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Relevance. In epidemiological surveillance of West Nile fever (WNF), infection of West Nile virus (WNV) in zoological and entomological material is an important indicator of the activity of the natural focus, which can be used to predict the development of the epidemiological situation, adjust the scope and timing of prophylactic and anti-epidemic measures. It is noteworthy that there were no positive findings or single detections of WNV markers in zoological and entomological material in most subjects of the European part of the Russia. Aims. To obtain estimated data on the intensity of the epizootic process of WNF in the territory of the European part of Russia. Materials and methods. Collection of zoological and entomological material of WNV in 2021-2023 was conducted in the territories of 32 entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the current regulatory and methodological documents. Field material was analyzed by RT-PCR using the AmpliSense WNV-FL test system, and genotyping of samples positive for WNV RNA was performed using the Ampligen-WNV-genotype-1/2/4 test system. Results and Discussion. During the period 2021–2023, in the course of this study vertebrates were captured: 774 birds, 1126 small mammals, and 22 frogs; and arthropods were collected: 142600 bloodsucking mosquitoes, 33 bloodsuckers, 3070 midges, 14049 ixodid ticks, and 71 argas ticks. WNV RNA was detected in 9 out of 1922 studied vertebrate animals and in 112 out of 8047 pools of blood-sucking arthropods. The infection rate of blood-sucking mosquitoes was 0.07%, ixodid ticks – 0.09%, birds – 0.9%, frogs – 9.1%, which indicates that these animal groups are widely involved in the epizootic process. Markers of WNV in field material were detected in 14 entities. In 6 of them positive findings were obtained for the first time. WNV RNA of 1 genotype was detected in pools from the Central Federal District, 2 genotypes - in all surveyed districts, 4 genotypes - from the Southern Federal District. Conclusions. Active reconnaissance studies led to the expansion of our ideas about the existence of WNF foci in the European part of Russia. In populations of birds and blood-sucking arthropods in this area, WNV is steadily circulating. WNV-infected birds were found in the Southern Federal District and the Central Federal District, mosquitoes – in all surveyed federal districts, amphibians and ticks – only in the Southern Federal District

The increase in mycobacteriosis, an infectious disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis, has become an urgent issue for humane medicine. The mycobacteriosis of animals is a subject of intense study by veterinary scientists across most countries globally. In Ukraine, the number of farms with productive animals exhibiting paraallergic reactions to tuberculin is steadily rising, making the diagnosis of tuberculosis more complicated. In dairy cattle breeding, this issue also has significant economic implications. The forced slaughter of breeding young stock and high-producing cows is often a consequence. On the other hand, the identification of various non-tuberculous mycobacteria species in human mycobacteriosis patients, which can sensitize the cows, gives the issue of preventing animal mycobacteriosis both medical and social significance. All of the factors mentioned previously led to the decision to permanently retain cows that react positively to tuberculin testing on a dairy farm in the Volyn region, which has historically been free of tuberculosis. A comprehensive study was conducted from 2018 to 2023, utilizing methods of epizootological analysis as well as clinical, pathological, histological, bacteriological, and statistical research techniques. It was shown that an epizootic process, caused by the infection of cattle with non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, is occurring on the dairy farm. Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, M. fortuitum, and Nocardia spp. were isolated and identified from the lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue of the large intestine submucosa in the infected animals. These pathogens cause significant histological and pathological changes, indicating the presence of a clinically covert infectious process accompanied by sensitization of the animal organism. Epizootological analysis of the results from simultaneous allergic testing, as well as multiple bacteriological studies of samples from animals that reacted positively to both purified protein derivate tuberculin and atypical mycobacteria allergens, established that the allergic reactions to tuberculin were paraallergic in nature. This indicated the presence of an active infectious process within the animals’ bodies.

Animal mycobacterioses, unlike those in humans, are not in the focus of veterinary science and practice for various reasons. This fact, as well as some others, including the growing incidence of human mycobacteriosis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria involved in the sensitisation of productive animals, is an objective, albeit indirect, indication of the existing problem of mycobacteriosis in veterinary medicine. This study employed the comparative geographical and epizootological methods of analysis. The findings obtained from the publications of scientists from around the world helped to summarise and objectively assess the severity of the epizootic situation regarding mycobacteriosis in animals in the world and in Ukraine, to identify a range of features of the infectious and epizootic processes, and to establish the dominant aetiopathogenetic criteria for this infection in animal populations. Animal mycobacteriosis is the subject of detailed scientific research in most countries of the world, as this disease is widespread among productive and unproductive (domestic and wild) animals, as well as the fish fauna of sea and river waters. It was found that the most common causative agents of mycobacteriosis are nontuberculous mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium avium complex, M. abscessus complex, M. kansasii, and M. fortuitum, and some others. In Ukraine, animal mycobacteriosis is not given due attention, even though parallergic reactions to tuberculin in cattle lead to complications in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection. They cause considerable losses in dairy farming due to the culling and slaughter of highly productive cows. Identification of aetiopathogenetic patterns of paraallergic reactions to tuberculin in productive animals is a key to effective control and management of the epizootic process of animal mycobacteriosis and reduction of biohazards of human infection with non-tuberculous mycobacteria through food of animal origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of brucellosis incidence in Russia in 2013–2022 and the data on genetic diversity of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus populations isolated in Russia in 1939–2022 are provided in the review. Over the past decade, the epidemiological situation in Russia has been characterized as unstable against the background of persistent unfavorable conditions for brucellosis in cattle and small ruminants. During the period of 2013–2022 (9 months), 4298 epizootic foci as regards brucellosis in cattle (89164 sick animals) and 371 as regards brucellosis in small ruminants (13569) were registered. The largest number of epizootic brucellosis foci was recorded in the North-Caucasian and Southern Federal Districts. In 2013–2022, on average, 327 cases of brucellosis among people were registered annually, the incidence rate per 100 000 of the population was 0.24. Up to 70–90 % of brucellosis cases were detected in the south of the European part of the country. A trend towards deterioration of the situation on brucellosis in Volga (Penza and Samara Regions) and Central (Smolensk, Voronezh and Tula Regions) Federal Districts is observed. There is a connection between the intensity of epidemic manifestations of brucellosis and the level of anthropurgic enzooty of territories. In 2022, 467 cases of brucellosis were reported (0.32 per 100 000 of the population), which is 42.8 % higher than annual average values over 10 years. In 2023, a measure of stability of incidence rates, by 20–25 % above average long-term values, is to be expected. Incidence of brucellosis in humans will be within the range of 380–410 cases (0.26–0.28 per 100 000 of the population). The results of genotyping of B. melitensis strains point to an increase in the proportion of isolates with an MLVA-profile characteristic of strains from enzootic as regards brucellosis countries of Middle East and North Africa over past 20–25 years, which can indicate importation (introduction) of the infection from these territories to Russia through small ruminants and/or biomaterial from them.

Abstract The paper describes data from the study of cultural, morphological, and biochemical properties and the pathogenicity and virulence of epizootic isolates of Pasteurella multocida obtained from cattle and saigas. The study aimed to investigate the properties of P. multocida isolated from saigas and cattle during their seasonal migration, with a focus on its role in the epizootic process and potential transmission to farm animals. The research was conducted in a laboratory setting at the West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University. White mice, saigas, and cattle were examined, and pathological and bacteriological analyses were performed on tissues and secretions. Pathogenicity, virulence, and toxigenicity of the isolated Pasteurella cultures were determined through biological tests on white mice. The morphological, cultural, and biochemical properties of the isolates were studied using standard microbiological methods. The study found that P. multocida isolates from both saigas and cattle exhibited high pathogenicity and virulence when tested on white mice. The isolates from sick and dead animals displayed 65.3 and 83.3% pathogenicity, respectively. The isolates were toxic to white mice, with filtrate dilutions showing 100% toxigenicity. Comparative analysis showed morphological and cultural similarities between Pasteurella isolates from saigas and cattle, confirming their identity. This research demonstrates that P. multocida, isolated from both saigas and cattle, contributes to the epizootic process and poses a threat to farm animals. Saigas, in particular, play a role in disease transmission during seasonal migrations. Understanding the ecological interactions between wild and farm animals is crucial for implementing preventive measures to control the spread of infectious diseases, emphasizing the need for comprehensive monitoring and intervention strategies.

The problem of zoonoses remains relevant in the context of reliable prevention of human disease and effective ways to achieve this result, in particular through the impact on susceptible animals by the efforts of veterinary medicine. Anthrax is an acute, particularly dangerous infectious disease of all species of farm, domestic and wild animals, as well as humans, which is caused by Bacillus anthracis microbes. The causative agent of anthrax belongs to the group of aerobic spore-forming bacteria and exists in two main forms: vegetative and spore. The vegetative form in the body of an infected animal can form a "capsule". In Ukraine, according to the provisions of the current "Instruction for the prevention and control of animal anthrax" (2000), the main method of preventing anthrax among animals is regular vaccination of animals susceptible to this disease. The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of the epizootic and epidemiological situation of anthrax in Ukraine for the period 1994–2021 and made a critical assessment of the performance of mandatory measures for specific prevention of susceptible animals. In order to find out the ecological and geographical features of the spread of anthrax, data on outbreaks of the disease in cattle, swine, small ruminants and humans on the territory of Ukraine were analyzed by regions for the time period under investigation. Over the past 28 years in Ukraine, animal anthrax was registered in in all areas except Zhytomyr region. In total, during the analyzed period, 177 affected points and 637 infected animals (cattle, small ruminants, pigs, horses, wild and fur-bearing animals, dogs) were registered (estimated at 3.59 animals per outbreak). Cattle were most often involved in the epizootic process, followed by pigs and small ruminants, while horses and other animal species were least infected. Ecological and geographical analysis showed that the largest number of affected points among animals during the analyzed period was found in Kyiv, Volyn, Kharkiv, Luhansk, Khmelnytskyi, Cherkasy, Odesa, and Vinnytsia regions. A small number of affected points during the analyzed period were found in Zakarpattia, Ternopil, Kherson, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. During the analyzed period, 68 people in 11 regions of Ukraine were infected with anthrax, 15 outbreaks were registered (4.46 people per outbreak). Most cases were reported in Donetsk, Kyiv and Odesa regions. The association between outbreaks of anthrax in animals and cases of anthrax among humans has been established, this dependency was 86.6% (the index of contiguity, which takes into account the number of years with simultaneous registration of animal and human cases, was 0.5). The authors thoroughly proved that it is vaccination among susceptible animals that will finally prevent the incidence of anthrax among people.

An analysis of trends in the development of situation on brucellosis in the world over past decade and the data on the main risk factors for the occurrence of epidemiological complications regarding this infection in various regions of the world are provided in the paper. An expert assessment of the current epizootiological and epidemiological situation on brucellosis, the coverage of population and animals with immunization in the Russian Federation is given. Over 9 months of 2021, 210 potentially hazardous as regards brucellosis in cattle areas and 24 sites – as regards brucellosis in small ruminants – were registered in Russia. Compared to the same period in 2020, there was a decrease in the number of newly identified hazardous sites for bovine brucellosis by 35.8 % (117 areas). However, long-term upward trend in epizootiological adversity for bovine brucellosis in Russia persists. The epidemiological situation on brucellosis in the country for the period of 2012–2021 is characterized as unfavorable. Decrease in the number of newly detected human brucellosis cases (by 25.1 % of long-term average values) is observed against the background of persistent unfavorable epizootic conditions for brucellosis among epidemiologically significant species of small ruminants and cattle in regions with developed animal husbandry. In 2021, clusters of human cases were registered in the Republic of Dagestan and Penza Region. In the Republic of Dagestan, against the background of aggravation of epizootiological and epidemiological situation on brucellosis, there was also an alarming trend towards prevalence of a relatively high incidence among minors. The proportion of cases of brucellosis among children under the age of 17 in the Republic amounted to 60.3 % of the total number of minors with newly diagnosed brucellosis in Russia over the past 10 years. Taking into account current epizootic, epidemic situations and the long-term dynamics of the development of situation on brucellosis in the Russian Federation, the incidence of brucellosis among the population is predicted to be 10–15 % lower than the average long-term values – 0.18–0.20 per 100000 of the population – in 2022. The number of human cases of brucellosis can range from 250 to 300.

The relevance of the study of coronavirus infection in animals is conditioned upon the lack of sufficient information about the mechanisms of development of this disease, imperfect methods of diagnosis and treatment, and, most importantly, almost 100% of their mortality. The purpose of this study was to identify the age, breed, seasonal, and sexual characteristics of cats' predisposition to coronavirus infection and the development of infectious peritonitis. The paper presents the results of epizoothogolic features of the spread of coronavirus infection among animals of this species and feline infectious peritonitis during 2020-2022 based on the veterinary clinic “White Wolf” (city of Kyiv). During this period, 483 samples were examined from cats with symptoms of coronavirus infection. From these samples, using immunochromatographic analysis, a virus of the Coronaviridae family was detected in 399 animals, and infectious peritonitis was established in 63 animals. This paper highlights the results of a study of the age, breed, and sexual predisposition of cats to coronavirus infection and the development of infectious peritonitis. It was found that cats of any age are susceptible to coronavirus infection, while infectious peritonitis develops in animals aged from 2 months to 3 years. Coronavirus infection was most frequently found in mixed breed cats and British shorthair cats, infectious peritonitis – in Burmese and Bengal breeds. The study also summarised data on the seasonal manifestation of coronavirus infection and infectious peritonitis of cats. Based on the results of epizootological analysis, a nosological profile of infectious diseases was formed in animals of this species that had similar clinical symptoms of coronavirus infection and infectious peritonitis. Eight infections are presented, of which the most frequently recorded diseases were caused by viruses of the Herpesviridae, Caliciviridae, and Parvoviridae families. The results of this study provide new information about the epizootological features of the manifestation and development of coronavirus infection in cats, which allows not only improving the available diagnostic methods, but also developing new ones

Aujeszky’s disease, also known as pseudorabies is an acute infectious viral disease in a variety of mammals caused by Suid herpesvirus 1, a member of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae and the family Herpesviridae. This virus causes significant economic losses in agriculture of numerous countries. In particular, in pig farming, the main losses are currently associated with restrictions of international trade, as well as the cost of vaccination or slaughter of infected animals. The main reservoirs species of this disease are considered to be wild boars and domestic pigs. So, in this article the authors performed a comparative retrospective analysis of the prevalence of Aujeszky’s disease among these species in Ukraine over 2009–2020 by systematizing and analyzing the epizootic data and results of serological studies. As a result of the conducted research, there is a clear trend that shows the reduction in the number of locations in Ukraine (farms, households, etc.) with domestic pigs affected by Aujeszky’s disease. Thus, in 2009 four such farms were found, and in 2018 – only one. During 2014–2016 and 2019–2020, affected farms and locations were not registered for this disease. In total, 21 such points with infected pigs were registered during the analyzed period. As for wild boars, during the analyzed 12 years, locations with animals affected by Aujeszky’s disease were registered only in 2013 and 2014 (two and one, respectively). It should be noted that all of those with infected wild boars were found in the AR Crimea. For the twelve years, the number of tested sera samples from domestic pigs amounted to 378,678 (7.4% were positive) and from wild boars – 9,052 (19.8% were positive). As a result of comparative geographical analysis of the obtained data on the detection of specific humoral antibodies to the Aujeszky’s disease virus among both species for 12 years in the regions of Ukraine, there is no established clear correlation between the spread of the disease among wild boars and domestic pigs. Thus, the highest seroprevalence rates among wild boars were observed in the northern and northeastern parts of Ukraine, and in domestic pigs, on the contrary, in the southern and central parts of this country. It should be noted, that since 2014 the number of serological tests among both species for carriers of Aujeszky’s disease has significantly decreased.

The problem of zoonoses remains relevant in the context of reliable prevention of human disease and effective ways to achieve this result, in particular through the impact on susceptible animals by the efforts of veterinary medicine. Anthrax is an acute, particularly dangerous infectious disease of all species of farm, domestic and wild animals, as well as humans, which is caused by Bacillus anthracismicrobes. The causative agent of anthrax belongs to the group of aerobic spore-forming bacteria and exists in two main forms: vegetative and spore. The vegetative form in the body of an infected animal can form a "capsule". In Ukraine, according to the provisions of the current "Instruction for the prevention and control of animal anthrax" (2000), the main method of preventing anthrax among animals is regular vaccination of animals susceptible to this disease. The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of the epizootic and epidemiological situation of anthrax in Ukraine for the period 1994–2021 and made a critical assessment of the performance of mandatory measures for specific prevention of susceptible animals. In order to find out the ecological and geographical features of the spread of anthrax, data on outbreaks of the disease in cattle, swine, small ruminants and humans on the territory of Ukraine were analyzed by regions for the time period under investigation. Over the past 28 years in Ukraine, animal anthrax was registered in in all areas except Zhytomyr region. In total, during the analyzed period, 177 affected points and 637 infected animals (cattle, small ruminants, pigs, horses, wild and fur-bearing animals, dogs) were registered (estimated at 3.59 animals per outbreak). Cattle were most often involved in the epizootic process, followed by pigs and small ruminants, while horses and other animal species were least infected. Ecological and geographical analysis showed that the largest number of affected points among animals during the analyzed period was found in Kyiv, Volyn, Kharkiv, Luhansk, Khmelnytskyi, Cherkasy, Odesa, and Vinnytsia regions. A small number of affected points during the analyzed period were found in Zakarpattia, Ternopil, Kherson, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. During the analyzed period, 68 people in 11 regions of Ukraine were infected with anthrax, 15 outbreaks were registered (4.46 people per outbreak). Most cases were reported in Donetsk, Kyiv and Odesa regions. The association between outbreaks of anthrax in animals and cases of anthrax among humans has been established, this dependency was 86.6% (the index of contiguity, which takes into account the number of years with simultaneous registration of animal and human cases, was 0.5). The authors thoroughly proved that it is vaccination among susceptible animals that will finally prevent the incidence of anthrax among peop [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the incidence of human brucellosis in the world in 2011–2020 is presented in the paper. An assessment of the epizootiological-epidemiological situation on brucellosis in the Russian Federation in 2020 is performed. It is outlined that the epidemiological situation on brucellosis in Russia over the past decade was characterized as unfavorable with downward trend in the incidence rate against the background of persistent epizootiological insecurity among cattle and small ruminants. Between 2011 and 2020, 3507 first identified human cases of brucellosis were registered. The long-term average number of cases is 350 per year, including 28 cases among children under 17 years old. The average long-term intensive morbidity rate per 100 000 people was 0.24, among children under 17 – 0.1. In 2020, 119 human cases of brucellosis were detected in Russia (0.08), which indicates that the trend towards an improvement in the epidemiological situation on brucellosis continues. The largest number of brucellosis cases among people was registered in the North-Caucasian (77.1 % of the total incidence across Russia) and the Southern Federal District (13.5 %). In the period of 2010–2020 (9 months), 4610 areas potentially hazardous as regards bovine brucellosis and 422 – as regards brucellosis in sheep and goats were registered in the Russian Federation. Analysis of the development of brucellosis situation in Russia indicates that in the medium term, with the current trend maintained, there is a real risk of widespread brucellosis distribution among farm animals in the constituent entities of the Central, Volga, Far Eastern and Siberian Federal Districts, as well as the persistence of epizootiological insecurity in the North Caucasus and Southern Federal Districts. Taking into account the current epizootiological-epidemiological situation and the long-term dynamics of the development in the Russian Federation, one can predict the incidence of brucellosis in people at a level below the longterm average values – 0.13–0.18 per 100000 of the population in 2021.

Pigeons are closely related to human life and are both a source of food and object for hobbies and sports. Parasitic diseases of birds are the main reason for their growth retardation, reduced productivity and viability. The article presents the results of studying the prevalence of trichomonosis, cestodes and nematodes among the population of wild and domestic pigeons in the south of Ukraine. According to the results of the conducted researches it is established that in the south of Ukraine endoparasitoses of domestic and wild pigeons are quite widespread, and all species of this bird are carriers of Trichomonas gallinae. At the same time, the highest rate of Trichomonas infection was recorded in Columba palambus and C. livia domestica, and the overall infestation of males is higher by 4.4% compared to females. It was determined that domestic pigeons C. livia domestica were infested with trichomonosis (27.5%) and nematodes (Ascaridia columbae, 57.1%), C. palambus – trichomonosis (32.1%) and cestodes (Raillietina spp., 82.4%), Streptopelia turtur – cestodes (Raillietina spp., 12.5%) and S. decaocto – cestodes (Raillietina spp., 71.4%) and nematodes (Heterakis gallinarum, A. columbae – 33.3% and 44.4% respectively). The overall rate of infestation of pigeons with cestodes was 28.4% and the incidence in males was higher by 3.9% compared to females. It was found that the most common species among pigeon cestodes is Raillietina spp. In addition, 22.9% of pigeons are carriers of nematodes (H. gallinarum, A. columbae and Capillaria spp.). Continuous monitoring of pigeon parasites is necessary because they, in most cases, come into contact with other species of poultry and are a source of general invasion. In terms of further research, it would be promising to study the prevalence of helminthic infestation among wild migratory birds.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) – is a chronic infectious disease, the causative agent of which affects many species of mammals. It is a zoonosis caused by various types of mycobacteria in the complex Mycobacterium tuberculosis family Mycobacteriaceae. The most important etiological agent of bTB in cattle is M. bovis, which has been isolated from tuberculosis infected cattle for centuries. Livestock and species of the Bovidae family are the most susceptible to this pathogen and are the main reservoir species for animals and humans. In Ukraine, the main methods of diagnosing tuberculosis in animal husbandry are lifetime (clinical examination, allergic intradermal test with tuberculin), and postmortem techniques (pathological changes, bacteriological investigation). The authors performed a retrospective analysis of the epizootic situation of tuberculosis among cattle in Ukraine for the period 1994–2020 and conducted a critical assessment of the work done to prevent and control this disease. In total, over the last 27 years, 219 088 head of cattle with tuberculosis and 933 affected locations have been identified in Ukraine. The results of this work showed that in our country the epizootic situation of bovine tuberculosis on farms of various forms of ownership is fully controlled. The most active fight against tuberculosis was carried out during 1995–2015. In 1994–1997, the largest number of affected locations was registered, from 90 to 144, respectively, and the largest number of animals with tuberculosis – 21 395–33 474. In 1994–1995, the largest number of sick animals per one affected point was registered (371.9 and 471.7 head, respectively). Currently, official statistics show that many farms, especially in Vinnytska, Cherkaska and Kyivska regions, continue to show positive allergic reactions to tuberculin (46 898 reactions for the last 12 years). Applying diagnostic methods of research in complex (bacteriological, bioassay, molecular), excludes affection of cattle by pathogenic mycobacteria. This study showed that for the last 5 years no farms with confirmed pathological diagnosis by bacteriological methods have been registered and no culture of the pathogen from animals has been detected. Besides the scurpulous work of the veterinary service, in our opinion, the catastrophic decline in the number of cattle in Ukraine also had a significant impact on improving the epizootic situation regarding tuberculosis.

Aujeszky’s disease, also known as pseudorabies is an acute infectious viral disease in a variety of mammals caused by Suid herpesvirus 1, a member ofthe subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae and the family Herpesviridae. This virus causes significant economic losses in agriculture of numerous countries. In particular, in pig farming, the main losses are currently associated with restrictions of international trade, as well as the cost of vaccination or slaughter of infected animals. The main reservoirs species of this disease are considered to be wild boars and domestic pigs. So, in this article the authors performed a comparative retrospective analysis of the prevalence of Aujeszky’s disease among these species in Ukraine over 2009–2020 by systematizing and analyzing the epizootic data and results of serological studies. As a result of the conducted research, there is a clear trend that shows the reduction in the number of locations in Ukraine (farms, households, etc.) with domestic pigs affected by Aujeszky’s disease. Thus, in 2009 four such farms were found, and in 2018 – only one. During 2014–2016 and 2019–2020, affected farms and locations were not registered for this disease. In total, 21 such points with infected pigs were registered during the analyzed period. As for wild boars, during the analyzed 12 years, locations with animals affected by Aujeszky’s disease were registered only in 2013 and 2014 (two and one, respectively). It should be noted that all of those with infected wild boars were found in the AR Crimea. For the twelve years, the number of tested sera samples from domestic pigs amounted to 378,678 (7.4% were positive) and from wild boars – 9,052 (19.8% were positive). As a result of comparative geographical analysis of the obtained data on the detection of specific humoral antibodies to the Aujeszky’s disease virus among both species for 12 years in the regions of Ukraine, there is no established clear correlation between the spread of the disease among wild boars and domestic pigs. Thus, the highest seroprevalence rates among wild boars were observed in the northern and northeastern parts of Ukraine, and in domestic pigs, on the contrary, in the southern and central parts of this country. It should be noted, that since 2014 the number of serological tests among both species for carriers of Aujeszky’s disease has significantly decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the study of coronavirus infection in animals is conditioned upon the lack of sufficient information about the mechanisms of development of this disease, imperfect methods of diagnosis and treatment, and, most importantly, almost 100% of their mortality. The purpose of this study was to identify the age, breed, seasonal, and sexual characteristics of cats' predisposition to coronavirus infection and the development of infectious peritonitis. The paper presents the results of epizoothogolic features of the spread of coronavirus infection among animals of this species and feline infectious peritonitis during 2020-2022 based on the veterinary clinic "White Wolf" (city of Kyiv). During this period, 483 samples were examined from cats with symptoms of coronavirus infection. From these samples, using immunochromatographic analysis, a virus of the Coronaviridae family was detected in 399 animals, and infectious peritonitis was established in 63 animals. This paper highlights the results of a study of the age, breed, and sexual predisposition of cats to coronavirus infection and the development of infectious peritonitis. It was found that cats of any age are susceptible to coronavirus infection, while infectious peritonitis develops in animals aged from 2 months to 3 years. Coronavirus infection was most frequently found in mixed breed cats and British shorthair cats, infectious peritonitis -- in Burmese and Bengal breeds. The study also summarised data on the seasonal manifestation of coronavirus infection and infectious peritonitis of cats. Based on the results of epizootological analysis, a nosological profile of infectious diseases was formed in animals of this species that had similar clinical symptoms of coronavirus infection and infectious peritonitis. Eight infections are presented, of which the most frequently recorded diseases were caused by viruses of the Herpesviridae, Caliciviridae, and Parvoviridae families. The results of this study provide new information about the epizootological features of the manifestation and development of coronavirus infection in cats, which allows not only improving the available diagnostic methods, but also developing new ones [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ukraine, prevention and control measures of bovine leukosis were regulated by relevant legislation, regulations and instructions developed in the period 1960–1992. Currently, the instruction on prevention and rehabilitation of this disease in cattle is used (approved in 2007). According to it, the identification of infected animals is carried out from 6 months of age by serological (first scheme in AGID or another in ELISA) and genomic (PCR) methods. The infected animals are removed from the herd or slaughtered. In general, because of the diagnostic and preventive measures carried out during the analyzed period (26 years) 10 519 farms were rehabilitated from leukosis (2 346 affected farms remained from previous years). At the same time, more 4 million infected cattle were slaughtered. The majority of affected farms (more than 1 000) were registered in the period between 1994 (2 346 farms) and 2003 (1 247 farms). Since 2014, the number of affected farms has remained mostly below 10 and the number of infected cattle has decreased to 2 000 animals per year. At the same time, the number of rehabilitated farms also decreased (from 1 307 farms in 1998 to 4 farms in 2014). The same trend was registered with the dynamics of the number of animals that were removed from the herd due to leukosis. Thus, in 1995 and 1997 their numbers were 321 178 and 558 649 animals, respectively, and in 2014 it was 1 124. The obtained indicators of intensity and extensiveness of the epizootic process show that the incidence rate was maximal during 1998–2000 and amounted to 3.7–4.3%. The maximum indicators of the coefficient of affection were recorded in 1997–2000 and equal 11.8–15.3%. The rate of foci remained on the level of 90–270 throughout the all analyzed period. During 2008–2019, specialists of the Ukrainian veterinary laboratories investigated more than 47 million samples of cattle blood sera for enzootic bovine leukosis by AGID and ELISA. However, despite the significant diagnostic work, the important factor in the decrease of the number of affected farms and infected animals is the decrease in the total number of cattle in Ukraine (almost 22 million animals in 1994 against 3 million in 2019). Graphic trends of these indicators are comparable and agree with the decrease in the number of cattle in our country by analyzed period. After 2014, the number of affected farms ranged 10–17 per year (mostly in private households). However, the full recovery of cattle in Ukraine from bovine leukosis has not taken place, although our country is closer than ever to this.

The paper presents the data on brucellosis incidence in a number of countries around the world. An assessment of the epizootic and epidemic situation of brucellosis in the Russian Federation in 2019 is performed. In 2019, Russia maintains the presence of an unfavorable epizootic situation for brucellosis. An increase in the number of brucellosis infected cattle by 14 % and primary foci of small cattle infection by 52 % was established. Epizootics of bovine brucellosis were mainly recorded in the North Caucasus (63.5 %), Southern (19.9 %) and Volga federal districts (7.4 %). The main number of points unfavorable for brucellosis of small cattle, and sick sheep and goats were detected in two federal districts – North-Caucasian (36.8 %) and Southern (26.3 %). The epidemic manifestations of brucellosis in the Russian Federation are closely related to the activity of the epizootic process among the main epidemiologically significant species of farm animals. In 2019, Russia registered 397 human brucellosis cases (0.27 0/0000 including 23 (0.08 0/0000 among minors. The number of cases of brucellosis and the value of the incidence rate in 2019 are comparable with long-term average data over the past 10 years. The largest number of human brucellosis cases, as in previous years, was established in the North-Western Federal District (278 cases, 70.4 % of the total number of cases) and the Southern Federal District (59 cases, 14.9 %). There is an increase in the relative long-term incidence of brucellosis in the Republic of Dagestan, Voronezh, Penza Regions and the Republic of Kalmykia. In the territories of these subjects in 2019, atense epizootic situation regarding brucellosis among cattle and small cattle was noted. Taking into account the current epizootic and epidemic situation and the long-term dynamics of brucellosis situation development in the Russian Federation, in 2020 it is possible to predict human brucellosis incidence at the level of 0.23–0.27 0/0000.

Introduction. Rabies caused by the neurotropic virus of the genus Lyssavirus, Rhabdoviridae family, which infects all warm-blooded vertebrates including human beings. The homology level of the amino acid sequences for Lyssaviruses nucleoprotein reaches 78–93%. Aim – study the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Lyssaviruses circulated in the Russian Federation in 1985–2016. Material and methods. 54 isolates of rabies virus isolated from animals, and 2 isolates from humans, 4 vaccine strains of rabies virus: RV-97, ERA, Shchelkovo 51, ERAG333 used in phylogenetic study. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using Genbank data on genome fragments of 73 rabies virus isolates and 9 EBLV-1 isolates. DNASTAR V.3.12, Bio Edit 7.0.4.1 and MEGA v.10.0.5, Primer Premier 5 programs have been used. Results. Comparative molecular genetic analysis of genomes fragments of 130 Lissaviruses, isolated on the territory of the RF, Ukraine in 1985-2016, vaccine strains of rabies virus, showed their distribution by geographical feature. Comparison of the nucleoprotein fragments of the rabies virus isolates with vaccine strains revealed 4 marker mutations: V56I (Eurasian group), L/V95W (Central group), D101N/S/T, and N/G106D. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolate «Juli», isolated from a human bitten by a bat proved his belonging to the European Bat lyssavirus-1a. Discussion. Study of the molecular epidemiology of rabies within the Russian Federation allows for the genotyping of the viruses and helps to study the hidden mechanisms of rabies infection in animal and human populations, and to characterize vaccine strains, including during oral vaccination. Conclusion. Further study of the molecular epidemiology of rabies within the Russian Federation and the countries bordering it is important.

Presented is the analysis of brucellosis incidence among humans and animals in the Russian Federation in 2018. Epizootiological situation in the regions of developed animal husbandry remains reasonably tense. In 2018, as in previous years, the foci of bovine cattle and small ruminant brucellosis were registered in the North Caucasian, Southern Federal Districts, Volga and Siberian Federal Districts, the share of which made up to more than 90% of all registered in Russia potentially hazardous as regards brucellosis areas and cases of the disease in animals. Against the background of long-term unfavorable epizootic condition, the incidence of brucellosis over the past three years was, on average, 14 % lower than the average long-term indicators. The greatest number of cases (94.1 % of the overall Russian incidence) is registered in the administrative subjects of the North Caucasus Federal District, Southern Federal District and Siberian Federal District, which have the maximum levels of brucellosis incidence in cattle (88.9 %) and small ruminants (95 %). In 2019, persistence of epidemiological problems in regard to brucellosis in the subjects of the North Caucasus Federal District (primarily the Republic of Dagestan, Stavropol Territory), the Southern Federal District (the Republic of Kalmykia, Volgograd and Astrakhan Regions), and the Siberian Federal District (the Tuva Republic, the Omsk and Tyumen Regions) is predicted. The number of human cases of brucellosis may be within the range of 290–310 cases (intensive incidence rate per 100 thousand population – 0.21).

Analysis of brucellosis morbidity rates in humans and animals across the Russian Federation in 2017 is presented. Epidemic situation on the infection is characterized as unstable, the incidence and number of people with brucellosis are reduced in reference to the average long-term indicators by more than 20 %, against the background of epizootic situation aggravation as regards brucellosis of farm animals. There are cases of group outbreaks of brucellosis in the Stavropol Territory, Lipetsk and Penza Regions. According to the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance, analysis of the cumulative epizootic state of the population of epidemically significant species of cattle and small cattle in 2017 defines the risk of brucellosis in the Russian Federation as “high.” In 2018, the unstable epidemic situation on brucellosis will remain; there is high probability of outbreaks with cluster human incidence, including in the territory that is free from brucellosis. Predicted for 2018 morbidity rates on brucellosis in humans will be below the level of the average long-term morbidity and may be within the range of 330–360 cases.

The paper addresses the effect of complex of natural and socio-economical factors on epizootic anthrax spread in the Republic of Chad as the disease remains a significant problem for livestock farming. Moreover, incidence of anthrax in humans due to exposure to diseased animals is steadily increasing. There are three climatic zones in the country territory that differ in rainfall level, relief and farming system. Regional differences in territorial dependence of anthrax nidus activity as well as its cycling and seasonal character were detected. Influence of some natural and economical factors on epizootic situation was assessed. No anthrax cases in animals were reported in Saharan natural-climatic zone for the analyzed period. Therewith, there are about 460,000 cattle in this zone and no anti-anthrax measures are taken. This fact can be accounted for desert arid climate and absence of rainfalls in this natural-climatic zone. In Sahelo and Sudan zones anthrax outbreaks in cattle are regularly reported due to higher moisture levels especially during raining season. Performed studies were aimed at improvement of measures for anthrax prevention in the Republic of Chad.

The article presents analysis of human and animal incidence of brucellosis in the Russian Federation in 2016. Epidemiological situation on brucellosis is characterized as unstable. Outlined has been the decrease in the number of newly diagnosed brucellosis cases in humans (15.8 %) against the background of the increasing trend for distress and deterioration of the epizootiological situation on brucellosis among the cattle in the regions with well-developed animal husbandry. Cases of group infection among the population in three constituent entities (Stavropol Region, Samara and Leningrad Regions) have been registered, which are of sporadic nature. According to the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance, mid-term forecast of epizootiological situation on brucellosis in Russia is unfavorable, which under the current trend constitutes a real risk of widespread brucellosis among the livestock in the regions of the Central and Volga Federal Districts. In 2017, we can predict maintaining of the unstable situation on the disease, morbidity rates among the population varying within the range of 340–370 cases.

The fundamental theoretical and methodological shortcomings of modern organisation and implementation of epidemiological surveillance of natural focal infections are considered. The conclusion is made about the need to prepare a realistic programme of observations of state change in natural focal parasitic systems and contacts of the population with them. Its main goal is to obtain ecologo-epidemiological and socio-demographic data needed for short and medium term forecasting of the epidemiological manifestations of natural foci.

Abstract—An analytical review of mathematical models of the epizootic process in natural foci of obligate vector-borne infections, the causative agents of which are ecologically related to ixodic ticks and are transmitted by them, is presented. A diverse range of models has been reduced to the basic forms used to model the dynamics of the vector population and the intensity of the circulation of the causative agent. They are discussed with concrete examples. The advantages and disadvantages of different types of models associated with the main parameters used during modeling are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In connection with the 75th anniversary of the theory of academician E.N. Pavlovsky about the natural focality of diseases presents the General results of the development of its fundamental theoretical positions. Planned most promising areas for further research, which can immeasurably increase when the combination of modern molecular biology and traditional population-ecological methods for the study of natural foci.

The article contains materials about the dynamics of brucellosis-affected locations in reindeer-breeding farms in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Analysis of the data shows how the efficiency of diagnostic studies of brucellosis in reindeer has varied over the last 28 years. It is shown by the results of statistical analysis, where the correlation coefficient between the two ranges of values was -0.02 (r = -0.02). After 2007, the picture changed dramatically, and the coefficient of direct correlation was -0.9 (r = +0.9). That is, with a high degree of veracity, the number of reacting animals depended on the number of examined animals. Analysis of the epizootic state of the tundra, forest-tundra, mountain-taiga, and taiga territorial-climatic zones of the Republic in terms of brucellosis in the domesticated reindeer was performed between 1988 and 2016. The percentage of reindeer positively reacting to brucellosis in the tundra zone was on the average 2-3 times higher than in the mountain-taiga and the forest-tundra zones. The reindeer infection rate in disadvantaged areas in 1988 - 1990 was very high and amounted to 2.0 - 5.2 %. As a result of the taken antibrucellar measures, the number of animals infected in 2008 - 2010 decreased significantly, and now amounts to 0.6 - 1.3 %. However, the number of affected locations remains unchanged, correlating with the certain stabilization of the population dynamics. The number of affected locations shows a downward trend -- from 19 districts in 1988 to 8 in 2017. The reindeer infection rate in the tundra zone of the Republic declined significantly (by 1.4 - 3.9 %), and now amounts to 0.6 - 1.3 %. The reindeer brucellosis infection rate in the mountain-taiga and the forest-tundra zones is 0.1 - 2.2 %; brucellosis is not found in animals of the taiga zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given are the results of assessment of epidemiological and epizootiological situation on brucellosis in the Russian Federation in 2015. It is characterized as challenging. Compared to 2014 (368 cases, intensive index - 0.26), recorded is 5.1 % increase in the number of people infected with brucellosis (393 cases, intensive index - 0.27). The highest incidence rates among the population are registered in the North-Caucasian, Southern and Siberian Federal Districts, where the main source of infection is cattle and small ruminants. Revealed is a significant rise in brucellosis incidence in the Stavropol region too. External epidemiological risks, associated with the intensification of cooperation in the supply of livestock products from the Mediterranean countries, Middle East, and South America, which are endemic as regards cattle brucellosis, will remain pressing. Given the sustained adverse epidemiological and epizootic situation, taking into account the internal and external risks of infection with brucellosis, brucellosis incidence among the population is predicted to be within the range of 390-420 cases.

Carried out is the analysis and assessment of epizootiologic and epidemiologic situation on brucellosis in the Russian Federation over the year 2013. It is demonstrated that on the grounds of tense epizootic situation there is a tendency to reduction in brucellosis morbidity rates among the population. Incidence rates in the North-Caucasian and Southern Federal districts remain high due to B. melitensis spp. brucellosis agent circulation. However, realization of a complex of brucellosis prophylactic measures in the territory of the Republic of Dagestan has resulted in a considerable reduction of a number of primary cases in the region. In addition, forecasted is stabilization of brucellosis morbidity rates among the population and farming animals in 2014, being estimated at 320-370 cases a year.

Comprehensively studied have been structural elements of ecosystems of Siberian natural plague foci, as well as levels of integration among epizootic process components, and ways of their functional interaction. Application of the complex approach to the surveillance over structural-functional elements of the parasitic system along with investigations of epizootic process dynamics has provided for identification of peculiarities as regards epizootics development, transformation and evolution of population and carrier/vector coenosis structure in time and space. Revealed is the genetic diversity of plague microbe circulating within the bounds of separate foci and zones of focality. Determined is a long-lasting anti-epidemic effect (more than 20 years) of the field desinsection in the Saglinsk meso-focus of the Tuva natural plague focus.

Based on the results of retrospective analysis of HFRS morbidity and epizootiological data on the numbers and contamination of mouse-like rodents, revealed has been epidemic potential shift of the HFRS foci. It requires reconsideration of the scope, format, and objectives of preventive and anti-epidemic activities. Periodicity of fluctuations in the numbers of small mammals, habitant in the territory of the Ulyanovsk Region, makes up three years on average. Since 2011 up to 2013 generalized depression in the abundance rates was observed. The period was marked by the reduction of the segment of main Hantavirus carrier - common red-backed vole. It was the key factor for epidemic process activity decrease, which in its turn resulted in the decrease of morbidity rates among the population. Therewith, the transformations that affect the population of mouse-like rodents are the determinative factors in the evolution of epidemic process which shapes epidemiological situation on HFRS in the territory of the constituent entity.

Represented is the analysis and assessment of epidemiological and epizootiological situation on brucellosis in the Russian Federation in 2014. Human morbidity rates in 2014 exceed the indexes of 2013 by 7.7 %. Negative trend in the live-stock animal incidence (cattle and small ruminants), as well as in the numbers of registered index potentially hazardous territories, as regards brucellosis, remains. The highest brucellosis morbidity rates are in the North-Caucasian, Southern and Siberian Federal Districts. The quantity of brucellosis cases among the population has increased in Central and Far-Eastern Federal Districts. Put forward is the prognosis on the human brucellosis morbidity rates for 2015.

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Displayed is the analysis of epizootic and epidemic situation on brucellosis in the Russian Federation in 2012. Demonstrated is the fact that epizootic condition still remains tense. It specifies the character of epidemic manifestations. For 2013 leveling of the brucellosis incidence rate among the population of the Russian Federation is forecasted.

Presented is the analysis of brucellosis morbidity, both in humans and animals, in the Russian Federation in 2007-2011. Evaluated is epizootic and epidemic situation on the disease. Epidemiological situation on brucellosis in the Russian Federation remains unfavorable and has a tendency to deterioration. Moreover, it is expected that the incidence of brucellosis in humans will rise in 2012.

Analysis of dynamics of brucellosis incidence among humans and animals in the Russian Federation is presented. Evaluation of epizootiological and epidemiological situation on brucellosis in the Russian Federation in 2006-2010 is given. Epizootiological and epidemiological situation on brucellosis was demonstrated to be unfavorable in a number of Federal Districts that allows to predict the increase of its incidence among farm animals and humans.

The purpose of the study was to investigate epizootic situation at rabies in Saratov region during the period from 2000 to 2010. Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of rabies morbidity of wild and farm animals was conducted. Results. During the reporting period an increase of animals' morbidity, accompanied by extension of unfavorable settlements in case of this disease was marked. Annual rate of diseased animals is defined by seasonal activity changes of foxes. The main carriers of rabies virus in the region are foxes. Conclusion. Epizootic situation at rabies in Saratov region is evaluated as unfavorable

The article discusses the ecological mechanism of the activity of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in European foci. It states that HFRS incidence analysis was based on the absolute numbers of confirmed human cases recorded. Results show that winger breeding of bank voles is the most significant predictor to describe HFRS morbidity. It mentions that epidemic and epizootic processes in Udmurtia were cyclic.

Introduction: Rabies caused by the neurotropic virus of the genus Lyssavirus, Rhabdoviridae family, which infects all warm-blooded vertebrates including human beings. The homology level of the amino acid sequences for Lyssaviruses nucleoprotein reaches 78-93%. Aim - study the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Lyssaviruses circulated in the Russian Federation in 1985-2016., Material and Methods: 54 isolates of rabies virus isolated from animals, and 2 isolates from humans, 4 vaccine strains of rabies virus: RV-97, ERA, Shchelkovo 51, ERAG333 used in phylogenetic study. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using Genbank data on genome fragments of 73 rabies virus isolates and 9 EBLV-1 isolates. DNASTAR V.3.12, Bio Edit 7.0.4.1 and MEGA v.10.0.5, Primer Premier 5 programs have been used., Results: Comparative molecular genetic analysis of genomes fragments of 130 Lissaviruses, isolated on the territory of the RF, Ukraine in 1985-2016, vaccine strains of rabies virus, showed their distribution by geographical feature. Comparison of the nucleoprotein fragments of the rabies virus isolates with vaccine strains revealed 4 marker mutations: V56I (Eurasian group), L/V95W (Central group), D101N/S/T, and N/G106D. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolate «Juli», isolated from a human bitten by a bat proved his belonging to the European Bat lyssavirus-1a., Discussion: Study of the molecular epidemiology of rabies within the Russian Federation allows for the genotyping of the viruses and helps to study the hidden mechanisms of rabies infection in animal and human populations, and to characterize vaccine strains, including during oral vaccination., Conclusion: Further study of the molecular epidemiology of rabies within the Russian Federation and the countries bordering it is important., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.