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Background: Streptococcus mutans is a virulent microorganism associated with dental caries. This in vitro study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Cholecalciferol (D3) and Doxercalciferol (D2), against S.mutans and on glycosyltransferase gene expression. Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of D3 and D2 for S.mutans were determined according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The effect of the compounds on environmental pH in 1% w/v and 5% w/v sucrose broth cultures after 24 hours were assessed colorimetrically. Additionally, their impact on glycosyltransferases gene expression (GtfB, GtfC, GtfD) in 5% w/v sucrose culture was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. Results: The MBCs of D3 and D2 were 83 µg/ml and 166 µg/ml respectively. Both compounds were effective in preventing the local pH drop <5.5 at ≥166 µg/ml in sucrose supplemented cultures. However, the compounds did not inhibit pH drop at MIC values. Notably, D2 upregulated GtfD expression significantly (p < 0.05) and downregulated GtfB and GtfC. Conclusion: Vitamin D2 and D3 inhibited S. mutans mediated pH drop in sucrose supplemented cultures and altered glycosyltransferase expression, suggesting potential therapeutic roles in dental caries prevention. Further research is needed to assess their full impact on S. mutans survival under environmental stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vitamin D, known for its role in bone health, is now being explored for its immunomodulatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and preprint servers for eligible trials up to July 8, 2024. Two investigators independently screened the records and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Trials were eligible if they compared vitamin D with control interventions in adults with COVID-19. Data extraction and analysis were carried out independently, employing a random-effects model to estimate pooled odds ratios for mortality. Results: Nineteen randomized controlled trials with 2495 participants were included. The meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in all-cause mortality with vitamin D supplementation (pooled OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.53–0.98; I2 = 20%). Subgroup analysis for severe COVID-19 cases also indicated significant mortality reduction (pooled OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35–0.92; I2 = 18%). Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation appears to reduce mortality in COVID-19 patients, especially in severe cases. These findings highlight the potential benefits of vitamin D as an adjunct treatment in COVID-19, though further large-scale trials are needed to confirm these effects and determine optimal dosing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to valorize button mushroom stalks (Agaricus bisporus) to extract vitamin D2 to fortify flours sustainably. Freeze-dried stalks were subjected to UV-B treatment (280–315 nm) followed by the extraction of vitamin D2 using conventional (reflux and open water bath saponification) and non-conventional techniques (ultrasonication) to obtain maximal yield. Ultrasonication followed by saponification yielded the highest extract (25.8 mg/g) with optimal vitamin D2 content (103.08 µg/g), thus attaining a recovery efficiency of 102.6% by the optimized protocol. The hexane (solvent) residue in extracted vitamin D2 (0.31 ppm) was far less than FDA-approved levels (290 ppm) and the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by the European Union (EU)/Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1 mg/kg), thereby underscoring the safety and compliance of the extraction method with regulatory standards. Vitamin D2 enriched extract was used to fortify cereal and millet flours using surface functionalization. The homogeneity of the fortified flours was optimized using a V-blender for 20 min at 20 rpm. The vitamin D2 content varied between 12 and 13 µg per 100 g of fortified flours. The functional properties of fortified flours, namely, circularity (↑- 26–38%), aspect ratio (↓- 20–49%), Carrs Index (↓- 12–21%), Hausner ratio (↓- 1–4%), and angle of repose (↓- 4–5%) showed marked improvement indicating increased smoothness and flowability. These findings thus emphasize the potential of utilizing button mushroom stalks for extracting vitamin D2, offering a sustainable and effective means to fortify flours with improved physicochemical and functional properties. Further, studies can be carried out to assess vitamin D2 potential and efficacy of fortified flours for varied applications in the pharmaceutical and food sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is a natural process that is also influenced by some factors like the food someone eats, lifestyle decisions, and impacts on general health. Despite the recognized role of nutrition in modulating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying aging, there is a lack of comprehensive exploration into potential interventions that can effectively mitigate these effects. In this study, we investigated the potential anti-aging properties of vitamin D by examining its interactions with key molecular targets involved in aging-related pathways. By using molecular docking and dynamics techniques, we evaluate the interactions and stability of vitamins D2 and D3 with key proteins involved in aging pathways, such as SIRT1, mTOR, AMPK, Klotho, AhR, and MAPK. Our results reveal promising binding affinities between vitamin D and SIRT1 forms, with energy values of −48.33 kJ/mol and −45.94 kJ/mol for vitamins D2 and D3, respectively, in aqueous environments. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the vitamin D3–SIRT1 complex exhibited greater stability compared with the vitamin D2–SIRT1 complex. The study calculated the solvation free energy to compare the solubility of vitamins D2 and D3 in water and various organic solvents. Despite their strong interactions with water, both vitamins exhibited low solubility, primarily due to the high energy cost associated with cavity formation in the aqueous environment. Compared with other solvents, water demonstrated particularly low solubility for both vitamins. This suggested that vitamins D2 and D3 preferred binding to aging receptors over dissolving in bulk aqueous environments, supporting their strong therapeutic interactions with these receptors. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying vitamin D's potential anti-aging effects and lay the groundwork for developing nutraceuticals targeting aging and associated diseases. Understanding these mechanisms holds promise for future interventions aimed at promoting healthy aging and enhancing overall well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A research letter published in the journal Circulation discusses the LMNA Q353R mutation, which is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy. The mutation causes DNA damage accumulation in the heart, leading to premature aging and poor prognosis. The study found that vitamin D2 showed efficacy in reducing DNA damage in patient-specific cardiomyocytes. Another study investigated the mechanism by which the mutation causes DNA damage and found that abnormal localization of the vitamin D receptor leads to reduced DNA repair. The intervention with vitamin D2 can reduce DNA damage and improve cardiac function. This research provides insights into potential treatments for LMNA-mutant cardiomyopathy using vitamin D. [Extracted from the article]

We aimed to investigate the preventive effect of vitamin D2 on COVID-19 and the improvement of symptoms after COVID-19 infection. The study recruited 228 health care workers who tested negative PCR or antigen for COVID-19. Subjects were randomly allocated to vitamin D2 or non-intervention at a ratio 1:1. Subjects recorded PCR or antigen tests and the symptoms of COVID-19 twice a week during the follow-up visit. The concentration of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), C-reaction protein (CRP), complement component C1q and inflammatory cytokines were measured. The rates of COVID-19 infection were 50.5% in the vitamin D2 group and 52.4% in the non-intervention group (P = 0.785). There was no difference in the COVID-19 symptoms between the two groups. The mean 25(OH)D level significantly increased from 14.1 to 31.1 ng/mL after administration (P < 0.001). The difference between the two groups was not significant for the concentrations of CRP, C1q and inflammatory cytokines on the thirtieth day of the trial. According to the second level of vitamin D, there was a 14.3% difference in positive infection rates between the vitamin D adequate (> 30 ng/mL) and deficient groups (< 20 ng/mL). Adequate vitamin D had a tendency to prevent COVID-19. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05673980, dated: 12/2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whole white button mushrooms (WWBMs) are highly perishable due to susceptibility to microbial spoilage. This study explored the potential of pulsed light (PL) treatment for decontamination and shelf‐life extension of WWBM. WWBM surface was inoculated with Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Aspergillus niger spores (8.1, 8.0, and 8.05 log10 CFU/g, respectively) and tested for inactivation against various PL intensities (fluence 0.13–0.75 J/cm2). The kinetics and mechanism of microbial inactivation were explored, and shelf life was determined at 4, 20, and 37°C. Microbial inactivation increased with increasing PL intensity. PL‐induced microbial inactivation was well explained by Weibull model with shape parameters (β‐value) for E. coli, L. monocytogenes, A. niger, aerobic mesophiles, and yeast and mold as 0.87, 0.92, 0.91, 0.89, and 0.94, respectively. PL‐treatment at 0.75 J/cm2 resulted in >5‐log cycle reduction in all inoculated and natural microorganisms. Exposure to PL led to collapse of cellular structure, ruptured cell wall, and leakage of cellular material in all microorganisms and spores along with alterations in nucleic acid and lipid bands. At 4°C, maximum shelf life of 5 days was achieved when WWBM was exposed at 0.75 J/cm2. The WWBM retained 83.3% phenolics, 83.9% antioxidant capacity, and 77.4% vitamin D2 at 4°C while reducing the polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity by 89% and 79%. The degradation rate for quality parameters increased with storage temperature. The activation energy of the browning index affirmed it as the most sensitive quality attribute during storage. The study concluded the potential of PL treatment to prolong the shelf life of WWBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of UVB application on different mushrooms and their antioxidant properties and compare their properties with pure vitamins D2 and D3. In the study, as without UVB, with medium UVB and with high UVB, respectively; 3 ethanol extracts each from White button (E1, E2 and E3), Shiitake (E4, E5 and E6) and King oyster mushroom (E7, E8 and E9) were prepared. The antioxidant activities of the samples were compared with pure vitamin D2 and D3 solutions using DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods. The results show that vitamins D2 (0.277 mMFeSO4/mg extract) and D3 (0.380 mMFeSO4/mg extract) had the highest FRAP values. In mushroom species, it was determined that E3 (0.216 mMFeSO4/mg extract) and E9 (0.273 mMFeSO4/mg extract) mushroom extracts showed higher activity. Similarly, it was detected that vitamins D2 (0.609 mMrolox equivalent/mg extract) and D3 (1.149 mMrolox equivalent/mg extract) had the highest CUPRAC values. In mushroom species, E3 (0.324 mMrolox equivalent/mg extract) and E9 (0.292 mMrolox equivalent/mg extract) extracts had the highest CUPRAC values. According to the DPPH experiment, E6 (IC50:0.386 mg/ml) and E9 (IC50:0.411mg/ml) extracts showed stronger free radical scavenging activity compared to other extracts, while vitamin D forms showed lower activity than mushroom extracts. Ultimately, it was concluded that the antioxidant properties of mushrooms were positively influenced by the application of UVB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common and complex endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Vitamin D supplementation is a promising complementary therapy for PCOS, yet there is no consensus on an optimal dose, leading to a lack of evidence-based supplementation guidelines. Objective The objective of this study was to conduct a vitamin D dose–response meta-analysis among women with PCOS. Data sources MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases from inception to November 2022 were searched for relevant articles. Data extraction Study screening and bias assessment were conducted by 2 independent reviewers. Eight relevant studies were identified; data for serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) at baseline and at 12 weeks in each intervention group (mean ± SD) and vitamin D dose were extracted. Data analysis Estimates across studies were used to create a pooled curve, using restricted cubic splines with knots at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of the distribution of doses, to estimate the mean difference in effect for serum 25(OH)D at each dose compared with 0 IU/day. Sensitivity analyses were conducted fixing knots at 4000 IU/day and 7000 IU/day, which were a priori identified as potentially important thresholds, and to assess model fit and estimate heterogeneity. The pooled analysis demonstrated strong evidence of a dose–response relationship (P < .001), suggesting an increasing effect with increasing dose. An initial increase in serum 25(OH)D was evident until doses of approximately 3000 IU/day; this was followed by a plateau in effect between approximately 3000 IU/day and 5000 IU/day. The effect of supplementation with >5000 IU/day was unclear, given the minimal data at higher doses. The curve produced robust results for moderate doses (3000 IU/day to 4000 IU/day), which were not sensitive to model specification. Conclusion Women with PCOS are responsive to vitamin D supplementation, but the benefit of providing doses of >3000 IU/day appears minimal. Further data is required to determine dose–response at doses of >5000 IU/day, and whether higher intakes provide a clinically meaningful advantage in this population. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021259396. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): The combination of TNF-α inhibitors and vitamin D in colitis remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we revealed the benefit of infliximab (IFX) and vitamin D in a mouse model of Ulcerative colitis (UC). Materials and Methods: A dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis model was used. The therapeutic effect of the combination was evaluated by symptom and histopathology analysis. The synergistic mechanism was explored by detecting the regulatory effect of the combined therapy on Regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation. Results: IFX and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VitD3) synergistically prevented the development of colitis by improving clinical signs, pathological and hematological manifestation, and inhibiting intestinal inflammation (decreasing TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Co-administration of IFX (2.5 mg/kg) with VitD3 or IFX (5.0 mg/kg) with VitD3 was more effective than administration of IFX (2.5 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg). There was no difference in therapeutic effect between IFX (5.0 mg/kg) and VitD3+ IFX (2.5 mg/kg) groups or between the VitD3+IFX (5.0 mg/kg) and VitD3+ Azathioprine (AZA) groups. VitD3 or combination therapy showed more powerful regulation of splenetic Treg differentiation and IL-10 production than IFX alone. Moreover, VitD3 alone or in combination induced higher levels of Foxp3 and IL-10 than IFX in colon tissue. In ulcerative colitis patients, serum VitD3 levels positively correlated with Treg levels. Conclusion: VitD3 and IFX synergistically inhibit colitis based on their powerful regulation of Treg differentiation. VitD3 combined with IFX is an alternative therapy for patients who are intolerant to standard doses of IFX or combination of IFX and AZA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of UVB application on different mushrooms and their antioxidant properties and compare their properties with pure vitamins D2 and D3. In the study, as without UVB, with medium UVB and with high UVB, respectively; 3 ethanol extracts each from White button (E1, E2 and E3), Shiitake (E4, E5 and E6) and King oyster mushroom (E7, E8 and E9) were prepared. The antioxidant activities of the samples were compared with pure vitamin D2 and D3 solutions using DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods. The results show that vitamins D2 (0.277 mMFeSO4/mg extract) and D3 (0.380 mMFeSO4/mg extract) had the highest FRAP values. In mushroom species, it was determined that E3 (0.216 mMFeSO4/mg extract) and E9 (0.273 mMFeSO4/mg extract) mushroom extracts showed higher activity. Similarly, it was detected that vitamins D2 (0.609 mMrolox equivalent/mg extract) and D3 (1.149 mMrolox equivalent/mg extract) had the highest CUPRAC values. In mushroom species, E3 (0.324 mMrolox equivalent/mg extract) and E9 (0.292 mMrolox equivalent/mg extract) extracts had the highest CUPRAC values. According to the DPPH experiment, E6 (IC50:0.386 mg/ml) and E9 (IC50:0.411mg/ml) extracts showed stronger free radical scavenging activity compared to other extracts, while vitamin D forms showed lower activity than mushroom extracts. Ultimately, it was concluded that the antioxidant properties of mushrooms were positively influenced by the application of UVB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the effectiveness of the combined use of the Gukang capsule and vitamin D2 for treating elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis. A total of 126 patients admitted to the Second Hospital of Tangshan between March 2021 and March 2023 were recruited. All patients were treated with loxoprofen sodium tablets. Additionally, group 1 was treated with a vitamin D2 soft capsule, group 2 with a Gukang capsule, and group 3 with a vitamin D2 soft capsule+Gukang capsule. The total effective rate in group 3 (95.23%) was significantly higher compared to groups 1 and 2 (76.19% and 73.80%, respectively; P < 0.05). After treatment, the visual analogue scale score, inflammation level, and levels of cartilage metabolic factors in group 3 were significantly lower compared to groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). After treatment, the Hospital for Special Surgery and Lysholm scores were elevated in all three groups, and those in group 3 were significantly higher than those in groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of adverse reactions among the three groups (P > 0.05). Overall, Gukang capsule + vitamin D2 can reduce inflammation, improve cartilage metabolism, accelerate knee function recovery, and improve the clinical effect in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D is important for musculoskeletal health. Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the most commonly measured metabolite, vary markedly around the world and are influenced by many factors including sun exposure, skin pigmentation, covering, season and supplement use. Whilst overt vitamin D deficiency with biochemical consequences presents an increased risk of severe sequelae such as rickets, osteomalacia or cardiomyopathy and usually warrants prompt replacement treatment, the role of vitamin D supplementation in the population presents a different set of considerations. Here the issue is to keep, on average, the population at a level whereby the risk of adverse health outcomes in the population is minimised. This position paper, which complements recently published work from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases, addresses key considerations regarding vitamin D assessment and intervention from the population perspective. Summary: This position paper, on behalf of the International Osteoporosis Foundation Vitamin D Working Group, summarises the burden and possible amelioration of vitamin D deficiency in global populations. It addresses key issues including screening, supplementation and food fortification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Apart from the well-established skeletal effects, vitamin D has been explored as a secretagogue influencing various adipokines, including adiponectin and irisin. Recent evidence suggests that specific forms of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OHD), such as free and bioavailable 25(OH)D, may provide more accurate measurements of vitamin D status. The relationship between vitamin D status and serum irisin and adiponectin concentrations remains largely unexplored, particularly during pregnancy. Methods: We analyzed data from 67 healthy maternal-neonatal pairs from Northern Greece at birth. Biochemical and hormonal tests were conducted on each maternal-neonatal pair. The vitamin D forms were estimated using validated mathematical models. Subsequently, regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between the vitamin D forms and adipokine levels. Results: Bioavailable maternal 25(OH)D was inversely associated with neonatal irisin concentrations [b=-73.46 (-140.573 to -6.341), p=0.034]. No other associations were observed between maternal vitamin D status and neonatal adipokine concentrations. Conclusion: In conclusion, maternal bioavailable vitamin D concentrations are inversely associated with neonatal serum irisin concentrations, warranting further studies to evaluate the underlying mechanisms for this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D deficiencies are linked to multiple human diseases. Optimizing its synthesis, physicochemical properties, and delivery systems while minimizing side effects is of clinical relevance and is of great medical and industrial interest. Biotechnological techniques may render new modified forms of vitamin D that may exhibit improved absorption, stability, or targeted physiological effects. Novel modified vitamin D derivatives hold promise for developing future therapeutic approaches and addressing specific health concerns related to vitamin D deficiency or impaired metabolism, such as avoiding hypercalcemic effects. Identifying and engineering key enzymes and biosynthetic pathways involved, as well as developing efficient cultures, are therefore of outmost importance and subject of intense research. Moreover, we elaborate on the critical role that microbial bioconversions might play in the a la carte design, synthesis, and production of novel, more efficient, and safer forms of vitamin D and its analogs. In summary, the novelty of this work resides in the detailed description of the physiological, medical, biochemical, and epidemiological aspects of vitamin D supplementation and the steps towards the enhanced and simplified industrial production of this family of bioactives relying on microbial enzymes. Key points: • Liver or kidney pathologies may hamper vitamin D biosynthesis • Actinomycetes are able to carry out 1α- or 25-hydroxylation on vitamin D precursors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The global prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been studied thoroughly. Either ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) supplements treat such deficiency. However, their relative efficacy was explored in many researches. Aim: To compare the effects of vitamin D supplementation with either the enteral or parenteral formulations of cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol on raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in children. Methods: This is a randomised controlled clinical trial that included 120 Egyptian school-aged children (5-10 years) randomly selected from the Pediatric outpatient clinic at Ain Shams University Hospitals from January 2021 to December 2022. Sequential randomization allocated the participants into 4 equal groups. Group A: received 10,000 IU of oral ergocalciferol every 4 days for 3 months, Group B: received 2400 IU of oral cholecalciferol daily for 3 months, Group C: received 200,000 IU of intramuscular ergocalciferol once, and Group D: received 200,000 IU of intramuscular cholecalciferol once. serum 25(OH)D was measured at baseline, 1,2, and 3 months after supplementation. Results: The mean ages of the recruited children were 7.40±1.33, 7.40±1.45, 8.28±2.02, and 7.23±1.65 years for groups A, B, C, and D respectively. Injectable vitamin D3 achieved the highest increments in serum 25 (OH) D after 3 months of supplementation followed by injectable vitamin D2, oral vitamin D3 and oral vitamin D2 respectively. 100% of injectable vitamin D3 recipients, 76.7 % of injectable vitamin D2 recipients, 23.3% of oral vitamin D3 recipients and 20 % of oral vitamin D2 recipients achieved sufficient vitamin D levels after 1 month of supplementation. Compliance with oral therapy was assured by asking the patients to return empty bottles. Conclusion: A loading dose of intramuscular vitamin D3 200.000 IU is the most potent, cost-effective and rapid regimen in correcting vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in children and sustains sufficient 25 (OH) D levels up to 3 months after injection, followed by injectable vitamin D2, oral vitamin D3 and oral vitamin D2 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the history and role of vitamin D in preventing rickets and its potential implications in various health problems. Topics include the activation of the vitamin D receptor regulating a large number of genes, the importance of evaluating vitamin D status worldwide, and the surprising findings of high rates of deficiency in regions with abundant sunlight.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on vitamin D2 mushroom powder as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is produced from Agaricus bisporus mushroom powder that has been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to induce the conversion of provitamin D2 (ergosterol) to vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). The NF contains concentrations of vitamin D in the form of vitamin D2 in the range of 245–460 μg/g. The information provided on the production process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF as an ingredient in a variety of foods and beverages in amounts that result in either 1.2 or 2.4 μg vitamin D2 per 100 g or 100 mL of the food as consumed. The applicant also intends to add the NF in food supplements at a maximum of 15 μg vitamin D2/day for individuals above 1 year of age, as well as in foods for special medical purposes (FSMPs). The estimates for combined intake of vitamin D from the NF, the background diet and fortified foods, were below the ULs for vitamin D as established previously by the NDA Panel for children, adolescents and adults, i.e. 50 and 100 μg/day. The estimated combined vitamin D intake in infants (6–12 months) is also below the UL for vitamin D of 35 μg/day. The Panel considers that taking into account the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous for the proposed target population. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D deficiency and excess in clinically presented cats conventionally is diagnosed by comparison of patient plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH)D) concentration with plasma reference intervals determined in healthy adult cats. For immature cats, validity of this vitamin D status assessment method is uncertain. Objective: The overall objective was determination of whether plasma concentration of 25 (OH) D and other vitamin D metabolites in immature cats markedly change with developmental age as has been reported in other species. Methods: Four male and 4 female domestic short-hair kittens from weaning were continuously presented a single nutritionally adequate growth-diet. Concentrations of 25 (OH) D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25 (OH)²D), and calcitriol were quantified in plasma of jugular venous blood collected at 12, 15, 18, and 21 weeks and 1 year of age. Plasma was liquid and solid-phase extracted and fractionation by normal-phase HPLC, and 25 (OH) D and 24,25 OH)2D quantified by reverse-phase HPLC-UV and calcitriol by RIA. Results: Plasma 3-epi-25 (OH) D and 25 (OH) D concentrations increased (p < 0.001) with age so that by study end the concentrations rose by 1-and 2-fold, respectively. Concentrations of 3-epi-25 (OH) D relative to 25 (OH) D were 30% at 12 weeks and 20% at 1 year. Between ages 12 and 21 weeks, rises in 25 (OH) D concentration were positively correlated with body weight gains (ρ = 0.952, p < 0.001) and 24,25 (OH)2D concentrations were consistently greater than 25 (OH) D concentrations (p < 0.001). At 1 year of age, concentrations of 24,25 (OH)2D declined below those of 25 (OH) D and 3-epi-24,25 (OH)2D consistency occurred in low concentrations. Vitamin D2 metabolites and sex differences in metabolite concentrations were not observed. Conclusion: Reliance on quantification of plasma 25 (OH) D concentration for vitamin D status assessment in kittens may be confounded by developmental changes in 25 (OH) D independent of vitamin D intake. High 24,25 (OH)2D concentration and occurrence of 3-epi-25 (OH) D in plasma additionally may interfere with the quantification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background-Purpose: Low serum vitamin D (VD) has been already associated with a series of highly prevalent pain-related conditions, including fibromyalgia, migraine and chronic widespread pain. Considering the potential interplay between VD and pain signalling pathways, the association of VD with tension-type headache (TTH) was reviewed. Methods: A multifaceted narrative approach assessing the relationship of serum VD with TTH and TTH parameters, as well as the efficacy of VD supplementation for the prevention of TTH, was fostered. MEDLINE, CENTRAL and EMBASE were comprehensively searched for this purpose, while Google Scholar was also explored according to a structured approach. ClinicalTrials.gov and European Union Clinical Trials Register were explored for ongoing prevention trials. Results: Although available evidence was suggestive of an association between VD and TTH, mainly of the chronic type, the causal nature of the association remains to be determined. Considering the lack of longitudinal evidence, this relationship could arguably reflect behavioural patterns of headache sufferers. On the other hand, evidence principally originated from tertiary clinical settings (severe comorbidity burden) and researchers tend to report a concomitant association of both entities with generalized musculoskeletal compromise. In this context, the association between TTH and VD may represent nothing more than a secondary by-product of the simultaneous relationship of other comorbid diseases-conditions with both TTH and low serum VD. Regarding its efficacious properties, only one ongoing trial specifically designed to explore the efficacy of VD in chronic TTH in adults was retrieved. Conclusions: There is no evidenced based indication for VD supplementation in TTH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tremella fuciformis Berk. (TF), or the white jelly mushroom, is well known for its myriad of pharmacological properties, such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antitumor, and antioxidant activities, and hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects that boost human health. Most of the studies of TF are concentrated on its polysaccharide (glucuronoxylomannan) composition, which is responsible for its pharmacological as well as rheological properties. It is well established that mushrooms are a great source of dietary vitamin D due to the presence of ergosterol in their cell membrane. There is a lack of published data on TF as a source of vitamin D2. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the vitamin D2 composition of the fruiting bodies of TF using triple quadrupole liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/QQQ). The results showed highest vitamin D2 content (292.02 µg/g dry weight) in the sample irradiated with ultraviolet B (UVB; 310 nm) for 180 min as compared with the control group (52.47 µg/g dry weight) (P ≤ 0.001). The results showed higher accumulation potential of vitamin D2 in TF as compared with published data available for other extensively studied culinary mushrooms, such as Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Cordiceps militaris, and Calocybe indica. Moreover, the impact of UV treatment on antioxidant capacities and total polyphenol content of TF was also studied. The accumulation potential of vitamin D in TF reveals a novel commercial source for this nutrient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer in women and the number of new cases in the US is still increasing each year. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which comprises 15–20% of all breast cancer, is a heterogeneous disease and is considered the most aggressive type of breast cancer due to the lack of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expressions for treatments. Traditional chemotherapy is the standard protocol for the treatment of TNBC. Toxicity and multidrug resistance are major drawbacks to chemotherapy. The lack of molecular targets and poor prognosis for TNBC prompts an urgent need to discover novel therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes and quality of life for patients. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) or light treatment is a binary anti-cancer procedure that uses a photosensitizer (PS) that, upon light activation, produces cytotoxic oxygen species, destroying tumor cells. PDT is minimally invasive and can be repeated a few times without accumulating significant toxicity in the surrounding tissues. The primary goal of this study was to investigate in vitro photodynamic chemotherapy as a ternary combination therapy using our synthesized photosensitizers (chlorin–vitamin conjugates and their corresponding indium complexes) co-treated with known chemotherapeutic agents (taxol, doxorubicin, cisplatin, fluorouracil, or methotrexate) in the presence of light and determine the optimum conditions as a pre-clinical study of an enhanced tumoricidal effect against TNBC. Our results indicated that the best combination for an effective chemophotodynamic effect involves a ternary treatment of the indium complex of the chlorin–lipoic acid conjugate (InCLA) co-treated with taxol, which exhibited strong synergism at the nanomolar concentration when combined in the presence of visible light irradiation. Other ternary combinations containing taxol with a synergistic anti-tumor effect against TNBC include chlorin–pantothenic acid (CPA) and chlorin–biotin (CBTN) conjugates. Several other ternary combinations containing InCLA, CBTN, and CPA with either cisplatin, fluorouracil, or methotrexate were identified to generate a synergistic or additive effect. The light dosage remained constant, but the dosages of photosensitizers and chemotherapy drugs were varied to obtain the lowest possible concentration for the desired effect. The synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects of the drug combinations were determined based on the Chou–Talalay method, with InCLA–taxol having the lowest combination index (CI) of 0.25. Fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images provided evidence of apoptosis as the preferred mode of cell death. Our study demonstrated the combination of PDT and chemotherapy as a potential treatment option for TNBC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We explored the potential novel anticancer mechanisms of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), a vitamin D metabolite with antitumour effects in breast cancer. It is stable in serum and is used to assess vitamin D levels in clinical practice. Transfer RNA‐derived small RNAs are small noncoding RNAs that generate various distinct biological functions, but more research is needed on their role in breast cancer. Methods: Small RNA microarrays were used to explore the novel regulatory mechanism of 25(OH)D. High‐throughput RNA‐sequencing technology was used to detect transcriptome changes after 25(OH)D treatment and tRF‐1‐Ser knockdown. RNA pull‐down and high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry were used to explore the proteins bound to tRF‐1‐Ser. In vitro and in vivo functional experiments were conducted to assess the influence of 25(OH)D and tRF‐1‐Ser on breast cancer. Semi‐quantitative PCR was performed to detect alternative splicing events. Western blot assay and qPCR were used to assess protein and mRNA expression. Results: The expression of tRF‐1‐Ser is negatively regulated by 25(OH)D. In our breast cancer (BRCA) clinical samples, we found that the expression of tRF‐1‐Ser was higher in cancer tissues than in paired normal tissues, and was significantly associated with tumour invasion. Moreover, tRF‐1‐Ser inhibits the function of MBNL1 by hindering its nuclear translocation. Functional experiments and transcriptome data revealed that the downregulation of tRF‐1‐Ser plays a vital role in the anticancer effect of 25(OH)D. Conclusions: In brief, our research revealed a novel anticancer mechanism of 25(OH)D, unveiled the vital function of tRF‐1‐Ser in BRCA progression, and suggested that tRF‐1‐Ser could emerge as a new therapeutic target for BRCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cancer survivors have a high risk of mortality, and vitamin D (VD) is associated with the risk of mortality. This study is aim to examine the impact of VD on mortality in cancer survivors. Methods: A prospective study was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were obtained information on their baseline characteristics, dietary habits, comorbidities, lifestyle, and serum 25-hydroxy VD [25(OH)D] concentrations. The weighted Cox proportional hazard and competing risk regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals (HR, 95% CI) of mortality for different serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves were utilized to illustrate the dose–response relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and mortality. Results: The study encompassed 2,495 participants with cancer diagnoses. Multivariate models indicated that, compared to serum 25(OH)D concentrations below 58.5 nmol/L, concentrations exceeding 81.6 nmol/L were associated with reduced HRs for all-cause mortality (HR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.56–0.87), cardiovascular mortality (HR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.32–0.86), and cancer-specific mortality (HR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.45–0.99). RCS curves revealed "L-shaped" associations between serum 25(OH)D concentration and both all-cause and cancer-specific mortality, with threshold effects at 87.9 nmol/L and 84.6 nmol/L, respectively. Conversely, the relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentration and cardiovascular mortality exhibited a more linear pattern, with a threshold at 88.7 nmol/L. Subgroup analyses highlighted a gender-specific interaction that elevated serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly more protective against mortality in males than in females, especially regarding cancer-specific mortality (P-interaction = 0.009). Conclusion: Elevated serum 25(OH)D concentrations were correlated with decreased risks of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer-specific mortality in cancer survivors, with benefit thresholds at 87.9, 88.7, and 84.6 nmol/L, respectively. These findings suggested that cancer survivors might benefit from higher vitamin D recommendations than the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms are rich in ergosterol and ergosta‐5,7‐dienol, which can be partly converted into vitamin D2 and D4 through ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. Typically, mushrooms have very low vitamin D contents, but it can be increased by UV irradiation. This process generates additional photoisomers scarcely studied in mushrooms due to analytical challenges. Here, we developed a new solid phase extraction (SPE) method to separate vitamin D2, vitamin D4, and other tri‐ and pentacyclic photoisomers from the much higher abundant ergosterol. Subsequent GC/MS analysis enabled the detection of ten photoisomers in eight UV‐treated mushroom species, including vitamin D2 (previtamin D2, tachysterol2, two suprasterol2 and trans‐vitamin D2 isomers) and vitamin D4 (previtamin D4). Quantitated vitamin D2 contents of 10–540 µg/100 g dry weight agreed well with the sparse literature data available for the investigated mushroom species. In addition, previtamin D2 (nd–1950 µg/100 g dry weight) and vitamin D4 (10–140 µg/100 g dw) were quantified in the samples. The content and photoproduct compositions varied considerably between different mushroom species. Practical applications: The novel SPE method can be applied to study the vitamin D and photoisomer content of mushrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms are a dietary source of vitamin D2 due to their high ergosterol content, which can be converted into vitamin D2 after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Several reports have shown that regular consumption of UVB-irradiated mushrooms is effective in increasing bone calcification and modulation of host immunity. Therefore, this study aimed to enhance vitamin D2 formation in oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) using UVB irradiation and assess its effect on dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in mice. Oyster mushrooms were irradiated with a UVB lamp at doses ranging from 8.01 J/cm2 - 24.03 J/cm2. Vitamin D2 levels were then measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with calciferol as the standard. The powder of vitamin D-enriched oyster mushrooms powder was then referred to as Oyster-D. Osteoporosis in BALB/c mice was induced using Dexamethasone at a dose of 0.0029 mg/20 g BW, orally for 30 days. The number of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes in the femur was assessed using hematoxylin-eosin staining, while the serum calcium levels were measured with spectrophotometry. The results showed that UVB irradiation with a dose of 48.06 J/cm2 yielded the highest vitamin D2 concentration at 11.333 µg/g. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the number of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and serum calcium levels, while a reduction was observed in the number of osteoclasts. Based on these findings, UVB irradiation increased vitamin D2 levels, and vitamin D-enriched oyster mushrooms had potential anti-osteoporosis effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of thermal processing treatments on key micronutrients in fortified almond-based beverages has not been well characterized. An almond-based beverage was produced in a pilot plant, fortified with vitamin A palmitate, vitamin D2, riboflavin (vitamin B2), calcium carbonate, and zinc gluconate, and was processed using various high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization treatments. Naturally present micronutrients in the base ingredients included several B vitamins (vitamin B1 [thiamin], total vitamin B3 [sum of nicotinamide and nicotinic acid], and total vitamin B6 [sum of pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine]) and minerals (magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium). The prepared almond-based beverage was homogenized and thermally processed using HTST pasteurization with a temperature range from ~94 to 116°C for a constant time of 30 s. The samples were analyzed for vitamin A palmitate, vitamin D2, target B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, total vitamin B3, and total vitamin B6), and minerals (magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and zinc). The results showed that amounts of vitamin A, vitamin D2, riboflavin, and total vitamin B6 did not significantly (p > 0.05) change after the HTST treatments, whereas thiamin significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by 17.9% after HTST treatment at 116°C. Interestingly, total vitamin B3 content significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 35.2% after HTST treatment at 116°C. There was no effect of processing on the minerals that were monitored. The results from this study indicate that the majority of key micronutrients assessed in this study are stable during HTST processing of an almond-based beverage and that fortification of plant-based milk alternatives may be a viable process to enhance the micronutrient content consumers receive from these products.

Objective: Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an essential role in endothelial repair and neovascularization. Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to EPC depletion and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, iron overload is closely related to the development of diabetes and its various chronic complications. This study was designed to determine the relationship between EPC markers (CD34, CD133), vitamin D, and iron in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 67 diabetic patients with or without nephropathy. Blood pressure and all biochemical parameters were measured and compared. Serum concentrations of insulin, vitamin D, CD34, and CD133 were measured using ELISA. Serum iron concentration was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: Body mass index (P= 0.006), diastolic pressure (P= 0.018), insulin level (P= 0.028), Creatinine (P= 0.013), duration of diabetes, uric acid, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were significantly different between the two groups (each P= 0.0001). The vitamin D (P= 0.034), CD34 (P= 0.0001), and CD133 (P= 0.025) levels decreased, and Iron (P= 0.0001) increased in the case group. Also, CD34 has a significant direct relationship with insulin, insulin resistance, and CD133. The results showed that vitamin D, iron, CD34, and CD133 had a significant relationship with the severity of nephropathy (P= 0.0001, each). Conclusion: Increased iron levels and decreased vitamin D, CD34, and CD133 levels are associated with the severity of nephropathy. This result indicates that diabetic nephropathy may directly reduce CD34 and CD133 levels in the body, increasing the incidence of secondary complications in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs are considered omnivores based on their evolution consuming diets including animal tissue. Few feeding trials evaluating the nutritional suitability of exclusively plant-based (vegan) diets in dogs have been published, and the efficacy of vitamin D2 in maintaining canine serum vitamin D levels has not been clearly determined. A blinded dietary trial included sixty-one healthy desexed adult dogs: thirty-one fed an experimental extruded vegan diet (PLANT) and thirty fed a commercial extruded meat-based diet (MEAT) for 3 months. Dogs were screened via veterinary examination and routine laboratory analyses prior to enrolment, at baseline and exit timepoints. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and blood was collected for vitamin D profiling. All dogs maintained health parameters, body weight and composition throughout the study. Dogs maintained on PLANT demonstrated a significant reduction in platelet count, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and cholesterol, though values remained within normal reference ranges. Dogs fed PLANT also demonstrated a shift from vitamin D3 to vitamin D2 metabolites, though total vitamin D analogue levels were unchanged, with the exception of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Bone mineral content and density did not differ from baseline values. Health status was maintained in dogs fed PLANT and vitamin D2 appeared efficacious in maintaining serum total vitamin D concentrations and bone mineralisation. Findings support the hypothesis that PLANT was comparable to MEAT for maintenance of healthy adult dogs for at least 3 months and identified areas where further research is warranted to elucidate the potential risks and benefits of plant-based (vegan) diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we investigated the development of the Wnt signaling pathway in vitamin D (VitD) to improve systemic lupus erythematosus in mice to breakthrough clinical treatment approaches. Methods: Body weight changes were recorded during rearing. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-dsDNA, and anti-snRNP were detected in the mouse serum using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Apoptosis of Th1 and Th2 immune cells in mice was detected using flow cytometry. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of T-bet, GATA3, and Wnt3a mRNA in the spleens of each group. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of Wnt1, p-β-catenin, β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinsase3β (GSK-3β), Wnt3a, c-myc, and cyclin D1 protein in mice spleens. β-catenin in mice spleen was visualized using immunohistochemistry. Results: VitD did not substantial reduce the body weight of MRL/LPR mice, whereas the inhibitor did. VitD notably decreased the concentrations of ANA, anti-double-stranded DNA, and anti-snRNP in the serum of MRL/LPR mice and alleviated apoptosis of Th1 and Th2 cells. VitD markedly increased the expression of T-bet and GATA mRNA in the spleen of MRL/LPR mice and consequently increased the levels of Wnt3a and β-catenin. Western blot analysis revealed that the levels of GSK-3β, p-β-catenin, Wnt1, Wnt3a, c-myc, and cyclin D1 could be reduced by VitD, compared with MRL/LPR. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the expression of β-catenin was the most pronounced in the spleen of MRL/LPR mice, and the expression level of β-catenin decreased substantially after VitD intervention. Conclusions: VitD can further inhibit the nuclear translocation of β-catenin by downregulating the expression of Wnt ligands (Wnt1 and Wnt3a), which reduces the expression of the downstream target gene cyclin D1. Systemic lupus erythematosus in mice was improved by inhibiting the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definition of "Vitamin D" encompasses a group of fat-soluble steroid compounds of different origins with similar chemical structures and the same biological effects. Vitamin D deficiency and/or a defect in the process of its synthesis or transport predispose individuals to several types of rickets. In addition to cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol, and vitamins D3 and D2, there are also active metabolites for the treatment of this condition which are commercially available. Calcitriol and aphacalcidiol are active metabolites that do not require the renal activation step, which is required with calcifediol, or hepatic activation. The purpose of this review is to summarize current approaches to the treatment of rickets for generalist physicians, focusing on the best vitamin D form to be used in each type, or, in the case of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH), on both conventional and innovative monoclonal antibody treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, with the highest incidence rate among autoimmune thyroid disorders. Vitamin D2 may have therapeutic effects on HT. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying vitamin D2 therapy for HT. Methods: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with vitamin D2-treated HT were identified, and the DEG-associated gene enrichment pathway was explored using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. The correlation between the hub genes and infiltrating immune cells was investigated, and the interactions among the hub genes and target drug and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA; long non-coding RNA [lncRNA]–microRNA [miRNA]–messenger RNA [mRNA]) regulatory networks were determined. Results: GO and KEGG enrichment analyses identified a total of 102 DEGs (6 upregulated and 96 downregulated) in the vitamin D2-treated group samples. The area under the curve values of the identified 10 hub genes was as follows: CCR1(0.920), CXCL1 (0.960), CXCL8 (0.960), EGR1 (0.960), FCGR3B (0.920), FOS (1.000), FPR1 (0.840), MMP9 (0.720), PTGS2 (0.960), and TREM1 (1.000). The immune enrichment scores of the mast cell (P = 0.008), neutrophil (P = 0.016), and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (P = 0.016) were significantly decreased in the vitamin D2-treated group (P < 0.05). The hub gene/drug regulatory network included 8 hub genes, 108 molecular drugs, and 114 interaction relationship pairs. The ceRNA regulatory network included 129 lncRNAs, 145 miRNAs, mRNAs (hub genes), and 324 interaction relationship pairs. Conclusion: Vitamin D2 may play an immunomodulatory role by regulating the aforementioned immune-related molecules and immune cells, thereby improving its therapeutic effects on HT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between serum vitamin D status and urinary leakage (UL) among middle-aged females needs to be further studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations with UL among American females ages 45 years and over. Methods: Seven cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with self-report UL data, were used. A total of 9525 women aged 45 years and older were enrolled in this study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models and the smooth curve fitting were utilized to analyze the association between clinical UL and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations. Results: A non-linear relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and clinical ULwas observed. When serum 25(OH)D concentration was higher than the inflection point 63.5 nmol/L, a positive correlation was observed between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and clinical UL ([OR]: 1.007, 95%CI: 1.005–1.009, P < 0.01). However, when serum 25(OH)D concentration was below the inflection point 63.5 nmol/L, a negative correlation was observed between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and clinical UL ([OR]: 0.993, 95%CI: 0.989–0.996, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The association between serum vitamin D and the risk of UL exhibited a U-shaped pattern among US middle-aged females, with an inflection point occurring at a serum 25(OH)D concentration of 63.5 nmol/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skeletal muscle development during embryogenesis depends on proliferation of myoblasts followed by differentiation into myotubes/multinucleated myofibers. Vitamin D (VD) has been shown to affect these processes, but there is conflicting evidence within the current literature on the exact nature of these effects due to a lack of time course data. With 20%-40% of pregnant women worldwide being VD deficient, it is crucial that a clearer understanding of the impact of VD on myogenesis is gained. Methods: A detailed 8-day differentiation time course was used where C2C12 cells were differentiated in control media (2% horse serum) or with different concentrations of active VD, 1,25 (OH)2D3 (10-13 M, 10-11 M, 10-9M or 10-7 M), and measurements were taken at 6 time points. DNA, creatine kinase and protein assays were carried out as well as quantitative PCR to determine expression of Myf5, MyoD, myogenin, MHC I, and MHC neonatal, MHC embryonic, MHC IIa, MHC IIx, and MHC IIb mRNAs. Transfections were carried out using one vector containing the myogenin promoter and another containing the same promoter with a 3 base mutation within a putative vitamin D response element (VDRE) to determine effects of 1,25 (OH)2D3 on myogenin transcription. Finally, a ChIP assay was performed to determine whether the VD receptor (VDR) binds to the putative VDRE. Results: 1,25(OH)2D3 caused an inhibition of proliferation and an increase in differentiation in C2C12 cells. Myf5, myogenin, MHC I, and MHC neonatal, MHC embryonic, MHC IIa, MHC IIx, and MHC IIb expression were all increased by 1,25(OH)2D3. Myotube size was also increased by VD. When the putative VDRE on the myogenin promoter was mutated, the increase in expression by VD was lost. ChIP analysis revealed that the VDR does bind to the putative VDRE on the myogenin promoter. Conclusion: Active VD directly increases myogenin transcription via a functional VDRE on the myogenin promoter, resulting in increased myogenic differentiation, increased expression of both the early and late MHC isoforms, and also increased myotube size. These results highlight the importance of VD status during pregnancy for normal myogenesis to occur, but further in vivo work is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A fine-tuned pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory balance in the follicular unit is essential for cumulus expansion and successful ovulation. While the long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) gene is required for the expansion of cumulus cells (CCs), ovulation, resumption of meiosis and fertilization, the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR-X2) is required for intra-follicle redox balance. This study was planned to determine the expression pattern of VDR-X2 and PTX3 mRNA in CCs isolated from germinal vesicle (GV), metaphase I (MI), and metaphase II (MII) oocytes of PCOS patients with ovulatory dysfunction. Methods: The relative expression of CC-PTX3 and CC-VDR-X2 mRNA were evaluated using qRT-PCR in a total of 79 CC samples collected from individual cumulus-oocyte complex of 40 infertile patients (20 PCOS and 20 non-PCOS normal responders) who underwent ovarian stimulation with the GnRH antagonist protocol. Results: Relative PTX3 mRNA expressions of CCMI-control and CCMII-control showed 3- and 9-fold significant upregulation compared to CCGV-control, respectively. The relative PTX3 mRNA expression of CCMII-control increased approximately three fold compared to CCMI-control. Compared to CCGV-pcos, a 3-fold increase was noted in the relative PTX3 mRNA expression of CCMI-pcos and an approximately 4-fold increase in the PTX3 mRNA expression of CCMII-pcos. Relative PTX3 mRNA expression values of CCMII-pcos and CCMI-pcos were similar. A 6-fold upregulation of relative PTX3 mRNA and a 4-fold upregulation of VDR-X2 mRNA were detected in CCMII-control compared to CCMII-pcos. CC-VDR-X2 expression patterns of the PCOS and control groups overlapped with the CC-PTX3 pattern. Fertilization rates of the PCOS group exhibiting failed transcript expression were similar to normal responders. Conclusion: The fact that relative CC-PTX3 and CC-VDR mRNA expression does not increase during the transition from MI to MII stage in PCOS as in normal responders suggests that PTX3 and VDR expression may be defective in cumulus cells of PCOS patients with ovulatory dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to ergosterol content, after UV irradiation yeast become a well-known source of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). Additionally, pharmaceutical yeast-based supplements may represent a suitable option for treating hypovitaminosis, especially in patients adhering to a vegan diet. Using the high-performance liquid chromatographyultraviolet (HPLC-UV) methodology our study sought to analyse three commercially available yeast-based vitamin D2 supplements while comparing the effect of UV-C irradiation (254 nm) on yeast biomass derived from the brewing process and pure ergosterol. The two compounds were precisely separated under the described conditions in an efficient and quick manner with a retention time (Rt) of 4.152 ± 0.018 minutes for vitamin D2 and 5.097 ± 0.013 minutes for ergosterol. However, when approaching the quantitative analysis, based on our findings, it appears that the pharmaceutical supplements deviate from the declared amount of substance indicated on the label. 15 minutes of UVC irradiation generates vitamin D2 in yeast biomass with a conversion rate of 1.78%. Also, high content of ergosterol, beside vitamin D2 formation after irradiation, may trigger the appearance of secondary products such as tachysterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient. Its role in calcium and phosphorous metabolism, and in the development and maintenance of a healthy skeleton is well documented. In addition, there is some evidence for vitamin D decreasing total mortality and cancer mortality modestly, but not cancer incidence. Vitamin D is unique, as both diet and sun induced production in skin are sources to this vitamin. Individual vitamin D status is thus a sum of both sun exposure and dietary intakes. The discovery of vitamin D receptors and the activation of biological active vitamin D in numerous tissues and organs in the body has given support to hypothesis on vitamin D having extra-skeletal functions. The scientific literature on vitamin D and several health outcomes is high in numbers and has been increasing exponentially the last two decades. However, despite this large body of scientific publications and improvement in study quality, vitamin D supplementation has not shown to give additional health benefits when status is in sufficient range (i.e. circulating 25 hydroxyvitamin D >50 nmol/L). Well-designed studies on insufficient or deficient individuals are lacking.The totality of evidence does not support that increased intake of vitamin D beyond current recommendation will have additional beneficial health effects.

This document is a letter published in the journal Neurological Sciences. The authors conducted a study using Mendelian randomization analysis to explore the causal relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and the risk of developing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). They used genome-wide association study (GWAS) data on NMOSD and 25(OH)D levels to analyze the genetic variations and their effects on the disease. The results showed no strong evidence of a causal association between 25(OH)D levels and NMOSD risk in a population of European ancestry. However, a causal relationship was observed between genetically predicted 25(OH)D levels and AQP4-ab-positive NMOSD risk. The study suggests that low vitamin D levels may be a risk factor for AQP4-ab-positive NMOSD and highlights the importance of further research in this area. [Extracted from the article]

Introdução: A vitamina D é uma hormona que atua diretamente na saúde óssea, no crescimento celular saudável, na imunidade, na musculatura, no metabolismo e noutros sistemas, como o sistema cardiovascular e o sistema nervoso. A sua formação implica uma primeira hidroxilação no fígado, pela 25-hidroxilase, a 25-OHD. Assim, o nível sérico de 25-OHD é o melhor indicador do conteúdo corporal de vitamina D. Um número crescente de estudos tem vindo a associar a insuficiência de vitamina D com aumento do risco para diversas patologias, como doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivos: Analisar os valores de Vitamina D de indivíduos provenientes de diferentes ambientes – espaços Urbanos e espaço de Ocupação Predominantemente Rural – e estudar o impacto da zona demográfica nos níveis dessa vitamina. Material e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal, com registos de 31208 indivíduos, dos quais 583 são habitantes de zonas rurais e 30625 de zonas urbanas. Em todas as amostras foi determinado o nível sérico de 25-OHD no período do inverno (entre 1 de janeiro a 31 de março de 2022). Posteriormente, analisaram-se os resultados e estratificaram-se por sexo, idade, proveniência e valor de Vitamina D. Resultados: No total, em ambiente urbano, 54,9% dos indivíduos apresentavam níveis deficientes de vitamina D e 27,9% níveis insuficientes. Em ambiente rural, 62,0% dos indivíduos apresentaram níveis deficientes e 25,4% níveis insuficientes. Na classe dos 19-30 anos, os níveis normais de vitamina D corresponderam a 7,07% 7,0% em meio rural e urbano, respetivamente, aumentando para 8,2% e 10,4%, respetivamente, em indivíduos entre os 31-50 anos. Já dos 51-65 anos, os níveis normais corresponderam a 9,3% em ambiente rural e 12,8% em ambiente urbano. Conclusões: Conclui-se que os défices de vitamina D ocorrem maioritariamente na população jovem, quer em ambiente rural, quer em ambiente urbano. O facto da população a partir dos 50 anos ter níveis normais poderá estar relacionado o uso de suplementação, dado que os valores inferiores aos normais são considerados como um obstáculo ao envelhecimento saudável.

Objective: To systematically evaluate the correlation between urinary vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) and diabetic kidney disease and to evaluate the relationship between urinary VDBP and the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), renal function indicators [estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), creatinine (CR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN)] and glycaemic control indices [glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG)]. Methods: We searched the CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science databases up to May 31, 2023, for relevant literature. RevMan 5.3 software was used for the meta-analysis. Results: Ultimately, 9 articles were included. Due to heterogeneity in the pooled results, the random-effects model was chosen. Meta-analysis results showed that the urinary VDBP concentrations in the normal albuminuria diabetes group were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group [SMD 1.52, 95% CI (0.84, 2.19), p < 0.00001]. The urinary VDBP concentrations in the microalbuminuria diabetes group were significantly higher than those in the normal albuminuria diabetes group [SMD 1.81, 95% CI (1.40, 2.21), p < 0.00001]. The urinary VDBP concentrations in the macroalbuminuria diabetes group were also significantly higher than those in the microalbuminuria diabetes group [SMD 1.51, 95% CI (1.05, 1.96), p < 0.00001]. In addition, urinary VDBP was positively correlated with the ACR, CR, BUN and HbA1c [Summary r = 0.73, 95% CI (0.54, 0.85), p < 0.0001; Summary r = 0.38, 95% CI (0.10, 0.61), p = 0.009; Summary r = 0.37, 95% CI (0.16, 0.55), p = 0.0008; Summary r = 0.40, 95% CI (0.13, 0.62), p = 0.005, respectively] and tended to be negatively correlated with the eGFR [Summary r = -0.64, 95% CI (-0.92, 0.10), p = 0.08] but was not significantly correlated with the FPG [Summary r = 0.16, 95% CI (-0.03, 0.33), p = 0.10]. Sensitivity analysis showed that our pooled results are robust. Conclusion: Urinary VDBP may be used as a novel biomarker for the early diagnosis of DKD and can be used to assess the severity of DKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common metabolic disorder with rising incidence worldwide. This study explored the anti-T2DM role of vitamin D, thereby providing novel therapeutic strategies. Methods C57BL/6 J mice and MIN6 cells were used to induce in vivo T2DM and damaged β-cell models, respectively. Body weights, fasting blood glucose, and fasting insulin were measured in mice. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were conducted on mice. Lipid indices (TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C) were detected in mouse serum. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to evaluate pancreatic tissue injury. ELISA was used to assess insulin and oxidative stress (OS) markers (MDA, GSH, and SOD) in mice and MIN6 cells. Production of ROS was detected in islet β-cells and MIN6 cells. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using CCK-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. QRT-PCR and western blotting were used to detect pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) markers (CHOP and GRP78), respectively. Results Vitamin D reduced body weights, fasting blood glucose, and insulin and ameliorated glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in T2DM mice. Besides, vitamin D decreased serum TG, TC, LDL-C, and increased HDL-C in T2DM mice. Vitamin D inhibited pancreatic histopathological injury, cell apoptosis, OS, and β-cell decline in T2DM mice. Moreover, vitamin D alleviated cell death, insufficient insulin secretion, inflammation, OS, and ERS in damaged MIN6 cells. Notably, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (an OS inhibitor) enhanced these effects of vitamin D. Conclusions Vitamin D relieved T2DM symptoms by alleviating OS-induced β-cell impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lung cancer has been major cause of cancer related death and day by day Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases are increasing globally. Present study explored the link between SLC30A10 mRNA expression with vitamin-D level among the NSCLC patients. Methods: Present study included newly diagnosed 100 NSCLC patients and 100 healthy controls. Quantitative real time PCR was performed to check the SLC30A10 mRNA expression after cDNA synthesis from extracted total RNA from serum sample. Vitamin-D level was also analyzed in all the NSCLC patients by electrochemiluminscence based immunoassay method. Results: Present research work observed decreased SLC30A10 mRNA expression (0.16 fold) among the NSCLC patients, decreased SLC30A10 mRNA expression was linked with advanced stage (0.15 fold, P < 00001) of disease and distant organ metastases (0.11 fold, P < 00001) compared to its contrast. Decreased level of vitamin-D was also observed with advanced stage (17.98 ng/ml, P < 00001) of disease and distant organ metastases (16.23 ng/ml, P < 00001) compared to its contrast. Positive correlation was observed between SLC30A10 mRNA expression with vitamin-D level among the NSCLC patients suggesting decrease or increase in SLC30A10 mRNA expression mau decreases or increase the vitamin-D level. NSCLC patients with vitamin-D deficiency had 0.14 reduced SCL30A10 mRNA expression while insufficient (P = 0.06) and sufficient (P = 0.03) showed comparatively high SCL30A10 mRNA expression. Conclusion: Study concluded that down regulation of SLC30A10 mRNA and vitamin-D deficiency may involve in advancement of disease and distant organ metastases. It was also suggested that the decrease of increase in SLC30A10 expression may cause the decrease of increase in vitamin-D level among the NSCLC patients may be involved in disease severity and worseness of NSCLC disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aberrant autophagic activity is observed in osteoarthritic joints. Vitamin D was shown to alleviate not only osteoarthritis severity, but also autophagy process. However, the influence of vitamin D on autophagy in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) remains ambiguous. This study aimed to determine the effect of vitamin D2 on serum levels of autophagosome protein LC3A in patients with KOA and whether LC3A levels were correlated with serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and clinical outcomes of patients with KOA. A total of 165 patients with KOA and 25 healthy controls were recruited. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) was administered to patients with KOA at a weekly dosage of 40,000 IU. Serum LC3A, knee pain and functional scores, muscle strength, physical performance, and biochemical parameters were examined before and after 6 months of vitamin D2 supplementation. Serum LC3A levels were significantly higher in patients with KOA than healthy controls. In patients with KOA, vitamin D2 supplementation significantly decreased serum LC3A levels. Furthermore, baseline levels of serum LC3A were significantly associated with radiographic severity, pain and functional scores, total cholesterol, hs‐CRP, IL‐6, protein carbonyl, and serum 25(OH)D. After adjusting for established confounders, independent relationships among serum LC3A and radiographic severity, pain and functional scores, total cholesterol, hs‐CRP, IL‐6, protein carbonyl, and serum 25(OH)D were also observed. Vitamin D2 supplementation was shown to not only decrease serum levels of LC3A, inflammatory markers, as well as oxidative stress, but also improve muscle strength and physical performance in patients with KOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Our aim was to analyze the results of published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on vitamin D supplementation for psoriasis in order to explore its effectiveness and safety. Patients and methods: As of July 7 2023, we conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection databases. The study outcomes included change values in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) (at 3 months, 6 months, and end of follow-up)/Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)/Psoriasis disability index (PDI)/C-reactive protein (CRP), and adverse events. Results: 333 patients from 4 studies were evaluated. Pooled analyses showed no significant effect of DLQI/PDI/CRP change value (P > 0.05) or PASI change value (3 months, end of follow-up; P > 0.05). Sensitivity analyses and statistical tests did not support the results of the PASI change values (6 months, P = 0.05). However, the results of subgroup analyses should not be ignored(supplementation with vitamin D2 or Asia would be more effective; P = 0.03). There were no serious adverse effects, and only a few individuals experienced nausea. Conclusions: The efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of psoriasis remains unremarkable. The search for a new prognostic index that combines clinical and laboratory factors is needed to compensate for the shortcomings of existing measures and provide stronger evidence of validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble prohormone steroid that has paracrine, endocrine and autocrine functions.(1) Recent researches on Vitamin D revealed that it is not only involved in the homeostasis of bone but also take part in various physiological functions in the body. Studies have concluded that vitamin D receptors are present on a large variety of cell types, including immunologic cells, osteoblasts, nerve cells, pancreatic beta cells, vascular endothelial cells, myocytes and cardiac muscle cells.(2) The recent reports reveal that deficiency of vitamin D can cause autoimmune diseases, infections, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, stroke, cancer etc.(3) It is now clear that in addition to its classic effects on calcium and bone homeostasis, vitamin D has other important roles too. The receptor of vitamin D is expressed on immune cells and these immunologic cells are able to synthesize the active vitamin D metabolite. Further vitamin D has the ability to act in an autocrine manner in a local immunologic milieu.(4)So, the aim of our study was to compare the levels of vitamin D and inflammatory marker levels in individuals with and without dyslipidemia and to correlate the inflammatory changes with vitamin D levels in the patients. Methods -The study was conducted at M.Y Hospital, Indore (M.P.). • We included 33 subjects with dyslipidemia as test and 33 age and sex matched healthy subjects without dyslipidemia as control group. • 5 ml of blood samples were collected used for the analysis of vitamin D, hsCRP. Result: hsCRP levels were significantly high (p<0.01)whereas vitamin D levels were significantly low (p<0.01) in subjects with dyslipidemia as compared to the healthy subjects. The Pearson Correlation between hsCRP and Vitamin D suggested a statistically significant negative correlation Conclusion:A negative correlation between vitamin D levels and hsCRP among the test population suggested that vitamin D deficiency contributes to the inflammatory process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypovitaminosis D can have a negative prognostic impact in patients with cancer. Vitamin D has a demonstrated role in T-cell-mediated immune activation. We hypothesized that systematic vitamin D repletion could impact clinical outcomes in patients with cancer receiving immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Methods: We planned a prospective observational study (PROVIDENCE) to assess serum vitamin D levels in patients with advanced cancer receiving ICIs (cohort 1 at treatment initiation, cohort 2 during treatment) and the impact of systematic repletion on survival and toxicity outcomes. In an exploratory analysis, we compared the clinical outcomes of cohort 1 with a control cohort of patients followed at the participating centers who did not receive systematic vitamin D repletion. Results: Overall, 164 patients were prospectively recruited in the PROVIDENCE study. In cohort 1, consisting of 101 patients with 94.1% hypovitaminosis (≤ 30 ng/ml) at baseline, adequate repletion with cholecalciferol was obtained in 70.1% at the three months re-assessment. Cohort 2 consisted of 63 patients assessed for vitamin D at a median time of 3.7 months since immunotherapy initiation, with no patients having adequate levels (> 30 ng/ml). Even in cohort 2, systematic supplementation led to adequate levels in 77.8% of patients at the three months re-assessment. Compared to a retrospective control group of 238 patients without systematic vitamin D repletion, PROVIDENCE cohort 1 showed longer overall survival (OS, p = 0.013), time to treatment failure (TTF, p = 0.017), and higher disease control rate (DCR, p = 0.016). The Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighing (IPTW) fitted multivariable Cox regression confirmed the significantly decreased risk of death (HR 0.55, 95%CI: 0.34–0.90) and treatment discontinuation (HR 0.61, 95%CI: 0.40–0.91) for patients from PROVIDENCE cohort 1 in comparison to the control cohort. In the context of longer treatment exposure, the cumulative incidence of any grade immune-related adverse events (irAEs) was higher in the PROVIDENCE cohort 1 compared to the control cohort. Nevertheless, patients from cohort 1 experienced a significantly decreased risk of all grade thyroid irAEs than the control cohort (OR 0.16, 95%CI: 0.03–0.85). Conclusion: The PROVIDENCE study suggests the potential positive impact of early systematic vitamin D supplementation on outcomes of patients with advanced cancer receiving ICIs and support adequate repletion as a possible prophylaxis for thyroid irAEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium and vitamin D play important roles in most cells of the body. These nutrients act in a coordinated fashion to maintain physiologic functions of various organs, and their abnormal balance could adversely affect these functions. Therefore, deficient states of both nutrients may lead to several chronic medical conditions and increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have altered metabolism of both magnesium and vitamin D. Some studies indicate that magnesium could have a role in the synthesis and metabolism of vitamin D, and that magnesium supplementation substantially reversed the resistance to vitamin D treatment in some clinical situations. Recent observational studies also found that magnesium intake significantly interacted with vitamin D status and, particularly with the risk of cardiovascular mortality. It is therefore essential to ensure adequate levels of magnesium to obtain the optimal benefits of vitamin D supplementation in CKD patients. In this review, we discuss magnesium physiology, magnesium and vitamin D metabolism in CKD, potential metabolic interactions between magnesium and vitamin D and its clinical relevance, as well as the possible role of magnesium supplementation to assure adequate vitamin D levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effects of UV-B irradiated vitamin D-enriched yeast supplementation on milk yield, milk composition, vitamin D in milk, milk fatty acids, blood chemistry, and 25(OH)D status in dairy cows. Methods: Six Thai Friesian cows (milk production, 11.2±2.0 kg/d; body weight, 415.0±20.0 kg; and days in milk, 90.0±6.0) were allocated to each treatment in a 3×3 Latin square design, with three treatments and three periods. Each period of the Latin square lasted 49 days consisting of 14 days for diet adaptation and 35 days for sample collection. Dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: i) feeding a basal diet without yeast (CON); ii) basal diet + 5 g of live yeast (75 IU/head/d of vitamin D2; LY); and iii) basal diet + 5 g of UV-B irradiated vitamin D enriched yeast (150,000 IU/head/d of vitamin D2; VDY). Feed intake and milk production were recorded daily, milk sample collection occurred on days 14 and 35 of each collection period, and blood plasma was collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 of each collection period. Results: The results show that after a trial period of 14 and 35 days, the VDY group had significantly higher vitamin D content in milk than the LY and CON groups (376.41 vs 305.15, 302.14 ng/L and 413.46 vs 306.76, 301.12 ng/L, respectively). At days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 of the experiment, cows fed the VDY group had significantly higher 25(OH)D2 status in blood than the CON and LY groups (51.07 vs 47.16, 48.05 ng/mL; 54.96 vs 45.43, 46.91 ng/mL; 56.16 vs 46.87, 47.16 ng/mL; 60.67 vs 44.39, 46.17 ng/mL and 63.91 vs 45.88, 46.88 ng/mL), respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, UV-B irradiated vitamin D-enriched yeast supplementation could improve vitamin D content in the milk and 25(OH)D status in dairy cows during the lactation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Vitamin D deficiency is a global concern for vegetarians as most of the vitamin D‐enriched foods are of animal origin. Pleurotus florida is an excellent source of ergosterol, which gets converted into vitamin D2 under UV exposure. The objective of this study was to optimise UV‐B intensity (1.00–2.50 W/cm2) and exposure time (20–120 min) for maximum ergosterol conversion to vitamin D2. The optimisation studies indicated that exposure with intensity (2.00 W/cm2) for 60 min showed maximum vitamin D formation. The analysis of different nutritional parameters revealed no significant impact on total soluble proteins while a significant increase in total phenolic and total flavonoid contents was observed. On the contrary, a significant reduction was observed in riboflavin content of P. florida. Overall, P. florida exposure to UV‐B is a sustainable approach to enhance the vitamin D content for the development of fortified mushroom products or dietary supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]