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Aim Location Time Period Major Taxa Studied Methods Results Main Conclusions Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are well recorded in local communities, they remain poorly understood across scales (from local to larger spatial scales). This study evaluates how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients.North‐eastern China.2017.Woody plants.We define multifunctionality using both averaged and modified multiple‐threshold approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill–Chao numbers. Using variance decomposition, linear mixed models and structural equation modelling, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers.We found that both α‐ and β‐diversity are critical for regional community multifunctionality, while the relationships between species, functional and phylogenetic diversity and multifunctionality decoupled across spatial scales and thresholds of ecosystem functioning. Phylogenetic β‐diversity and species α‐diversity are, respectively, more important for promoting high‐ and moderate‐threshold multifunctionality (e.g. EMFT90 and EMFT50) in regional communities. Environmental drivers typically have stronger effects than biodiversity on multifunctionality. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality or indirect ones mediated by species α‐diversity. Environmental heterogeneity is important for high‐threshold multifunctionality, exerting directly and indirectly through phylogenetic β‐diversity. Latitude not only directly influences multifunctionality but also modulates it through species α‐diversity and phylogenetic β‐diversity.This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our findings, we conclude that any design of a forested landscape that is aimed at maximizing multifunctionality should consider maintaining high local diversity as well as forest community heterogeneity at varying scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation examined the association between on‐water rowing stroke‐rate (SR), velocity and heart‐rate (HR) in highly trained rowers (n = 8 male; n = 8 female and 19.3 ± 1.1 year) over a 4‐month real‐world (i.e., variable environment and boat class) training period. On‐water SR, prognostic velocity (percent of world's best velocity) and HR were captured for 1453 sessions via smart‐watch and chest‐strap HR monitor. Data was filtered and smoothed with individual HR training zones identified (T1–T5). Linear mixed modeling and an overlapping index (ηˆ $\widehat{\eta }$) were used to assess differences in SR and prognostic velocity between HR zones. Correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the SR and prognostic velocity relationship and progression of prognostic velocity at a SR of 20spm over time. There were significant differences in SR and prognostic velocity between HR zones (T1>T2>T3>T4>T5, p < 0.001); however, data overlap between adjacent zones was substantial for both variables (SR:ηˆ $\text{SR}:\widehat{\eta }$ = 0.69–0.85; prognostic velocity: ηˆ $\widehat{\eta }$ = 0.46–0.86). A significant, positive correlation (r = 0.50 and p < 0.001) between SR and prognostic velocity was found. Progression of prognostic velocity at SR 20spm over the study duration was trivial (r = −0.01 and p = 0.71). Variables commonly used to prescribe and describe on‐water rowing training showed large variability in a real‐world training environment impacting the ability to accurately monitor training performance and progression. Highlights: Data from this study suggested that in a real‐world training environment, stroke rate and prognostic velocity show large spread when examined within heart rate training zones resulting in substantial data overlap between adjacent zones (ηˆ $\widehat{\eta }$ = 0.69–0.85).Using these variables in isolation to prescribe training may not result in the desired training stimulus, whilst performance monitoring using these variables may not accurately reflect athlete progression.Consideration should be given to the goal of on‐water rowing sessions (physiological and technical) as well as the context under which on‐water data is collected (e.g., flow, environmental conditions, session type and boat class) if using these variables for prescription and description purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and efficient sampling of fog droplets is a prerequisite for online measurement. The performance of such a sampler relies on the internal flow field, temperature, and humidity. Based on aerodynamics and turbulence theory, we designed a fog droplet sampler with multi-segment structure and specific temperature control. First, we used COMSOL to investigate the effects of key system parameters. The sampling efficiency first increased and then decreased with sampling flow. The reason was that the impact force under reasonable flows maintained particles in suspension, whereas high flows with high turbulence intensity increased the likelihood of particles colliding with the walls. Based on the simulations, we determined the optimal sampling flow (1000 L/min), segment structure (a cylindrical inlet), and segment dimension (25 mm for the optical measurement segment) of the sampler, with a sampling efficiency of 0.87. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of temperature, relative humidity, and sampling flow on the particle size. Size change increased with temperature but decreased with relative humidity and sampling flow. Additionally, temperature control contributed to condensation prevention, and size change was < 1% when the temperature was 15 °C. Finally, we conducted an experiment for verification purposes. The sampling efficiency of the fabricated system was 0.77, i.e., 11.49% lower than for the simulation. Size change was < 1 μm in both the simulations and the experiments, while variation was 6.30% in the experiment, i.e., a difference of 3.97% from the simulation. Hence, the designed fog droplet sampler achieved accurate and efficient sampling of fog droplets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operational efficacy of lane departure warning systems (LDWS) in autonomous vehicles is critically influenced by the retro-reflectivity of road markings, which varies with environmental wear and weather conditions. This study investigated how changes in road marking retro-reflectivity, due to factors such as weather and physical wear, impact the performance of LDWS. The study was conducted at the Yeoncheon SOC Demonstration Research Center, where various weather scenarios, including rainfall and transitions between day and night lighting, were simulated. We applied controlled wear to white, yellow, and blue road markings and measured their retro-reflectivity at multiple stages of degradation. Our methods included rigorous testing of the LDWS's recognition rates under these diverse environmental conditions. Our results showed that higher retro-reflectivity levels significantly improve the detection capability of LDWS, particularly in adverse weather conditions. Additionally, the study led to the development of a simulation framework for analyzing the cost-effectiveness of road marking maintenance strategies. This framework aims to align maintenance costs with the safety requirements of autonomous vehicles. The findings highlight the need for revising current road marking guidelines to accommodate the advanced sensor-based needs of autonomous driving systems. By enhancing retro-reflectivity standards, the study suggests a path towards optimizing road safety in the age of autonomous vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllosticta citricarpa, the citrus black spot causal agent, requires both mating types, designated as MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2, to produce ascospores. Mating‐type ratio in some citrus‐growing areas has been characterized but remains little known in the São Paulo (SP) citrus belt, the largest sweet orange producer worldwide. A protocol for in vitro ascospore production was developed recently; however, there are few studies regarding the optimal conditions for their production. Thus, this study aimed to determine the mating‐type ratio in SP and quantify ascospores produced under different conditions in vitro. The mating types were identified by duplex PCR, and ascospore production was assessed in five culture media: potato dextrose agar (PDA), ½ PDA, malt extract agar (MEA), oatmeal agar (OMA) and citrus agar (CA), and at temperatures from 10 to 30°C. The ratio of MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2 was similar to 1:1. Ascospore production reached peaks of 8.0, 7.0 and 3.0 × 103 ascospores/mL in MEA, PDA and ½ PDA, respectively. There were no ascospores observed in OMA and CA. P. citricarpa ascospores were observed only at 15, 20 and 25°C in PDA, with peaks of up to 2.0 × 103 ascospores/mL at 42, 35 and 21 days, respectively. There were no ascospores observed at 10 and 30°C. Both mating types are similarly distributed in the SP citrus belt, and in vitro ascospore production may be optimized by using MEA at 25°C. These data provide a better understanding of P. citricarpa sexual reproduction and a background for further studies with ascospores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

QuerySeed germination is a vital step in the life cycle of a plant, playing a significant role in seedling establishment and crop yield potential. It is also an important factor in the conservation of plant germplasm resources. This complex process is influenced by a myriad of factors, including environmental conditions, the genetic makeup of the seed, and endogenous hormones. The perception of these environmental signals triggers a cascade of intricate signal transduction events that determine whether a seed germinates or remains dormant. Despite considerable progress in uncovering the molecular mechanisms governing these processes, many questions remain unanswered. In this review, we summarize the current progress in the molecular mechanisms underlying the perception of environmental signals and consequent signal transduction during seed germination, and discuss questions that need to be addressed to better understand the process of seed germination and develop novel strategies for germplasm improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density-independent and density-dependent population regulation has long been a subject of investigation. We examined density-dependent and density-independent factors on growth rates of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana (Ord, 1815)) using a retrospective analysis of population survey data. Across Idaho, we found that as the proportion of the subpopulation harvested the previous year increased, growth rates increased. Similarly, as fawn recruitment increased, growth rates increased. We also found when the growth rate in the previous year increased, the growth rate the subsequent year decreased. When subpopulations were examined independently, we found that in a low-elevation desert subpopulation, growth rates were influenced by growth the previous year. In an agricultural-dominated site, growth rates were influenced by fawn recruitment in the current year and maximum temperature the previous fall. Growth rates in a mid-elevation shrub–steppe site were influenced by drought severity prior to parturition and the growth rates from the previous year. Growth rates in two mountain valley subpopulations were influenced by measures of vegetative greenness. At the statewide scale, while managers may strive for increased numbers of pronghorn, density dependence will limit the ability for a region-wide numerical response. On the localized scale, drivers of growth were temporally and spatially explicit, and biologists must consider site-specific actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

lWater samples were collected from a tailings pond wastewater site in the Rudnik mountain area, where polymetallic ore flotation processes generate high concentrations of Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+. The study aimed to identify microorganisms resistant to heavy metals and assess their potential for bioremediation. Growth capabilities under varying conditions, including temperature, pH, and NaCl concentrations, were analyzed using a spectrophotometer. Minimal inhibitory and lethal concentrations of tested substances were determined for both planktonic cells and their biofilms. Key isolates, namely Bacillus altitudinis PMFKG-R3, B. pumilus PMFKG-R15, B. cereus PMFKG-R46, Pseudomonas veronii PMFKG-R30, and Pantoea agglomerans PMFKG-R20, demonstrated growth ability at both 22 and 37°C and exhibited halotolerance, albeit sensitivity to acidic pH. Most isolates in both planktonic and biofilm forms displayed notable resistance to heavy metals, particularly Pb2+ and Zn2+, in line with the sampling location. Notably, planktonic cells were sensitive to antibiotics, while biofilms exhibited slightly higher resistance. Promising candidates for bioremediation purposes were identified in P. veronii PMFKG-R30 and P. agglomerans PMFKG-R20, which displayed resistance to heavy metals and sensitivity to antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polar ecosystems are subjected to many stressors, including climate change, that impact their overall functioning. Seabirds are good bioindicators of these systems as they readily respond to changes in environmental conditions. To quantify how environmental changes affect their life history, data on seabird diet, spatial distribution and body condition are needed to reveal the underlying mechanisms. We explored possible drivers of the winter distribution of single-colony populations of Atlantic puffins Fratercula arctica and black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla, two of the most numerous seabird species in the North Atlantic. Based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic data from feathers moulted during winter migration, we identified three groups of Atlantic puffins and two groups of black-legged kittiwakes occupying different isotopic niches. We then used geolocator tracking data for the same birds to determine if these groups reflected parallel differences in the location of moulting grounds rather than differences in their diet. We found that the isotopic niches of the three Atlantic puffin groups likely resulted from their use of different habitats during winter moult. In contrast, the isotopic niches of the two black-legged kittiwake groups were more likely a result of differences in their diet, as both groups were distributed in the same area. These findings suggest that different winter feeding and/or migration strategies may play a role in shaping the body condition of individuals for their following breeding season. We discuss the role of environmental conditions encountered by seabirds during winter migration to further elucidate such intracolony divergence in strategies. As polar ecosystems experience rapid changes in environmental conditions, the approach presented here may provide valuable information for the development of effective conservation measures (taking both intra- and intercolony variability into account), and to better predict future impacts of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to address the greenhouse effect and achieve the artificial carbon cycle, the electrocatalytic reduction reactions offer an effective approach for converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable chemicals. In addition to the rational design of catalyst structure to improve the high selective conversion of CO2, exploring the influence of environmental conditions on the reaction path and product types is one of the keys to realizing the high selective conversion of CO2. In this review, we illustrate the important influence of changes in environmental conditions on the effectiveness of electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) technology from the design of the reactor, the selection of the electrolyte, and the setting of the reaction conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.). Through in‐depth understanding and optimization of these factors, the efficiency and selectivity of the CO2RR can be further improved to promote the development of CO2 conversion technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fracture toughness is an important parameter in determining the fracture mechanism of rocks, concretes and other composites, and it is used in performing design and stability analyses. In this study, the aim was to determine the effects of different environmental conditions (dry, saturated, freezing, thermal shock and thermal aging) on fracture toughness and fracture energy values of rocks from three different origins: gabbro, recrystallized limestone and limestone. In the first stage, the physical, chemical, mechanical, mineralogical and petrographic properties of rocks were determined. The material properties of rocks were revealed by physico-mechanical tests, XRD, XRF and petrographic analysis. In the second stage, the rocks were aged by exposing them to pre-determined environmental conditions for a certain period of time and then, semi-circular bending strength tests were applied to the aged rocks. SEM images were taken to determine the effects of different environmental conditions on surface cracks. According to the experimental results, thermal shock, thermal ageing and water saturation conditions led to decreasing fracture toughness, while freezing conditions led to increasing fracture toughness. It was determined that thermal shock was the environmental condition that caused the most weakening. In freezing conditions, it was observed that physico-mechanical properties and fracture toughness values of rocks increased. It was seen that the fracture toughness values of the monomineralic structured samples were more affected by the environmental conditions than the multimineralic rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We focus on finding a correlation between the asymmetries of electroencephalography (EEG) signals and subjective well-being (SWB) when changed on short time scales via environmental conditions. Most research in this field focuses on frontal alpha asymmetry. We systematically examine different sensor locations and filter the sensor data into the delta band, the theta band, the alpha band, the beta band, and the gamma band, or leave the EEG signal unfiltered. We confirm that frontal alpha asymmetry is correlated to SWB. However, asymmetries between other sensors and/or filtering the data to other bands also shows a linear correlation to SWB values. Asymmetries of anterior brain regions show statistically significant results not only in the alpha band but also in the delta band and theta band, or when the data is not filtered into a specific band. Asymmetries of posterior regions show a trend to be correlated to SWB when EEG activity is higher on the opposite hemisphere and filtered into different frequency bands. Thus, our results let us conclude that focusing just on frontal sensors and the alpha band might not reveal the whole picture of brain regions and frequency bands involved in SWB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercialization of modular timber products as cost-effective and lightweight components has resulted in innovative engineering products, e.g., glued laminated timber, laminated veneer lumber, I-beams, cross-laminated timber and solid timber joined with wedge joints. With the passage of time, timber structures can deteriorate, or new structural elements are required to increase the stiffness or load-bearing capacity in newly built structures, e.g., lintels over large-scale glazing or garages, or to reduce cross-sectional dimensions or save costly timber material while still achieving low weight. It is in such cases that repair or correct reinforcement is required. In this experimental and numerical study, the static performance of flexural timber beams reinforced with prestressed basalt BFRP, glass GFRP and hybrid glass–basalt fiber bars is shown. The experimental tests resulted in an increase in the load-carrying capacity of BFRP (44%), GFRP (33%) and hybrid bars (43%) and an increase in the stiffness of BFRP (28%), GFRP (24%) and hybrid bars (25%). In addition to this, glued laminated timber beams reinforced with prestressed basalt rods subjected to biological degradation, 7 years of weathering and prolonged exposure to various environmental conditions were examined, and an increase in the load-bearing capacity of 27% and an increase in stiffness of 28% were obtained. In addition, full-size laminated timber beams reinforced with prestressed basalt bars were investigated in the field as an exploratory test under fire conditions at elevated temperatures, and the effect of the physical–mechanical properties during the fire was examined via an analysis of these properties after the fire. In addition, a satisfactory correlation of the numerical simulations with the experimental studies was obtained. The differences were between 1.1% and 5.5%. The concordance was due to the fact that, in this study, the Young, Poisson and shear moduli were determined for all quality classes of sawn timber. Only a significant difference resulted in the numerical analysis for the beams exposed to fire under fire conditions. The experimental, theoretical and numerical analyses in this research were exploratory and will be expanded as directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites made from fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are a crucial and highly adaptable category of materials widely utilized in numerous fields. Their flexibility and the range of criteria for classification enable the creation of tailored solutions to address distinct requirements in sectors such as civil engineering, aerospace, automotive, and marine, among others. The distinguishing characteristics of FRP composites include the type of reinforcing fiber used, the composition of the matrix material, the employed manufacturing process, the orientation of the fibers, and the specific end-use application. These classification variables offer engineers a versatile structure to determine and select the most appropriate materials and production techniques for their specific needs. Furthermore, the present study aims to reunite the criteria of classification for FRPs and specific manufacturing technologies of FRPs, such as conventional ones (matched die molding, contact molding), automated ones (filament winding, tape lay-up, and fiber placement), and advanced ones (electrospinning and additive manufacturing),with the chronological development of FRPs, insights on material characteristics, and comprehensive design guidelines based on their behavior in different environments of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review we propose the use of telomeric length (TL) as an authenticity marker that could provide an alternative method for differentiating fish and seafood samples or detecting fraud. Considering the ever-growing number of incidents of economically motivated fish and seafood adulteration using even more sophisticated methods to overcome current authenticity markers, the need to identify novel authenticity markers becomes essential. The TL of fish and seafood depends on individual characteristics (e.g., sex, age) and the environmental stimuli (e.g., temperature, water quality) to which these are exposed. Hence, both wild marine and freshwater populations occupying different geographical origin habitats might differ substantially because of the environmental cues affecting them. Moreover, the implementation of various rearing practices in aquaculture, such as different levels of fish and seafood density and increased ambient noise combined with site-specific environmental cues could affect TL, providing regulatory authorities with valuable information by distinguishing wild from reared populations and organic from conventional ones. In the present review the effects of both the environmental conditions and individual characteristics on the telomeric stability of fish and seafood telomeres are discussed, suggesting TL as a potential prospect authenticity marker that could be used to prevent fish and seafood adulteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Through a preliminary analysis of animal remains from the large settlement site of Yucun, located east of the Longshan Mountain and associated with the Zhou people during the first half of the first millennium BC, the authors investigated the subsistence practices in relation to the exploitation of animal resources by the site's residents. The examination of animal species representation and the mortality profiles of major domesticates suggest similarities between Yucun and sites associated with the Qin people, located to the west of the Longshan Mountain. However, differences were observed when comparing Yucun to other contemporaneous sites in the middle and lower Yellow River valley. These patterns in animal use strategies appear to have been influenced by local environmental conditions. The first millennium BC saw the expansion of the Western Zhou dynasty in its northwestern frontier, alongside the rise and development of the Qin State in the Longshan Mountain region of northern China. Exploring the subsistence practices of these communities is crucial to gaining a better understanding of the social, cultural, and political landscape in this region at the time. While much of the research to date has focused on the Qin people, the subsistence practices of the Zhou people remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed animal remains from Yucun, a large settlement site associated with the Zhou people, located to the east of the Longshan Mountain. These animal remains were recovered in the excavation seasons of 2018–2020. Our results show that pigs, dogs, cattle, caprines, and horses, which were the major domestic animals at Yucun, accounted for over 90.8% of the animal remains examined in terms of the number of identified specimens (NISP) and 72.8% in terms of the minimum number of individuals (MNI), with cattle and caprines playing dominant roles. In terms of the taxonomic composition and the mortality profiles of pigs, caprines, and cattle, Yucun shared similarities with Maojiaping and Xishan, two contemporaneous Qin cultural sites located to the west of the Longshan Mountain, and differ from other farming societies in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River valley. Considering the cultural attributes and topographic conditions of these various sites, these findings imply that environmental conditions may have played a more significant role than cultural factors in shaping the animal-related subsistence practices in northern China during the first millennium BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the stability, and vibrational characteristics of functionally graded single-walled carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-SWCNTRC) plates resting on a Visco-Hetenyi medium are perused based on a 12 unknown higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). The system is subjected to hygro-thermal environments and both compressive and tensile in-plane loads in both x- and y-direction. In addition to both linear and nonlinear thermal conditions, a two-dimensional (2D) magnetic field's effects on the stability of the system are studied. The governing equations of motion are solved numerically by means of the generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) due to its capability to consider the various geometric boundary conditions (BCs). In order to validate the current work, a comparative study is accomplished between the present outcomes and reported ones in the open literature. The impact of the carbon nanotube (CNT) volume fraction, patterns of CNT distribution, environmental attacks, magnetic field strength and direction, structure aspect ratios, BCs, and foundation types on the vibrational behavior of the considered structure are scrutinized. Obtained results represent that considering the impacts of in-plane tensile forces and the magnetic field in modeling improves the system's vibrational behavior. While imposing the hygro-thermal effects similar to the axial compressive loads have destabilizing influences on the system and make the structure more vulnerable to static instability. Moreover, uncertain conditions are assessed for sensitive parameters which have effects on the performance of the system. Finally, using a supervised neural network (NN) learning approach, the accuracy of the model is proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the structure and trophic characteristics of zooplankton communities of the East Siberian Sea (ESS) was performed within the program "Marine Ecosystems of the Siberian Arctic" during cruise 69 of the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh. The material was collected on two quasimeridional transects conducted in the latitudinal range ~71°00′–75°30′ N from the inner shelf adjacent to the Indigirka and Kolyma outfalls to the outer shelf during September 5–9, 2017. The list of species and larger taxa, as well as their biomass and trophic characteristics, are presented, and the peculiarities of cross-shelf distribution in relation to the conditions of the pelagic environment are described. The obtained estimates of the mezoplankton biomass in the ESS are on the whole within the range typical of the rest of the Siberian Seas in summer–fall. It has been established that mezoplankton communities of the western and eastern ESS significantly differ in quantitative characteristics, the role of dominant species and taxonomic groups in biomass, grazing impact of mesoplankton on the phytoplankton biomass and production, and features of the cross-shelf distribution of these characteristics. The boundary between the communities with different structural functional characteristics is located approximately at 160°–163° E. A conclusion is made that analysis of climatic and seasonal changes in ESS mezoplankton should be examined with allowance for the principal differences between pelagic biotopes and communities of the western and eastern parts of the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among several pests infesting okra plants, the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is considered one of the most destructive pests. Field trials were conducted in a private field in Esna District, Luxor Governorate, Egypt, during two successive growing seasons (2021 and 2022) with the aim to study the seasonal fluctuation of P. solenopsis population infesting okra plants (Balady cultivar). Furthermore, the impacts of both climatic conditions and plant age on the seasonal variation of the tested insect pest were determined. The results indicated that P. solenopsis infested okra plants from the first week of March until the end of July, and had three peaks of activity per season, which were recorded in the first week of April, third week of May, and fourth week of June. The mean total population density of P. solenopsis per 10 leaves over the whole first season was 235.96±16.05 individuals and for the second season, it was 242.13±17.01 individuals. June was the most favourable month for P. solenopsis population increase (as measured during weekly inspections), while March was the least favorable in both growing seasons. Pooled effects of environmental conditions and plant ages had a strong relationship with P. solenopsis population density, with an Explained Variance (EV) of 93.26% in the first season and 95.09% in the second season, during the two seasons. Daily mean relative humidity was the most effective variable in explaining changes in the population density of P. solenopsis for the 1st season (2021), while the it was the major element influencing the changes in population in the 2nd season. On the other hand, the daily maximum temperature was clearly the least effective factor in population changes during both seasons. The data presented here can aid to monitor the oscillations in the population density of this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review we propose the use of telomeric length (TL) as an authenticity marker that could provide an alternative method for differentiating fish and seafood samples or detecting fraud. Considering the ever-growing number of incidents of economically motivated fish and seafood adulteration using even more sophisticated methods to overcome current authenticity markers, the need to identify novel authenticity markers becomes essential. The TL of fish and seafood depends on individual characteristics (e.g., sex, age) and the environmental stimuli (e.g., temperature, water quality) to which these are exposed. Hence, both wild marine and freshwater populations occupying different geographical origin habitats might differ substantially because of the environmental cues affecting them. Moreover, the implementation of various rearing practices in aquaculture, such as different levels of fish and seafood density and increased ambient noise combined with site-specific environmental cues could affect TL, providing regulatory authorities with valuable information by distinguishing wild from reared populations and organic from conventional ones. In the present review the effects of both the environmental conditions and individual characteristics on the telomeric stability of fish and seafood telomeres are discussed, suggesting TL as a potential prospect authenticity marker that could be used to prevent fish and seafood adulteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the impact of harsh environmental conditions on the development of the Zionist narrative and the pursuit of Jewish urban settlement in Arab cities, specifically Acre. While overcoming adversity was part of the Zionist farming ethos, settling in areas that were environmentally challenging was one of the factors that kept the Zionist establishment from acknowledging or supporting urban Jewish settlement in Arab towns. In fact, the openly professed ideology of settling in such locations and creating mixed cities was implemented only in the few cases where an economic or political incentive existed. These incentives aside, environmental issues like swampy land and seasonal flooding were major inhibiting factors, not only affecting the scope of Jewish settlement but also the way they were addressed in the Zionist narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (DEAs) enable the realization of energy-efficient and compact actuator systems. DEAs operate at the kilovolt range with typically microampere-level currents and hence minimize thermal losses in comparison to low voltage/high current actuators such as shape memory alloys or solenoids. The main limiting factor for reaching high energy density in high voltage applications is dielectric breakdown. In previous investigations on silicone-based thin films, we reported that not only do environmental conditions and film parameters such as pre-stretch play an important role but that electrode composition also has a significant impact on the breakdown behavior. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of electrical breakdown on thin silicone films coated with electrodes manufactured by five different methods: screen printing, inkjet printing, pad printing, gold sputtering, and nickel sputtering. For each method, breakdown was studied under environmental conditions ranging from 1 °C to 80 °C and 10% to 90% relative humidity. The effect of different manufacturing methods was analyzed as was the influence of parameters such as solvents, silicone content, and the particle processing method. The breakdown field increases with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing humidity for all electrode types. The stiffer metal electrodes have a higher breakdown field than the carbon-based electrodes, for which particle size also plays a large role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hibernation is often associated with high mortality, especially during early life stages, and losses can be exacerbated by unusual winter conditions or if animals enter hibernation carrying a disease. Here, we examined how overwintering amphibians may be affected by the combined effects of mild winters, which are projected to increase in frequency due to climate change, and of chytridiomycosis, a disease that has contributed to the decline of hundreds of species worldwide. We exposed juvenile agile frogs Rana dalmatina to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the causative agent of chytridiomycosis, and subsequently subjected them to either a long, cold winter (1.5°C for 91 days) or a short, mild winter (4.5°C for 61 days) under laboratory conditions. Agile frogs proved to be highly resistant to Bd as only 37% of Bd‐exposed individuals became infected as determined before hibernation, and prevalence further decreased to 8% by the end of hibernation, with individuals showing very low infection intensity values. We observed lack of mortality in control and Bd‐exposed groups also, in both types of winter. The two types of winter we simulated did not result in differing body mass loss either alone or in combination with experimental infection. In the Bd‐exposed group, the two types of winter also did not cause differences in prevalence and infection intensity. However, among Bd‐exposed frogs, individuals that were Bd negative when entering hibernation lost more body mass than their conspecifics that carried the fungus at the onset of overwintering. Based on our results, warming winter climate conditions, with or without Bd infection, do not decrease body mass and survival rate of hibernating agile frogs, and do not increase susceptibility of individuals to chytridiomycosis. It remains to be seen to what extent the relatively weak effects of milder winters can be generalized to other amphibians of the temperate climate zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the impact of paving surface material on thermal comfort in a residential building. The aim of the study was to demonstrate differences in temperature, measured near a building's walls, depending on their location (relative to the cardinal directions) and the type of paving surface material outside the building (in its immediate vicinity, considering the cardinal directions). The study found differences in temperature values recorded near walls located on the south-west side, which faced a garden and a grassy surface, compared to the temperature of the walls that faced a street with asphalt and concrete paving blocks. It should be noted that the study was carried out in the summer, when the interior of the building was not heated. The facade of the building had not been additionally insulated and retained its original historical form (facade render). The method used in the study consisted of temperature measurements taken near the building's walls using a Steinberg System weather station's sensors. The measurement results supported the hypothesis that wall temperature varies depending on a space's placement relative to the cardinal directions and the surface paving material in the space adjoining the building. The results of the study are presented using line graphs. The study is of scientific value and the results may also be useful in site development planning practice. The thermal conditions are a major factor that affecting the comfort of various types of buildings, including housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry (Frageria ananasa) is the fruit of temperate climate but some cultivars are adaptable to sub-tropical climate as well. In Pakistan, strawberry runners are only produced in Swat Mingora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This research was aimed to produce runners in Punjab environments. Therefore this research was carried out at Pir Mehar Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University.Rawalpindi, during the years 2017-18. Strawberry cultivar "Chandler" were treated with different concentrations (control, 150 ppm, 300 ppm and 450 ppm) of gibberellic acid in four different environments (open field, plastic tunnel, glass house and lath house) to investigate their effect on vegetative growth and runners production. Data was recorded for plant height, crown diameter, petiole length, count of leaves, count of trusses, count of runners, leaf area, weight of fresh leaves, weight of dry leaves and canopy size. Results unveiled that strawberries cultivated in a lath with 450 ppm GA3 application gave exceptional results for all the observed parameters except crown diameter and canopy spread, which were superior in open field crop and treated with 450 ppm GA3 solution. Hence it can be concluded that strawberries cultivated in a lath house with 450 ppm GA3 application produces excellent quality plants and capable to produce runners for the next season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptation plasticity constitutes a key factor in the development of such plants under different ecoclimatic conditions. The current study was designed to determine the morphological and phenotypic variability of Ajuga iva collected from distinct geographical locations in Morocco and their phenolic content. Four samples of Ajuga iva were collected to evaluate the morphological variability and adaptability to ensure the sustainable growth of this medicinal plant known for its unique biological properties. Eleven morphological parameters were selected, including length, width, number, distance, and the thickness of different parts, as well as total phenolic content. Statistical tools, such as principal component analysis, and correlation were used to assess the change in the parameters under study based on the geographical origin. Treatment of the obtained results revealed a high variability of morphological parameters of different samples according to the site and altitude, and the interaction between the studied factors. The sample collected from Jbel Zerhoun registered the highest values of the following morphological parameters: APL (12.47 ± 2.09 cm), UPL (6.56 ± 0.40 cm), APW (3.28 ± 1.59 g), UPW (1.24 ± 0.19 g), LW (0.40 ± 0.10 cm), LN (44 ± 4), and NN (21.33 ± 2.51). The samples collected from an altitude above 1000 m showed the highest values of different morphological parameters (aerial part length and weight, underground part weight, leaf number and weight, and node number) and registered the maximum of TPC (124.12 mg GAE/g, 128.86 mg GAE/g, and 164.75 mg GAE/g for samples collected from Immouzzer Kander, Jbel Zerhoun, and Azrou, respectively). Therefore, the samples from high elevations can resist environmental critical conditions by the emergence of different biochemical processes to synthesize bioactive compounds with multifaceted effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal images are highly dependent on outside environmental conditions. This paper proposes a method for improving the accuracy of the measured outside temperature on buildings with different surrounding parameters, such as air humidity, external temperature, and distance to the object. A model was proposed for improving thermal image quality based on KMeans and the modified generative adversarial network (GAN) structure. It uses a set of images collected for objects exposed to different outside conditions in terms of the required weather recommendations for the measurements. This method improves the diagnosis of thermal deficiencies in buildings. Its results point to the probability that areas of heat loss match multiple infrared measurements with inconsistent contrast for the same object. The model shows that comparable accuracy and higher matching were reached. This model enables effective and accurate infrared image analysis for buildings where repeated survey output shows large discrepancies in measured surface temperatures due to material properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In today's age, having military and war power can no longer be considered as a global power, but global power is achieved through knowledge and ways to achieve it. Due to the increasing development and production of knowledge, a new concept has been created under the title of knowledge city, which has attracted the attention of the world. Today, knowledge city is one of the important issues in urban development. A knowledge city is a city that has encouraged, continuous production of knowledge, continuous creativity, sharing, evaluation, renovation and updating of knowledge in order to develop knowledge. Considering the importance of knowledge in the city of knowledge, the aim of this research is to identify the impact of the key components of the city of knowledge in transferring knowledge. Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method. Library and field methods were used to collect information. The data collection tool in this research was a closed questionnaire that consists of 110 questions. In order to determine the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, the method of content validity with the opinion of experts has been used. In this research, two criteria of composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) were used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The professors of information science and epistemology, who had expertise in the field of knowledge management, formed the statistical community of this research. In the present study, 30 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method. In order to analyze the data, SPSS and PLS software were used. Findings: The findings indicate that the key components identified in Knowledge city include 7 components: social conditions, strategic conditions, technological conditions, political conditions, financial conditions, the component of environmental conditions, and finally the component of urban management. The present study investigated the effect of each of the components on knowledge transfer, which the components of strategic situation, political conditions, financial situation, and environmental conditions have a significant effect on knowledge transfer, and in contrast to the social conditions, the conditions Technological and urban management components have no effect on knowledge transfer. Conclusion: Based on the investigations, some components of knowledge city can be effective in knowledge transfer. It seems that there is a need to strengthen the foundation of the components of the strategic situation, the political situation, the financial situation, and the environmental conditions that have a positive and significant effect on knowledge transfer, because knowledge transfer can contribute to the development and the productivity of knowledge city has an important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed transmission is a major mode for plant virus persistence and dispersal, as it allows for virus survival within the seed in unfavorable conditions and facilitates spread when they become more favorable. To access these benefits, viruses require infected seeds to remain viable and germinate in altered environmental conditions, which may also be advantageous for the plant. However, how environmental conditions and virus infection affect seed viability, and whether these effects modulate seed transmission rate and plant fitness, is unknown. To address these questions, we utilized turnip mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and Arabidopsis thaliana as model systems. Using seeds from plants infected by these viruses, we analyzed seed germination rates, as a proxy of seed viability, and virus seed transmission rate under standard and altered temperature, CO2, and light intensity. With these data, we developed and parameterized a mathematical epidemiological model to explore the consequences of the observed alterations on virus prevalence and persistence. Altered conditions generally reduced overall seed viability and increased virus transmission rate compared with standard conditions, which indicated that under environmental stress, infected seeds are more viable. Hence, virus presence may be beneficial for the host. Subsequent simulations predicted that enhanced viability of infected seeds and higher virus transmission rate may increase virus prevalence and persistence in the host population under altered conditions. This work provides novel information on the influence of the environment in plant virus epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective well-being (SWB) describes how well people experience and evaluate their current condition. Previous studies with electroencephalography (EEG) have shown that SWB can be related to frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA). While those studies only considered a single SWB score for each experimental session, our goal is to investigate such a correlation for individuals with a possibly different SWB every 60 or 30 s. Therefore, we conducted two experiments with 30 participants each. We used different temperature and humidity settings and asked the participants to periodically rate their SWB. We computed the FAA from EEG over different time intervals and associated the given SWB, leading to pairs of (FAA, SWB) values. After correcting the imbalance in the data with the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE), we performed a linear regression and found a positive linear correlation between FAA and SWB. We also studied the best time interval sizes for determining FAA around each SWB score. We found that using an interval of 10 s before recording the SWB score yields the best results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of small fruits has increased in recent years. Besides their appealing flavor, the commercial success of small fruits has been partially attributed to their high contents of phenolic compounds with multiple health benefits. The phenolic profiles and contents in small fruits vary based on the genetic background, climate, growing conditions, and post-harvest handling techniques. in this review, we critically compare the profiles and contents of phenolics such as anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acids that have been reported in bilberries, blackberries, blueberries, cranberries, black and red currants, raspberries, and strawberries during fruit development and post-harvest storage. This review offers researchers and breeders a general guideline for the improvement of phenolic composition in small fruits while considering the critical factors that affect berry phenolics from cultivation to harvest and to final consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well-being of laying hens raised in cages is affected due to the smaller space available for them, which is in line with the growing pressure from a large number of consumers concerned about the conditions in which these birds are raised. The consequence of this lower housing density on productivity and the quality of life of the bird and the eggs produced by them must be evaluated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the production, egg quality, and welfare of laying hens reared in different housing densities in cages. At 28 weeks of age, 120 light Novogen White laying hens were distributed, after beak trimming, in 24 cages measuring 45 cm x 50 cm, in three different housing densities: 562.5 cm²/bird (four birds/cage), 450 cm²/bird (five birds/cage) and 375 cm²/bird (six birds/cage), with 8 repetitions each. The experimental diets were isoproteic and isoenergetic, based on corn and soybean meal. The trial period will comprise six cycles of 28 days each. The variables analyzed were: egg weight, yolk index, Haugh unit, yolk pigmentation, percentage of egg components and shell thickness (in millimeters). When the birds reached 44 weeks of age, the feather score was measured. Forty chickens per treatment were evaluated in four regions: chest, back, wings and hindquarters. This analysis consists of categorizing the birds according to three different scores, according to the size of the area without feathers in each region. It is expected that the reduction in the hen housing density in the cages will lead to higher production with better egg quality, also promoting better hen welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive performance knowledge of economically important bivalves is essential to establish better shellfishery management measures and aquaculture programs. The reproductive cycle, as well as the nutrient storage and utilization of two Portuguese Cerastoderma edule populations from Óbidos and Ria Formosa lagoons were characterized by evaluating gonadal development stages, gonadal and condition indexes, as well as glycogen and total lipid content, over several consecutive years. The relationship between reproduction and environmental parameters (sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a) was assessed. The reproductive cycle of both populations of C. edule followed a clear seasonal pattern. The onset of gametogenesis took place in early autumn for both populations, and its evolution coincided with a temperature decrease which progressed throughout the winter. The mature stage was reached in spring, followed by a spawning period during spring and summer, triggered by a rise in temperature. After spawning, both populations progressed to a prolonged inactive stage. The condition index reflected the accumulation and utilization of glycogen, which was considerably higher in the Óbidos population. However, no relationships were found in the reproductive cycle of the species. Total lipids remained similar not only during the gametogenesis period, but also during the spawning period, which may be related to successive and simultaneous gamete production and release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past several decades, the modeling of specific neuropsychiatric disorders using animal models has been the most useful tool in characterizing the etiological causes, symptoms and treatments in their appearance and development. Because of this increased demand, but also due the need for knowledge from an early stage, the spread of animal models in the research field has led to a comprehensive understanding of husbandry species to obtain a healthy and genetically diverse population. One of the main concerns in lab organism's husbandry are environmental conditions, recognized as one of the sources of behavior variations. Whether it is about a small space, diet or other abiotic factors that cause stress, knowing and reducing those perturbing influence can support the organism's accommodation, growth and breeding stages. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a popular organism alongside rodents, and in every aspect of biology, it present advantages that encourage its use in research. In this review, we focused on several parameters implicated directly in the breeding process, even if the ideal scenario for reproduction through laboratory conditions is a challenge most of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In forest resource inventory, tree height is often estimated by easily measurable diameter from height-diameter model. In this study, we tried to use random forest (RF), an important machine learning method, to model individual-tree height. Results showed that the optimized RF model had better fitting and prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.8146 and RMSE = 2.2527 m). In terms of relative importance, diameter at breast height (DBH) was the most important factor, followed by neighborhood-related variables and other variables related to environmental conditions. Further, tree height was generally positively affected by DBH, mean diameter of neighbors, DBH dominance, number of neighbors, and mean annual precipitation, but negatively affected by elevation. The results indicated that the RF-based height model was statistically reliable and highly accurate, and it had strong interpretability with ecological significance. Our study will provide a new perspective for the application of machine learning algorithms to forest dynamic modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission is a key process affecting the stability and dynamics of host–parasite systems and thus driving infections. Efficient management of potentially harmful parasites, such as monogeneans, is essential in aquaculture and requires an understanding of their transmission in changing environments. This study analysed the effect of larval age and water temperature on the swimming behaviour and transmission of Sparicotyle chrysophrii , a pathogenic monogenean commonly found in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata , from the western Mediterranean Sea. Three experiments were designed to assess the effects of both factors on (1) irregular (i.e. forward, irregular, conspicuous and fast movements) and vertical swimming periods, (2) swimming speed in a thin water layer and (3) upward and downward swimming behaviour. Increasing age reduced the vertical swimming speed and the number of larvae swimming vertically, thus increasing the number of larvae at the bottom of the test tube, when oncomiracidia were added at the top. Increasing water temperature also minimized the number of vertical movements per larva as well as the vertical swimming speed, while shortening the duration of irregular and vertical swimming patterns. The loss of vertical swimming performance of S. chrysophrii with increasing age suggests that active dispersal processes can be compromised after 24 h, especially at higher water temperatures where the infection window is even shorter. Therefore, passive dispersion of the infective stages is likely to contribute substantially to parasite transmission, especially when hosts are not nearby. • Temperature and age affect swimming behaviour of Sparicotyle chrysophrii. • Temperature increase reduces swimming periods, speed and vertically swimming larvae. • Increasing age compromises the vertical swimming performance of oncomiracidia. • Active transmission is constrained after 24 h posthatching and at high temperatures. • The 18–22 °C range improves swimming performance, which is crucial in host finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore whether tea/tree intercropping plantations have positive effects on soil ecosystem services functions, the possible effects of intercropping cultivation of 151 different tea and other species' intercropping setups were summarized and analyzed in terms of three aspects of soil ecological service functions (supply services, support services, and regulating services). An ArcGIS map was plotted to show the distribution of existing intercropping plantations in China up to June 2021. Furthermore, it was concluded that the benefits of intercropping tea plantations exceeded those of monocropping tea plantations in terms of soil ecosystem service functions, such as water retention capacity, mineral contents, effects on energy transformation, and regulating environmental conditions. Intercropping tea plantations were more sustainable than regular tea plantations because of the different degrees of variability and benefits in all three aspects mentioned above. However, tea and tree intercropping plantations often require careful planning and preliminary experimentation to determine the type of intercropping that will have positive impacts, especially in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissolution of karst systems varies greatly under different conditions. To evaluate the effects of environmental conditions, a dynamic dissolution experiment for carbonate rocks was conducted. An experimental device to reveal the dissolution characteristics of carbonate rocks in different environments was designed. This custom-designed device was composed of a water–gas mixing system, an open environment simulation system, a semiclosed environment simulation system, and a closed environment simulation system. The results showed that a change in environmental conditions affected the dissolution of carbonate rocks, which was also the main reason for observed Ca2+ concentration anomalies. Along the flow direction, the pH, EC and dissolution ratio increased. The dissolution rate in the open environment was 1.30 times that in the semiclosed environment and 1.38 times that in the closed environment. In the open environment, the dissolution of rock samples decreased with increasing burial depth, while it increased with increasing burial depth in the semiclosed environment and closed environment. The simulation also revealed that dissolution was strong at the initial stage, and then the dissolution process gradually stabilized and did not show large fluctuations. However, when the saturation index was less than 0, the solution was not saturated, and the carbonate rocks continued to dissolve. A change in carbonate rock environmental conditions affects the migration and transformation of dissolved carbon. The system used in this study can accurately reveal the water‒rock interactions of karst waters in different environments and demonstrate the effect of mechanisms controlling dissolution on water chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 growing seasons, six trials at four sites in Maryland and Virginia, USA were conducted, with leaf wetness and temperature sensors placed at 2 m height at the edge of the field (elevated sensor placement) or at the canopy level (0.5 m) on strawberry beds (canopy sensor placement). Temperature and leaf wetness duration (LWD) data from these sensors were used as input for anthracnose fruit rot (AFR) and Botrytis fruit rot (BFR) infection risk models, and fungicide spray trials were conducted to evaluate the ability of these predictions to control AFR and BFR. On average, the canopy level sensors reported significantly (p < 0.05) longer LWD and higher temperature than elevated sensors during the fruit ripening period. The AFR and BFR risk calculated from the canopy sensors was also significantly higher than that from the elevated sensors. Fungicide spray programmes based on data from either canopy or elevated sensors resulted in fewer applications than weekly spray programmes, but the increased estimated risk based upon conditions within the canopy led to more applications than the elevated sensor treatment in four trials. In one trial with considerable incidence of BFR, plots that were sprayed based on the canopy sensor data controlled BFR significantly better than the elevated sensor spray programme. Springtime temperature, LWD, AFR risk and BFR risk were largely unaffected by autumn row cover deployment. The difference in temperature, LWD and AFR and BFR risk based on sensor placement warrants careful consideration of sensor placement when implementing a disease warning spray programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a deadly infection that occurs when free‐living amoebae enter the nose via freshwater and travel to the brain. N. fowleri naturally thrives in freshwater and soil and is thought to be associated with elevated water temperatures. While environmental and laboratory studies have sought to identify what environmental factors influence its presence, many questions remain. This study investigated the interactive effects of temperature, pH, and salinity on N. fowleri in deionized and environmental waters. Three temperatures (15, 25, 35°C), pH values (6.5, 7.5, 8.5), and salinity concentrations (0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5% NaCl) were used to evaluate the growth of N. fowleri via ATP luminescent assays. Results indicated N. fowleri grew best at 25°C, and multiple interactive effects occurred between abiotic factors. Interactions varied slightly by water type but were largely driven by temperature and salinity. Lower temperature increased N. fowleri persistence at higher salinity levels, while low salinity (0.5% NaCl) supported N. fowleri growth at all temperatures. This research provided an experimental approach to assess interactive effects influencing the persistence of N. fowleri. As climate change impacts water temperatures and conditions, understanding the microbial ecology of N. fowleri will be needed minimize pathogen exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The distribution and establishment of plant species are influenced by various environmental conditions. Calligonum bungei, a species of the genus Calligonum, is widely distributed in arid and semi-arid climates in Iran. This research aimed to investigate the environmental conditions governing the distribution of Calligonum bungei in the desert rangelands of Kerman province. The study focused on identifying different types of Calligonum bungei habitats, assessing canopy cover, density, and associated species, and examining the influence of environmental factors, such as climate, topography, and soil, on the species' distribution. Methodology: Four representative areas in Kerman province were selected to represent the dominant types of Calligonum bungei habitats. Geomorphological types were identified using satellite images and field visits. Environmental factors, including climate, topography, soil properties, and characteristics specific to the species (density, canopy cover, associated species), were evaluated in each habitat type. Vegetation studies were conducted along 300-meter transects, with plot sizes determined based on vegetation type and distribution (100 square meters). A total of 40 plots (10 plots per studied area) were investigated. Canopy cover was determined by measuring two perpendicular diameters of the plant canopy. Principal component analysis (PCA) using PC-ORD software was employed to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and species establishment in the study areas. Results: The results showed that Calligonum bungei was present in the altitude range of 1400-1750 meters, slopes ranging from 1% to 18.4%, and in all directions. The average annual rainfall in the areas varied from 55.5 to 163.4 mm, while the average annual temperature ranged from 16.7 to 26.4 degrees Celsius. The minimum and maximum absolute temperatures recorded were between -20.8 and 48.8 degrees Celsius, respectively. The average annual humidity ranged from 29.6% to 42.5%, and the length of the dry season varied from 8 to 12 months per year. Soil analysis revealed shallow soil with sandy-loamy to sandy-loamy texture, sand content between 67% and 84%, lime content between 8.5% and 20%, carbon content between 0.1% and 1.35%, nitrogen content between 0.0% and 0.7%, absorbable phosphorus between 9.5 and 13.5 milliequivalents, absorbable potassium between 200 and 217.5 milliequivalents, salinity between 0.36 and 1.02 decisimians, and pH values between 7.8 and 8.09. In terms of vegetation, Calligonum bungei was observed to be scattered in all studied areas, with densities ranging from 10 to 280 plants per hectare and canopy cover varying from 0.1% to 5.7%. Conclusion: The principal component analysis revealed that the first component (annual temperature, humidity, sand, and silt) explained 46.9% of the variation, the second component (altitude, slope, annual rainfall, phosphorus, lime, and potassium) explained 35.3%, and the third component (clay, nitrogen, and salinity) explained 17.8%. Environmental factors influencing the establishment of Calligonum bungei varied among the studied areas. In Anar and Kerman regions, increasing sand content and decreasing annual temperature, humidity, and silt were significant factors. In the Bam region, increasing phosphorus and potassium content and decreasing altitude, slope, annual rainfall, and lime were influential. In the Jiroft region, reducing sand content and increasing annual temperature, humidity, and silt played a role. Overall, these findings indicate that the identified environmental factors act as limiting factors for the establishment of Calligonum bungei in the study areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The situation in which many labor sectors find themselves today in terms of safety and health is extremely complex. Through a diagnosis, occupational health and safety makes sense and allows the improvement of environmental conditions such as: temperature, humidity, noise, lighting, cleanliness, gases, among others. The objective of this research is to evaluate the lighting system of the production area of the Elaboration Center in the province of Matanzas, Cuba. For the research, an initial diagnosis of the existing lighting level was carried out. The initial measurement was made using a luxmeter and was compared with the values obtained and those recommended by the NC-ISO 8995/CIE S 008: 2003 standard, which establishes the lighting level required for each activity. As a result, insufficient luminosity was obtained in the production area and a new lighting system was designed based on the lumens method to achieve the recommended level. It is proposed to the entity to use 12 lamps with two straight fluorescent tubes of 18 W, T-8, 6500K, distributed in 2 rows and 6 columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies into environmental conditions and their effects on the properties of renewable materials are gaining significant attention in the research field, particularly for natural fibres and their resultant composites. However, natural fibres are prone to water absorption because of the hydrophilic nature of the fibres, which affects the overall mechanical properties of natural-fibre-reinforced composites (NFRCs). In addition, NFRCs are based mainly on thermoplastic and thermosetting matrices, which could be used in automobile and aerospace components as lightweight materials. Therefore, such components have to survive the maximum temperature and humid conditions in different parts of the world. Based on the above factors, through an up-to-date review, this paper critically discusses the effects of environmental conditions on the impact performance of NFRCs. In addition, this paper critically assesses the damage mechanisms of NFRCs and their hybrids by focusing more on moisture ingress and relative humidity in the impact damage behaviour of NFRCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic environmental conditions can significantly influence the way species interact. In particular, plant–herbivore interactions can be substantially dependent on temperature and nutrients. The overall product of these relationships is critical for the fate and stability of vegetated ecosystems like marine forests. The last few decades have seen a rapid spread of barrens on temperate rocky reefs mainly as a result of overgrazing. The ecological feedbacks that characterize the barren state involve a different set of interactions than those occurring in vegetated habitats. Reversing these trends requires a proper understanding of the novel feedbacks and the conditions under which they operate. Here, we explored the role of a secondary herbivore in reinforcing the stability of barrens formed by sea urchin overgrazing under different nutrient conditions. Combining comparative and experimental studies in two Mediterranean regions characterized by contrasting nutrient conditions, we assessed: (i) if the creation of barren areas enhances limpet abundance, (ii) the size‐specific grazing impact by limpets, and (iii) the ability of limpets alone to maintain barrens. Our results show that urchin overgrazing enhanced limpet abundance. The effects of limpet grazing varied with nutrient conditions, being up to five times more intense under oligotrophic conditions. Limpets were able to maintain barrens in the absence of sea urchins only under low‐nutrient conditions, enhancing the stability of the depauperate state. Overall, our study suggests a greater vulnerability of subtidal forests in oligotrophic regions of the Mediterranean and demonstrates the importance of environment conditions in regulating feedbacks mediated by plant–herbivore interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer-coated urea (PCU) was developed to better synchronize nitrogen (N) supply with crop needs and reduce N losses. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different N rates prepared using combinations of urea and ESN (PCU) on corn (Zea mays L.), grain yield, yield components, in-season nutritional status, and residual soil N. Field experiments were conducted on two sites in eastern Ontario (Canada); Kemptville (sandy loam) and Winchester (clay-loam), and repeated over three years (2011–2013). A total of ten treatments were applied using combinations of three N rates (50, 100, and 150 kg N ha−1) and three fertilizer proportions (100% urea, 75:25 urea:ESN, and 60:40 urea:ESN) for each rate. The tenth treatment consisted of a non-fertilized control (0 N). Grain yield was significantly affected by N source, N rate, site, and year. There was no significant effect of the N source in most sites/years. In the wetter season 2013, treatment 100N60:40 in the sandy site produced a similar yield to treatments receiving 150 kg N ha−1. In the clay-loam site, the 150N75:25 treatment had a yield advantage of 11–12% compared with straight urea. Chlorophyll index generally increased with the higher N application rate. The other grain parameters were little affected by the N rate or source. Soil residual mineral N tended to increase with ESN blends at 100 and 150 kg N ha−1 compared with straight urea. Our findings indicate that replacing a portion of urea with PCU might save N in lighter soils prone to leaching especially in wet years without affecting yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actuarial senescence, the decline of survival with age, is well documented in the wild. Rates of senescence vary widely between taxa, to some extent also between sexes, with the fastest life histories showing the highest rates of senescence. Few studies have investigated differences in senescence among populations of the same species, although such variation is expected from population‐level differences in environmental conditions, leading to differences in vital rates and thus life histories.We predict that, within species, populations differing in productivity (suggesting different paces of life) should experience different rates of senescence, but with little or no sexual difference in senescence within populations of monogamous, monomorphic species where the sexes share breeding duties.We compared rates of actuarial senescence among three contrasting populations of the Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica. The dataset comprised 31 years (1990–2020) of parallel capture–mark–recapture data from three breeding colonies, Isle of May (North Sea), Røst (Norwegian Sea) and Hornøya (Barents Sea), showing contrasting productivities (i.e. annual breeding success) and population trends. We used time elapsed since first capture as a proxy for bird age, and productivity and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation Index (wNAO) as proxies for the environmental conditions experienced by the populations within and outside the breeding season, respectively.In accordance with our predictions, we found that senescence rates differed among the study populations, with no evidence for sexual differences. There was no evidence for an effect of wNAO, but the population with the lowest productivity, Røst, showed the lowest rate of senescence. As a consequence, the negative effect of senescence on the population growth rate (λ) was up to 3–5 times smaller on Røst (Δλ = −0.009) than on the two other colonies.Our findings suggest that environmentally induced differences in senescence rates among populations of a species should be accounted for when predicting effects of climate variation and change on species persistence. There is thus a need for more detailed information on how both actuarial and reproductive senescence influence vital rates of populations of the same species, calling for large‐scale comparative studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) is a successful method for indoor air purification, especially for removing low-concentration pollutants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) form a class of organic pollutants that are released into the atmosphere by consumer goods or via human activities. Once they enter the atmosphere, some might combine with other gases to create new air pollutants, which can have a detrimental effect on the health of living beings. This review focuses on current developments in the degradation of indoor pollutants, with an emphasis on two aspects of PCO: (i) influence of environmental (external) conditions; and (ii) catalyst deactivation and possible solutions. TiO2 is widely used as a photocatalyst in PCO because of its unique properties. Here, the potential effects of the operating parameters, such as the nature of the reactant, catalyst support, light intensity, and relative humidity, are extensively investigated. Then the developments and limitations of the PCO technique are highlighted, especially photocatalyst deactivation. Furthermore, the nature and deactivation mechanisms of photocatalysts are discussed, with possible solutions for reducing catalyst deactivation. Finally, the challenges and future directions of PCO technology for the elimination of indoor pollutants are compared and summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze residence changes of popular sectors in Gran San Miguel de Tucumán, based on three different dimensions: the location of the target neighborhood, the implemented residential trajectories and strategies, and housing characteristics. The Los Vásquez neighborhood was taken as a case study, which is located towards the southeast of the conglomerate, in one of the most degraded areas with poor environmental conditions. This neighborhood is characterized by the presence of popular settlements with high levels of informality, vulnerability and poverty. The study of changes in residence in relation to different socio-spatial variables provides an insight into the dynamics of the social division of space. While groups with sufficient economic income can choose the location and type of housing, vulnerable sectors are faced with multiple constraints to meet their housing needs, which are mainly imposed by the labor, land and housing markets. The reconstruction of changes in the residence of the popular sectors made it possible to build a baseline and rethink urban policies with the aim of achieving greater equality among people and equitable access to the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to evaluate the essential oil content and chemical composition of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis Mnch.) plants grown at seven locations in Egypt (Giza, Beni-Suef, Faiyum, Minia, Assiut, Sohag and east Elowainat). The plant samples were collected from such regions, their volatile oils were extracted and oil content (%) in air-dry herbage was calculated. The essential oil composition was determined by using GC-MS and the percentages of its main components from the studied regions were compared. Moreover, antioxidant potential of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in plant extracts were determined. Results showed that the essential oil content and its percentages of volatile oil's major components were changed also TPC and TFC differed among the collected plant samples grown at the studied locations as a result of variations in the geographical regions, soil characteristics and climatic conditions. Thus, the essential oil percentage in such sites varied from 1.2 to 3.0 %. The main components of oil; 4- terpineol, γ-terpinene, α-thujene, (+) trans-4-thujanol, sabinene, α-terpinene, linalool, α-phellandrene, β-thujene, (-)-B-caryophyllene, β-pinene, α-pinene and carvacrol can be interpreted as a factor connected to oil composition which is characteristics for commercial marjoram. The difference variability between the maximum and minimum values of each constituent among the locations gave an account in descending order: 27.57, 11.76, 10.56, 10.46, 8.81, 8.66, 6.01, 4.01, 3.39, 2.16, 0.91, 0.89 and 0.21%, respectively. However, TPC ranged from 128.43 to 140.71 mg PEs /g dry wt., and TFC from 86.61 to 117.22 mg/RU g dry wt. According to this investigation, it is recommended to study the environmental factors of the location where marjoram plants will be cultivated since marjoram is considered to be a promising essential oil crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]