih so se v obravnavi po metodologijah odrazile obremenitve delavcev in tveganja prilagoditve delovnih mest. V času raziskovanja je bil izdelan tudi tedenski plan dnevne fizične aktivnosti delavca na delovnem mestu za pisarniška dela, katerega učinkovitost je bila ugotovljena na podlagi anonimnega anketiranja zaposlenih. Po izvedbi metod in tedenskega plana dnevne fizične aktivnosti delavca smo ugotovili, da je ozaveščenost delavcev na delovnih mestih o ergonomskih dejavnikih tveganja in prilagajanje dela delavcu na njegove psihofizične potrebe ključni dejavnik za zagotovitev humanizacije dela in učinkovitosti dela delavca. Končne ugotovitve so nam tako pokazale, kako pomembno je, da se delodajalec aktivno ukvarja s področjem ergonomije v podjetju, in kako pomembna je prilagoditev dela delavcu za njegovo varnost in zdravje pri delu. S pomočjo tedenskega plana dnevne aktivnosti smo delavce razbremenili in jim omogočili krajši predah med delom, kar se je po rezultatih anketirancev izkazalo za dobrodošlo stvar v podjetju, ki pozitivno vpliva na počutje in energijo delovnega okolja in delavcev. Ergonomic science in the field of technical safety is needed to ensure humane working conditions for workers and to adapt the workplace environment to their needs. In a company involved in the road transport industry, research can reveal a variety of ergonomic risk factors due to the diversity of workplaces and their specific characteristics. In the paper, five groups of workplaces were studied in accordance with the risk assessment statement made for the company Hoedlmayr Logistika d.o.o., which deals with automotive logistics in the road transport sector. These five groups are managers, office workers, washhouse and warehouse workers, chassis protection workers and head of technical department, workers in the carpentry and refinishing workshop, Fix&Save workers and, as a last group, truck drivers. The workplaces were studied in the context of the paper using different observation methods, i.e. the RULA method for managers and office workers, the OWAS method for workshop, washhouse, warehouse and paint shop workers, and the HEA method for truck drivers. The methods used to study the workplaces considered were selected on the basis of anticipated ergonomic risk factors and the way workers work in the workplace. For all the workplaces considered, workers’ workload and risks of workplace adjustments were identified in relation to the methods considered. In the course of the research, a weekly daily activity plan was also developed for office workplace, the effectiveness of which was determined by an anonymous survey of the employees. After implementing the methods and the weekly plan of workers’ daily physical activity, I found that workers’ awareness about ergonomic risk factors of their workplace and adaptation of work to their psychological and physical needs are key factors to ensure humanisation of work and workers’ efficiency at their workplace. The final findings thus showed how important it is for the employer to be actively involved in the field of ergonomics in the company and how important it is to adapt work to workers’ occupational safety and health. The weekly daily activity plan was used to relieve workers and give them a short break during the working day, which, according to their responses, proved to be beneficial for the company, as it has a positive impact on the workers’ well-being and energy of their working environment.

Lateralnost ili dominantnost jedne strane tijela posljedica je evolucijskog razvoja ljudskog govora i kompleksnih vještina. Preferencija lijeve strane tijela javlja se u oko 10 % populacije. Osim genske predispozicije, i kulturološki čimbenici mogu utjecati na prevalenciju ljevorukosti. Cilj je ovog rada istražiti svakodnevna iskustva ljevorukih osoba u Hrvatskoj kroz odrastanje te u odrasloj dobi, identificirati aktivnosti koje ljevoruki pojedinci otežano izvode te kako procjenjuju svoju kvalitetu života u odnosu na ljevorukost. U istraživanju je primijenjen mješoviti istraživački nacrt. U svrhu prikupljanja podataka 686 sudionika ispunilo je elektronički upitnik kojim se ispituje iskustvo ljevorukih osoba pri sudjelovanju u svakodnevnim okupacijama, korištenju različitim priborom, alatom i načinu izvođenja okupacija te doživljena kvaliteta života. Rezultati ukazuju na znatan socijalni pritisak kojem su sudionici bili izloženi tijekom odrastanja (osobito očekivanje pisanja desnom rukom), kao i izazove s kojima se susreću u svakodnevnim okupacijama. Unatoč navedenim iskustvima, većina sudionika kvalitetu života ocjenjuje visokom, što tumače osobnom prilagodbom svijetu dešnjaka u kojem žive, no pritom naglašavaju potrebu za univerzalnim oblikovanjem uporabnih predmeta i okoline u smislu jednake pristupačnosti bez obzira na lateralizaciju., The laterality or dominance of one side of the body is a consequence of the evolutionary development of human speech and complex skills. Left side body preference occurs in about 10% of the population. In addition to genetic predisposition, cultural factors may also affect the prevalence of left-handedness. The aim of this paper is to investigate the everyday experiences of lefthanded people while growing up and in adulthood, to identify activities that left-handed individuals have difficulty performing and how they assess their quality of life in relation to left handedness. A mixed research design was used. To collect data, 686 participants filled in an online questionnaire examining the experience of left-handed people in participating in everyday occupations, using various utensils, tools and methods of performing occupations, and their perceived quality of life. The results indicate considerable social pressure to which participants were exposed while growing up (especially the expectation of writing with the right hand), as well as challenges they face in everyday occupations. Notwithstanding these experiences, most participants rate the quality of life as high, which they explain by personal adaptation to the right handed world, but also emphasize the need for universal design of usable objects and environment in terms of equal accessibility regardless of lateralization.

Sjedenje je važan aspekt života modernog čovjeka te prilikom duljeg perioda može utjecati na zdravlje čovjeka. Iz tog razloga važno je provoditi sve više istraživanja na temu raspodjele pritisaka prilikom sjedenja kako bi se poboljšao svakodnevni život koji zahtijeva duže periode sjedenja i smanjio utjecaj razvitka bolesti i komplikacija koje dugotrajno sjedenje može uzrokovati. Ovaj završni rad obuhvaća načine mjerenja raspodjele pritiska i utjecaj različitih faktora na raspodjelu pritiska u svrhu proučavanja zona najvećeg naprezanja kako bi se sagledalo na koje načine se one mogu mijenjati. Ustanovljena teorija je potkrijepljena eksperimentalnim mjerenjima odrađenim na Fakultetu strojarstva i brodogradnje na Tekscanᵀᴹ MobileMat platformi. Sitting is a valuable aspect of life for modern humans and during prolonged periods of exposure it can affect human wellbeing. Hence, it is important to conduct more reseach on the subject of pressure distribution in a seated position to improve upon everyday life which demands longer periods of sitting, and to deminish the development of all kinds of illnesses and complications it can cause. This bachelor's thesis goes into ways of monitoring pressure distribution and the influence of different factors on the pressure distribution itself in order to look upon the ways it fluctuates. The theoretical basis is substantiated with an experiement conducted in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture on the Tekscanᵀᴹ MobileMat meassuring platform.

The paper considers the tasks of discovering ergonomic reserves for increasing the reliability and efficiency of automated systems. The authors show the necessity of using the Activity Approach and the Theory of Functional Networks, developed by the scientific school of Professor Anatoly Ilyich Gubinsky. The authors describe the history of Functional Networks approach and the current state of development of the functional networks models and show the possibilities for automating the assessment of reliability of human-machine interactions. The research describes the common ergonomics issues and its effective solution by the introduction of automated procedures for the analysis and evaluation of functional networks. The authors further present the ways of using the developed models in decision support systems in the automated systems design and operation., U radu se razmatraju zadaci otkrivanja ergonomskih rezervi za povećanje pouzdanosti i učinkovitosti automatiziranih sustava. Autori pokazuju nužnost korištenja pristupa aktivnosti i teorije funkcionalnih mreža, koje je razvila znanstvena škola profesora Anatolyja Ilyich Gubinsky. Autori opisuju povijest pristupa funkcionalnih mreža i trenutno stanje razvoja modela funkcionalnih mreža te prikazuju mogućnosti automatizacije procjene pouzdanosti interakcija čovjek-stroj. Istraživanje opisuje uobičajena pitanja ergonomije i njezino učinkovito rješenje uvođenjem automatiziranih postupaka za analizu i evaluaciju funkcionalnih mreža. Autori nadalje predstavljaju načine korištenja razvijenih modela u sustavima za podršku odlučivanju u projektiranju i radu automatiziranih sustava.

Tema ovog diplomskog rada je OCRA metoda za ergonomsku procjenu rizika ponavljajućih radnih zadataka. Zbog lakšeg razumijevanja područja prvo se opisuje ergonomija i njezin značaj u prevenciji mišićno-koštanih poremećaja koji se javljaju na radnim mjestima zbog nepravilnog pozicioniranja i držanja prilikom obavljanja radnih zadataka tj. zbog loše ergonomski oblikovanih prostora. U ovom radu se naglašava bitnost ergonomije u oblikovanju radnog prostora i utjecaja na zdravlje. Nakon upoznavanja s ergonomijom i mišićno-koštanim poremećajima slijedi detaljan opis OCRA metoda uz kratke primjere. Uz to slijedi i studija slučaja u proizvodnji agruma gdje se primijenila OCRA metoda za otkrivanje najrizičnijih radnih zadataka. Na kraju rada je prikazan konkretan primjer i ergonomska analiza pomoću OCRA metode te razlika između komisioniranja iz vertikalnog i horizontalnog karusela na određenom radnom mjestu uz izračun te zaključak. The topic of this thesis is the OCRA method for ergonomic risk assessment of repetitive work tasks. For easier understanding of the field, ergonomics and its importance in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders that occur in the workplace due to improper positioning and posture when performing work tasks, ie due to poorly ergonomically designed spaces, are first described. This paper emphasizes the importance of ergonomics in the design of the work space and the impact on health. After getting acquainted with ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders, a detailed description of the OCRA method follows with brief examples. This is followed by a case study in citrus production where the OCRA method was applied to detect the most risky work tasks. At the end of the paper, a concrete example and ergonomic analysis using the OCRA method and the difference between commissioning from the vertical and horizontal carousel at a particular workplace with the calculation and conclusion are presented.

Uvod: Pandemija covida-19 je od ljudi zahtevala, da vse več svojega dela opravijo od doma. Pri delu od doma so se pokazale številne prednosti in slabosti, med katerimi igrajo pomembno vlogo okoljski dejavniki. Pri oblikovanju domače pisarne je nujno upoštevanje načel ergonomije, saj lahko le tako zmanjšamo pojav mišično-skeletnih obolenj. Delovni terapevti pomagajo in svetujejo osebam, kako oblikovati ergonomsko okolje in med delom uporabljati ergonomske pripomočke. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je prikazati urejenost delovnega mesta pri uporabi računalnika pri delu od doma. Ugotavljali smo, kakšne so obremenitve in biomehanske drže telesa ter ali je pri tem prisoten pojav mišičnega neudobja. Metode dela: Izbran je bil kvantitativni način dela. Z namenskim vzorčenjem smo izbrali 25 udeležencev, ki so med epidemijo covida-19 delali od doma, pri svojem delu pa so uporabljali računalnik. Za ocenjevanje obremenitve telesa smo uporabili metodo RULA, za mišično neudobje Nordic Body Map, urejenost delovnega okolja pa smo ocenjevali z vprašalnikom o ureditvi ergonomskega mesta. Mesec dni po delovno-terapevtski intervenciji, ki je vključevala edukacijo, analizo in svetovanje za prilagoditev, smo ocenjevanje z vsemi ocenjevalnimi instrumenti ponovili. Rezultati: Statistična analiza s parnim T-testom je izkazala statistično značilno razliko med začetnim in končnim ocenjevanjem, saj so vsi udeleženci izboljšali ali ohranili ureditev delovnega mesta. Pri iskanju povezav med mišičnim neudobjem in nepravilno držo se statistično značilna povezanost ni pojavila. Razprava in zaključek: Pomena edukacije in promocije zdravja, kot enega ključnih dejavnikov za ozaveščanje pomena dejavnikov okolja, se nista izkazala za pomembnega le v naši študiji, temveč tudi tujih. Poleg edukacije imajo pomembno vlogo tudi ergonomija delovnega mesta, intervencije za zmanjševanje sedentarnega vedenja, v prihodnosti pa jo bo imela tudi uporaba mobilnih aplikacij. Delovno-terapevtska intervencija se je izkazala kot ustrezen prispevek k ustreznejši ergonomski ureditvi in ohranjanju mišičnega udobja pri delu z računalnikom. Rezultate bi bilo smiselno prenesti tudi v že obstoječo delovno-terapevtsko prakso. V prihodnje bi bilo smiselno študijo ponoviti na večjem vzorcu. Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic has forced people to increase the amount of work done at home. Working at home has presented with numerous advantages and disadvantages, among which environmental factors play an important role. When designing a home office, it is crucial to follow the principles of ergonomics as it is the only way to reduce the risks of musculoskeletal disorders. Occupational therapists advise and help people in designing an ergonomic environment and using ergonomic aids. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to demonstrate the appropriate orderliness of the workplace when working behind a computer screen at home. We tried to determine the loads and biomechanical body postures, and whether muscle discomfort appeared. Methods: A qualitative approach was chosen for this study. By means of purposive sampling, we chose 25 participants who were working for home during the Covid-19 pandemic and were using a computer. The RULA method was used to assess the physical load, the Nordic Body Map for assessing muscle discomfort, and a Questionnaire on Factors of the Working Environment to assess the orderliness of the work environment. One month after the occupational therapy intervention, which included education, analysis, and counselling for adjustment, we repeated the assessment with all assessment forms that were mentioned. Results: The statistical analysis with a paired t-test showed a statistically significant difference between the initial and the final assessment as all participants either improved or maintained the same order of the workplace. When looking for links between muscular discomfort and incorrect posture, no statistically significant associations emerged. Discussion and conclusion: Education and health promotion as key factors in raising awareness of the importance of environmental factors proved to be important in our study as well as in foreign studies. Alongside education, workplace ergonomics, interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour, and future use of mobile applications have an important role as well. Occupational therapy intervention has proven to be helpful in designing an ergonomically appropriate arrangement and in maintaining muscle comfort while working on a computer. It would make sense to transfer this into the existing occupational therapy practice. Similar studies should be repeated on a larger sample in the future.

Kljuka je del opreme, s katerim imamo stik skoraj vsak dan in velja za enega izmed največkrat uporabljenih serijskih izdelkov v našem okolju. Primarna funkcija kljuke je odpiranje in zapiranje vrat tako, da z dlanjo potisnemo ročaj navzdol in s tem sprostimo mehanizem zapaha. V ustanovi, kot je bolnišnica, je higiena izjemno pomembna, in s tem, ko ima v javnih ustanovah s kljuko stik večje število oseb, se tako preko ročaja lahko širijo virusi in bakterije. V diplomskem delu sta predstavljena vratna kljuka in vlečni ročaj s fokusom na higieni. Oba načina odpiranja vrat sta oblikovana z namenom, da ko uporabnik vstopi v nov prostor, nase prenese manj bakterij, kot če bi uporabil tradicionalno kljuko. Posebnost kljuke in vlečnega ročaja je v tem, da za odpiranje uporabniku ni potreben stik z dlanjo, temveč uporabi zapestje ali komolec in tako nase ne prenese škodljivih bakterij in virusov. The door handle is a part of the equipment with wich we have contact almost every day and is considered as one of the most frequently used serial products in our living environment. The primary function of a door handle is to open and close the door by pushing the lever down with our palm, thus releasing the latch mechanism. In environment such as the hospital, hygiene is extremely important, and by having a larger number of users contact with a door handle, viruses and bacteria can spread through the surface. The BA thesis showcases a door handle and a pull handle with a focus on hygiene. Both ways of opening the door are designed in order that when a user enters a new space, he transfers less bacteria on himself than if he used a tradicional door handle. The main feature of this door and pull handle is that a user does not use it with his palm, rather he uses his wrist or elbow and thus does not contract harmful bacteria and viruses.

Primarna svrha ovog završnog rada je istraživanje utjecaja tehničkih i funkcionalnih karakteristika vanjskoga fiksatora zajedno s postupcima koji obuhvaćaju njegovu primjenu na uvjetovanu stabilnost konstrukcije i područja koštanog prijeloma. Kako bi se ona ispunila, potrebno je obuhvatiti zadano područje ortopedske kirurgije te iznijeti značajne podatke, strukturirano i selektivno u odnosu na dostupnu literaturu. Cilj je slijedom realiziran definiranjem medicinske terminologije, povijesnih činjenica, načela i (kontra)indikacija metode vanjske fiksacije, klasificiranjem fiksatora te isticanjem njihovih značajki i materijala uz provedenu usporedbu modela i odabir optimalnog rješenja u skladu s postojećom literaturom. Na koncu je provedena ergonomijska analiza podjelom na analizu konstrukcijskih čimbenika i analizu čimbenika ljudske greške odnosno procesa koje obuhvaća postavljanje fiksatora. Evaluacija metode je pokazala da je izvor učestalih komplikacija kontaktna površina kosti i pinova usprkos tome što u dostupnim istraživanjima uglavnom nisu prisutne informacije o uzrocima negativnih ishoda. Nadalje, zaključeno je da manjkavost konstrukcije glede niti jednog od predstavljenih čimbenika, kako od pinova i konfiguracije tako do bušenja kosti i zatezanja žica, neće zadovoljiti stabilnost kojom je uvjetovan proces cijeljenja iako se pinovi uzimaju za ključne konstrukcijske elemente. Shodno tome, a i drugim spoznajama, može se izvesti preporuka da se prilikom konstruiranja fiksatora, u svrhu usavršavanja ovog pristupa zbrinjavanja koštanih prijeloma, središnji konstrukcijski zahtjevi postavljaju na pinove i materijal izrade koji će osigurati povoljno biološko okruženje za kost i biti nositelj primjerenih mehaničkih svojstava uz moguću preradu i ponovnu upotrebu. The primary purpose of this bachelor thesis is to investigate the effects of technical and functional characteristics of external fixator along with procedures that comprise its application on conditional stability of design and bone defect site. In order to do so, it is essential to include the default field of orthopaedic surgery and outline significant data, structured and selectively with regard to available literature. The aim was achieved consecutively by defining medical terminology, historical facts, principles and (contra)indications of external fixation, classification of fixators and emphasizing their features and materials along with conducted comparison of models and selection of optimal design according to existing literature. Finally, an ergonomic analysis was conducted by dividing it on analysis of design factors and analysis of human factor or processes that the application of fixator includes. Evaluation of the method demonstrated that the source of frequent complications is pin-bone interface despite the fact that the available literature mostly did not include information on the causes of negative outcomes. Furthermore, it was concluded that imperfection of the design regarding any of the presented factors, from pins and configuration to bone drilling and wire tensioning, will not satisfy stability conditioned by the process of healing even though pins are considered as crucial structural elements. According to that, and other premises, it is recommended that when designing a fixator, in order to improve this method of bone fractures treatment, vital design requirements are set upon pins and their material that will provide a convenient biological environment for bone and be an adequate mechanical properties carrier along with eventual suggestion of reprocessing and reuse.

Vježbe za mišiće bicepsa i tricepsa su jedne od najpopularnijih vježbi u fitnes centrima. S obzirom na nedovoljnu istraženost s inženjerskog stajališta i velike popularnosti vježbi za mišiće nadlaktice, postoji potreba za analizom vježbi za biceps i triceps. Napravljena je biomehanička analiza vježbi slobodnim utezima koja se temelji na utvrđivanju razlika između pravilnih i nepravilnih pokreta koji mogu dovesti do ozljede ili smanjuju mišićnu aktivaciju željenih mišića, pri čemu se smanjuje efektivnost vježbi. Biomehanička analiza je napravljena za tri osnovne vježbe za biceps i za četiri osnovne vježbe koje aktiviraju triceps. Iz biomehaničke analize se zaključuje da su najveće prednosti vježbi slobodnih utega to što ne ograničavaju slobodu gibanja, aktiviraju mišiće stabilizatore i moguće je detektirati mišićni disbalans ukoliko postoji. Nadalje, prikazan je pregled tržišta u kojem su najčešći oblici naprava koji se mogu naći u običnim fitnes centrima, zajedno s njihovim prednostima i nedostacima koji su proizašli iz biomehaničke analize vježbi slobodnim utezima. Za kraj su dane skice prijedloga poboljšanja koja se temelje na povećanju ergonomije naprava i efektivnosti vježbi na napravama čime bi narasla i njihova popularnost u fitnes centrima. Prijedlozi koji poboljšavaju ergonomiju naprava su prilagodljiv kut ručke i mogućnost nagiba naslona za ruke, čime se ujedno omogućava vježbi na napravi „pogađanje“ različitih dijelova mišića. Prvi prijedlog koji poboljšava efektivnost naprava je mogućnost supinacije na vježbi s napravom čime bi se uključila i druga funkcija bicepsa. Drugi prijedlog je primjena različitih vrsta ručki čime je moguće simulirati više tipova vježbi slobodnim utezima. Također, kao ciljana skupina u ovom radu su postavljene osobe s invaliditetom kojima su iznimno bitni mišići nadlaktice. Kako bi se naprave prilagodile njima, dane su skice prijedloga poput mogućnosti micanja sjedala kako bi korisnik mogao zauzeti ispravnu poziciju u svojim invalidskim kolicima, prilagodba visine naslona za ruke (s obzirom da nije moguće regulirati visinu invalidskih kolica) i postavljanje utega na platformu određene visine kako bi korisnik što lakše promijenio težinu vježbe. Exercises for muscles of biceps and triceps are among the most popular exercises in fitness centers. Due to a lack of research on the topic from engineering point of view and due to a wide popularity of upper arm exercises, there is a need for biomechanical analysis of exercises for biceps and triceps. Biomechanical analysis on free weight exercises was based on establishing the differences between correct and incorrect movements which can lead to injuries or decrease muscle activation, which decreases efficiency of exercises. Biomechanical analysis was applied for three exercises which activate biceps and for four exercises which activate triceps. It can be concluded from biomechanical analysis that the biggest advantages of free weight exercises are freedom of movement and activation of stabilizing muscles. It is also possible to detect muscle disbalance if it exists. Furthermore, market overview of the most common machines available in regular fitness centers has been shown as well as their pros and cons in regard to exercises with free weights. Finally, drafts of suggestions are given for improving machines which are based on improving the ergonomics of machines and efficiency of machine exercises, which would improve their popularity in fitness centers. Suggestions which improve machine ergonomics are adjustable angle for handles and adjustable incline for armrest which also enables the machine to “hit” different parts of muscles. The first suggestion which improves machine efficiency is the possibility of supination in the machine exercise. In this way the movement would include the second function of biceps. The second suggestion is implementation of different types of handles so that a user could simulate more types of free weight exercises. Last but not least, the target group in this paper were people with disabilities to whom upper arm muscles are extremely important. Suggestion drafts are given in order to adjust the machines for them. They include the possibility to remove a seat so that the user could be placed in the right position in his wheelchair, the adjustment of armrest height (because it is not possible to adjust the height of a wheelchair) and placing weights on a platform of certain height so that the user could change load as easily as possible.

Delo v pisarni zahteva celovito obravnavo delavca v delovnem okolju in delovnem procesu, zato je treba načrtovati varno delovno okolje in zagotoviti ergonomsko urejenost delovnih mest. Namen diplomskega dela je na podlagi primerjanja teoretičnih spoznanj in rezultatov raziskave oblikovati predloge za izbrano organizacijo, s katerimi bi lahko izboljšali področje varnosti pri delu. Delo obravnava posamezne vidike varnega delovnega okolja in varnosti pri delu, pri čemer še posebej poudarja vidike ergonomskega oblikovanja delovnih mest in načrtovanja ter oblikovanja pisarniških prostorov. Z raziskavo v proučevani organizaciji je bilo preverjeno, kako zaposleni ocenjujejo vidik varnega in ergonomsko oblikovanega delovnega okolja. Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da je za varno delovno okolje v izbrani organizaciji razmeroma dobro poskrbljeno, da pa še ostaja nekaj nerešenih podrobnostih na področju ergonomsko urejenega delovnega okolja. Treba bi bilo zagotoviti boljšo urejenost namestitve zaslonov, kar se tiče oddaljenosti od oči in višine zgornje vrstice. Prav tako bi bilo treba omogočiti tudi nastavljivost delovne površine glede na velikost telesa. Delovno okolje, v katerem uslužbenci delajo, je varno in udobno. Mikroklima je ustrezna, barve razmeroma blagodejno vplivajo na uslužbence. Seznanjenost s predpisi na področju požarne varnosti je na zadovoljivem nivoju, stoli so prilagodljivi in ustrezni, izpostavljenost hrupu je ustrezna. Rezultati raziskave bodo v pomoč vsakomur, ki ga zanima področje zagotavljanja varnega delovnega okolja. Teoretični del se smiselno poveže s praktičnim in tako pridoda svoj del k upravni znanosti varnega delovnega okolja. Delodajalci in delavci bodo lahko z ugotovitvami diplomskega dela kritično ovrednotili svojo situacijo na svojem delovnem področju in si pomagali izboljšati svoj položaj na delovnem mestu. Office work requires a comprehensive treatment of the worker in the work environment and work process, so it is necessary to plan a safe work environment and ensure ergonomic arrangement of workplaces. The purpose of the thesis is based on the comparison of theoretical findings and research results to form proposals for the selected organization, which could improve the field of safety at work. The work addresses individual aspects of a safe working environment and safety at work, with particular emphasis on aspects of ergonomic design of workplaces and the planning and design of office space. A survey in the studied organization examined how employees assess the aspect of a safe and ergonomically designed work environment. The results of the research show that a safe working environment in the selected organization is relatively well taken care of, but there are still some unresolved details in the field of ergonomically arranged working environment. It would be necessary to ensure better orderliness of the installation of screens in terms of distance from the eyes and the height of the top bar. It should also be possible to adjust the work surface according to the size of the body. The work environment in which employees work is safe and comfortable. The microclimate is appropriate, the colors have a relatively beneficial effect on employees. Familiarity with fire safety regulations is at a satisfactory level, chairs are flexible and appropriate, noise exposure is adequate. The results of the research will help anyone interested in ensuring a safe working environment. The theoretical part aligns with the conducted research and adds new findings to the field of the safe working environment. Employers can use the findings of this thesis to evaluate and improve the workspace in their company.

V tem prispevku smo preverjali proizvodne trende Renaulta in Volkswagna pri nizkocenovnih in srednjecenovnih modelih. Primerjali smo lastnosti avtomobilov iz let 2010 in 2021, in sicer z namenom ugotavljanja podobnosti oziroma razlik proizvodne tehnologije med tema letoma. Opravili smo tudi raziskavo, da bi ugotovil, katere lastnosti avtomobilov so kupcem pri nakupu avtomobila prednostne. Odgovori anketirancev so pokazali, da je anketirancem pri nakupu avtomobila najpomembnejša cena, poleg tega pa še notranji prostor in udobje sedeža, dodatno pa je med analiziranimi značilnostmi ergonomije sedežev za anketirance najpomembnejši prostor za voznika in potnike. Po mnenju anketirancev je zelo pomembna lastnost ergonomije sedežev prilagodljivost sedežev: več možnosti prilagajanja, možnost ledvene opore, možnost ogrevanja in hlajenja. In this paper, we aimed to research production trends of Renault and Volskwagen in entry and medium priced car models. We conducted a review of publications of different models comparing car features from 2010 and 2021 to compare production technologies between these years. We also conducted a survey to examine which features are prioritized when buying a car. We found that respondents prioritize price, interior space, and seat comfort when buying a car. Among the analyzed features of seat ergonomics, space for the driver and passengers is the most important for the respondents. According to the respondents, a very important feature of seat ergonomics is the flexibility of the seats: more adjustment options, the possibility of lumbar support, the possibility of heating and cooling.

Tema ovog rada je OWAS metoda za ergonomsku procjenu rizika radnih zadataka. Zbog razumijevanja područja najprije je pojašnjena ergonomija te njezin značaj u prevenciji mišićno-koštanih poremećaja koji se javljaju u izvršavanju radnih zadataka zbog lošeg ergonomski oblikovanog radnog prostora. U ovom radu, primjena ergonomije spominje se kao jedan od najvažnijih čimbenika u oblikovanju radnog prostora. Nakon upoznavanja s ergonomijom, mišićno-koštanim poremećajima i pravilnim rukovanjem teretom, detaljno su opisane OWAS metoda, njezina struktura, kategorije rizika prema OWAS metodi, a metoda je korak po korak objašnjena primjenom na konkretnom primjeru. Na kraju rada je prikazana analiza problema ručnog komisioniranja kutija iz poličnih regala. Zbog razumijevanja problema najprije je pojašnjen pojam komisioniranja, sustav komisioniranja te njihova podjela po principu kretanja materijala/komisionera i prema vrsti jediničnog tereta koji se izuzima. The topic of my master thesis was the OWAS method for ergonomic risk assessment of work tasks. To understand the field, ergonomics and its importance in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders that occur in the performance of work tasks due to poor ergonomically designed workspace were first clarified. In this thesis, the application of ergonomics is mentioned as one of the most important factors in designing a workspace. After getting acquainted with ergonomics, musculoskeletal disorders, and proper load handling, the OWAS method, its structure, risk categories according to the OWAS method are described in detail, and the method is explained step by step by applying a concrete example. At the end of the paper, an analysis of the problem of manual commissioning of boxes from shelf racks is presented. In order to understand the problem, the concept of commissioning, the commissioning system, and their division according to the principle of material/commissioner and according to the type of unit cargo that is exempted are first clarified.

Diplomsko delo obravnava ergonomsko analizo delovnega mesta prodajalke tekstila. Delovno mesto sem najprej opisala in analizirala. Ovrednotila sem obremenitve, ki jim je podvržena na delovnem mestu. Ugotovila sem, da je delo prodajalke zelo dinamično, kar je potrdila tudi metoda OWAS. Izračunala sem ostrino vida, naklon pogleda in predlagano višino delovne površine. Ugotovila sem, da so potrebne prilagoditve višine delovnih površin. Za posamezne delovne naloge sem izračunala metabolizem telesa ter delo umestila med lahka dela. V sklopu toplotnih obremenitev sem preučila, kako delovna uniforma vpliva na toplotno udobje. Namen dela je preučiti delovno mesto predvsem z vidika fizičnih obremenitev. Na podlagi opaženih in izračunanih obremenitev pri delu ter primerjave z dopustnimi vrednostmi sem predlagala izboljšave oz. ergonomske ukrepe. S predlaganimi ukrepi bi se dvignila zadovoljstvo in produktivnost zaposlenih. This thesis deals with the ergonomic workplace analysis of a shop assistant in the clothing store. Firstly, their workplace is described and analysed. Secondly, we carry out the assessment of physical exertion or workload that shop assistants are subject to in their workplace. Our discoveries were that shop assistant’s work is very dynamic, which is further on also confirmed by OWAS method. Moreover, visual acuity, gaze angle and the advised work area height are calculated. We have ascertained that adaptations of the work area heights are necessary. After calculating the metabolic rate, we classified the shop assistant’s work as easy. And finally, we examine the effect of the work uniform on the thermal comfort of the worker in the context of heat stress. The aim of this thesis is to study the workplace from the perspective of physical exertion the work requires. Based on the observed calculated workloads and the comparison with the permissible values, we suggested some improvements and/or ergonomic measures. The proposed measures would result in the increased satisfaction and productivity of employees.

In recent decades fully mechanised cut-to-length forest harvesting systems have spread from flat and gentle to steep and rough terrain. To analyse the potential adverse impact of these changes on operator health, an observational study of exposure to noise and whole-body vibration (WBV) was carried out in karst terrain. The results showed that, in contrast to exposure to noise, the exposure of harvester and forwarder operators to WBV exceeds the daily exposure action value specified in the European Directive. Differences between work sites may contribute up to 8.7 dB(A) to noise exposure and up to 0.28 m/s2 and 6.0 m/s1.75 to WBV exposure when working with forwarders and harvesters. Aside from technical upgrades of machines, reduction of exposure to both WBV and noise, while simultaneously maintaining high productivity, requires careful selection of work sites and adapted work organisation.

Ljudje večino časa preživijo na delovnem mestu, zato je potrebno, da je delovno okolje ustrezno urejeno. Zdravo delovno okolje zajema več dejavnikov, kot so ustreznost delovnega mesta, delovne naloge, medsebojni odnosi in skrb za lastno zdravje na delovnem mestu in izven dela. Organizacije, ki omogočajo zdravo delovno okolje in skrbijo, da so zaposleni zdravi in zadovoljni, imajo številne prednosti, saj so ti bolj predani organizaciji, z veseljem opravljajo svoje delo in so zato učinkovitejši. Poleg delovnega okolja imajo pomembno vlogo tudi odnosi na delovnem mestu. Namen diplomskega je bil proučiti področja zdravega delovnega okolja in izvesti raziskavo o prijaznem delovnem okolju za zaposlene na Ministrstvu za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. Za raziskovanje je bila uporabljena metoda anketiranja. Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da je večina zaposlenih zadovoljnih z delovnim okoljem v organizaciji in z delovnim mestom predvsem z dejavniki, ki so povezani z delovnim časom, dobrimi odnosi, z delovnimi pripomočki in pogoji, ki jim jih nudi organizacija. Organizacija dobro poskrbi za delovno opremo, ki je na voljo zaposlenim, saj večina zaposlenih meni, da je postavitev računalniške in delovne opreme prilagojena posameznikom. Pomembno je, da se organizacija zaveda pomena zdravega delovnega okolja in spodbuja in motivira zaposlene k zdravemu načinu življenja. Trdim, da organizacija, s promocijo zdravja poskrbi za informiranost zaposlenih o zdravi prehrani in gibanju z letaki ter vključevanje aktivnih odmorov v delovni čas zaposlenih, prispeva k boljšemu počutju in večji storilnosti zaposlenih. People spend most of their time at work, so the work environment needs to be properly organized. A healthy work environment covers several factors, such as appropriate workplace, work tasks, interpersonal relationships, and caring for own health at work and outside of work. Organizations which allow a healthy work environment and they care that employees are healthy and satisfied have many advantages, as they are more committed to the organization, happy to do their job and more efficient. In addition to the work environment, workplace relationships also play an important role. The purpose of the diploma was to study the areas of a healthy working environment and to conduct a survey on a friendly working environment for employees at the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food. A survey question method was used for the research. The results of the survey show that most employees are satisfied with the work environment in the organization and the workplace, above all with factors related to working hours, good relationships, work accessories, and the conditions offered to them by the organization. The organization takes good care of the work equipment available to employees, as most employees believe that the layout of computer and work equipment is customized to individuals. It is important that the organization is aware of the importance of a healthy work environment and encourages and motivates employees to a healthy lifestyle. I claim that the organization, by promoting health, ensures that employees are informed about a healthy food and movement with leaflets, and that active breaks are included in the working hours of employees, contributes to better well-being and better productivity of employees.