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Purpose: To determine the effects and transferability of a resisted-jump training program on strength, speed, power, and agility maintenance during the in-season phase of rugby training. Methods: Thirty high-level male rugby players (age: 21.78 [1.86] y; height: 1.83 [0.10] m; mass: 95.17 [10.45] kg) participated in a crossover, within-subject study design. Participants were randomly assigned to treatment groups (resistance band [VertiMax, VM] or control [Con]) and evaluated on jumping, sprinting, agility, and strength over a 4-week period. A 10-week wash-out period was initiated, followed by a crossover that incorporated randomization of the treatment sequence (ie, receiving VM during the first or second phase of the testing period). Within- and between-groups differences for each variable of interest were evaluated using a linear mixed-effects model. Results: No significant treatment (VM vs Con) or time (pre vs postintervention) effects were evident across all variables (all P >.197), although the order or treatment allocation may play a role for strength (P =.037) and jumping (P =.003). Power, agility, and countermovement-jump height were statistically equivalent for the intervention period. Following the VM treatment, changes in strength seem to transfer favorably to changes in agility (r = −.54, P <.05) but no other variables, and no significant associations were evident for the Con treatment. Conclusion: Regardless of treatment, power, agility, and jump height were conserved throughout the treatment period. Although changes in mean sprint and strength were not significantly different from zero, it was not possible to conclude whether performance decrements could be eliminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of a generalized Riemann–Liouville fractional integral is introduced, and its domain, range, and properties are studied. The new notion and properties provide new insight and understanding into the classical Riemann–Liouville fractional integral and its properties. Based on the generalized Riemann–Liouville fractional integral, equivalences between linear first ‐order fractional differential equations (FDEs) and integral equations are established. These equivalence results are applied to obtain solutions of Abel type integral equations and to study the existence and uniqueness of generalized normal solutions of initial value problems for nonlinear first‐order FDEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This 78-week (18-month) study conducted in 479 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis evaluated the efficacy, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and immunogenicity of candidate biosimilar CT-P41 relative to US reference denosumab. CT-P41 had equivalent efficacy and pharmacodynamics to US-denosumab, with similar pharmacokinetics and comparable safety and immunogenicity profiles. Purpose: To demonstrate equivalence of candidate biosimilar CT-P41 and US reference denosumab (US-denosumab) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Methods: This 78-week (18-month), double-blind, randomized, active-controlled Phase 3 study (NCT04757376) comprised two treatment periods (TPs). In TPI, patients (N = 479) were randomized 1:1 to 60 mg subcutaneous CT-P41 or US-denosumab. At Week 52, those who had received CT-P41 in TPI continued to do so. Those who had received US-denosumab were randomized (1:1) to continue treatment or switch to CT-P41 in TPII. The primary efficacy endpoint was percent change from baseline in lumbar spine bone mineral density at Week 52. Efficacy equivalence was concluded if associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) for least squares (LS) mean group differences fell within ± 1.503%. The primary pharmacodynamic (PD) endpoint was area under the effect curve for serum carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen through the first 26 weeks, with an equivalence margin of 80–125% (for 95% CIs associated with geometric LS mean ratios). Results: Equivalence was demonstrated for CT-P41 and US-denosumab with respect to primary efficacy (LS mean difference [95% CI]: − 0.139 [− 0.826, 0.548] in the full analysis set and − 0.280 [− 0.973, 0.414] in the per-protocol set) and PD (geometric LS mean ratio [95% CI]: 94.94 [90.75, 99.32]) endpoints. Secondary efficacy, PD, pharmacokinetics, and safety results were comparable among all groups up to Week 78, including after transitioning to CT-P41 from US-denosumab. Conclusions: CT-P41 was equivalent to US-denosumab in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, with respect to primary efficacy and PD endpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For any positive integer n , let W n = Der (C [ t 1 , ... , t n ]). The subspaces h n = Span { t 1 ∂ ∂ t 1 , ... , t n ∂ ∂ t n } and Δ n = Span { ∂ ∂ t 1 , ... , ∂ ∂ t n } are two abelian subalgebras of W n. We show that a full subcategory Ω 1 of the category of W n -modules M which are locally finite over Δ n is equivalent to some full subcategory of weight W n -modules M which are cuspidal modules when restricted to the subalgebra sl n + 1 of W n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study of comprehensive satisfaction with healthcare is still limited due to nonstandard measurement tools of patient satisfaction for the Chinese population. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify the validity, reliability, and measurement invariance of the revised Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-R) and conducted network analysis among a sample of the Chinese population. Methods: A cross-sectional study using telephone surveys was conducted from April 2022 to August 2022. A total of 1377 participants who had been hospitalized completed the survey (481 males [34.9%], mean age = 49.4 years [SD ± 19.0]). Results: Four factors ('satisfaction with medical staff', 'satisfaction with hospital', 'satisfaction with medical costs', and 'satisfaction with medical insurance premiums'), were verified through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and had good equivalence across genders. The 'satisfaction with medical staff' and 'satisfaction with hospital' factors had the strongest edge intensity in the factor-level network. Conclusions: The 18-item (four-factor) PSQ-R has good validity, reliability, and measurement invariance. The four dimensions appear to describe patient satisfaction well among the Chinese population who had been hospitalized. To effectively enhance patient satisfaction, the quality of healthcare service and medical staff skills should both be improved, medical insurance premiums should be increased, and medical costs should be decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine whether postoperative neck pain in the first 4 weeks following multi-level posterior cervical fusion (PCF) with orthosis is equivalent to multi-level PCF without orthosis. Methods: Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to postoperative orthosis (CO) for 6 weeks or no orthosis (NO). Randomization was stratified by indication (traumatic vs. degenerative), and preoperative opioid use. A model of longitudinal regression for repeated measures was used. The two-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to test equivalence. If the CI lay between the pre-determined margin of equivalence (−2.0 to + 2.0 pain score) the two groups were considered equivalent. A multiple imputation procedure was used to replace missing data. Results: Thirty-one patients were enrolled in each group. At baseline, the CO group had more neck pain (5.3 vs. 3.2, p = 0.013). The Four week post-operative neck pain intensity score was 4.6 ± 0.3 for the CO group vs. 4.9 ± 0.3 for the NO group. The 95% confidence interval (−1.2 to 0.6) was within the pre-determined equivalence margin. Neck Disability Index, quality-of-life scores, and arm pain were similar. Eleven patients in the CO group and 12 patients in the NO group had an adverse event. The CO group had reduced range of motion at 6 weeks. Conclusion: Pain scores over the first 4 weeks after surgery were equivalent for patients undergoing multi-level PCF treated with or without a cervical orthosis. Our findings do not support the routine use of a postoperative cervical orthosis for postoperative pain control. Clinical Trials Registration Number NCT04308122, April 22, 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we determine a Schurer type of complex generalized Stancu operators and examine its some approximation properties. Firstly, we obtain upper quantitative estimates for the convergence and then we get lower estimates from a qualitative Voronovskaja-type result for these specified operators attached to the analytic functions in an open disk centered at the origin. Hence, we present the exact order of simultaneous approximation by using obtained upper and lower estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the context of clinical research, there is an increasing need for new study designs that help to incorporate already available data. With the help of historical controls, the existing information can be utilized to support the new study design, but of course, inclusion also carries the risk of bias in the study results. Methods: To combine historical and randomized controls we investigate the Fill-it-up-design, which in the first step checks the comparability of the historical and randomized controls performing an equivalence pre-test. If equivalence is confirmed, the historical control data will be included in the new RCT. If equivalence cannot be confirmed, the historical controls will not be considered at all and the randomization of the original study will be extended. We are investigating the performance of this study design in terms of type I error rate and power. Results: We demonstrate how many patients need to be recruited in each of the two steps in the Fill-it-up-design and show that the family wise error rate of the design is kept at 5 % . The maximum sample size of the Fill-it-up-design is larger than that of the single-stage design without historical controls and increases as the heterogeneity between the historical controls and the concurrent controls increases. Conclusion: The two-stage Fill-it-up-design represents a frequentist method for including historical control data for various study designs. As the maximum sample size of the design is larger, a robust prior belief is essential for its use. The design should therefore be seen as a way out in exceptional situations where a hybrid design is considered necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective Methods Results Conclusion There is no strong evidence on the optimal duration of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programmes. The aim of the study was to determine whether an 8‐week PR programme was equivalent to a 12‐week PR programme in improving endurance exercise capacity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Participants with COPD were randomized to either an 8‐week (8‐wk Group) or 12‐week (12‐wk Group), twice weekly, supervised PR programme consisting of endurance and strength training and individualized self‐management education. Between group comparisons were made at completion of each programme (i.e., week 8 or week 12), for both programmes at week 12, and at 6–12‐month follow‐up. The primary outcome was endurance exercise capacity measured by the endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT) with the minimally important difference of 186 s set as the equivalence limit.Sixty‐six participants [mean (SD); age 69 (7) years, FEV1 48 (17) %predicted] were randomized (33 per group). Between‐group comparisons demonstrated that the ESWT time was equivalent for the 12‐wk Group compared to the 8‐wk Group at programme completion [mean (95% CI)] [71 s (−61 to 203)], week 12 [70 s (−68 to 208)], and 6–12‐month follow‐up [93 s (−52 to 239)], though superiority of the 12‐wk Group could not be ruled out at each time point.Equivalence was shown between 8‐and 12‐week PR programmes for endurance exercise capacity, but superiority could not be ruled out for the 12‐wk Group. Decisions about programme duration may depend on local waitlist times, healthcare budgets and patient preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individuals' concealment of negative information and privacy may lead to impaired social interactions and threatened health conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Self-Concealment Scale (SCS) in the middle-aged Chinese population and to examine the equivalence of the SCS among different age groups. Methods: The current research adopted the SCS, Distress Disclosure Index (DDI), Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBS), Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), Social Phobia Scale (SPS), UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8), and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) to survey 1124 middle-aged people. To explore the factor structure of the SCS, the study employed exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the SCS was measured based on Cronbach's α coefficients, McDonald's Omega coefficients, and split-half reliability. Correlation analysis was applied to examine the relationship between SCS and RCBS, SIAS, SPS, ULS-8, and K10. Moreover, this study recruited 1458 emerging adults and 1104 older adults to identify the cross-age invariance of the SCS. Results: Exploratory factor analysis of the middle aged adults' data supported a single factor model. The factor loadings of SCS items ranged from 0.62 to 0.73, the commonality ranged from 0.39 to 0.53, and the single-factor model fitted well. The scale showed a Cronbach's α coefficient value of 0.895, McDonald's Omega coefficient of 0.893, and a split-half reliability coefficient value of 0.861. In addition, the SCS demonstrated invariance in emerging adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. Further analysis showed that the scores of the SCS (F = 3.55, p = 0.029) among emerging adults (M = 26.43, SD = 7.96) were significantly higher than among middle-aged (M = 25.77, SD = 7.79), and older cohort (M = 25.69, SD = 7.91). Conclusion: The SCS revealed favorable psychometric characteristics among the middle-aged Chinese population. The degree of self-concealment among emerging adults was higher than that of middle-aged and older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The claim that the free energy principle is somehow related to Hamilton's principle in statistical mechanics is ubiquitous throughout the subject literature. However, the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear. According to some sources, the free energy principle is merely similar to Hamilton's principle of stationary action; others claim that it is either analogous or equivalent to it, while yet another part of the literature espouses the claim that it is a version of Hamilton's principle. In this article, we aim to clarify the nature of the relationship between the two principles by investigating the two most likely interpretations of the claims that can be found in the subject literature. According to the strong interpretation, the two principles are equivalent and apply to the same subset of physical phenomena; according to the weak interpretation, the two principles are merely analogous to each other by virtue of their similar formal structures. As we show, adopting the stronger reading would lead to a dilemma that is untenable for the proponents of the free energy principle, thus supporting the adoption of the weaker reading for the relationship between the two constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I critically analyze Wittgenstein's dispensation with " = " in a correct concept-script. I argue inter alia (a) that in the Tractatus the alleged pseudo-character of sentences containing " = " or = -sentences remains largely unexplained and propose how it could be explained; (b) that at least in some cases of replacing = -sentences with equivalent identity-sign free sentences the use of the notion of a translation seems inappropiate; (c) that in the Tractatus it remains unclear how identity of the object as that which is expressed by identity of the sign should be understood specifically; (d) that there are = -sentences which have no obvious equivalent in Wittgenstein's novel notation; (e) that Wittgenstein's adherence to (non-relational) identity, although he dispenses with " = ", is probably motivated by his desire to ensure that the expressive power of an identity-sign free concept-script of first-order is on a par with standard first-order logic containing " = ". In the concluding section, I critically discuss some claims in Lampert and Säbel (The Review of Symbolic Logic, 14, 1–21, 2021) and defend Wehmeier's account of pseudo-sentences in the Tractatus (2012) against the objections they raise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast-evolving field of remote tele-assessment does not yet have official guidelines on ethical practice, but ethics codes and advisories offer salient points and recommended procedures. The American Psychological Association's (APA, 2017a) ethics code offers principles and standards that can guide researchers in neuropsychological assessment, but multiple challenges reduce the reliability and validity of the assessments undertaken in this modality. The article will focus on these challenges, which span the spectrum of the phases in practice, from informed consent to interpreting data for reports. Among other limitations compared to face-to-face assessments, tele-assessment might have technical, security, and privacy difficulties, issues in clarity in receiving auditory, visual, and nonverbal communication, and testing difficulties, for example, performance validity assessment. Therefore, the results of tests using neuropsychological tele-assessment forensically might lack the required reliability and validity, which acts to limit the conclusions that can be drawn from the data gathered and the generalizability. That said, the limited research is growing, and does demonstrate some equivalence in neuropsychological tele-assessment and in-person assessment. The article is based on an extensive literature search, and it includes a sample informed consent form that indicates the limitations of tele-assessment. The article considers forensic and clinical applications, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to facilitate the identification of similar devices for both, the European Medical Device Regulation (MDR) and the US 510(k) equivalence pathway by leveraging existing data. Both are related to the regulatory pathway of read across for chemicals, where toxicological data from a known substance is transferred to one under investigation, as they aim to streamline the accreditation process for new devices and chemicals. Research design and methods: This study employs latent semantic analysis to generate similarity values, harnessing the US Food and Drug Administration 510k-database, utilizing their 'Device Descriptions' and 'Intended Use' statements. Results: For the representative inhaler cluster, similarity values up to 0.999 were generated for devices within a 510(k)-predicate tree, whereas values up to 0.124 were gathered for devices outside this group. Conclusion: Traditionally, MDR equivalence involves manual review of many devices, which is laborious. However, our results suggest that the automated calculation of similarity coefficients streamlines this process, thus reducing regulatory effort, which can be beneficial for patients needing medical devices. Although this study is focused on the European perspective, it can find application within 510(k) equivalence regulation. The conceptual approach is reminiscent of chemical fingerprint similarity analysis employed in read-across. Plain Language Summary: This study addresses improvement of the registration process for medical devices by using automated methods to determine how similar they are to existing devices. Such a process is already used in chemistry for analysis of related substances. In the context of Medical Device Regulation (MDR), which sets standards for these devices, this process might be applicable in device equivalence evaluation. Traditionally, proving equivalence involves manually finding devices that are similar, but this is time-consuming, repetitive and labor-intensive. This study proposes a new approach, using advanced computer methods and a database from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to automatically identify similar devices. This could make the process much quicker and more accurate and furthermore reduce bias. The study suggests that by applying these automated methods, the impact of recent regulatory changes could be reduced. This means that proving equivalence, a critical step to facilitate device accreditation, could be done more efficiently. The study shows potential for a significant transformation in compliance processes within the medical device industry, making them more streamlined and automated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the construction of "Indian literature" as an object of enquiry in William Jones's essays in the Asiatic Researches (1788-1794). In the first section it studies Jones's method of employing the nation as a frame of reference in geographical and cultural terms in order to construct a "national" literature for India. Extending the scope of his comparative philology, the second section argues that Jones sought to establish an equivalence between diverse literary traditions such as the Indo-Persian and the European, for the benefit of his European readership. The paper concludes by exploring the role of what Bernard Cohn terms the "enumerative modality" as a specific method of investigation through which the Asiatic Researches classifies and thus defines India's diverse and multitudinous literatures. Being informed by colonial discourse studies as well as periodicals research, this paper focuses on the rhetorical construction of the widely accepted nexus between Orientalism and British imperialism in late eighteenth-century India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates translation strategies and equivalence in translating Indonesian cultural terms in UNESCO agreements into English. The study aims to explore how translation strategies are adapted to address challenges in formal document translation, specifically considering the cultural terms and norms present in UNESCO agreements. Using a qualitative descriptive method, purposive sampling was utilized to select formal documents from the Ministry of Education and Culture's website and UNESCO's official site, yielding English and Indonesian versions of agreements on intangible heritage preserved by UNESCO. With Newmark's theories on strategies and equivalence, the findings reveal the dominant translation strategies used. The couplets strategy is the most frequently used, with a usage rate of 27.27% out of 143 data points. The transference and loan word strategy is the second most common, with a usage rate of 17.48%. The equivalences used include Functional and Descriptive Equivalence (each 14.69%) and Cultural Equivalence (9.79%). These findings offer insights that enhance the quality of cultural translation across languages. The implications highlight the need for translators to have nuanced skills in navigating cultural disparities for accurate cross-cultural communication. Further research opportunities exist in analyzing broader document types and different language pairs to expand understanding of preserving cultural elements through translation strategies and equivalence.

Abstract Background Individuals’ concealment of negative information and privacy may lead to impaired social interactions and threatened health conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Self-Concealment Scale (SCS) in the middle-aged Chinese population and to examine the equivalence of the SCS among different age groups. Methods The current research adopted the SCS, Distress Disclosure Index (DDI), Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBS), Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), Social Phobia Scale (SPS), UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8), and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) to survey 1124 middle-aged people. To explore the factor structure of the SCS, the study employed exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the SCS was measured based on Cronbach’s α coefficients, McDonald’s Omega coefficients, and split-half reliability. Correlation analysis was applied to examine the relationship between SCS and RCBS, SIAS, SPS, ULS-8, and K10. Moreover, this study recruited 1458 emerging adults and 1104 older adults to identify the cross-age invariance of the SCS. Results Exploratory factor analysis of the middle aged adults’ data supported a single factor model. The factor loadings of SCS items ranged from 0.62 to 0.73, the commonality ranged from 0.39 to 0.53, and the single-factor model fitted well. The scale showed a Cronbach’s α coefficient value of 0.895, McDonald’s Omega coefficient of 0.893, and a split-half reliability coefficient value of 0.861. In addition, the SCS demonstrated invariance in emerging adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. Further analysis showed that the scores of the SCS (F = 3.55, p = 0.029) among emerging adults (M = 26.43, SD = 7.96) were significantly higher than among middle-aged (M = 25.77, SD = 7.79), and older cohort (M = 25.69, SD = 7.91). Conclusion The SCS revealed favorable psychometric characteristics among the middle-aged Chinese population. The degree of self-concealment among emerging adults was higher than that of middle-aged and older people.

Two years ago, I represented the University of Szczecin on board the sailing ship “STS Fryderyk Chopin” joining the ranks of the teachers there after a successful recruitment process. I started my journey on February 1, 2022 from Martinique, and after almost two months of sailing around the islands of Central America, I arrived in Jamaica. It was a very demanding venture. On board the sailing ship, I combined teaching work (giving lessons, grading, checking tests) with research work, all under completely new and often difficult conditions. I became acquainted with the language used by the ship‘s crew, and together with the students of the “Blue School” (Pol. “Niebieska Szkoła”) I collected and compiled research material. The paper presents the results of linguistic proverbs research initiated on the tall ship “STS Fryderyk Chopin”. In the course of German language classes on the board the brig I collected, together with a group of Polish students, aged 15 to 19, German and Polish proverbs with elements of maritime language and compared them with their Polish or German counterparts, respectively. On the basis of the comparison of phraseological units in the two languages, equivalence relations were established. The numbers of equivalents was analyzed, as well as lexical and/or structural differences between the proverbs and their counterparts in the target languages.

Background: This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the quality and physicochemical bioequivalence of commercially available brands of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) tablets in community pharmacies in Dessie town, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods: Experimental cross-sectional study design was applied using pharmacopeia and non-pharmacopeia methods. The difference (f1) and similarity (f2) factors were calculated to assess the in vitro bioequivalence of generic products with the comparator. Result: The study results revealed that all investigated brands contained the required active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The friability test results were concordant with the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) (<1%) for eight brands; however, brand NF3 (1.36%) failed to pass the specification limit. The hardness levels of the brands NF3 (24.20 ± 7.32 N), NF5 (32.19 ± 4.78 N), and NF9 (35.02 ± 3.12 N) were below the specification limit (39.23 N, USP 2019). The weight variation results of all generic products complied with the USP specification requirement. In the quantitative assay results, the minimum and maximum API contents were 97.4 ± 0.02 (NF6) and 105.8 ± 0.02 (NF8), respectively, which are within the limit specified by the USP (90%-110%). Similarly, all samples met the disintegration time limit (i.e., ≤30 min) and drug-releasing tolerance limit (API released more than 60% within 60 min) requirements. The f2 values were >50, and the f1 values were <15 for all sampled brands. Conclusion: The majority of the sampled brands of HCT tablets met the quality requirements as per USP official test specifications. From the similarity and difference factor values, all studied brands were shown to be equivalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Given the rapid shift to in-home teleneuropsychology models, more research is needed to investigate the equivalence of non-facilitator models of teleneuropsychology delivery for people with younger onset dementia (YOD). This study aimed to determine whether equivalent performances were observed on neuropsychological measures administered in-person and via teleneuropsychology in a sample of people being investigated for YOD. Method Using a randomized counterbalanced cross-over design, 43 participants (M age = 60.26, SD age = 7.19) with a possible or probable YOD diagnosis completed 14 neuropsychological tests in-person and via teleneuropsychology, with a 2-week interval. Repeated measures t -tests, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and Bland Altman analyses were used to investigate equivalence across the administration conditions. Results No statistical differences were found between in-person and teleneuropsychology conditions, except for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Anxiety subtest. Small to negligible effect sizes were observed (ranging from.01 to.20). ICC estimates ranged from.71 to.97 across the neuropsychological measures. Bland Altman analyses revealed that the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition Block Design subtest had slightly better overall performance in the in-person condition and participants reported higher levels of anxiety symptoms during the teleneuropsychology condition; however, average anxiety symptoms remained within the clinically normal range. Participants reported a high level of acceptability for teleneuropsychology assessments. Conclusions These results suggest that performances are comparable between in-person and teleneuropsychology assessment modalities. Our findings support teleneuropsychology as a feasible alternative to in-person neuropsychological services for people under investigation of YOD, who face significant barriers in accessing timely diagnoses and treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a survey of the methods aimed at solving matrix linear bilateral equations (and, in particular, Sylvester-type equations) over different domains and at describing the structure of their solutions. Our main attention is focused on the extension and generalization of the results obtained by the authors earlier. On the basis of the standard form of polynomial matrices with respect to semiscalar equivalence, we develop a method aimed at solving Sylvester-type matrix polynomial equations. The structure of these solutions is investigated. We select solutions of bounded degrees and present the conditions for the uniqueness of these solutions. A method for constructing the solutions of Sylvester matrix equations over adequate rings is developed and criteria for the uniqueness of solutions of a certain type are obtained. We also establish the conditions for the existence of solution to the Sylvester-type matrix equation in rings of triangular and block-triangular matrices over the commutative domain of principal ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the categories of matrix representations of nilpotent semigroups over an arbitrary field. Our main attention is given to the Auslander matrix algebras as one of possible forms of specifying the categories of representations, which have finitely many equivalence classes of indecomposable objects, and to the analysis of their discrete characteristics. The concept of Auslander algebra is generalized to the category of representations without auxiliary conditions. For any nilpotent cyclic semigroup, we describe its Auslander algebra and determine its Σ -function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionEnsuring equivalence in high-stakes performance exams is important for patient safety and candidate fairness. We compared inter-school examiner differences within a shared OSCE and resulting impact on students’ pass/fail categorisation.The same 6 station formative OSCE ran asynchronously in 4 medical schools, with 2 parallel circuits/school. We compared examiners’ judgements using Video-based Examiner Score Comparison and Adjustment (VESCA): examiners scored station-specific comparator videos in addition to ‘live’ student performances, enabling 1/controlled score comparisons by a/examiner-cohorts and b/schools and 2/data linkage to adjust for the influence of examiner-cohorts. We calculated score impact and change in pass/fail categorisation by school.On controlled video-based comparisons, inter-school variations in examiners’ scoring (16.3%) were nearly double within-school variations (8.8%). Students’ scores received a median adjustment of 5.26% (IQR 2.87–7.17%). The impact of adjusting for examiner differences on students’ pass/fail categorisation varied by school, with adjustment reducing failure rate from 39.13% to 8.70% (school 2) whilst increasing failure from 0.00% to 21.74% (school 4).Whilst the formative context may partly account for differences, these findings query whether variations may exist between medical schools in examiners’ judgements. This may benefit from systematic appraisal to safeguard equivalence. VESCA provided a viable method for comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an empirical study of the directionality of the translation of Chinese adverbs of degree. We adopt the corpus-based quantitative methodology and the qualitative method to analyze the differences between direct and inverse translations of adverbs of degree in a self-built parallel corpus. The result shows that the Spanish translators prefer to use the equivalence method, while the Chinese tend to use the omission method. Moreover, the inverse translations present a much more prominent weakening of the degree than the direct ones. We find that the subjectivity of the translator and the characteristics of Chinese adverbs of degree, such as the blurred border between different degrees and semantic degeneracy, are the main factors of the discrepancy between direct and inverse translations. This work complements the studies on translation directionality and the translation of adverbs of degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the way nature-related terms are rendered in literary texts, highlighting possible explanations for the translation decisions. The discussion will be illustrated with examples of terms related to wetland and to the vegetation specific for this area, extracted from the novel Where the crawdads sing (2018) by Delia Owens and its Romanian translation. The conclusions show that there are several reasons why the translator may opt for a less accurate rendering of nature terminology, including the translator’s perception of the aim of the target text, e.g. entertainment rather than information, or the translator’s (limited) knowledge of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the research carried out by the authors in the process of forming the report "Equivalence of random data distribution densities", delivered at the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Information Technologies and Computer Modeling (ITСM-24)", held in Ivano-Frankivsk in the period from May 21 to 24, 2024, in which the method for the synthesis of a statistical estimate of the equivalent density of a random data distribution is proposed, which does not require "histogram alignment" using the Pearson χ² -distribution. At the first stage, the method proposed by the authors uses the crunching of a histogram constructed using a relatively small sample of random data, followed by cumulative summation to determine the equivalent distribution function of these data on a set of their available values. At the second stage of the method proposed by the authors, the constructed equivalent distribution function of random data is interpolated by cubic splines according to the algorithm that uses the mathematical relations derived by the authors. And at the third stage of the method proposed by the authors, by differentiating the equivalent mathematical model of the distribution of random data, obtained at the previous stages of the implementation of this method, an equivalent mathematical model of the density of the distribution of random data is synthesized, using which the primary base histogram was created. The paper contains or mentions all the Python programs necessary for the implementation of all stages of the proposed method of synthesis of the equivalent density model of the random data distribution, as well as the example of solving a specific practical problem with explanations of all actions necessary to perform at each of the stages implementation of the proposed method [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: At present, the only potency assay approved in China for the in-country testing of botulinum toxin type A for injection products is the mouse bioassay (MBA). The Chinese market for neurotoxin products is rapidly expanding, but MBAs are subject to high variability due to individual variations in mice, as well as variations in injection sites, in addition to the limited number of batches tested for one MBA. Compared with the mLD50 method, the cell-based potency assay (CBPA) developed for the potency testing of onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX) by AbbVie not only does not use any experimental animals but also allows for significant time and cost savings. Due to the significant benefits conferred by the replacement of the mLD50 assay with CBPA in China, the CBPA method has been transferred, validated, and cross-validated to demonstrate the equivalence of the two potency methods. (2) Methods: The differentiated SiMa cells were treated with both BOTOX samples and the reference standard, and the cleaved SNAP25197 in the cell lysates was quantified using Chemi-ECL ELISA. A 4-PL model was used for the data fit and sample relative potency calculation. The method accuracy, linearity, repeatability, and intermediate precision were determined within the range of 50% to 200% of the labeled claim. A statistical equivalence of the two potency methods (CBPA and mLD50) was initially demonstrated by comparing the AbbVie CBPA data with NIFDC mLD50 data on a total of 167 commercial BOTOX lots (85 50U lots and 82 100U lots). In addition, six lots of onabotulinumtoxinA (three 50U and three 100U) were re-tested as cross-validation by these two methods for equivalence. (3) Results: The overall assay's accuracy and intermediate precision were determined as 104% and 9.2%, and the slope, R-square, and Y-intercept for linearity were determined as 1.071, 0.998, and 0.036, respectively. The repeatability was determined as 6.9%. The range with the acceptable criteria of accuracy, linearity, and precision was demonstrated as 50% to 200% of the labeled claim. The 95% equivalence statistic test using margins [80%, 125%] indicates that CBPA and mLD50 methods are equivalent for both BOTOX strengths (i.e., 50U and 100U). The relative potency data from cross-validation were within the range of ≥80% to ≤120%. (4) Conclusions: The CBPA meets all acceptance criteria and is equivalent to mLD50. The replacement of mLD50 with CBPA is well justified in terms of ensuring safety and efficacy, as well as for animal benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The peculiar characteristics, the insufficiency of legal knowledge, complexity, and technicality of legal language in addition to the differences across legal systems and cultures cause a great dilemma for legal texts translators. This article aims at investigating the specific issues and challenges that BA (bachelor's degree) students face when translating legal texts. The sample size of this article was fifty undergraduate students who are taking legal texts translation courses at the University of Jordan-Aqaba. A translation test that included twenty sentences was given to the students. The correct translation of these sentences was taken from B. Hatim, R. Buckly, and Shunnaq's book The Legal Translator at Work: A Practical Guide. The results show that the language of the law is inevitably culture-bound. The polysemy of legal terms, legal collocations, and legal terminology made it hard for the students to translate accurately. It also shows that a high cultural and linguistic competence level is required to select the right equivalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation and translators in fiction have attracted increasing attention in the last two decades, paving the way for 'a fictional turn' and 'transfiction'. Within these frameworks, the present study examines a fictional interpreter in Suki Kim's novel, The Interpreter, to outline its professional and metaphorical implications for the translator's (in)visibility through examples from the protagonist's professional and private life. It considers Claudia Angelelli's and Lawrence Venuti's notions of the interpreter's and translator's invisibility, respectively, to shed light on the protagonist's portrayal as an invisible interpreter in the novel. It also takes into account equivalence dichotomies and Lori Chamberlain's gender translation theory to delve into the impact and traces of these theoretical stances on the protagonist's understanding of her role as an interpreter in society, in her institution and a woman in her family. The analysis results suggest that while society and institutions expect the protagonist to act as an invisible bridge between two parties, different personal experiences in interpreting missions and family relations drive her towards taking some ethical decisions thanks to her professional position, which, in return, gradually increases her visibility in her professional and private life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wilhelm (Forthcom Synth 199:6357–6369, 2021) has recently defended a criterion for comparing structure of mathematical objects, which he calls Subgroup. He argues that Subgroup is better than SYM ∗ , another widely adopted criterion. We argue that this is mistaken; Subgroup is strictly worse than SYM ∗ . We then formulate a new criterion that improves on both SYM ∗ and Subgroup, answering Wilhelm’s criticisms of SYM ∗ along the way. We conclude by arguing that no criterion that looks only to the automorphisms of mathematical objects to compare their structure can be fully satisfactory.

AbstractThe Ronen Method (RM) is a nonlinear iterative scheme that demands successive resolutions of the diffusion equation, where local diffusion constants are modified to reproduce more accurate estimates of the neutron currents by a transport operator. The methodology is currently formulated using the formalism of the collision probability method for evaluation of the current. The RM was recently tested on a complete suite of one-dimensional (1-D) multigroup benchmark problems. Small differences in the flux (less than 2%) were reported at material interfaces and close to the vacuum boundary with respect to the reference solution from transport.This work investigates first a possible numerical equivalence between transport and diffusion in some representative 1-D problems from the same benchmark test suite. The equivalence is sought with optimal diffusion coefficients computed using reference transport solutions that allow for adjusting the diffusion model. The RM, which attempts to obtain such equivalent diffusion coefficients without knowing the reference solution, is then compared to the optimal coefficients. The accuracy of the flux distribution at material interfaces is investigated for different approximations of the vacuum boundary and by decreasing progressively the RM convergence tolerance set in the iterative scheme.Using tighter convergence criteria, the RM calculates more accurate flux distributions at all material interfaces, regardless of the value of the diffusion coefficient and the extrapolated distance set at the beginning of the iterative scheme. Maximum flux deviations are remarkably reduced when the RM convergence tolerance is set to eight or more significant digits, leading to improvements in the flux deviation of two orders in magnitude and providing numerical proof for equivalence with transport in the tested configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The language transfer can be seen in the lexical choices in a translation. A translator may have different considerations when applying its use in a text since adaptation of context is an essential part to be employed through the translation. Problems with transferring the source language into the target language certainly have an effect on delivering messages within a text. This study aims to analyze the lexical usage in the bilingual translation of the movie storybook Spiderman and the strategies in the translation, including their meaning. The qualitative method used DeepL to assist in the analysis of differences that might come into the translation. In some cases, words translated from English into Indonesian were found non-equivalent, however, the rest of them were understandable. Translation by a more general word strategies were also used to be placed in the story rather than using the specific words and vice versa, paraphrasing using a related word, omission, and neutral words or less expressive words found to correspond the meaning. The equivalence of transferring the source language (SL) into the target language (TL) can be achieved when optional words are found in the translation in which meaning is also taken for consideration within the human translation. The product of translation was presented bilingually to analyze the differences in meaning between the two languages' context of use. These showed DeepL as one of the machine translations with translation memories using Artificial Intelligence technology which compares the differences and similarities of sense in translation study. They can work together for the analysis to understand the use and results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper initiates a teaching sequence that focuses on building up equivalent definitions to the standard ones for the limit concept in Real Analysis. It comprises two parts: The first provides a classroom assignment where students, guided by Analysis lecturers, are led to develop an alternative definition to the $ \varepsilon - \delta $ ϵ − δ one for limits of one-variable real functions that are based on the realisation of the interval of $ \delta $ δ 's. In the second one, students are directed by their instructor to restore equivalence between two distinct definitions of limit for a function mapping a subset of $ {R^2} $ R 2 into $ R $ R. This is done by adding a condition to one of the definitions, resulting in a third definition that is equivalent to the other one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper initiates a teaching sequence that focuses on building up equivalent definitions to the standard ones for the limit concept in Real Analysis. It comprises two parts: The first provides a classroom assignment where students, guided by Analysis lecturers, are led to develop an alternative definition to the $ \varepsilon - \delta $ ϵ − δ one for limits of one-variable real functions that are based on the realisation of the interval of $ \delta $ δ 's. In the second one, students are directed by their instructor to restore equivalence between two distinct definitions of limit for a function mapping a subset of $ {R^2} $ R 2 into $ R $ R. This is done by adding a condition to one of the definitions, resulting in a third definition that is equivalent to the other one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idioms constitute one of the most fascinating elements of a language, therefore, there is an extensive body of research concerning their use and function, particularly from a cross-linguistic perspective. The present study aims at providing a picture of frequently used idioms in English and Albanian, thus helping non-native speakers of the respective languages to understand them better and use them accurately in any communicative situation. It presents a contrastive analysis based on three types of equivalence, namely full equivalence, partial equivalence, and non-equivalence. The corpus of idioms used for analysis derives from the main dictionaries of idioms in both English and Albanian. Common European heritage, as well as the impact of English as the lingua franca of our days, accounts for a considerable number of idioms in both languages that display full (semantic and lexical) equivalence. There are also many frequently used idioms that display partial equivalence, most likely because of specific features of each of the languages with regard to their grammatical and lexical systems as well as the different cultural and social backgrounds. Consequently, both English and Albanian also make use of idioms that are not lexicalized in the respective languages precisely because of the different mindsets resulting from the impact of the said cultural, social, and linguistic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we construct boundary-domain integral equations (BDIEs) of the Dirichlet and mixed boundary value problems for a two-dimensional variable-coefficient Helmholtz equation. Using an appropriate parametrix, these problems are reduced to several BDIE systems. It is shown that the BVPs and the formulated BDIE systems are equivalent. Fredholm properties and unique solvability and invertibility of BDIE systems are investigated in appropriate Sobolev spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior has been applied in a variety of contexts. One critically important topic in this area is the extent to which some verbal operants may be learned indirectly, as a result of learning other verbal operants. This phenomenon is often referred to as emergent verbal behavior, and is critical to our understanding of how language is learned in a generative fashion across the lifespan. Emergent intraverbal repertoires are especially important because responses under some degree of intraverbal control may constitute a majority of responses in a fully formed verbal repertoire. Recent literature reviews suggest that there are many published studies on emergent intraverbals, but that this body of literature is highly heterogeneous. To provide an overview of this literature and map out the various tactics used across studies, we conducted a scoping review. We identified 99 total experiments on emergent intraverbals contained in 79 total articles. Findings are summarized in terms of populations and independent variables studied, procedural variations, and recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let Y be a nonempty subset of X and T(X, Y) the set of all functions from X into Y. Then T(X, Y) with composition is a subsemigroup of the full transformation semigroup T(X). Let E be a nontrivial equivalence on X. Define a subsemigroup T E (X , Y) of T(X, Y) by T E (X , Y) = { α ∈ T (X , Y) : ∀ (x , y) ∈ E , (x α , y α) ∈ E }. We study T E (X , Y) with the natural partial order and determine when two elements are related under this order. We also give a characterization of compatibility on T E (X , Y) and then describe the maximal and minimal elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]