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This research is done to examine the coupled thermoelastic response of composite axially graded beams. Thermal shock is applied axially to the beam. Three-dimensional elasticity theory is used to generate the governing equations of motion. While the Fourier heat conduction relationship and the Lord–Shulman heat transfer theorem are used to construct the time-varying heat conduction connection. Using the discrete singular convolution approach and the Laplace transform, the time-varying equations of motion are solved at design locations. A modified version of the Dubner and Abate method is used to translate the system response from the Laplace domain to the time domain. The Whale Optimization Algorithm and the optimized deep neural network are employed as a prediction mechanism to estimate the system reaction under various scenarios in the final stage. By comparing the outcomes of the procedures utilized with those found in published resources, the correctness of the approaches was confirmed. Results on the doubly thermoelastic response of axially graded composite beams exposed to thermal shock loading are important and are presented in this work. As applicable results for related industries can be observed that by changing the boundary conditions from SS to CC, the location of maximum normal strain tends to be at the center of the axially graded beam [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents novel and physically plausible wormhole solutions within the framework of f (Q , T) gravity theory, incorporating conformal symmetries. The investigation explores the feasibility of traversable wormholes under diverse scenarios, considering traceless, anisotropic, and barotropic equations of state. Additionally, the influence of model parameters on the existence and characteristics of these wormhole structures is thoroughly examined. Notably, the derived shape function satisfies all the necessary criteria. Furthermore, in one of the cases, the presence of non-exotic fluid is confirmed, while in others, exotic matter is only required near the wormhole throat. • Presents novel and physically plausible wormhole solutions in f (Q , T) gravity. • The study incorporates conformal symmetries. • Traceless, anisotropic, and barotropic EoS scenarios are considered. • The influence of model parameters on characteristics of solutions is examined. • The derived shape function satisfies all the necessary criteria. • The presence of non-exotic fluid is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the introduction of the finite element approach, as a numerical solution scheme for structural and solid mechanics applications, various for mulation methodologies have been proposed. These ways offer different advantages and shortcomings. Among these techniques, the standard displacement-based approach has attracted more interest due to its straightforward scheme and generality. Investigators have proved that the other strategies, such as the force-based, hybrid, assumed stress, and as sumed strain provides special advantages in comparison with the classicfinite elements. For instance, the mentioned techniques are able to solve difficulties, like shear locking, shear parasitic error, mesh sensitivity, poor convergence, and rotational dependency. The main goal of this two-part study is to present a brief yet clear portrait of the basics and advantages of the direct strain-based method for development of high-performance plane finite elements. In this article, which is the first part of this study, assump tions and the basics of this method are introduced. Then, a detailed review of all the existing strain-based membrane elements is presented. Although the strain formulation is applicable for different types of structures, most of the existing elements pertain to the plane structures. The second part of this study deals with the application and performance of the reviewed elements in the analysis of plane stress/strain problems.

In this part of the study, several benchmark problems are solved to evalu ate the performance of the existing strain-based membrane elements, which were reviewed in the first part. This numerical evaluation provides a basis for comparison between these elements. Detailed discussions are offered after each benchmark problem. Based on the attained results, it is con cluded that inclusion of drilling degrees of freedom and also utilization of higher-order assumed strain field result in higher accuracy of the elements. Moreover, it is evident that imposing the optimal criteria such as equilib rium and compatibility on the assumed strain field, in addition to reducing the number of degrees of freedom of the element, increases the convergence speed of the resulting strain-based finite elements.

Although analytical and numerical models have been widely used to explore evolution and equilibrium morphology in tidal environments, less attention has been paid to examining the impact of initial bathymetry on the model outcomes. Here we use two‐dimensional idealized models with contrasting initial bathymetries to study how the interactions between antecedent morphology and tidal exchange processes determine the establishment of an estuarine equilibrium bathymetry, and how these interactions mediate the morphodynamic response to rising sea levels. In all model runs with sandy beds, inter‐tidal zones reach the equilibrium condition first and equilibrium profiles are similar for points close to mean seal level. However, key aspects like channel formation, residence time and energy dissipation do not evolve to the same state and are inherited from the initial bathymetry. This implies that responses to sea‐level rise (SLR) are different as well. Conversely, in cases with mud and sand input at the boundaries, equilibrium occurs more quickly and the equilibrium bathymetry and channel formation are dominated by the boundary mud concentration. General implications of the study are that predictions of coastal response to changes such as SLR depend on initial bathymetric conditions. Plain Language Summary: Tidal environments are an important component of coastal areas because they are located where significant land‐ocean interactions take place. Due to their importance, the equilibria and their fate under sea‐level rise have been widely studied. However, tidal environments are not created equally and their characteristics vary from one to another. This will increase uncertainty in model results that are used to predict the equilibrium bathymetry and their resilience under SLR. Therefore, it is of great importance to examine what are the key factors that can control their geomorphological development. The study aims to examine whether the results are independent from initial conditions or the equilibrium bathymetry is affected by antecedent morphology. We show that in sandy environments or tidal embayments with limited sediment supply, equilibrium bathymetry depends on antecedent morphology whereas in more muddy environments, sediment supply governs equilibrium geometry. Key Points: Equilibrium bathymetry and adaptation timescale depend on initial bathymetry and sediment influxChannels develop differently from different initial bathymetries, changing residence time and energy dissipation rates of the tidal systemIn sandy environments equilibrium depends on antecedent morphology whereas in more muddy environments, sediment supply governs equilibrium geometry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Markov chain is a stochastic model for estimating the equilibrium of any system. It is a unique mathematical model in which the future behavior of the system depends only on the present. Often biased possibilities can be used over biased probabilities, for handling uncertain information to define Markov chain using fuzzy environment. Indeterminacy is different from randomness due to its construction type where the items involved in the space are true and false in the same time. In this context as an extension of conventional and fuzzy probabilities neutrosophic probability (NP) was introduced. These neutrosophic probabilities can be captured as neutrosophic numbers. In this paper, Markov chain based on neutrosophic numbers is introduced and a new approach to the ergoticity for the traffic states in the neutrosophic Markov chain based on neutrosophic numbers is verified. The proposed approach is applied to decision-making in the prediction of traffic volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this part of the study, several benchmark problems are solved to evaluate the performance of the existing strain-based membrane elements, which were reviewed in the first part. This numerical evaluation provides a basis for comparison between these elements. Detailed discussions are offered after each benchmark problem. Based on the attained results, it is concluded that inclusion of drilling degrees of freedom and also utilization of higher-order assumed strain field result in higher accuracy of the elements. Moreover, it is evident that imposing the optimal criteria such as equilibrium and compatibility on the assumed strain field, in addition to reducing the number of degrees of freedom of the element, increases the convergence speed of the resulting strain-based finite elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of gaseous (gas) hydrates for storage, separation and transportation application is essential. In this regard, a comprehensive study of this case is essential. Semi-clathrate hydrates have higher temperature stability and are formed in a stable range. The purpose of this study is review the experimental and modeling of the semi-clathrate hydrates, to investigate the equilibrium conditions for the formation/dissociation of them based on the type of thermodynamic promoters like TBAB, TBAC, TBAF, TBANO3 and TBP groups. This review is consist of 4 overall section, at first an introduction to semi-clathrate hydrates has defined. After that, the experimental research has discussed through different gas systems such as CO2, CH4, N2, H2 etc. Also, the target of each study, like the CO2 capture, separation of CH4, formation/dissociation equilibrium conditions, are expressed. Then, in the modeling section, the different types of thermodynamic modeling like, equaling fugacity, intelligence computing, Gibbs free energy minimization and Chen-Guo method are collected. At final section, a comparison between types of promoter showed that the addition of TBAF to aqueous solution has the best promotion effect on the CO2 clathrate hydrate formation. Also, the results of comparing the concentration of promoters have shown that up to a certain amount of TBAB, the salt's role as a promoter and by addition concentration of promoter, has an inhibition effect. Also, besides the results of the comparison different promoters on equilibrium conditions of different gaseous hydrates, have indicated that, TBAB has the most significant impact on carbon dioxide hydrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the possibilities of detecting changes in populations of animals, based on the analysis of their dynamic phase portrait. This method allowed us to clarify the periodization of the process of naturalization of the Black Sea sprat (Clupeonella cultriventris) in the Rybinsk Reservoir and in detail describe the changes in the main dynamic characteristics of the population. On the example of zander (Sander lucioperca) in Lake Vozhe, the state was observed in which intra-population mechanisms activate which slow the increase in population (distribution of individuals from regions with high density). Use of this method allowed us to describe the new stable state of the population of grayling (Thymallus thymallus), which it entered as a result of increase in sport fishing. The data on time of presence of a population in equilibrium state allowed us to correctly unify the materials used for the analysis of changes in its age group.

The equilibrium condition for a non-thin helical wedge-shaped twin located far from the surface of the crystal is obtained. The case of an undeformed solid is considered. It is established that under such conditions a helical twin can not twin can not exist under such conditions. The result is in full conformity with generally known results for dislocation walls from helical dislocations. An approximation for continuous distribution of twinning dislocations at twin boundaries has been used in methodology for deriving an equilibrium condition. The shape of the twin boundaries has been described by functions that depend on density of the twinning dislocations at the twin boundaries. It has been assumed that the forces acting on the twin boundaries from the side of the twin dislocations are equal to zero. One degree of freedom along a twinning direction has been presupposed for twinning dislocations. Dislocation creeping effects have been excluded in the model. A calculation of stress fields for a twin has been carried out within the framework of an elasticity theory. In this case a superposition of stresses from each twin boundary has been considered. The solution of equations has been sought in the form of a polynomial. A linear approximation of such solution is considered in detail. The ем resulting equilibrium condition is satisfied for two values equal to zero that is a twin length and its width at the mouth. The result is important in the field of mechanics for twinning materials, shape memory materials, and in the development of techniques for predicting destruction and functioning of twinning materials.

Most studies on local scouring at grade control structures have principally focused on the analysis of the primary flow field, predicting the equilibrium scour depth. Despite the numerous studies on scouring processes, secondary currents were not often considered. Based on comprehensive measurements of flow velocities in clear water scours downstream of a grade control structure in a channel with non-cohesive sediments, in this study, we attempted to investigate the generation and turbulence properties of secondary currents across a scour hole at equilibrium condition. The flow velocity distributions through the cross-sectional planes at the downstream location of the maximum equilibrium scour depth clearly show the development of secondary current cells. The secondary currents form a sort of helical-like motion, occurring in both halves of the cross-section in an axisymmetric fashion. A detailed analysis of the turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stresses was carried out and compared with previous studies. The results highlight considerable spatial heterogeneities of flow turbulence. The anisotropy term of normal stresses dominates the secondary shear stress, giving the impression of its crucial role in generating secondary flow motion across the scour hole. The anisotropy term shows maximum values near both the scour mouth and the scour bed, caused, respectively, by the grade control structure and the sediment ridge formation, which play fundamental roles in maintaining and enhancing the secondary flow motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Equilibrium conditions were measured in CO 2 + cyclopentane hydrate forming system. • Equilibrated phases were NaCl aqueous solution, hydrate, cyclopentane, and CO 2. • Measured data serve as technological basis for seawater desalination. • Thermodynamic stability of CO 2 + cyclopentane hydrate was discussed. • Double hydrate was more stable than CO 2 or cyclopentane simple hydrates. The four-phase equilibrium conditions were measured in carbon dioxide + cyclopentane double clathrate hydrate forming systems coexisting with either sodium chloride aqueous solution or pure water as a technological basis for developing seawater desalination technology utilizing clathrate hydrate formation and decomposition. The equilibrated phases included sodium chloride aqueous solution or pure water, carbon dioxide + cyclopentane double clathrate hydrate, liquid cyclopentane, and carbon dioxide gas. The experiments were performed using the batch isochoric procedure. Three different concentrations of sodium chloride in the aqueous solution were tested: 0.035, 0.070, or 0.105 in mass fraction. Pressures ranged from 0.385 MPa to 2.488 MPa. The results were compared with the equilibrium conditions for carbon dioxide and cyclopentane simple clathrate hydrate forming systems. The comparison revealed that the double clathrate hydrate is more thermodynamically stable than the simple clathrate hydrates, under a given sodium chloride concentration in the aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An equilibrium condition of residual edge wedge-type nanotwin in a deformed solid body has been derived in the paper. The condition conclusion is based on the necessity to ensure an equilibrium of force balance acting on every twinning dislocation from the side of the rest twin dislocations. In this case dislocation structure and stress condition at nanotwin mouth have not been taken into account. Results of dislocation theory obtained in the framework of elasticity theory and continuum mechanics have been used in the paper. The paper has considered a component of the resultant force acting in a twinning plane under an assumption that there is no motion of twinning dislocations in the direction which is perpendicular to the twinning plane. The following condition has been made in the model: a discrete distribution of twinning dislocations at twin boundaries. In order to reduce cumbersome calculations a limited number of twinning dislocations has been considered in the paper and an assumption has been made about small value of a helical component in the Burgers vector, in other words the paper has considered an edge nanotwin. In order to decrease a number of equations in the system of equilibrium conditions a symmetric property of a shear component in a stress tensor has been used in the paper. The paper contains description how restrictions on the order of twinning dislocation arrangement on twin boundaries have been imposed. In this case it has been assumed that an arrangement of twinning dislocation pairs in different twin boundaries is in one plane which is perpendicular to the twinning plane. It is necessary to keep in mind that only one twinning dislocation can be located in one twinning plane. Calculations have shown that it is possible to ensure a stable and unstable equilibrium of an edge nanotwin in an ideal unloaded crystal. Sustainable balance is provided by alignment of twinning dislocations in a wall. This leads to a twin disappearance due to annihilation of twin boundary dislocations with its dislocations at the mouth. In order to ensure an unstable equilibrium of a wedge edge nanotwin it is necessary that the distance between twinning dislocations along the length of the twin is equal to interplanar distance.

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Abstract Equilibrium conditions of clathrate hydrates formed from xenon and aqueous solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formamide, acetamide, isobutylamine and pyrrolidine were experimentally measured up to 1.0 MPa using an isochoric method. Adding DMSO, formamide and acetamide shifted the xenon hydrate equilibria toward low temperature, indicating that these additives acted as thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors. The inhibiting effects of the additives were almost as strong as those of methanol and ethylene glycol on a mole basis. In contrast, isobutylamine and pyrrolidine had promoting effects on xenon hydrate formation. The promoting effects were stronger than that of acetone but weaker than that of 1,3-dioxolane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple caloric model of the equation of state is proposed to describe thermodynamic properties of solid materials with phase transitions with the minimum number of parameters as initial data. Thermodynamic characteristics are calculated in the wide range of densities and pressures. The equation of state of the solid phase was modified by introducing configurational entropy, which made it possible to describe a liquid medium by the same functional dependence, but with its initial parameters. This allowed us not only to construct the equation of state for the liquid, but also to determine the dependence of the melting point on pressure as the boundary between the phases with the corresponding state. It is shown that the melting process is practically not noticeable on the shock adiabat in the pressure - volume plane; however, sharp adiabatic breaks are observed in the temperature - pressure plane. The calculated position of the melting curve agrees with the experimental data found; although this does not fully justify the conclusion about the accuracy of the calculation of the liquid phase adiabat, but fully confirms the qualitative picture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A new method taking rigid-body displacements as unknown variables is proposed. • The method is capable to all pin-jointed assemblies not only to pin-bar system. • The method incorporates element self-rotation into the kinematic determinacy. • The new higher-order displacement compatibility conditions are established. Abstract The traditional methods taking nodal displacements as primary unknown variables are only applicable to the determination of the static and kinematic determinacy of pin-bar assemblies. For other types of pin-jointed assemblies, such as reciprocal configurations, traditional methods are no longer valid for determining their static and kinematic determinacy. In order to tackle the problem, this paper proposes a new generic method by taking the rigid-body displacements of each element as primary unknown variables. On the basis of the 'dislocations' compatibility at the articulated points in the configurations, the compatibility equations are derived and then kinematic matrix is obtained. Meanwhile, the forces at the articulated points of the elements are also chosen as primary unknown variables, and then the equilibrium equations at the reference point in the elements are derived to give the associated equilibrium matrix. From matrix computations for the obtained kinematic matrix and equilibrium matrix, the static and kinematic determinacy of the configurations can be determined. Furthermore, the geometric nonlinearity of the articulated mechanisms is considered, and then the exact kinematic governing equations and higher-order displacement compatibility conditions are established. Finally, several numerical examples are employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed new generic method for determining the static and kinematic determinacy. The results from the proposed method are then examined by those from traditional methods and finite element analyses. From the results for numerical examples, the first-order infinitesimal mechanisms occur in the planar reciprocal configurations assembled from regular triangles and the Archimedes tiling, while the curved reciprocal configurations with the same topologies have no redundant restraints and are thus geometrically stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jaramillo, C.; de Freitas, L.; González, M., and Medina, R., 2023. Equilibrium-based shoreline evolution models to predict coastal response. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, 633-637. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastal zones are highly complex and dynamic environments shaped by diverse forcing agents such as waves, nearshore currents, sea levels, storm surges, winds, human interventions, and other oceanographic and sediment supply factors that occur on different spatio-temporal scales. Hence, coastal managers and stakeholders need simplified and practical models to estimate future beach morphodynamic changes to face decision-making. The shoreline hindcast under the influence of changing marine conditions has been mostly considered using existing robust shoreline evolution models, such as one-line shoreline models, multi-line shoreline models, combined models, and 3D models. All of them are computationally intensive and require long data series and many calibration parameters. This study presents a summary of the potential performance of some newly equilibrium-based shoreline evolution models used for daily to multiannual shoreline prediction, in diverse coastal environments and using different data sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fundamental mechanical problem in steel and concrete composite structures, the axial compressive behavior of reactive powder concrete (RPC)-filled steel tube stub columns has been a concern of scholars worldwide. At present, the analysis method of RPC-filled steel tube is based on nonlinear finite element method and equivalent uniaxial stress-strain analysis model, but the analysis process is complicated and cannot accurately describe the interaction between the steel tube and RPC. Thus, this study proposed a nonlinear analytical procedure to evaluate the mechanical properties of steel tube and RPC accurately at different compressing stages. The method was employed to predict the load-deformation curves of RPC-filled steel tube stub columns under axial compression. Compressing experiments were conducted on such columns, and the characteristic hoop coefficient was derived. Comparison analysis was performed to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the analytical procedure. Results demonstrate that the characteristic hoop coefficient is a critical value for assessing whether the steel tube yields when columns reach the ultimate bearing capacity. Columns with small hoop coefficient have good ductility, but the material utilization rate of the steel tube is not high. Columns with large hoop coefficient have weak ductility and residual deformation capacity. Moreover, columns with characteristic hoop coefficient can reach good ductility and high material utilization rate. The characteristic hoop coefficient determined by the test analysis in this study is approximately 1.3. The analytical results are generally in good agreement with the experimental results until the starting position of strain hardening or local plastic buckling. The proposed method provides a good prospect for optimizing the design of RPC-filled steel tube columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The balance deficit (equilibrium condition) is one of the leading sources of falls of the elderly. Finding out the quiet standing point of equilibrium of body sway in older adults by using the competitive neural network for accessing body steadiness is presented in this study. Methods The sample population consists of elderly aging from 60 to 80 years old quiet standing on a force measuring platform. To assess body steadiness, the values of the center of pressure (COP) are obtained by stabilometry. The center of pressure position and displacement are acquired over a time interval, COP( t ), composing a body sway area. The competitive neural network use the COP( t ) data as input signal for determining the Global Center of Pressure (G-COP) concerning the quiet standing point of equilibrium. Results The competitive neural network based statokinesigram analysis is able to achieve the G-COP regardless the sort of dynamical body sway. Results demonstrate that the competitive neural network determines the point of equilibrium for patients with uniform, conservative, homogeneous body balance as well as for those patients presenting non-uniform, non-conservative, heterogeneous body sway in quiet standing posture. The proposed approach can be used to compute the G-COP both in off-line (when the entire COP data set is available) as well as in real-time (meanwhile COP data are being acquired); not requiring the entire COP data set be available. Conclusion The competitive neural network comes to be a feasible alternative to compute the global center of pressure and, thus, to contribute to the postural steadiness and equilibrium condition analysis of the elderly. Such an approach is also able to be extended to any other aging group as well as in the presence of distinct pathologies that alter body control. Further, the proposed competitive neural network based statokinesigram analysis can be employed to work together with current techniques employed for steadiness analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-commutativity is a key feature of spacetime geometry. The current article explores the traversable wormhole solutions in the framework of f (R , ℒ m) gravity within non-commutative geometry. By using the Gaussian and Lorentzian distributions, we construct tideless wormholes for the nonlinear f (R , ℒ m) model f (R , ℒ m) = R 2 + ℒ m α . For both cases, we derive shape functions and discuss the required different properties with satisfying behavior. For the required wormhole properties, we develop some new constraints. The influence of the involved model parameter on energy conditions is analyzed graphically which provides a discussion about the nature of exotic matter. Further, we check the physical behavior regarding the stability of wormhole solutions through the TOV equation. An interesting feature regarding the stability of the obtained solutions via the speed of sound parameters within the scope of average pressure is discussed. Finally, we conclude our results. • The current article explores the traversable wormhole solutions in the framework of f (R , L m) gravity within non-commutative geometry. • We used the Gaussian and Lorentzian distributions to construct tideless wormholes for the nonlinear model f (R , L m) = R 2 + L m α . • The ECs are analyzed graphically using the model parameter which provides a discussion about the nature of exotic matter. • We checked the physical behavior regarding the stability of wormhole solutions through the TOV equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During floods disaster in the heavy populated residential area, the lack of existing life saving appliances system such as rubber boat and wooden boat were not able to evacuate the disaster victims spontaneously in mass. The condition might be explained since the rubber boat and wooden boat have limited occupant capacity. Based on the conditions, the main objectives of the research are focused on the evaluation of the application of modular floating pontoon as multipurpose floating equipment to support floods disaster evacuation process. The investigation of the modular floating pontoon performance such as hydrostatics characteristics, the equilibrium condition and the intact stability was studied using strip theory and Krylov’s method. Furthermore, the strength analysis of the modular floating pontoon structure was calculated using finite element method. The results show that the modular floating pontoon is reliable to support the evacuation process.

CO2 hydrate formation and dissociation is crucial for hydrate-based CO2 capture and storage. Experimental and calculated phase equilibrium conditions of carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrate in porous medium were investigated in this study. Glass beads were used to form the porous medium. The experimental data were generated using a graphical method. The results indicated the decrease of pore size resulted in the increase of the equilibrium pressure of CO2 hydrate. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to investigate the priority formation site of CO2 hydrate in different porous media, and the results showed that the hydrate form firstly in BZ-02 glass beads under the same pressure and temperature. An improved model was used to predict CO2 hydrate equilibrium conditions, and the predictions showed good agreement with experimental measurements.

We use complex variable techniques and the theory of singular integral equations to study the problem associated with an unstressed pileup of identical parallel screw dislocations against two circular elastic inhomogeneities. Each of the circular inhomogeneities is assumed to be harder than the surrounding matrix rendering them repulsive to the nearby dislocations. Consequently, the pileup of dislocations can assume an equilibrium configuration even in the absence of remote loading. The condition required for equilibrium is formulated in terms of a singular integral equation which is solved numerically to arrive at the dislocation distribution function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Phase equilibrium conditions in cyclopentane hydrate forming systems were measured. • It was performed for development of clathrate-hydrate-based seawater desalination. • Sodium chloride aqueous solution was used as a model of seawater. • Experiments were performed under atmospheric pressure and vacuum condition. • Equilibrium temperature was lowered under vacuum condition. The equilibrium condition measurements were performed in the cyclopentane clathrate hydrate forming systems coexisting with sodium chloride as a technological basis for the development of seawater desalination technology using clathrate hydrates. The experiments were performed in the system under vacuum condition in addition to the system under atmospheric pressure. The equilibrium conditions in the system under the vacuum condition are essential to accurately construct the phase diagram in the cyclopentane clathrate hydrate forming system without the effects of the surrounding air. The equilibrated phases were sodium chloride aqueous solution + cyclopentane clathrate hydrate + liquid cyclopentane + vapor cyclopentane in the system under the vacuum condition. The concentration of sodium chloride investigated in this study, w NaCl , was 0 ≤ w NaCl ≤ 0.210 in mass fraction. The equilibrium temperature in both systems decreased with increasing w NaCl. The equilibrium temperature at a fixed concentration of sodium chloride under the vacuum condition was lower than that under the atmospheric pressure. It was attributed to the compression by the atmospheric pressure in addition to the incorporation of molecules constituting the atmospheric air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we generalize the Markowitz measure of the risk proposed in a stationary setting. We provide an evolutionary Markowitz-type measure of the risk with a memory term and show that this function is effective, namely an existence theorem for the general financial problem can be proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calculating the joint core shear force accurately is an important basis for the shear design of the joint core. Different design formulas for calculating the horizontal shear force of the joint core are proposed by the GB 50010-- 2010 'Code for design of concrete structures ' and GB 50011一2010 ' Code for seismic design of buildings'. According to the basic mechanical equilibrium condition, this paper discusses the available design formulas in both design codes, and the recommendation for improving these design formulas is also given. It is found that the GB 50010--2010 suggests that the joints at different positions should be designed using different equations. However, the formula for the top-story joint provided in the GB 50010--2010 cannot consider the contribution of the single-sided column-end shear force to the horizontal shear force of the joint core, while the formula provided by GB 50011--2010 can consider this contribution. Both the formulas in the GB 50010--2010 and the GB 50011--2010 use the assumption that the summation of the beam-end flexural moments equals the summation of the column-end flexural moments，and therefore they are suitable for the case that the joint core dimension is much smaller than the beam span length or the column height. The proposed formula in this paper can consider the contribution of the single-sided column-end shear force to the horizontal shear force of the joint core, and has broader applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ship maneuvering motions are affected by so-called bank suction forces when proceeding in close proximity to channel wall. In fact, some rudder angles would be required to maintain the course and proper rudder activities are needed to be directionally stable. The authors conducted captive model tests in a channel with variations in water depth, off-centerline displacement, ship speed, hull drift angle and rudder angle. The shallow water and bank effects on the hydrodynamic force characteristics were investigated. Based on the regression mathematical model, the rudder angle and hull drift angle required at equilibrium conditions were estimated and the limiting off-centerline displacement for safe operation was proposed. Directional stability in the channel was also studied based on the eigenvalue analysis and dynamic maneuvering motion simulations. The stable/unstable zone for course keeping according to control system characteristics would be important for the maneuvering operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A constitutive model based on two--dimensional unstructured Galerkin finite volume method (GFVM) is introduced and applied for analyzing nonlinear behavior of cracked concrete structures in equilibrium condition. The developed iterative solver treats concrete as an orthotropic nonlinear material and considers the softening and hardening behavior of concrete under compression and tension by using two equivalent uniaxial stress--strain relations. The concepts of current strength in a principal stress space and secant stiffness matrix are utilized to describe the biaxial behavior of concrete and the post--peak progress of stress--strain relation is modeled using the fracture energy method. Moreover, a smeared rotating crack method (SRCM) formulation is implemented in the solver to spot the nonlinear behavior of damaged structure. In order to demonstrate the performance of the model at a structural level, available experimental results of a notched beam under three point bending are presented. With the intention of demonstrating the post--peak performance of the model, the procedure of loading is simulated by imposing an incremental monotonic displacement. The envelope curve of equivalent load versus crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) is utilized to evaluate the accuracy of the introduced method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 hydrate formation and dissociation is crucial for hydrate-based CO2 capture and storage. Experimental and calculated phase equilibrium conditions of carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrate in porous medium were investigated in this study. Glass beads were used to form the porous medium. The experimental data were generated using a graphical method. The results indicated the decrease of pore size resulted in the increase of the equilibrium pressure of CO2 hydrate. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to investigate the priority formation site of CO2 hydrate in different porous media, and the results showed that the hydrate form firstly in BZ-02 glass beads under the same pressure and temperature. An improved model was used to predict CO2 hydrate equilibrium conditions, and the predictions showed good agreement with experimental measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An evolutionary model for a multi-sector, multi-instrument financial equilibrium problem, with a general utility function, different prices for assets and liabilities and including the expenses for the management of the financial institutions is presented. In this general case, we give the evolutionary financial equilibrium conditions and prove their equivalence with an evolutionary variational inequality, from which existence results of the financial equilibrium follow. Moreover, making use of new nonlinear analysis results, we develop a Lagrange theory which allows one to study the behaviour of the financial equilibrium by means of the Lagrange multipliers. As a product of this analysis, we prove that for the financial model an equilibrium law together with a liability formula must be fulfilled, from which the reorganization of the existing financial disequilibrium depends. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The phase transition with soft mode caused by the anharmonic lattice vibration is studied by applying the variational principle at finite temperature. The normal coordinates are introduced in order to reflect the crystal symmetry to the softening. It is found how the appearance condition for the soft mode depends on the interactions between atoms and the crystal symmetry. An equation to determine the soft mode is derived, and is substantiated by applying to the phase transition from cubic phase to tetragonal phase in the BaTiO3 crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]