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It is indicated that the protection of the natural environment, the rational use of natural resources, ensuring the ecological safety of human activities are an integral condition for the sustainable economic and social development of Ukraine. Mining, including open-pit mining, is an important source of economic development and economic independence of the state. However, open-pit mining is accompanied by a significant negative impact on the environment. Therefore, in the context of European integration, environmental safety in open pit mining as a component of environmental safety is of great importance for Ukraine's national security. Due to the lack of scientific developments and clear legislative regulation of the issue of environmental safety in open pit mining, it is necessary to study the concept and legal features of legal support for environmental safety in open pit mining. To this end, the article highlights various scientific approaches to the definition of the concept of environmental safety and leg al support, and provides a legal analysis of these concepts, on the basis of which the author derives the concept of environmental safety in open pit mining, as well as the concept and legal features of legal support for environmental safety in open pit mining. To this end, the article highlights various scientific approaches to the definition of the concept of environmental safety and legal support, and conducts a legal analysis of these concepts, on the basis of which the author derives the concept of environmental safety in open pit mining, as well as the concept and legal features of legal support for environmental safety in open pit mining. As a result of the study, it is established that the study of the concept of environmental safety in open-pit mining is relevant and has practical significance for determining the ways and means of ensuring it, taking into account all the specifics of open-pit mining. And the study of the concept and legal features of legal support for environmental safety in open pit mining provides an opportunity to work out the shortcomings and develop effective legal mechanisms to ensure it. Therefore, this research is important both for the theory of environmental safety law and environment al law in general, and in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring environmental safety and regulatory compliance at Department of Energy (DOE) sites demands an efficient and reliable detection system for low-level nuclear waste (LLW). Unlike existing methods that rely on human effort, this paper explores the integration of computer vision algorithms to automate the identification of such waste across DOE facilities. We evaluate the effectiveness of multiple algorithms in classifying nuclear waste materials and their adaptability to newly emerging LLW. Our research introduces and implements five state-of-the-art computer vision models, each representing a different approach to the problem. Through rigorous experimentation and validation, we evaluate these algorithms based on performance, speed, and adaptability. The results reveal a noteworthy trade-off between detection performance and adaptability. YOLOv7 shows the best performance and requires the highest effort to detect new LLW. Conversely, OWL-ViT has lower performance than YOLOv7 and requires minimal effort to detect new LLW. The inference speed does not strongly correlate with performance or adaptability. These findings offer valuable insights into the strengths and limitations of current computer vision algorithms for LLW detection. Each developed model provides a specialized solution with distinct advantages and disadvantages, empowering DOE stakeholders to select the algorithm that aligns best with their specific needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper outlines the principles of the directional drilling method with the use of hydraulic fracturing, demonstrating the impact of drilling cuttings and coal combustion waste on the environment. It presents the results of physical and chemical analysis of drilling cuttings from the Vostochno-Chumakovskoye oil field and boiler slag from the OGK-2-Novocherkassk SDPP Branch. In addition, the potential use of boiler slag in the synthesis of aluminosilicate proppants is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBio-stimulants are crop supplements that have the potential to foster robust growth, increase productivity, and enhance the quality of yields, even in the face of climate change and abiotic stresses. Recent studies have shed light on the benefits of plant bio-stimulants across horticultural and perennial crops. However, their utilization is limited to agricultural land, hydroponic systems, soilless media, and fertigation systems. Uncertainties exist regarding the safety, durability, and inconsistent results of bio-stimulants in the glasshouse and field applications. To expand the global bio-stimulant market, it is essential to implement innovative strategies to improve their safety and overall quality. In this context, we present a comprehensive review that addresses the key challenges in developing plant bio-stimulants, along with practical insights and constructive ideas for enhancing their value and quality. By adopting these suggested improvements, bio-stimulant production can be widely integrated into hydroponics and fertigation systems, improving growth and disease prevention, given their inherent bio-stimulation and biocontrol properties. This article critically examines the utilization of nanotechnology, encapsulation approaches, and novel assessment methods to enhance bio-stimulant efficacy, facilitate the integration of organic active components, improve application techniques, and achieve precise delivery. Introducing innovative bio-stimulant products is expected to be crucial in promoting sustainable, high-value, intensive crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing demand for sustainable energy sources, the management of radioactive iodine, a byproduct of nuclear energy, has become critical for environmental safety and human health. This study presents the design and synthesis of non-porous amorphous polymers, specifically PEI-PD, derived from polyethylenimine (PEI) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PD), for the adsorption of iodine from aqueous and gaseous environments. The adsorbent exhibits high efficiency in capturing iodine, with a remarkable adsorption capacity of 4.43 g g–1 for volatile iodine and 1.43 g g–1 for liquid iodine. The adsorption process is governed by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and follows the Langmuir isotherm, indicating a chemisorption mechanism driven by electrostatic attraction. The mechanism of iodine adsorption by the adsorbent was investigated using infrared spectroscopy and independent gradient modeling (IGMH), which helped to clarify types of weak interaction between the adsorbent and iodine and the adsorption sites. The study highlights the potential of PEI-PD as an effective material for the removal of radioactive iodine, contributing to the safe and sustainable management of nuclear waste. Non-porous amorphous polymers demonstrate exceptional iodine adsorption capacities of 4.43 g g–1 for volatile iodine and 1.43 g g–1 for liquid iodine. Insights into the adsorption mechanism were gained through FT-IR analysis and independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition (IGMH), elucidating the adsorption sites and weak interactions with iodine. (Image credit: Chang Sun.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the packaging materials sector, increasing globalization has created the need for increased efforts to develop consumer protection measures. Consequently, new packaging materials are being sought to replace petroleum-based materials in the future. For this reason, global awareness of the environmental problems associated with the use of synthetic and non-degradable packaging has increased the attention paid to bio-packaging based on natural and biodegradable polymers. The bio-packaging sector is developing innovations to address the sustainability issues facing the food packaging industry. Our research has shown that green matcha extract can be a promising source of antioxidants for the production of bioactive pectin films. This study further confirmed that green matcha extract can be a promising source of antioxidants for the production of bioactive pectin films. The antioxidant activity test showed high activity of films containing matcha extract. The antioxidant activity of films without matcha addition, P, PJ, PC, PJC, was negligible. The addition of matcha to the polymer matrix did not significantly affect the mechanical properties (TS, EB) of the films obtained. The addition of cellulose had the greatest effect on changing the mechanical properties. It caused a twofold increase in the mechanical properties of the obtained packaging films. The addition of matcha significantly improved the barrier properties (for PM films, the WVTR was 3.40 [g/m2d]; for PJM films the WVTR was 1.70 [g/m2d]). The green packaging films showed no toxic effects on the plants (Phacelia tanacetifolia, Salvia hispanica, Brassica napus) and invertebrates (Daphnia pulex, Chaoborus, Chironomus aprilinus) tested. The half-solubility time of the membranes in a solution mimicking gastric acid was also determined. The longest half-dissolution time of the films was about 2 min. Our research has therefore shown that the biodegradable and environmentally safe green packaging films with antioxidant activity that we have developed can be used as edible functional casings in the future, e.g., for sausages and other food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural areas can provide sources of food and hiding and nesting places for wild birds. Thus, the chemical load of potentially toxic elements (Cd, Cu, Pb) due to industrial and agricultural activities can affect not only the adult birds but also the embryos developing in the egg. The toxic effects of heavy metals applied alone were investigated on chicken embryos in the early and late stages of embryonic development using injection and immersion treatment methods. On day 3 of incubation, permanent preparations were made from the embryos to study the early development stage. There were no significant differences observed in embryo deaths and developmental abnormalities in this stage. On day 19 of incubation, the number of embryonic deaths, the body weight of the embryos, and the type of developmental abnormalities were examined. The embryonic mortality was statistically higher in the groups treated with cadmium and lead in the case of the injection treatment. A significant increase in developmental disorders was observed in the copper-treated group using the immersion application. The body weight significantly decreased in the cadmium- and lead-treated group using both treatment methods. However, a significant change in the body weight in the copper-treated group was only realized due to the injection method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe accidents in nuclear power plants can breach the integrity of containment due to pressure build up, resulting in the release of radioactive products. Special interest has been shown towards iodine out of 80 fission products due to its short half-life, i.e., 8.02 days, high activity, and possible health hazards, like irreversible accumulation in the thyroid gland and capability to trigger thyroid cancer locally. To mitigate such accidents, the filtered containment venting system (FCVS) has been proposed and has garnered attention post Fukushima. This review paper presents an introduction to severe accidents, post-accident release of iodine, safety measures taken, and lessons learned by different countries after accidents like Windscale pile, Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima, as well as the status of FCVSs in all countries possessing nuclear reactors up until now (11 years after Fukushima). FCVS is crucial for mitigation of severe accidents and to ensure the safety of people and the environment. A complete review of the history of FCVS, how its use started, its current status, and the status of patents and research on this system has not been done yet to the best of authors' knowledge. This review covers FCVS in detail, including its history, design criteria and efficiency, as well as the different types and their merits and demerits. Completed and ongoing projects related to FCVS are discussed along with testing facilities of FCVS established by different countries. Many countries have made FCVS a part of their power plants, and some are in the process of installation. Many countries have not opted to install this system because of challenges, like its high cost, the technical difficulties of installing FCVS on old power plants, and the potential environmental impact of venting in FCVS. This review paper will be helpful in providing an in-depth understanding of this system, the merits of FCVS, the parts of FCVS that need improvement, its limitations, and the status of research on this subject, along with areas of research that require more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The discussion surrounding biological diversity has reached a critical point with the introduction of Nigeria's first transgenic food crop, the pod borer-resistant (PBR) cowpea. Questions have been raised about the potential risks of the transgenic Maruca vitrata-resistant cowpea to human health and beneficial insects. Public apprehension, coupled with social activists' calling for the removal of this crop from the nation's food market, persists. However, there is a lack of data to counter the assertion that cultivating PBR cowpea may have adverse effects on biodiversity and the overall ecological system. This research, with its multifaceted objective of examining the environmental safety of PBR cowpea and assessing its impact on biodiversity compared to its non-transgenic counterpart, IT97KN, is of utmost importance in providing the necessary data to address these concerns. Methods: Seeds for both the transgenic PBR cowpea and its isoline were obtained from the Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) Zaria before planting at various farm sites (Addae et al., 2020). Throughout the experiment, local cultural practices were strictly followed to cultivate both transgenic and non-transgenic cowpeas. Elaborate taxonomic keys were used to identify arthropods and other non-targeted organisms. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate potential modifications in all ecological niches of the crops. The lmer function of the R package lme4 was used to analyze diversity indices, including Shannon, Pielou, and Simpson. The Bray–Curtis index was used to analyzed potential modifications in the dissimilarities of non-targeted organisms' communities. Results: Examination of ecological species abundance per counting week (CW) revealed no disruption in the biological properties of non-targeted species due to the cultivation of transgenic PBR cowpea. Analysis of species evenness and diversity indices indicated no significant difference between the fields of transgenic PBR cowpea and its isoline. Principal component analysis results demonstrated that planting PBR cowpea did not create an imbalance in the distribution of ecological species. All species and families observed during this study were more abundant in transgenic PBR cowpea fields than in non-transgenic cowpea fields, suggesting that the transformation of cowpea does not negatively impact non-targeted organisms and their communities. Evolution dynamics of the species community between transgenic and non-transgenic cowpea fields showed a similar trend throughout the study period, with no significant divergence induced in the community structure because of PBR cowpea planting. This study concludes that planting transgenic PBR cowpea positively influences biodiversity and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: About a 4% decline in fish production was recorded in 2020 in comparison to 2018 in inland aquaculture sectors. In 2014, about 10% of aquatic cultured animals were lost (costing global annual losses > USD 10 billion) due to infectious diseases. Contagious diseases generate several stresses, including oxidative stress in fishes that hampers their reproduction, growth, and production value. Aquaculture management needs to employ preventive measures against various contagious diseases for maintenance. Therefore, vaccination in fish, especially in broodstocks, is one of the most important measures to curb such fish losses. Here, we reviewed the current status of fish vaccines and the modern technology used to produce (alternative) fish vaccines, such as plant-derived vaccines for fish health management. Reliable aquaculture vaccines to increase economic productivity in aquaculture sectors are needed. Emerging contagious diseases in different fish species demand novel vaccines to be produced by adapting biotechnological approaches. Vaccination in broodstocks is important, and the fish vaccines are produced with whole-killed pathogens; subunits of a protein, peptide, or a recombinant protein; DNA vaccines; or live attenuated vaccines via different modes of administration. The use of adjuvants in fish vaccines needs to be researched. Vaccination is an essential method of immunological preventive care required for the health management of all animals, including fish. More particularly, immunization is necessary for in-land aquaculture to manage diseases in fish broodstocks and healthy seed production. According to the latest statistics in 2020, 90.3 million tons of capture fishery production was achieved from the aquaculture sector. Out of the above, 78.8 million tons were from marine water aquaculture sectors, and 11.5 million tons were from inland water aquaculture sectors. About a 4% decline in fish production was achieved in 2020 in comparison to 2018 from inland aquaculture sectors. On the other hand, the digestive protein content, healthy fats, and nutritional values of fish products are comparatively more affordable than in other meat sources. In 2014, about 10% of aquatic cultured animals were lost (costing global annual losses > USD 10 billion) due to infectious diseases. Therefore, vaccination in fish, especially in broodstocks, is one of the essential approaches to stop such losses in the aquaculture sector. Fish vaccines consist of whole-killed pathogens, protein subunits, recombinant proteins, DNA, or live-attenuated vaccines. Challenges persist in the adaption of vaccination in the aquaculture sector, the route of administration, the use of effective adjuvants, and, most importantly, the lack of effective results. The use of autogenous vaccines; vaccination via intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or oral routes; and, most importantly, adding vaccines in feed using top dressing methods or as a constituent in fish feed are now emerging. These methods will lower the risk of using antibiotics in cultured water by reducing environmental contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article describes a method for determining the physico-mechanical properties of a synthesized batch of proppants. Industrial waste is one of the sources of anthropogenic impact on the environment on a global scale, being formed in the process of coal and oil extraction as a by-product.With the decrease in stocks of high-quality natural raw materials and the accumulation of man-made products, the problem of waste utilization becomes urgent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops has eased the global food crisis and brought considerable economic and social benefits to countries. Because of the potential safety problems, it is necessary to make clear the molecular genetic characteristics, edible safety, planting, processing, and other aspects of the safety evaluation of GM crops. The safety problems existing in the cultivation of GM crops, safety evaluation and detection of GM crops were introduced in this paper, which provided the basis for safety evaluation and effective supervision of GM crops and their products. Commercial cultivation and reasonable supervision based on safety evaluation have far-reaching significance for ensuring consumer safety, enhancing the credibility of the national political system and enhancing citizens' confidence in the safety of GM crop products for consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the article submitted for publication, the authors have studied the problematic issues of prosecution for environmental safety offenses, and the criminalization of offenses related to environmental safety under martial law. The methodological basis of the study is a system of general scientific methods and approaches which provided an objective analysis of the subject under study. The authors believe that at the moment it is necessary to properly record the damage caused and obtain an evidence base for both national courts and international courts, and therefore it is advisable to create a "Methodology for Establishing Damage Caused to the Environment as a Result of Armed Aggression". In our opinion, it is also advisable to create a Law of Ukraine "On Establishing Damages Caused as a Result of Armed Aggression against Ukraine", which would more thoroughly develop both the appropriate methodology for recording damages and the range of authorized persons who can record such damages. The authors. The authors also believe that it is necessary to provide for the obligation of local governments to conduct an environmental audit in areas where there are no hostilities or immediately after their end, in order to record environmental damage and the circle of persons who caused it as soon as possible. The article also analyzes new aspects of the issue of prosecution for crimes against environmental safety under martial law, and substantiates the proposals aimed at improving the. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic Zone of Russia (AZR), due to its significant potential, for the implementation of which infrastructure projects and strategic plans are envisaged, is of great importance for the country. Particular attention is paid to the transport and related infrastructure development. The implementation of such projects requires the creation and implementation of modern integrated solutions based on new technical and technological solutions. The development of new territories is accompanied by problems such as urbanization and the disruption of ecosystems, which will have a particularly negative impact on the Arctic zone. The situation is complicated by the fact that the work must be carried out in difficult conditions, which are associated with a large number of risks, including environmental ones. Currently, many types of businesses are characterized by a transition to the implementation of the concepts of green and blue economy, as well as ESG principles when building strategic development plans that include risk reduction. Achieving this goal is possible through an environmental risk management system. To create a suchlike system, it is necessary to identify the most significant risk characteristics of each type of activity, taking into account their negative impact on the environment, after which it will be possible to plan measures to either prevent risks or minimize their consequences. Taking into account the above, we plan to develop the concept of an environmental risk management system (ERMS) as part of the region's development strategy implementation. To reach this purpose, identifying the main groups of environmental risks depending on the danger source based on the scientific article review results, systematizing concepts aimed at improving the environmental situation under different types of anthropogenic impacts on the environment, developing an algorithm for implementing an environmental risk management system depending on the risk type, and proposing a concept for building an environmental risk management system are needed. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the main directions of negative anthropogenic impact on the environment are systematized, and possible ways to reduce environmental risks are outlined. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that when implementing such a system, it will be possible to manage not only risks of a certain category, but also monitor the situation as a whole, identifying the consequences for related areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. A multifactor model is developed to assess the efficiency level of an enterprise’s environmental management system, depending on the effectiveness of organizational environmental measures. Methodology. The authors’ method for determining a comprehensive criterion for monitoring the effectiveness of the environmental management system, which characterizes the efficiency of operation and determines the level of environmental safety of enterprises, is proposed and used. To solve the tasks, a complex research method was also used, which included the analysis and generalization of literary and patent sources, and analytical, experimental research using computer and mathematical modeling methods. Findings. According to the studies and calculations of the generalized environmental quality indicator – 0.64, 0.66 and 0.66, the largest negative impact on the environment is caused by the activities of enterprises in the Pecherskyi, Podilskyi, and Solomianskyi districts of Kyiv, respectively. The obtained data testify to the relationship between the effectiveness of the implemented environmental measures (saving and rational use of resources, application of environmental technologies, advanced training, and environmental competence of employees) and the level of efficiency of the environmental management system of enterprises. Originality. As a result of the studies conducted using actual data, a system of indicators of the generalized environmental quality indicator has been proposed for the first time, which allows determining the environmental efficiency and effectiveness of the implemented environmental measures to assess the effectiveness of the functioning of the implemented environmental management system of the enterprise. Practical value. Based on the research results, a technique is proposed to assess the effectiveness of the environmental management system of enterprises by determining a generalized environmental quality indicator in terms of reducing the negative impact of the enterprise’s activities on the environment. Such an assessment system will help the management of the enterprise to promptly introduce corrective actions to improve the efficiency of the environmental management system and increase the level of environmental safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main scientific and practical results regarding the substantiation of the effectiveness of subsoil protection and environmental safety during the development of near-surface reserves of ore deposits by chamber systems with cavity filling with a hardening mixture under objects protected at a depth of 150-200 m from the day surface, taking into account seismic and environmental safety, are presented and the social factor, which are implemented in the instructions, standards and practice of the ore mines of Ukraine. Carrying out the specified measures allows to ensure maximum extraction of ore, reliable preservation of protected objects and reduction of penetration of dangerous substances on the earth's surface. The parameters of the extremely stable equivalent spans of the horizontal exposures of the walls of the chambers were established, taking into account the properties of the mining massif, the time of standing, the depth of the location and the technology of the formation of the chambers in the depth range of 45-210 m during the development of ore deposits of the State Enterprise "ShydGZK" (Ukraine) under the objects that are protected In order to ensure the proposed minimally acceptable parameters of the ceiling under the conditions of stability, it is advisable to strengthen the rock with developed engineering methods that allow preserving the day surface under the protected objects and exclude the release of pollutants to the surface and the surrounding environment. A method of counter-directed initiation of charges in adjacent wells is also proposed, which has a positive effect on the stability of the wall due to the reduction of the dynamic effect of the explosion. It is substantiated that with counter-directed initiation using non-electric means of detonating well charges, the oversize output (νн) decreases and is exponentially dependent on the line of least resistance (W) of the type νн = 5.57 × е0,022W. This makes it possible to increase the weight of explosive substances charges by one deceleration within the range of wells from 300 to 1250 kg and reduce the rate of seismic oscillations of the rock mass from 0.46 to 0.28 cm/s. In the opinion of the authors, it would be useful to develop a regulatory and methodological document "Recommendations for the development of remote radiation monitoring of the environment in the areas where nuclear industry facilities are located", which would provide requirements for monitoring the air, water environment, soils, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Biosurfactants are a diverse group of compounds derived from microorganisms, possessing various structures and applications. The current study was seeking to isolate and identify a new biosurfactant-producing fungus from soil contaminated with petrochemical waste. The bioprocess conditions were optimized to maximize biosurfactant production for Aspergillus carneus OQ152507 using a glucose peptone culture medium with a pH of 7.0 and a temperature of 35 °C. The carbon source was glucose (3%), and ammonium sulfate (0.25%) was utilized as the nitrogen source. For Aspergillus niger OQ195934, the optimized conditions involved a starch nitrate culture medium with a pH of 7.0 and a temperature of 30 °C. The carbon source used was sucrose (3.5%), and ammonium sulfate (0.25%) served as the nitrogen source. The phenol-H2SO4 and phosphate tests showed that the biosurfactants that were extracted did contain glycolipid and/or phospholipid molecules. They showed considerable antimicrobial activity against certain microbes. The obtained biosurfactants increased the solubility of tested polyaromatic hydrocarbons, including fluoranthene, pyrene, anthracene, and fluorine, and successfully removed the lubricating oil from contaminated soil and aqueous media surface tension reduction. Based on the obtained results, A. carneus and A. niger biosurfactants could be potential candidates for environmental oil remediation processes.

Objective. In today's world, where the amount of data is growing every day, the importance of reliable and efficient data centers (DPCs) is becoming increasingly clear. One of the key aspects of maintaining data center availability and reliability is ensuring adequate cooling of server rooms. This scientific work is devoted to the study and analysis of various cooling techniques used in server rooms. Method. The study is based on thermodynamic analysis methods to optimize cooling systems to improve their efficiency and reduce energy consumption. Result. The work examines both traditional cooling systems and modern innovative solutions that improve cooling efficiency while reducing energy consumption. The authors compare different cooling methods, evaluate their advantages and disadvantages, and analyze the potential economic and environmental benefits of introducing advanced technologies into server room management practices. Conclusion. The choice of the optimal cooling method should take into account the specifics of the server equipment, thermal loads, room size and other factors. It is also important to pay attention to maintenance and selection of the optimal cooling system in accordance with the needs and characteristics of the server equipment.

In today’s world of rapid urbanization, environmental safety has become a key aspect of urban planning and management. The issue of environmental safety encompasses a wide range of concerns, from pollution reduction and biodiversity conservation to ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources. In this context, metro facilities, as an integral part of urban infrastructure, play a crucial role in providing mobility for urban populations, yet they also pose potential environmental challenges. The operation of metro facilities is associated with noise pollution, emissions of harmful substances due to the use of energy produced from fossil fuels, energy consumption, undesirable impacts on groundwater, and other negative environmental aspects. Equally important is the issue of waste disposal and the use of construction materials during the building and maintenance of metro systems. The aim of this study was to assess the environmental safety of metro facility operations. The consideration of this topic is particularly relevant in light of global efforts towards sustainable development and the need to ensure a high quality of life for urban populations. The assessment of environmental safety in metro operations is proposed to be conducted through a comprehensive approach, involving field studies and modelling the distribution patterns of defects in metro structures under the influence of hydrogeological risks. A systematic approach to evaluating environmental safety in metro operations, based on modelling the development of defects in tunnel structures under the influence of hydrogeological factors, will help organize existing information on potential accidents and develop monitoring methods and measures to minimize risks that compromise the environmental sustainability of underground transport infrastructure. The research results, which include the systematization of environmental safety criteria for metro operations and the analysis of tunnel structure defects caused by hydrogeological factors, provide the basis for further developing methods to ensure environmentally safe operation of urban transport tunnels.

INTRODUCTION. Environmental problems, today, in terms of the degree of harm to the environment and all living things on the Planet, it is not possible to compare with other problems. In January 1997, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, in resolution 15/157, called on States to take decisive measures in matters of carrying out activities in all directions exclusively in accordance with the norms of international law, to implement international legal principles and take measures to join multilateral agreements in order to ensure the development of international law in general and all its branches. Most developed countries have set a course to ensure comprehensive security, the implementation of which is possible only if they take a clear course to ensure the protection of the population through a set of socio-economic, political and environ[1]mental measures. Ensuring environmental safety is an essential part of the problem of the security of the existence of the state as a whole, the resolution of which at the present stage of society's development is becoming as much a priority as ensuring military and economic security. Environmental safety is a set of conditions, processes and phenomena that ensure an ecological balance in the natural environment, the state of protection of all components of the natural environment, a category aimed at maximizing the protection of all natural objects and natural ecosystems from danger (man–made, biological, radiation, chemical, etc.). Environ[1]mental security is opposed to the uncontrolled economic growth that humanity is facing, as well as the complex problem of contradictions between the growing needs of society and the inability of the bio[1]sphere to provide them. In this regard, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Antonio Guterres, speaking at the Conference on the Problems of the Oceans, rightly stressed the inability of human society to improve what it cannot appreciate. Today, there is no need to prove that environmental problems in terms of the degree of destructive impact and catastrophic consequences for all living things and the planet as a whole cannot be compared with problems of a different nature. The rapid increase in population, the development of new fertile territories, economic growth and, in this regard, the increasingly intensive use of Land spaces and resources have led to serious and sometimes irreversible consequences that negatively affect its condition. Humanity is faced with the difficult problem of contradictions between its growing needs and the inability of the biosphere to provide them.MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study uses the works of both Russian and foreign experts in the field of international environmental and international maritime law. The research used general scientific methods of cognition – analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. Special legal methods were also used in the work – formal legal, technical legal, the method of legal analogy, as well as the comparative legal method.THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY. The analysis of the current practice on environmental safety issues allowed us to draw logical conclusions that, taking into account the need to resolve international and national environmental problems, modern society needs to form a new system of environmental relations, where international relations will be transformed towards giving the highest priority to the problem of environ[1]mental safety, including the primary requirements concerning the rational use of all natural objects: land, waters, forests, etc. in order to ensure the optimal possibility of realizing the ecological function of nature.DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS. The preservation of the natural environment is a complex task that requires not only legislative regulation at both the international and domestic levels, but also the formation of a correct public consciousness about its importance for the existence of all life on our Planet, the unity of ecosystems and the value of all components of the natural environment, which, among other things, will allow the world community to unite in ensuring cooperation on global environmental issues, creating a system of universal environmental safety.

The main scientific and practical results regarding the substantiation of the effectiveness of subsoil protection and environmental safety during the development of near-surface reserves of ore deposits by chamber systems with cavity filling with a hardening mixture under objects protected at a depth of 150–200 m from the day surface, taking into account seismic and environmental safety, are presented and the social factor, which are implemented in the instructions, standards and practice of the ore mines of Ukraine. Carrying out the specified measures allows to ensure maximum extraction of ore, reliable preservation of protected objects and reduction of penetration of dangerous substances on the earth's surface. The parameters of the extremely stable equivalent spans of the horizontal exposures of the walls of the chambers were established, taking into account the properties of the mining massif, the time of standing, the depth of the location and the technology of the formation of the chambers in the depth range of 45–210 m during the development of ore deposits of the State Enterprise “ShydGZK” (Ukraine) under the objects that are protected In order to ensure the proposed minimally acceptable parameters of the ceiling under the conditions of stability, it is advisable to strengthen the rock with developed engineering methods that allow preserving the day surface under the protected objects and exclude the release of pollutants to the surface and the surrounding environment. A method of counter-directed initiation of charges in adjacent wells is also proposed, which has a positive effect on the stability of the wall due to the reduction of the dynamic effect of the explosion. It is substantiated that with counter-directed initiation using non-electric means of detonating well charges, the oversize output (νн) decreases and is exponentially dependent on the line of least resistance (W) of the type νн = 5.57 × е0.022W. This makes it possible to increase the weight of explosive substances charges by one deceleration within the range of wells from 300 to 1250 kg and reduce the rate of seismic oscillations of the rock mass from 0.46 to 0.28 cm/s. In the opinion of the authors, it would be useful to develop a regulatory and methodological document “Recommendations for the development of remote radiation monitoring of the environment in the areas where nuclear industry facilities are located”, which would provide requirements for monitoring the air, water environment, soils, etc.

The C3-symmetry ionic polymer PPyTri has been designed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and studied as an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for trace Hg(II) detection. The synthesis approach incorporated attaching three pyridinium cationic components with chloride anions to the triazine core. The precursors, BPy, were synthesized using a condensation process involving 4-pyridine carboxaldehyde and focused nicotinic hydrazide. The polymer PPyTri was further modified with either MWCNTs or GNPs. The resulting ionic polymer PPyTri and its fabricated nanocomposites were characterized using infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The analysis revealed that both the polymer and its nanocomposites have semi-crystalline structures. The electroactivity of the designed nanocomposites toward Hg + 2 ions revealed that among the nanocomposites and bare copolymer, the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) adapted with the PPyTri GNPs-5% exhibited the greatest current response over a wide range of Hg + 2 concentrations. The nanocomposite-modified electrode presented an excellent sensitivity of 83.33 µAµM − 1 cm − 2, a low detection limit of 0.033 nM, and a linear dynamic range of 0.1 nM to 0.01 mM (R2 = 0.9945).

Lviv (Ukraine), a city of about 1 million inhabitants, is classified as a Western Forest-Steppe according to the forestry zonation. The mesoclimatic anomaly in the western forest-steppe with its humid mild climate is composed of the sum of microclimates formed by the thermal regime. As in every large city, Lviv has historically developed a distinctive microclimate influenced by many natural and anthropogenic factors, including global climate change, urban development, population growth, landscape fires, etc. This contributes to the development of a heat island effect, which is characterised primarily by an increase in air temperature and a decrease in air humidity and is a negative factor for the development of vegetation in the city's green zone. It was necessary to investigate the territory of the "dry island" -- the lower tier of the "heat island" -- to determine the level of vitality of the main woody plants located within these boundaries. As it could be observed, the "dry island" is located in the dense development of the central part of the city, where the temperature of the dead underlying surface (stone, asphalt, concrete) was in the range of 57-62 °C, the air temperature was 28.5-29.1 °C, and the humidity was 50.2--51.2%. Drought conditions affect the growth, development and reproductive capacity of woody plants. It has been established that the heat island should be reduced by urban greening in the horizontal and vertical ranges, and to maintain the physiological stability of tree plantations in the hot season, it is necessary to develop recommendations for the care of vegetation in the green zone of the city, depending on microclimatic indicators, especially air and soil temperatures, air and soil humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the consequences of a forest fire in a radioactively polluted area in the Chernobyl accident zone, namely the transfer of radioactive substances as well as their impact on the environment and radiation situation. The purpose of the study was to develop a mathematical model of the transfer of radioactive substances and a methodology for integrated assessment of the ability of an ecosystem to retain deposited radionuclides. The research methodology is based on existing proven mathematical methods and models, such as the turbulent diffusion model, the Gaussian static model, and the hierarchy analysis method (Thomas L. Saaty method). Models were obtained for the formation of a radioactive smoke cloud and its migration in the atmospheric air, the spread of radioactive aerosols and gas components, taking into account convection, turbulent exchange, humidity, wind strength and direction over the combustion zone. The processes of blowing and fluttering in the wind by the wind as the horizontal migration perturbers of radioisotopes represent a new, still insufficiently studied area of research. Integral indicators for assessing the ability of the natural components of the forest complex to reliably accumulate and retain the radioisotopes that have settled have been determined. It was revealed that the priority factors of impact on the environment and the degree of radioactive contamination are the activity and directions of migration of combustion products, which constitute radioactive contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. On the one hand, polluted soils are a source of ecosystem degradation. On the other hand, it is a potential basis for the construction of structures. Construction works are constantly carried out at the sites of oil producing and oil processing enterprises. The construction of new and reconstruction of existing installations is accompanied by the demolition of old facilities up to the extraction of foundations from contaminated.Materials and methods. The assessment of oil-contaminated soils was carried out at existing enterprises of the oil complex during design and survey work to prepare sites for new construction. At the survey stage, the bearing capacity of contaminated soils was investigated using the stamp test method. The individual parameters necessary to assess the construction development of industrial sites without excavating contaminated soils were determined in a soil laboratory using standard methods.Results. The oil-contaminated soils under the sites of the reconstructed enterprises are distinguished by a variety of species composition, geomechanical properties and environmental indicators. Accordingly, the number of ways to eliminate pollution is diverse. The contaminated soils were washed with reagent solutions (flocculant, soda, carbonized water) through a network of drains and wells under pressure. At the same time, the contamination “trapped” in the pores and capillaries of the soil was transferred to a free state, followed by outflow into the drainage, interception of the contaminated liquid and its rise to the surface for subsequent cleaning.Conclusions. Taking into account the importance of the problem, the authors developed and introduced into construction practice a set of technologies that allow for the removal of hydrocarbon-containing pollutants in the territories of reconstructed and liquidated facilities of the oil complex, without extracting soils from recesses.

In small settlements, collectors for the sludge produced during water treatment processes are small-sized and located in the vicinity of drinking water storage reservoirs or in coastal areas. Sludge removal is not economical. Besides, the relief depressions formed after sludge disposal are required to be reclaimed. In ore mining regions, where the main settlements of the Urals are located, sludge produced in water treatment has high contents of heavy metals typical of ore mining provinces. Consequently, places of sludge accumulation are potential sources of water pollution. The article discusses the possibility to mix sludge with slaked lime and local overburden with the help of special equipment. So far water treatment sludge in the region has been used to reclaim the surface of solid waste landfills by creating anaerobic conditions for waste decomposition. When placed inside the embankment dams as an independent object, sludge needs to be improved for the increase of its bearing capacity and the ability to bind heavy metals. The article aims at the substantiation of the composition and properties of the reclamation material made of the water treatment sludge mixed with local overburden and slaked lime (technosoil). For this reason the paper describes the composition of the sludge in a sludge collector, the composition and properties of the overburden rocks as a component of the mixtures with water treatment sludge, the composition and properties of the mixtures of water treatment sludge with overburden rocks and Ca(OH)2 as a component dewatering sludge and neutralizing toxicants. Furthermore, the research work provides the technology created for the optimal processing of the water treatment sludge in the process of the reclamation of a sludge collector. The research results and the experience obtained in reclamation of disturbed lands in the region have confirmed the possible use of technosoil for the reclamation of small-capacity sludge collectors. The analysis of the chemical composition and physical and mechanical properties of the mixtures under study has shown that the most economical and environmentally sound reclamation material is a mixture of water treatment sludge, loose overburden dump soils and Ca(OH)2 in a ratio of 60 : 30 : 10 %.

It is shown that the reserve of the economy, rational use and protection of the subsoil is the involvement in the production of non-standard resources through the use of metal leaching technologies, which should be combined with traditional development technologies. It was established that the optimal value of the indicators is most often achieved when a smaller part of the rich ore (up to 40%) is extracted by traditional technologies and released to the surface, and its larger part (up to 60%) – poor, out-of-condition and out-of-balance ore is leached underground. leu. In particular, the most intensive infiltration leaching occurs in the size class of ore pieces –100 + 0 mm. For the Michurinsky deposit (SE ShidGZK, Ukraine) during underground block leaching of metals, it is recommended that the yield of such a fraction in the recovered ore is about 90%. Metals from fractions –200 + 100 mm are leached less intensively and longer. It has been proven that the main place in PBV should be occupied by the explosive preparation of ore, which ensures effective extraction of metal from stored ores with a loosening coefficient of 1.15 > Kr < 1.2, which is regulated by the volume of products produced from the ore block (up to 30%) and camera parameters (length, width and height). Due to the involvement in the production of substandard ores, the raw material base of metal extraction at the operating mines can be increased by 1.4–1.6 times. To neutralize and wash the spent ore mass, it is recommended to process it with a solution of lime and mine water through the wells of the irrigation system. Protection of the hydrogeological environment should be carried out by silting the bottom of the chamber for collecting productive solutions with a clay solution and constant monitoring of groundwater pollution in the area affected by PBV. On the basis of the received positive results of the research and implementation of technologies of PBV of metals from rock ores during the development of block 5-86, according to the recommendations issued, the same approach was used for blocks 5-84-86 and 5-88-90, as well as the industrial-experimental block 1-75-79. For the industrial use of the combined traditional technology of development of deposit reserves, it is worth considering the possibility and expediency of including in the extraction and processing of substandard and out-of-balance, in terms of the content of useful components, ores with the technologies of underground block leaching of metals.

The results obtained in the initial step of studying the effect of external proton irradiation on the properties and structure of simulated borosilicate and aluminophosphate glasses and of internal irradiation on the active glass arranged in the repository of the radiochemical plant of the Mayak Production Association are reported. These results show that the glass melting technologies used at the Mayak Production Association can reliably ensure the environmental safety of the glass incorporating the high-level waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of pathogens in medical wastewater is crucial due to the high content of pathogenic microorganisms that pose significant risks to public health and the environment. Medical wastewater, which includes waste from infectious disease and tuberculosis facilities, as well as comprehensive medical institutions, contains a variety of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Traditional detection methods like nucleic acid detection and immunological assays, while effective, are often time-consuming, expensive, and not suitable for rapid detection in underdeveloped areas. Electrochemical biosensors offer a promising alternative with advantages including simplicity, rapid response, portability, and low cost. This paper reviews the sources of pathogens in medical wastewater, highlighting specific bacteria (e.g., E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus), viruses (e.g., enterovirus, respiratory viruses, hepatitis virus), parasites, and fungi. It also discusses various electrochemical biosensing techniques such as voltammetry, conductometry, impedance, photoelectrochemical, and electrochemiluminescent biosensors. These technologies facilitate the rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of pathogens, thereby supporting public health and environmental safety. Future research may should pay more attention on enhancing sensor sensitivity and specificity, developing portable and cost-effective devices, and innovating detection methods for diverse pathogens to improve public health protection and environmental monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been conducted on the development of an innovative organomineral fertilizer based on local lake resources as a stimulator of germination and growth of crops, as one of the factors in achieving the goal of environmental sustainability. The results obtained are based on the environmental friendliness of the technology, increasing yields, and obtaining environmentally friendly products. This, in turn, will not only save mineral resources but also make it possible to use the resources from the bottom sediments of local lakes, and their rational extraction will contribute to the sustainable development and restoration of lake ecosystems. This article highlights the results of laboratory and field studies on the use of sapropel extract at the stage of pre-sowing seed treatment obtained by extraction of bottom sediments from lakes in Northern Kazakhstan. Solutions of aqueous alcohol extract of sapropel extract with concentrations of 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 g/L and table beet seeds (Beta vulgaris L.) of Bordo 237 variety were used as objects of research. Statistical analysis of laboratory experience data, based on the determination of germination energy and seed germination, allowed us to identify the optimal concentration of sapropel working solution for pre–sowing seed treatment—1.6 g/L. The index of germination energy and germination of seeds during pretreatment with sapropel extract of this concentration was 40% and 50%, respectively. This contributed to an increase in germination energy by almost 2 times and in seed germination by more than 40%. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with sapropel extract at a concentration of 1.6 g/L in a field experiment contributed to the improvement of biometric indicators of beet fruits, such as diameter, length, and weight. The results of the data on fetal weight of the experimental variant compared with the control were 27% higher, and they were 26% and 32% higher compared with other experimental variants. In the experimental group, the highest yield index was also established, which is 2.15 times, or 53%, higher than the control, which emphasizes the effectiveness of pre-sowing seed treatment with the resulting sapropel suspension. A patent of the Republic of Kazakhstan was issued for the method we developed for obtaining a sapropel product for pre-sowing treatment of seeds: "A method for obtaining a sapropel product for pre-sowing treatment of vegetable seeds". The research presented in the article confirms its effectiveness. The use of this product in pre-sowing seed treatment reduces the number of agrotechnological operations and costs, which makes this method more efficient and economically beneficial for the agricultural industry. Thus, the principle of food security will be implemented, contributing to the preservation of sustainable development and having a positive impact on the health of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy saving control algorithms of centrifugal fans/pumps are based on the use of the frequency-controlled induction motor drives and pressure or flow rate sensors, the costs of which are comparable to the cost of the fans/pumps for low-power applications. The paper develops a new and simple estimation approach of the pressure and flow rate, utilising the measured Root Mean Square (RMS) value of the stator current, estimated motor's input active power, reference stator voltage frequency and feed-forward backpropagation artificial neural network. The error percentage for both flow rate and pressure in experimental and estimated data is within the range of ±5%, which conforms to the ISO 13348 standard. A test rig for the rapid control prototyping of the fan is designed, and necessary design and test procedures are developed. The estimation approach is verified experimentally and demonstrates better estimation accuracy compared to the existing and possible similar simple approaches. The developed algorithm can be easily embedded into the industrial variable frequency drives without any hardware changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroleum pollution is an urgent and serious problem that has a negative impact on environmental safety and the state of the environment. Petroleum products that enter water resources cause a number of negative consequences, including water and soil pollution, reduced quality of natural ecosystems, as well as threats to biodiversity and human health. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of methods for treating surface wastewater of a machinebuilding enterprise from poll ution by petroleum products. In the course of the work, the results of cleaning the surface wastewater of the machine-building enterprise from pollution by petroleum products, samples of which were taken from the rainwater intake well at different depths - 30, 60 and 80 cm. A purification scheme has been developed and optimized, which includes the introduction of Al2(SO4)3 coagulant and A-19 flocculant into wastewater. Purification efficiency is achieved at about 95% at optimal reagent doses of 60-80 mg/L coagulant and 2-2.5 mg/L flocculant. The advantage of the conducted studies is the possibility of using the obtained data and methods for the analysis of wastewater with a similar composition of contaminants. It has been experimentally established that the simultaneous administration of reagents or the use of only one of them has lower efficiency and leads to insufficient purification of water from petroleum products. Neutralization of ion resistance contributes to the formation of coagulation structures, and to increase them it is recommended to use a flocculant to form and increase the size of aggregates. The results of the studies confirmed the prospect of using flotation to further separate the emerging petroleum flocculi, which allows to reduce the amount of reagents used and improve the efficiency of water treatment. The obtained data are important for practical application in the field of wastewater treatment from petroleum products at machine-building enterprises, contributing to the improvement of the quality of water resources and compliance with environmental safety requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Ecology is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Public Administration & Civil Service / Memlekettìk Basķaru Ža̋ne Memlekettìk Ķyzmet is the property of Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan / Akademiya Gosun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the development of an environmentally friendly binder by integrating locally sourced port sediment from Dunkirk Port with waste paper fly ash (WPFA). The aim is to innovate construction materials with a reduced carbon footprint, without prioritizing high mechanical performance. The sediment was processed to achieve two levels of fineness, namely 10 microns and 2 microns, to increase its reactive potential. The formulation of the eco-binder involved a mixture of 75% port sediment and 25% WPFA. Findings indicate that optimal compressive strengths, reaching 14.8 MPa, were obtained in highly humid environments (> 95% RH) at a temperature of 50 °C. It was observed that finer sediment particle size (2 microns) contributed to enhanced mechanical properties. Nonetheless, the sediment's pozzolanic activity is somewhat restricted at ambient temperatures, necessitating specific conditions for effective reactions. Environmental safety assessments confirm that the produced eco-binder meets the criteria set forth in the SETRA guidelines for sustainable use in construction. The leaching and release potential of WPFA after the development of the eco-binder was meticulously assessed using the four-phase sequential extraction method recommended by the Reference Bureau of the European Communities Commission (BCR). A marked change was observed in the speciation of trace metal elements, with a predominant transition from the soluble fraction to the carbonate fraction, attributed to the carbonation process. In conclusion, the marine sediment investigated shows promise as a sustainable construction material, provided that controlled temperature and humidity conditions are maintained to attain adequate mechanical strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water space on the globe occupies a total area of about 360 million km2, which constitutes 70% of the Earth's surface, becoming the most important mode of transportation in the field of import and export trade. Our daily lives are closely linked to the sea, where water surfaces have become an important part of people's lives around the world. However, the current situation of the marine environment is not optimistic, marine pollution has become a significant topic in today's society. All marine pollution incidents such as oil spills or leaks, chemical incidents, plastic pollution, air pollution from ships, etc., have caused significant and difficult recovery of the marine environment. Today, a special attention is being given to the prevention and control of the appearance of these marine pollutions, as well as the management of polluted waters. The MARPOL Convention is the main international convention covering the prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. The aim of this study is to give an overview of the existing marine pollution in the coastal part of Albania and develop solutions to existing problems. The Republic of Albania has acceded to this convention, has drafted national legislation as well as management plans for the prevention of marine pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Determination of the impact of oil pollution at the territory adjacent to the airport on the ecological state of the soil. Methodology. The authors evaluate the impact of petroleum products on the ecological conditions of the soil at the territory adjacent to the airport. In particular, it was done experimentally, using the method of biotesting of soil sample data. Also, the component composition of chemical soil pollution was analyzed applying chromatographic analysis. Using the method of mathematical modeling, a two-factor model was built taking into account the factor of “content of oil products (X1)” in the soil and “distance from the runway (X2)” to describe the impact of air transport processes on the condition of the soil at the territory adjacent to airports. Findings. Based on the obtained experimental data, the level of soil pollution at the territory adjacent to the airport was determined. It was established that for two soil samples, taken at a distance of 50 and 500 m from the runway of the airport, the content of oil products is below the established approximately permissible concentration. For samples taken at distances of 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 m, an excess was established. The results of the chromatographic analysis of the composition of chemical contamination of the soil indicated a significant amount of hydrocarbons characteristic of the fuel fractions of oil. The obtained results demonstrate the dependence of the level of soil contamination with petroleum products on the distance to the runway and the presence of technogenic influence of this enterprise on the ecological state of the soil, which was confirmed with the results of biotesting of these soil samples. A two-factor model was built taking into account the factors of “content of petroleum products (X1)” in the soil and “distance from the runway (X2)” and their influence on soil phytotoxicity. The adequacy of the proposed model is evidenced by the coefficient of determination R² = 0.9153 for the tested soil samples. Originality. The results of the experimental studies show that chemical pollution negatively affects the ecological condition of the soil at the territory adjacent to the airport; has a multi-component composition, and, in addition to hydrocarbons, which are characterize petroleum products used for refueling and operating vehicles, there are products of decomposition and aging of polymers, components of additives. The dependence of the ecological state of the soil on the technologically loaded territory adjacent to the airport on the level of petroleum products pollution and on the distance to the airport runway was determined. To find out the significance of the impact on the level of phytotoxicity of the soil of each of the two factors (the content of petroleum products and the distance from the runway), a multifactor statistical analysis of the obtained data was carried out and a two-factor model was built. This made it possible to establish that the contribution of the factor X1 (content of oil products) to the change in the soil phytotoxicity indicator is significantly greater than the contribution of the factor X2 (distance from the airport). Practical value. Based on the results of the analysis of the obtained experimental data, a two-factor model is proposed, which takes into account the factors X1 and X2 and can be used for further studies of the impact of air transport processes on the state of the soil at the areas near airports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution poses severe risks to public health and the environment, with acts contributing to air contamination potentially constituting environmental crimes or public health offenses. This research examines the national legislations and international legal frameworks aimed at safeguarding atmospheric air quality and addressing air pollution-related offenses in Central Asian countries. Particular attention is given to legal provisions that establish emission standards, monitoring mechanisms, and punitive measures for violations. By exploring the genesis and implementation of these legal instruments, the research identifies potential gaps, inconsistencies, or weaknesses that may hinder the effective prosecution of environmental crimes associated with air pollution in the Central Asian region. This study contributes to the broader understanding of environmental criminology by examining the interplay between international norms, national legislations, and institutional structures in combating air pollution-related offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circular economy and the clean-energy transition are inextricably linked and interdependent. One of the most important areas of the energy transition is the development of hydrogen energy. This study aims to review and systematize the data available in the literature on the environmental and economic parameters of hydrogen storage and transportation technologies (both mature and at high technological readiness levels). The study concluded that salt caverns and pipeline transportation are the most promising methods of hydrogen storage and transportation today in terms of a combination of all parameters. These methods are the most competitive in terms of price, especially when transporting hydrogen over short distances. Thus, the average price of storage will be 0.35 USD/kg, and transportation at a distance of up to 100 km is 0.3 USD/kg. Hydrogen storage underground in a gaseous state and its transportation by pipelines have the least consequences for the environment: emissions and leaks are insignificant, and there is no environmental pollution. The study identifies these methods as particularly viable given their lower environmental impact and potential for seamless integration into existing energy systems, therefore supporting the transition to a more sustainable and circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation and storage of copper smelting slag poses serious ecological and environmental safety risks. How to make full use of copper smelting slag, achieve comprehensive utilization of secondary resources, and reduce environmental safety risks has become a current research hotspot. Purpose: By integrating and summarizing the existing research results and knowledge in the field of comprehensive utilization of copper smelting slag, this study explores the application prospects of copper smelting slag in road base materials and puts forward relevant suggestions. Method: Conduct a systematic review and analysis of relevant literature. Conclusion: The use of copper smelting slag to prepare road base materials can not only utilize copper smelting slag on a large scale, reduce potential environmental pollution problems caused by the discharge and storage of copper smelting slag, but also effectively solve the problem of limited sources of raw materials for traditional road base materials, which is very important for regional infrastructure construction and sustainable development of the ecological environment are of great significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the possibility of using wood as a building material for the construction of houses. A comprehensive method was used, which consisted of analysing environmental management regulations, applying the life cycle assessment method to minimise the carbon footprint; using software to calculate the carbon footprint of a wooden house at different stages of the life cycle. The object of study is the carbon footprint of a house built of wood. The Life Cycle Assessment method was used as a methodology for assessing the life cycle. Using the One Click Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost software, the carbon footprint of a log house was calculated for the product life cycle stage mentioned above (A1-A3). When calculating the carbon footprint of wood-based building materials, carbon emissions were taken into account not only from the finished products, but also from all other products obtained as a result of logging. When calculating the carbon footprint, greenhouse gas emissions from all activities are estimated. We have obtained data on the life cycle cost of a wooden house in terms of electricity use. Accordingly, we obtained a value of global warming potential (A1-A3) of 0.51 kg CO2 e/kWh. We also obtained data on the life cycle cost of a wooden house in terms of diesel consumption. According to the results of the LCA, the value of the global warming potential due to meeting the water supply/sewage needs is (A1-A3) 0.69 kg CO2 e/m3. The value of the global warming potential due to meeting the heat supply needs of production needs is (A1-A3) 0.13 kg CO2 e/kWh. Based on the information obtained, we can conclude that it is advisable to use a wooden log house as a building material, as the carbon footprint is smaller than that of a brick building. The final section presents the results of calculating the life cycle cost of a wooden house by discount factor and inflation, the results of the life cycle cost of a wooden house by percentage of energy costs, and the results of assessing the life cycle cost of a wooden house (displaying parameters according to the European energy certification scale). Based on the carbon footprint assessment (using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology), economic comparison (Life Cycle Cost and total construction costs), and expert assessment (based on technical and ergonomic parameters) of the two construction technologies, the feasibility and possibility of using wood as a building material was established. The study proves the feasibility of applying the LCA method in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japan’s environmental hazard control and consultation mechanism can give play to the role of public subjects and private subjects, realize the linkage and cooperation among citizens, enterprises and governments, and promote environmental control into a healthy and effective cycle. The illegal behavior of Japan’s nuclear-contaminated water discharge fully exposed the hypocrisy of its environmental control and consultation mechanism, indicating that the mechanism is still essentially a consultative democracy of a few people. In spite of this, Japan’s environmental hazard control and consultation mechanism before the 21st century can provide some reference for China’s environmental control mechanism in terms of the identification of the political identity of the residents, the maintenance of the enthusiasm of the enterprises and the diversified construction of the environmental education system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esterquats constitute a unique group of quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) that contain an ester bond in the structure of the cation. Despite the numerous advantages of this class of compounds, only two mini-reviews discuss the subject of esterquats: the first one (2007) briefly summarizes their types, synthesis, and structural elements required for a beneficial environmental profile and only briefly covers their applications whereas the second one only reviews the stability of selected betaine-type esterquats in aqueous solutions. The rationale for writing this review is to critically reevaluate the relevant literature and provide others with a "state-of-the-art" snapshot of choline-type esterquats and betaine-type esterquats. Hence, the first part of this survey thoroughly summarizes the most important scientific reports demonstrating effective synthesis routes leading to the formation of both types of esterquats. In the second section, the susceptibility of esterquats to hydrolysis is explained, and the influence of various factors, such as the pH, the degree of salinity, or the temperature of the solution, was subjected to thorough analysis that includes quantitative components. The next two sections refer to various aspects associated with the ecotoxicity of esterquats. Consequently, their biodegradation and toxic effects on microorganisms are extensively analyzed as crucial factors that can affect their commercialization. Then, the reported applications of esterquats are briefly discussed, including the functionalization of macromolecules, such as cotton fabric as well as their successful utilization on a commercial scale. The last section demonstrates the most essential conclusions and reported drawbacks that allow us to elucidate future recommendations regarding the development of these promising chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical data on the level of use of ash and slag from thermal power plants is provided. The results of an analysis of regulatory and technical documentation in the field of ash and slag management in the energy sector are presented. Laws, regulations, and other documents regulating the management of by-products of coal combustion are considered. It was noted that it is necessary to refine the existing documentation, introduce legally defined terms and definitions for a number of ash and slag processing products, and also legally consider ash and slag as mineral raw materials and not waste. Definitions of ash and slag are given in accordance with the current industry regulatory document, in which ash and slag are тще called waste but mineral residues of solid fuel. It is shown that various government agencies are preparing regulatory documents related to the involvement of ash and slag into economic circulation. However, the existing regulatory framework does not meet the goals of achieving the level of low-waste and waste-free production. It was noted that regional programs have currently been approved to increase the level of ash and slag utilization from thermal power plants in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Activities are presented that will make it possible to achieve the indicators for the level of utilization of ash and slag from thermal power plants in accordance with the Energy Development Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035. It is explained how legally correct regulatory and technical documentation will make it possible to increase the level of ash and slag utilization in Russia and will help eliminate accumulated harm to the environment. It has been shown that the most large-scale, high-tech, environmentally friendly and economical use of fly ash is its replacement of up to 40% of cement in the construction of buildings and structures. Definitions of fly ash used in cements and concretes are given in the standards of different countries (EU countries, United States, Australia, India, China, Japan, Russia) depending on the type of ash formed. A comparative analysis of Russian and foreign national standards for the use of ash in cements and concretes was carried out in terms of physical and chemical characteristics, which are significant limiting factors when choosing directions and projects for the use of ash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the institutional and economic mechanisms employed for managing the environmental safety of enterprises in Ukraine and the European Union. Choosing Ukraine as the central focus of this study is deliberate and based on multiple considerations. Ukrainian businesses encounter distinct environmental obstacles due to the country's unique institutional and economic frameworks. Article enhancements to these mechanisms within the Ukrainian context, leveraging the EU's experience. The goal is to promote the development of more efficient systems for environmental safety management at enterprises, with an orientation towards sustainable development. The research's methodological framework is meticulously constructed to be both exhaustive and multidimensional, facilitating a thorough and rigorous investigation of the research subject. This study also integrates synthesis, deduction, logical reasoning, and generalisation to augment the depth and scope of the research outcomes. This study measures to enhance the effectiveness of environmental management systems. These measures include the formulation of an Environmental Safety Code and the Progressive Environmental Management System (PEMS), as well as the creation of an independent Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (EIAA). This study also investigates the potential application of AI in automating the analysis and evaluation of environmental impact scenarios. It proposes the establishment of an Intelligent Environmental Monitoring System (IEMS). Furthermore, the research discusses different types of taxes that could alleviate the adverse environmental effects of businesses. It recommends channelling funds from green bonds into the banking system for green loans or setting up a specialised green investment bank. These measures could incentivize businesses to adopt eco-friendly technologies. This study offers valuable insights for enhancing environmental safety management in businesses and provides practical suggestions for policymakers and business leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article strives to determine the allowable content of nutrients in the wastewater that is being discharged into a reservoir, with the end goal of minimizing the risk of eutrophication. It was noted that the methodology currently used in Ukraine and most European countries to control pollutant discharge in wastewater is designed to simply not exceed the permissible pollution level in natural water based on sanitary indicators, which does not guarantee the absence of the eutrophication risk to the water bodies. The article describes a developed method for determining the allowable composition of wastewater based on biogenic indicators. The proposed method takes into account the consecutive transformation of nutrients, the probabilistic nature of the factors that determine the quality of water in water bodies, as well as the cost of purifying wastewater from various pollutants. The problem was considered for the case of wastewater discharge into a reservoir through a watercourse. This research is a practical scientific basis for further improving the methodology for standardization of the wastewater composition in order to protect water bodies from eutrophication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-based nanomaterials (MNMs) possess exceptional properties that have led to their widespread use in various fields, including medicine, energy, electronics, and agriculture. However, this increased utilization of MNMs also raises concerns about their potential release into environmental compartments, such as soil, water bodies, and the atmosphere, which could adversely affect the environmental system and living organisms. Hence, it is crucial to investigate the environmental risks associated with MNMs. This review comprehensively discusses the adverse effects of MNMs at different levels, including organismal, tissue, metabolic, molecular, and genetic levels. Additionally, it offers a holistic perspective on their overall impact. Specifically, biological models are categorized based on the environmental medium, and the effects of MNMs on tissues, organs, growth, development, and reproduction of individual biological models are summarized. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of different MNMs toward biological models are also discussed. By doing so, this review provides a comprehensive and system-level understanding of nanotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that the reserve of the economy, rational use and protection of the subsoil is the involvement in the production of non-standard resources through the use of metal leaching technologies, which should be combined with traditional development technologies. It was established that the optimal value of the indicators is most often achieved when a smaller part of the rich ore (up to 40%) is extracted by traditional technologies and released to the surface, and its larger part (up to 60%) -- poor, out-of-condition and out-of-balance ore is leached underground. leu. In particular, the most intensive infiltration leaching occurs in the size class of ore pieces -100 + 0 mm. For the Michurinsky deposit (SE ShidGZK, Ukraine) during underground block leaching of metals, it is recommended that the yield of such a fraction in the recovered ore is about 90%. Metals from fractions -200 + 100 mm are leached less intensively and longer. It has been proven that the main place in PBV should be occupied by the explosive preparation of ore, which ensures effective extraction of metal from stored ores with a loosening coefficient of 1.15 > Kr < 1.2, which is regulated by the volume of products produced from the ore block (up to 30%) and camera parameters (length, width and height). Due to the involvement in the production of substandard ores, the raw material base of metal extraction at the operating mines can be increased by 1.4-1.6 times. To neutralize and wash the spent ore mass, it is recommended to process it with a solution of lime and mine water through the wells of the irrigation system. Protection of the hydrogeological environment should be carried out by silting the bottom of the chamber for collecting productive solutions with a clay solution and constant monitoring of groundwater pollution in the area affected by PBV. On the basis of the received positive results of the research and implementation of technologies of PBV of metals from rock ores during the development of block 5-86, according to the recommendations issued, the same approach was used for blocks 5-84-86 and 5-88-90, as well as the industrial-experimental block 1-75-79. For the industrial use of the combined traditional technology of development of deposit reserves, it is worth considering the possibility and expediency of including in the extraction and processing of substandard and out-of-balance, in terms of the content of useful components, ores with the technologies of underground block leaching of metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thorough pre-release studies to determine the environmental safety of biocontrol agents and to predict their effectiveness in controlling the target weed are crucial parts of any weed biocontrol project. Over the last five to six decades, the scientific rigor of pre-release investigations has constantly improved, reflected in a continuous decrease of nontarget attack incidences. Success rates have also increased, but are more variable, and the proportion of biocontrol agent releases leading to heavy impact has remained stagnant since the 1950 s at an approximate maximum of 25 %. In this paper, we review four methodological approaches that can further enhance environmental safety testing of weed biocontrol agents prior to release. These methodological approaches are (i) chemical ecology, (ii) predictability of field host use through relative performance analysis, (iii) quantification of field host range data, and (iv) experimental evolutionary studies. These approaches are not meant to substitute traditional host specificity testing, which remains the foundation of environmental safety assessments of weed biocontrol agents. Instead, they are meant to provide additional quantitative, behavioral, physiological and evolutionary insights to more accurately predict the realized host range of agents, and to further improve interpretation of host specificity data. We also review four methodological approaches that can facilitate increasing the effectiveness of weed biocontrol agents. These are (i) biocontrol agent and target weed trait analysis, (ii) experimental and field-based impact assessments, (iii) climate suitability studies, and (iv) target weed demography. The caveat of some of the tools and procedures is that they are context specific and not universally suitable for every weed biocontrol project. In addition, some of the approaches require substantial post-release data to corroborate their predictions. We are convinced that the tools and procedures reviewed here along with continued technological advances will refine predictions about the environmental safety and effectiveness of weed biocontrol agents. We also hope that this paper will motivate biocontrol scientists to not only adopt some of the tools more routinely, but ideally to improve them or to develop other novel methods outright. The more that analytical and explanatory research is conducted during weed biocontrol pre-release studies, the more credible the discipline will become.