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In this interconnection of embodied being and environing world, what happens in the interface is what is important. – Don Ihde, Bodies in Technology, 2002, p.8 Attempting to practice the anthropologist’s task of thick description, this chapter probes the nuances that govern the human-elephant relationships in Kerala that in my informants’ view are often overlooked by the activism discourse, thus producing a partial, thin description of the relation. This sentiment has been questioned by sever...

Satheeshan showed me a photoshopped picture of him next to a hippopotamus on his phone and said, ‘if there are no more captive elephants, I will have to stand like this.’ It was a joke and we both laughed. But if there is a next life and if Satheeshan is not around, then Satheeshan would prefer Shekharan elephant to remain in the forest. For most of my informants, it wasn’t the big debates on elephant captivity that mattered, but the local moralities emerging from the ordinary relations that...

Interrogating responses and reactions and the atmosphere of fear that my presence instigated, this paper critically examines human-elephant relations in Kerala amidst the bigger debates on animal rights, the emergence of elephants as a flagship species of conservation, and concerns regarding elephant captivity. The paper delves into how elephant handlers and owners reposition themselves and respond to activistic claims that portray human-elephant relations as torturous. Further, the study calls into question the strict nature-culture/wild-domesticated binaries posed by the activism discourse by probing the fuzzy naturecultures through which elephants and humans navigate their mundane lives. Moving forward, the research proposes that humans and elephants are attuned and entangled through nuanced phenomenological alignments that the normative moral frameworks on elephant captivity seem to overlook. Deploying various disciplinary and theoretical frameworks, this paper argues that incorporating the ethical turn in anthropology can yield incisive perspectives in interspecies studies. We extend our heartfelt thanks to the Vahabzadeh Foundation for financially supporting the publication of best works by young researchers of the Graduate Institute, giving a priority to those who have been awarded academic prizes for their master’s dissertations.

Although ‘misinterpretations’ of the human-elephant relations were not always arbitrary and my informants hinted at the dwindling human-elephant relations, the fear of the activist discourse that oversimplifies the bond as a relation of torture was palpable, however complex this relation is with its pitfalls. This chapter looks at how my informants respond to the ethicality of elephant captivity within the wild-domesticated, nature-culture framework and how their attributions to the sociocult...

Data Collection I conducted fieldwork from 15 January to 19 February 2022 in the Palakkad district of Kerala, a south Indian state. Although other districts in Kerala have a higher proportion of captive elephants, I chose Palakkad because of my acquaintance with a prominent elephant photographer Anoop who is a native of Palakkad. This made it easier to establish contacts with mahouts and elephant owners. From there, the snowball effect worked well, and most of my initial informants invited me...

Don’t Create Trouble for Us: Being Mistaken as a Journalist/Activist Residing on the banks of river Kaveri is a Tamil Brahmin (upper caste) settlement that migrated to Kerala from Tamil Nadu, a neighbouring state in South India. The Tamil Brahmins have built their niche in Palakkad, distinguishing themselves through architecture, attire, and the Tamil texture in their Malayalam. Each lane in the hamlet ends with a temple and the houses are stacked one after the other, sharing the wall and per...

While research in the 1970s described intense stigmatisation of voluntarily childless people, it has changed slightly since then. For instance, a quantitative study of university students’ perceptions of parents and childless couples showed persistent negative stereotypes of the childless along with negative perceptions of parenthood when it comes to stress and marital strains (Koropeckyj-Cox et al., 2018). Nonetheless, following the pronatalist context described in chapter 3, normative heter...

In approaching ‘environmental childlessness’, I realised that both environmental issues and reproduction encountered ethical dimensions. On the one hand, environmental issues are based on humanity’s place in the world and question fundamental ideas about what it means to be human (Haenn, Harnish, and Wilk, 2016, 1). While most animal species depend on intra-species relationships and the alteration of their environment to survive, how industrial and capitalist societies have rooted their devel...

While there is a recent tendency to account for a dramatic rise in ‘childlessness’, this is far from a new phenomenon. As highlighted by Michaela Kreyenfeld and Dirk Konietzka (2017a, 5), historical demography indicates that in many European regions in the 19th and early 20th centuries, about 20% of women remained childless. However, to relativise the novelty of this demographic trend does not prevent us from recognising a recent increase in childlessness and its expansion to countries that h...

2.1 Data Collection Considering my research object – ‘environmental childlessness’ – the empirical material I was interested in was individual narratives and experiences around questions ranging from parenthood to environmental consciousness. Therefore, semi-structured in-depth interviews were the most appropriate method. I also organised a collective discussion at the end of the interviewing process, at the end of March 2021. Indeed, some people expressed a desire to meet with people with w...

“Mixed-up times are overflowing with both pain and joy – with vastly unjust patterns of pain and joy, with unnecessary killing of ongoingness but also with necessary resurgence. The task is to make kin in lines of inventive connection as a practice of learning to live and die well with each other in a thick present. Our task is to make trouble, to stir up potent response to devastating events, as well as to settle troubled waters and rebuild quiet places. In urgent times, many of us are tempt...

Although voluntary childlessness based on environmental concerns is increasingly in evidence, the relationship between environmental crises and reproductive intentions has not yet significantly entered academic debate. Nonetheless, it articulates concrete ways in which the perception of environmental crises (re)shapes people’s lives in western societies. In an attempt to explore human reproduction as a site of environmental interrogations, this research asks how environmental degradation is (re)shaping reproductive intentions and what the pathway is towards ‘environmental childlessness’. Mobilising different scholarship and ethnographic interviews, I propose that the pathway towards ‘environmental childlessness’ is informed by profound uncertainties about the future, ethical interrogations, and persistent pronatalism. More than an over-simplifying update of neo-Malthusian and apocalyptic thinking, interrogations of parenthood express a broader rejection of current capitalist ways of living. Furthermore, rather than signalling a pessimistic disengagement from the future, ‘environmental childlessness’ appears to be a bid to attain a ‘meaningful’ life. We extend our heartfelt thanks to the Vahabzadeh Foundation for financially supporting the publication of best works by young researchers of the Graduate Institute, giving a priority to those who have been awarded academic prizes for their master’s dissertations.

My interlocutors’ pathways towards ‘environmental childlessness’ are multiple and it would be inappropriate to homogenise their experiences. Some of them never really wanted children, others only thought they would have a biological family until they seriously considered it, and a few of them wished they could have children. Women particularly emphasised that motherhood assigns them to a normative gendered identity and represents a heavy practical workload. Overall, following the greater attr...

This chapter is devoted to the study of three technologies for which an emergency framing is often employed. These case studies aim to examine how the legal rules applicable to these technologies address their potential status as emergency solutions to climate change. I will examine the different roles and relationships that relevant legal rules may have with respect to the various technologies. Three technologies have been chosen for this analysis: stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), ocea...

Technologies proposed as emergency solutions to climate change have varying tasks and roles. Stratospheric aerosol injection, ocean fertilisation, artificial islands, and similar technologies address different aspects of climate change and do so in very different ways. However, some common key characteristics justify grouping them to study them and their treatment by international law. First, these technologies promise relatively quick and easy solutions, which requires them to act rapidly on...

Geoengineering is the only known way that we could hope to lower the earth’s temperature within years or even decades without crippling the economy. There may come a day when we don’t have a choice. Best to prepare for that day now. (Gates 2021, 177) Policymakers and businesses appear to be entirely serious about deploying highly speculative technologies as a way to land our civilisation at a sustainable destination. In fact, these are no more than fairy tales. (Dyke, Watson, and Knorr 2021) ...

The current scale of mitigation efforts contained in nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement “falls far short” of achieving the Paris Agreement’s temperature targets (Nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement 2021, para. 136). However, state parties to the Paris Agreement are obliged to “pursu[e] efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C” (art. 2(1)(a)). This discrepancy between the international community’s objective and its current ...

This chapter discusses the implications of the findings from the case studies discussed in the previous chapter. These findings on the law applicable to stratospheric aerosol injection, ocean fertilisation, and artificial islands are discussed in light of the theoretical issues relating to emergency technologies raised in the literature and discussed in Chapter 1. After a brief overview of the previous chapter’s findings, the present chapter will discuss how international law views technology...

This paper discusses large-scale technologies, which are proposed as emergency solutions for avoiding catastrophic climate change. Their use is highly controversial, notably because of risks of large-scale environmental damage and the danger of distracting from other climate policies. Some of these technologies are known as geoengineering or climate engineering. This paper examines stratospheric aerosol injection, ocean fertilisation, and artificial islands as case studies. As the analysis of the rules of international law relevant to these three technologies shows, international law takes on different and partly conflicting roles towards such technologies. Nonetheless, a strong precautionary legal core opposing risky technological endeavours can be identified. However, there is a danger of this precautionary stance of international law being diluted by research and new regulation that make emergency technologies appear as viable policy options. International law does not currently safeguard against the promise of such technologies distracting from mitigation and adaptation. We extend our heartfelt thanks to the Vahabzadeh Foundation for financially supporting the publication of best works by young researchers of the Graduate Institute, giving a priority to those who have been awarded academic prizes for their master’s dissertations.

The forest tenure assessment tool (FTAT) and user guide consists of an integrated set of methodologies and guidelines for assessing both why it is important to secure community-based forest tenure in a specific national or sub-national context, and what needs to be done to strengthen forest tenure in that context. It is a companion piece to the analytical framework (AF), developed during phase one of the securing forest tenure rights for rural development initiative. The AF highlights the relevance of secure community-based forest tenure to sustainable development goals (SDG), and presents a set of key elements derived from evidence and best practice in securing community forest tenure. Community-based forest tenure is important because tenure security is key in achieving a range of SDGs. One part of the assessment methodology presented asks, why forest tenure reform? It focuses on consolidating country-specific evidence of the linkages between community-based forest tenure security and several, particularly relevant SDG. The methodology involves exploring opportunities to achieve development goals by strengthening tenure security, as well as risks to the achievement of development outcomes where tenure is insecure. This part of the methodology is aimed at developing policy rationales for dialogue with high-level decision-makers in governments and the World Bank. A second part of the methodology presented here examines how to secure collective forest tenure and focuses on assessing the current status of community tenure security in forest areas. The objective is to enable participatory diagnostic assessments of the strengths and weaknesses of current land and forest tenure frameworks, capacities, and implementation processes. This assessment tool is designed for anyone interested in understanding and strengthening community-based tenure security in forest landscapes in any country or region. The following sections provide an overview of the two part assessment methodology for understanding the why and how dimensions of community-based forest tenure in section two; step-by-step process guidelines for conducting assessments in section three; a final section that identifies five broad categories of Bank products and services that can benefit from the FTAT and a range of modalities of implementation that vary in cost and duration in section four.

The Mekong Delta in Vietnam covers approximately 12 percent of the national area, and is home to approximately a fifth of Vietnam’s population. The region contributes 50 percent of the rice crop, 65 percent of aquaculture, 70 percent of fruit, 95 percent of exported rice and 60 percent of exported fish. There are considerable opportunities for further development of the Mekong Delta region. Unlocking these opportunities will require addressing several existing challenges. The challenges stem from, among other things, inadequate infrastructure and market access, fluctuations in water availability, weak interprovincial coordination, climate change, pollution, and energy constraints. The Mekong Delta of Vietnam is also extremely vulnerable to climate change.

The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) is increasingly recognizing that adequate valuation of ecosystem services is a key input to improved decision-making on protected areas, forest and natural resources more generally; but the lack of data, accepted methodologies and technical capacity have prevented it from using ecosystem valuation for decision making on meaningful scale. This analytical work is being undertaken as part of a broader effort of the World Bank to provide guidance to the RGC on managing its natural capital through landscape approaches. By focusing on the Pursat River Basin in the Cardamom Mountains, the case study presented in this report is intended to provide a practical illustration of how the ecosystem services that are provided by a forest can be valued and then compared to the benefits that would otherwise be obtained if the forest was converted to other uses. The study provides evidence of the importance of forests in providing ecosystem services that are important for Cambodia’s economy as well as for the country’s climate and disaster resilience. The results therefore intend to help the RGC quantify and communicate the value of its natural capital to Cambodia’s economy.

This document provides an investment plan for climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in Mali, developed with support of the AAA Initiative and the World Bank, and technical assistanceof the International Center for Tropical Agriculture, the World Agroforestry Centre and the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture, Climate Change and Food Security (CCAFS). It identifies specific interventions that define on-the-ground action that are consistent with Mali’s NDC and national agricultural strategy, which can be funded by public and private sector partners. CSA interventions are designed to increase agricultural productivity, to help farmers, livestock keepers and fisher-people adapt and build resilience to climate risks, and, where appropriate, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change.This plan includes a set of 12 key CSA investments for Mali that were developed with strong stakeholder engagement, expert input and scientific evidence. This plan is not intended to be comprehensive but can further include additional projects when more funds will be available. The plan presents a situation analysis of Mali’s national policies, plans and programs in relation to key climate risks, which form the context for key prioritized interventions. Designed project concepts are developed for each of these key investments, including the main project objectives, components and implementation arrangements. These provide a tangible set of project concepts for potential investors and donors to consider for funding. Finally, a general framing for developing a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework for the CSA investment plan (CSAIP) is provided, showing how CSA outcomes relate to other M&E frameworks and other monitoring activities for national-level development priorities.The CSAIP provides the context and evidence for the importance of these projects, and details how they can be economically beneficial and provide food security to the people of Mali. This can help spur investment and funding for CSA to help Mali deliver on its NDC and other national targets.

Bangladesh’s agriculture sector is the country’s main source of food security, employment, and poverty alleviation. More than 70 percent of Bangladesh’s population and 77 percent of its workforce lives in rural areas. Nearly half of all Bangladeshi workers and two-thirds of workers in rural areas are directly employed in agriculture. About 87 percent of the nation’s rural households rely on agriculture for at least part of their income. With one of the fastest rates of productivity growth in the world (averaging 2.7 percent per year since 1995, second only to China), Bangladesh’s agriculture sector accounted for 90 percent of the country’s reduction in poverty between 2005 and 2010. This growth has also allowed the country to triple its rice production since it gained independence in 1971 and to halve its food deficit, and with it the number of malnourished people, since the mid-1990s. In 1991, nearly two-thirds of Bangladeshi children were underweight; today that number is less than one-third. Bangladesh faces growing demand for food and pressure from rapid land use change including significant losses of arable land. Population increases to an estimated 186 million by 2030 and 202 million by 2050, increasing income levels, and rapid urbanization at a rate of 3.5 percent annually 1 are expected to shift diets away from rice and wheat toward animal-based diets. At the same time, while Bangladesh produces almost all its own rice, current yield trends indicate production will not be able to satisfy growing demand for cereals (including rice), which is projected to increase 21 percent by 2030 and 24 percent by 2050. Given the increasing population density and continued loss of arable land caused by urbanization and other factors, enhancing the productivity of rice and other staple foods remains crucial. These trends suggest that Bangladesh must sustainably increase food production on far less arable land per capita to continue to strive for self-sufficiency in agricultural production. The World Bank considers climate-smart agriculture (CSA) a strategic priority investment in response to climate change in agriculture. The executive directors of the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank Group have recognized the need to address several concerning trends in the world’s poorest countries, including the growing demand for food, the unsustainable pressure of current agricultural practices on agricultural landscapes, the increasing threat of climate change to agricultural productivity, and agriculture’s significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions.

Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) has a comparative advantage in natural capital, which has fueled economic growth averaging around 8 percent per annum since 2000. The natural resource endowment comprises half of the country's wealth. Although forest cover declined 3.6 percent between 2005 and 2015, Lao PDR still has among the highest forest cover percentage of countries in the region, and the value of timber and non-timber forest products is 10,740 US Dollars per capita. Inefficiencies, including overuse, under-budgeting, and unsustainable and unscientific management, have led to a reduction in forest cover, natural wealth, and public revenues. Lao PDR's recent policy reforms, institution-building and community engagement aim to build a new foundation to sustain the Lao forest estate and the people and sectors that depend on it, including for tourism, agriculture, energy, water, fisheries, and wood products. Lao PDR's ambitious forest sector reforms aim to achieve financially and environmentally sustainable, resilient, and inclusive economic growth, especially through credible private sector investors. This reform agenda accompanies the Government of Lao PDR's (GoL) plan to expand forest cover to 70 percent from the current 58 percent, which will help to reduce poverty, create green jobs and livelihoods, support local industry and expand participatory sustainable forest management (SFM) and forest restoration, as well as to meet Lao PDR's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to climate action. Auspiciously, credible private sector commercial plantation investors are also starting to scale up investment in the country.

Climate change threatens to bring substantial impacts to Côte d’Ivoire’s agriculture sector, which is central to the country’s economic productivity and food security. Climate change, of course, poses challenges not only for Côte d’Ivoire but also for countries across Africa. Côte d’Ivoire is a signatory to the United National Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Paris agreement and has submitted its nationally determined contributions (NDC), committing to take action both on adaptation to climate change and on reducing greenhouse emissions. Côte d’Ivoire is by far a minor emitter of greenhouse gases. This document provides an investment plan for climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in Côte d’Ivoire, developed with support of the AAA Initiative and the World Bank, and technical assistance of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). This plan includes a set of twelve key CSA investments for Côte d’Ivoire that were developed with strong stakeholder engagement, expert input and scientific evidence. Because it is a member of the AAA Initiative and is also committed to delivering on its NDC commitments, Côte d’Ivoire now has an investment plan that includes a set of specific climate-smart projects that improve productivity, build resilience to climate change and, as appropriate, reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the agriculture sector.

Lake Toba is a unique natural asset of global significance located in the North Sumatra Province of Indonesia. The long-term economic and environmental value of Lake Toba’s water is central to achieving multi-sector objectives as well as sustaining the livelihoods and well-being of communities in the catchment. Addressing the deterioration of Lake Toba’s water quality requires consensus and enforcement of the carrying capacity for fish production and catchment management measures, including the control of emissions from livestock manure and wastewater. Enabling adaptive management of the lake is dependent on timely and accurate data on lake dynamics and creating a cooperative, interagency platform for water quality monitoring. This is especially important as Lake Toba is not a homogenous water body but consists of discrete compartments that are not uniformly affected by pollution. The success of any interventions relies on the establishment of functioning and financially viable institutional arrangements that can facilitate cross-sectoral collaboration and bridge national-regional-district divides. Furthermore, the recommendations and the roadmap for improving water quality are relevant and transferable to the management of lakes and reservoirs across Indonesia and throughout the region.

The report is the result of detailed research and consultation, which included review of literature, original analysis of fisheries data, and extensive meetings with people from the Federal Government, Provincial Governments, the private sector, and non-government and international organizations. Consultations were roughly evenly divided across capture fisheries, culture fisheries, and cross-cutting issues. The findings are organized in four remaining sections: part two provides an overview of the current state of fisheries in Pakistan. Information on fisheries' contribution to the economy, production trends, and fishing practices for marine, inland, and aquaculture is presented. Part two also provides an overview of the existing fisheries governance arrangements including current policy and legal framework and institutional arrangements. Part three provides an analysis of the potential benefits that could be realized through a revitalization of Pakistan’s fishery sector. Part four gives an analysis of the challenges to realizing these benefits. Part five describes specific activities necessary to overcome the challenges identified in part four. It provides recommendations within five themes: (1) creating an enabling environment for growth, (2) managing marine capture fisheries for long-term sustainability, (3) ensuring sustainable inland capture fisheries, (4) supporting the development of an environmentally sensitive aquaculture industry, and (5) optimizing the benefits of a productive fisheries sector for social goals.

This evaluation is the first comprehensive assessment of World Bank Group's multisectoral engagement in pollution management with 534 projects and US$34 billion commitment during FY04-17. It finds that the Bank Group has made significant progress in improving pollution management in client countries although important gaps remain. World Bank efforts to set up country-level pollution monitoring systems have been relatively rare, despite a recent surge. Pollution does not get adequately prioritized in country strategies. The Bank's Country Environmental Analyses have been instrumental in prioritizing pollution in policy dialogue. Yet, they have only been prepared for 42 countries (28 percent of client countries) and the extent in which those country strategies reflect identified pollution concerns is limited. Overall, the magnitude of the Bank Group's engagement has declined as a share of the overall portfolio even as global pollution levels have risen. It has also missed opportunities to fight indoor and outdoor air pollution, which are responsible for the highest share of deaths caused by pollution. The Bank Group's climate change mitigation portfolio provides an opportunity to address outdoor air pollution, helping to build the case to client countries justifying such interventions that yield co-benefits: pollution and greenhouse gas reduction. About one-third of IFC client companies do not meet the relevant requirements for air emissions and wastewater. IEG recommends strengthening monitoring efforts, strengthening country analytical work to ensure a more comprehensive integration to the identified pollution priorities in the SCDs and subsequent CPFs, scaling up and recalibrating the World Bank’s support in pollution management, leveraging its climate change portfolio to better combat local and regional air pollution, and strengthening IFC’s advisory support to help its investment clients better comply with pollution requirements.

We present a set of theoretical and empirical papers and briefly describe the specific contributions to the Macroeconomic Dynamics special issue on technology aspects in the process of development.

Publications Anderson, J., H. de Coninck, P. Curnow, T. Flach, D. Reiner, P. Richardson, S. Shackley, P. Upham, G. Sigurthorsson. 2007. The ACCSEPT project: Summary of the Main Findings and Key Recommendations; Deliverable D5.1 from ACCSEPT; Final report from ACCSEPT. ACCSEPT. DNV - BRINO912GSIG2007-2078. Bradbury J., S. Greenberg, S. Wade, 2011. Communicating the Risk of CCS. Global CCS Institute, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Wade LLC. http://decarbo...

The Earth is facing a climate challenge: the average temperature of the planet is rising. In an effort to prevent the, potentially dreadful, consequences of such an increase, governments have undertaken various initiatives aimed at limiting the increase in temperature to no more than 2 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels. In order to achieve that goal, CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions must be significantly reduced. However, the task is not easy. It requires large ...

Literature review To thoroughly explore the issue that constitutes the subject of this paper I utilized three basic techniques. First of all, in order to familiarize myself with the technology in general, and the socio-political dimension of its implementation in particular, I resorted to reviewing the specialist literature and statistical data concerning CCS. Process tracing Secondly, for the purpose of establishing who the stakeholders are in the Polish context, what stances they adopt, a...

1. Status of Coal in Poland The Polish economy is highly carbon intensive. While coal is utilized not only for the purpose of power generation, but also in a number of other branches of industry, the energy sector depends on its use most heavily (Heiskanen et al. 2008, 178-179). Solid fuel – of which hard coal constitutes 83% – accounts for 54% of Poland’s energy consumption mix and is responsible for nearly 87% of its electricity generation (EC 2012, 125). For Poland, which does not have at...

In conclusion, the climate is changing, the average temperature on Earth is rising, the EU is concerned and Poland is developing. Despite the fact that the country is trying to make up economically for lost time under Communism, as a member of the EU, it still has to comply with a demanding European climate policy. Therefore, the country is obliged to gradually suppress its emissions. The task is not easy, especially keeping in mind how coal-dependent and energy intensive the Polish economy i...

The climate is changing, the average temperature on Earth is rising, the EU is concerned and Poland is developing. Despite the fact that the country is trying to make up economically for lost time under Communism, it still has to comply with a demanding EU climate policy. The task is not easy, particularly keeping in mind how heavily coal-dependent the Polish economy is. Consequently, Carbon Capture and Storage (CSS) appears to be a perfect solution. However, the closer the technology is examined, the more its charm fades away. This paper analyzes CCS technology in terms of the likelihood of its application in Poland. After placing CCS in the European context, examining attitudes held by Polish stakeholders, reviewing the Polish public debate, and scrutinizing Polish society’s beliefs about the technology, the paper concludes that chances for CCS implementation in Poland are virtually nonexistent. Read the interview of the author.

In the short-term, until 2020, the EU committed itself to the so-called “3x20%” objectives which aim at “reducing greenhouse gases emission by 20% of 1990 levels, reducing energy consumption by 20% of the projected 2020 levels and increasing the share of renewable sources of energy to 20% of total energy generation” (PEP 2009, 4). With regards to long-term objectives, the Union has adopted specific legislation based on which it committed itself to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 8...

We make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon and the stars, as if we were villains by necessity, fools by heavenly compulsion, knaves, thieves, and treachers by spherical predominance, drunkards, liars and adulterers by an enforced obedience of planetary influence.William ShakespeareKing Lear, acte I, scène ii Je tiens à remercier le professeur Jorge Viñuales pour sa disponibilité, son ouverture d’esprit et ses conseils toujours précieux. Je souhaite également adresser un remerciement pa...

L’augmentation de 0,74º Celsius de la température moyenne depuis la fin du xixe siècle a déjà provoqué des changements écologiques importants dans la biosphère. Une des conséquences du réchauffement climatique est l’élévation du niveau de la mer. Le point le plus haut de Tuvalu, un petit Etat polynésien formé de neuf atolls, se situe seulement à 4 mètres au-dessus du niveau de la mer et, d’ici 2050, Tuvalu pourrait disparaître des suites de la montée des océans. Cette situation pose de nombre...

Dans ce chapitre, je souhaite analyser et comprendre le cas de Tuvalu à l’aide des théories de la justice. Je pars du constat suivant : après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les Etats, surtout européens, ont adopté en réaction aux horreurs de la guerre, notamment le génocide des juifs, une série de traités internationaux, comme la convention sur le statut des réfugiés de 1951 et d’autres instruments juridiques en matière de droits de l’homme. Mais de nos jours, ni la politique climatique internat...

Sources primaires Appel de Limoges sur les réfugiés écologiques, 2005, Limoges, http://www.liser.org/Appel de Limoges.pdf. CDH (Conseil des droits de l’homme), 2008, Droits de l’homme et changements climatiques. Résolution. Genève : CDH, http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/F/HRC/resolutions/A_HRC_RES_7_23.pdf. ICC (Inuit Circumpolar Conference), 2005, Petition to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights seeking relief from violations resulting from global warming caused by acts and omissions ...

Les migrants écologiques ou climatiques se trouvent dans un vide juridique et pour cette raison tombent hors des politiques internationales d’immigration et des réfugiés. Selon Oli Brown, les migrations à grande échelle ne sont pas prises en compte dans les stratégies nationales d’adaptation parce que les Etats les considèrent comme un échec d’adaptation. A cause de cette interprétation, il n’y a pas de place dans la communauté internationale pour les migrants climatiques, ni littéralement ni...