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Over the last two decades, the sociology of entrepreneurship has exploded as an area of academic inquiry. Most of this research has been focused on understanding the environmental conditions that promote entrepreneurship and processes related to the initial formation of an organization. Despite this surge in activity, many important questions remain open. Only more recently have scholars begun to turn their attention to what happens to organizations, and the people connected to them, as they mature and move through the life cycle of entrepreneurship. These open questions, moreover, connect to many classic themes in the literature on careers, organizational sociology, stratification, and work and occupations. Using a framework that focuses on three phases of the entrepreneurial life cycle—pre-entry, entry, and post-entry—we summarize sociological research on entrepreneurship and highlight opportunities for future research.

Digitalization has enabled entrepreneurs to adopt digital tools to create opportunities and reach customers in international markets. Yet, the understanding of international digital entrepreneurial marketing in the global marketplace is limited. Drawing on social network theory, the authors investigate how entrepreneurs' social ties and firms' international digital entrepreneurial marketing influence small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) internationalization. Based on multiple case study methodology, the results suggest that entrepreneurs' bonding and bridging ties facilitate different dimensions of international digital entrepreneurial marketing. That further enhances the intensity and geographic scope of SME internationalization. SME internationalization also reinforces entrepreneurs' accumulation of social ties. This study contributes to international marketing research by developing the dimensions of the international digital entrepreneurial marketing concept and exploring its important role in SME internationalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study evaluated factors that explain green entrepreneurship intention (GEI) among 407 university students in Chile, who were presented with an online questionnaire. Thirty-nine questions evaluated their GEI, and the data was analysed using multivariate techniques. Results showed thatconcept development support (CDS), business development support (BDS) and academic training support (ATS) had a positive effect on institutional support (IS). Country support (CS) had a positive effect on self-efficacy (SE). IS did not have a positive effect on SE. Finally, SE had a positive effect on GEI. The model explained 25.3% of GEI. Bootstrapping led support to these results. The effects of CDS, BDS, ATS, CS and SE were positive and significant. Recognizing which factors have a significant effect can be useful to devise university programs aiming to enhance GEI among university students. The results of this paper may provide useful indications about future entrepreneurship and possibly suggest ways in which students' participation in private companies may create successful green products and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigate what drives retail entrepreneurs' intentions to engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR) across environmental, economic, and social domains. To be more specific, we aim to explore the extent to which retail entrepreneurs' societal concern and perceived social pressure are related to their CSR intentions both directly and indirectly through state anxiety. State anxiety refers to retail entrepreneurs' general and potentially excessive worry over societal problems. By applying the theory of reasoned action (TRA), we develop and test five hypotheses with structural equation modeling on a sample of 324 independent retail entrepreneurs. Our study showed that societal concern and social pressure have a direct effect on CSR intentions across all three studied domains. Furthermore, the results indicate that greater the anxiety, the stronger the impact of societal concern and social pressure on CSR intentions. Thus, state anxiety positively mediates the relationship between societal concern and CSR intentions and the relationship between social pressure and CSR intentions. However, our study revealed that the relationship between state anxiety and CSR intentions is non-linear, indicating that high levels of state anxiety can deter retail entrepreneurs from engaging in CSR. This is a significant finding that calls for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clusters in the developing world do, to a large extent, attract low‐educated individuals, and these clusters are in some cases, characterized by urbanization without industrialization. This contrasts starkly to clusters in advanced economies that attract high‐skilled individuals and entrepreneurs. In this paper, we develop a model of agglomeration and spatial sorting that is consistent with these two types of different agglomeration processes in developed and developing countries. We show that a poor country that has an agglomeration with low skilled individuals, may get stuck in this equilibrium, but that free mobility of human capital from the outset nevertheless is superior from the perspective of total social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication between different fields in universities is often hindered by the "multi-tower" problem: each focuses on its own questions and issues and tends to ignore work in other, even closely related ones. This occurs in part, because each field has its own terminology theories, journals, and conferences and because university policies claiming ownership of researchers' findings restrict them from sharing this knowledge with others. Entrepreneurship, by welcoming input from many different sources—economics, sociology, strategic management, and psychology—avoids the "multi-tower" problem; this is one of its important strengths. In his own work, the author has sought to broaden the range of entrepreneurship research by "importing" findings and theory from psychology that are relevant to understanding entrepreneurs, the personal factors that affect their success, and important aspects of the entrepreneurial process overall. Plain English Summary: Entrepreneurship is open to input from several different fields—economics, strategic management, and psychology. This is a strength that facilitates its sophistication and progress. In his research, the author has sought to "import" knowledge, findings, and theory from psychology to entrepreneurship research and theory. This helped expand the scope of entrepreneurship and contributed to the understanding of entrepreneurs and several aspects of the entrepreneurial process. The research findings have implications for future research and education of potential entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research has exposed the importance of digital skills in allowing the entrepreneur to achieve a greater degree of work-life balance and their role in influencing the intention to become an entrepreneur. A questionnaire was developed, comprising control variables and sections on the level of administrative digitalization, team management, digital training and the use of digital tools, communication and marketing, and the work-life balance of self-employed entrepreneurs. Utilizing a statistical model, significant constructs were identified for the digitalization intention of entrepreneurs, mainly from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In the results obtained, the constructs were "entrepreneur digitalization level" (0.203), "management digital communication" (0.275), and "work-life balance" (0.710). The main conclusion is that despite the COVID-19 pandemic, many studies show that digitalization would enhance SMEs. However, although the level of digitalization is a key determinant for encouraging technological progress in business, traditional management methods continue to prevail. On the other hand, although many entrepreneurs are becoming more digital, they still have less time to spend with their families. Being able to manage their own communications (social networks, online management) is a positive benefit of the digitalization of the business, while communications carried out by external entities are not significant. Finally, this article expands the theoretical framework of digital entrepreneurship and offers a current vision of new entrepreneurs in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and the strong and growing trend of business digitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted through institutional theory to understand how entrepreneurs' green strategy alignment and institutional isomorphism promote the environmental performance of entrepreneurial firms in the agribusiness sector using a self-reporting questionnaire for 126 agribusiness entrepreneurs. The findings showed that green strategy alignment significantly influences green creative behaviour; green creative behaviour significantly influences institutional isomorphism, and green creative behaviour influences environmental performance. Meanwhile, institutional isomorphism fully mediates the relationship between green strategy alignment and environmental performance. The paper offers the first insight into how agribusiness entrepreneurs ought to monitor employee behaviour and encourage the adoption of innovative green protocols and cultural practices, given that green creative behaviour derives environmental performance. The study extends the functional utility of institutional isomorphism, relative to green strategy and culturally centred entrepreneur behaviour for the environmental performance of the agribusiness sector, with insights from the Schumpeter model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to open the black box of pivot decisions and to deepen our understanding of how entrepreneurs use their imagination in such a crucial moment of the entrepreneurial process. A pivot is a strategic decision made after a failure and challenges central assumptions about the entrepreneurial project. In turn, entrepreneurs can remain quite conservative in the generation of new options for their business and expose themselves to the risks of path dependency and escalation of commitment. Reconfiguring an initial idea requires specific cognitive skills and mechanisms. In this paper, we sketch a conceptual model explaining the relationships between creative, social, and practical imaginativeness and the generation of new business options, and how founders' cognitive mechanisms may moderate this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the extent to which microcredit women clients practice microcredit fungibility, the factors contributing to microcredit fungibility, and whether credit fungibility affects the performance of the supported microenterprise. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using logistic regression analysis and the Hayes Process Macro Linear-Based regression analysis. Results have shown that approximately 70% of sampled borrowers acknowledged engaging in microcredit fungibility, and the borrowers were likely to practice fungibility if they were married, had dependent children, and owned multiple businesses. The number of household members with income sources and the education level of the borrower were negatively related to fungibility. The findings also established that although microcredit plays an essential role in the entrepreneurial pursuits of women microcredit clients, its effectiveness hinges on how the funds are utilised. Results suggest that microcredit fungibility attenuates the impact of microcredit on enterprise performance. Conversely, the number of household members with income sources, the borrowers' level of education, and the duration of membership in the microfinance programme influenced enterprise performance significantly, while marriage exhibited a negative relationship with enterprise performance. Decision-making by the business owner, the number of dependent children, and ownership of different sources of income by the borrower do not affect business performance significantly. The study recommends microfinance programmes to understand borrower characteristics and household economic portfolios before disbursing the funds. Moreover, providing financial and business skills training to help borrowers grow and manage their businesses and finances effectively is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the special issue on how entrepreneurs influence their social environment. The purpose of this special issue is to illustrate recent research exploring some of the unresolved questions relating to and uncovering connections between entrepreneurs' characteristics, actions, and experiences with their social environment. First, we report the results of a bibliometric analysis of articles addressing how entrepreneurs influence their immediate business environment (N = 873), the immediate private environment (N = 813), and the broader societal environment (N = 2,380). Second, we describe the seven articles in this special issue, which encompass a range of theoretical frameworks, research designs, and methodologies. We believe that the research featured in this special issue offers meaningful contributions to existing knowledge and will stimulate future research into examining the boundary conditions and psychological mechanisms that potentially explain the complex effects of entrepreneurs' experiences, characteristics, and behavior on different stakeholders and entities in their proximal and distal environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurs are often depicted as lone heroes. However, they are encouraged to seek and use feedback from their social environment to refine their venture ideas and enhance performance. Surprisingly, systematic research on entrepreneurs' feedback‐seeking is in its infancy, and this nascent research is marked by conceptual vagueness about the feedback‐seeking process and the limitations of related concepts. This article leverages the rich research on feedback seeking from organizational behavior/applied psychology to explicate the nature of entrepreneurs' interpersonal feedback seeking while considering the specific demands of entrepreneurship. We delineate feedback seeking from related concepts and theorize a process model of how entrepreneurs seek feedback to pursue instrumental, ego, symbolic, and relational goals, resulting in outcomes not only for entrepreneurs but also for their ventures and immediate and wider social environments. This article provides a foundation for research on entrepreneurs' feedback seeking that is attentive to their personal goals and vulnerabilities while also considering the impact of this process on their social environment. Our conceptual model also offers new insights for organizational behavior/applied psychology research on feedback seeking in relation to the future of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity of a country to develop new products, services and transform them into innovative technologies and create successful, sustainable businesses to promote development is of paramount importance for all economies. Startups are an effective way of doing this. A startup is a temporary organisation in search of a scalable, repeatable, profitable business model and a small startup founded by two or three entrepreneurs can produce and test the feasibility of tens of possibilities for a new business idea. At the risk of sounding glitzy: leadership in startups is an important topic that has received far too little attention. Furthermore, it can be argued that leadership plays an essential role in new venture creation as it shapes startups' fates in this dynamic environment. Startups require different leadership than established firms due to their unique difficulties and opportunities. Therefore, on a socio-economic level, one can reasonably argue that leadership in startups is a worthy research topic and hence adopting an exploratory approach with a systematic literature review, and with multi-case approach this article explores startup leadership styles in emerging market with focus on India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to an understanding of work-intensive entrepreneurial lives as part of analysing the intensification of work in society. It offers an empirical extension of Foucauldian analyses, which attribute commitment to work to the influence of neoliberal enterprise discourse while often neglecting the material conditions of entrepreneurial work. The article draws on moderate constructionism and materialist discourse analysis to offer an account that pays attention to discourse and material realities. This ethnographic study shows how participants evoked norms of enterprise discourse to explain their commitment to work. However, they also understood these norms to be fundamentally shaped by their material conditions. The major contribution of the article is to show that the interpenetration of discursive norms with the investment logic of enterprise tends to displace boundaries between work and personal life and shift temporal arrangements of work from work–life 'balance' to prospects of free time in the imagined future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction Entrepreneurship is a unique subject taught in the Construction Engineering and Management program at the Universitas Agung Podomoro in Indonesia. As a new course, it is necessary to develop an effective and efficient teaching syllabus. This study describes construction entrepreneurship teaching through a transdisciplinary learning approach as an effective way to develop its syllabus. The transdisciplinary learning approach was chosen to provide insights into real-world problems to students through collaborative learning with industry speakers. Six construction entrepreneurs were invited to share their experiences in starting a construction business, followed by two reflective discussion forums to explore lessons learned from the sharing sessions. At the end of the term, online surveys were distributed to seek feedback from the enrolled students on the design, methods, and benefits of learning construction entrepreneurship. In addition, the survey was also intended to gather perspectives on the relevance and significance of this subject from construction students who had never taken it before. Overall, the approach to teaching construction entrepreneurship to enrolled students was found to be effective. The statistics also reveal the high interest of students from other construction-related programs in taking this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro and small enterprises (MSMEs) play a positive and significant role in developing economies by creating job opportunities and mitigating poverty; this necessitates their attention and focus, mainly during challenging times. Accordingly, this study explored the key factors contributing to enhancing entrepreneurial competency (EC) and the intention to maintain business continuity among MSMEs in Yemen during adverse times. A sample of 280 responses was collected from MSMEs operating diverse types of businesses in the capital of Yemen, Sanaa. The collected data were analysed using partial least squares–structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), which is considered suitable for this purpose. The data collection process included an online questionnaire and a physical visit to the business locations of the business owners. The findings of the study reported that entrepreneurs' network ties (ENT), as well as recovering capability (RC), positively and significantly influence the EC of MSMEs in the context of the study. Additionally, EC positively and significantly influences business continuity intention (BCI). Finally, EC partially mediates the relationship between ENT, RC, and BCI. The study concludes by providing recommendations and implications for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to explain community forestry entrepreneurship in the context of community forest management, which continues to develop as social entrepreneurship that can increase sources of livelihood and environmental benefits. This study adapted the concept of community capital to explain the level of entrepreneurial capital and its influence on the performance of the Social Forestry Entrepreneurial Group (SFEG) through a quantitative approach by collecting data from Focus Group Discussions (FGD), interviews, observations, and literature studies. Data analysis was used with scoring, categorizing, and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study reveal the level of entrepreneurial capital in SFEG in the low to very high category is directly proportional to the simultaneous effect on performance. Natural capital, finance capital, and political capital significantly influence socioeconomic and environmental performance; political capital increases social capital, physical capital, and human capital. SFEG based on forest resource commodities as a source of livelihood needs to get attention, including increasing human capital in the form of intensive skills through a mentoring process by officers and easy access to funding sources through government policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of youth entrepreneurship in the context of digital transformation makes it relevant to study its development. The article is a review of a new book on the promotion and support of young and aspiring entrepreneurs in the South African Republic. The book is characterized by novelty of views and considerable informative content. It is organized into three main parts comprising 9 chapters. Issues related to the conceptual vision of youth entrepreneurship and a large-scale initiative that was specifically designed and then piloted in the South African Republic to stimulate related activities have been addressed. The author of the peer-reviewed book emphasizes the importance of the university environment and the mechanisms formed in it, on the one hand, and entrepreneurs’ personal development, on the other. Recommendations on finding sources of funding and working with potential consumers of innovative products and services have been given. The book is written in lucid language, which is characteristic rather for educational literature, and is well illustrated. It is found to contain various references to digital transformation, and governance is considered in relation to both entrepreneurial firms created by entrepreneurs and youth entrepreneurship incentive schemes in general. The book contains interesting (including pedagogical) information that will also be useful to consider when establishing cooperation among the BRICS countries.

The article analyzes the level of development of Russian Internet platforms for promoting rural tourism products. Data from digital information providers on network traffic and demographic characteristics of website and social network users are reviewed. Aim. To study modern online platforms for rural/agricultural tourism in the context of business promotion prospects. The work recorded offers of rural/agricultural tourism services using open data from tourist information portals on the Internet, as well as using the services SimilarWeb, Wordstat, SpyWorlds. The paper introduces the comparative data on the number of user requests for information about rural/agricultural tourism. Based on the analysis of information blocks of federal Internet portals, a conclusion was made about the possibilities for further development of virtual resources to expand the supply of rural/agricultural tourism services in our country, including through marketplaces of agrolandsharing cooperatives.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of entrepreneurs’ social competence (SC) on small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) performance. Design/methodology/approach – Primary data of 250 manufacturing SMEs were collected through a survey method. The influence of SC on performance was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). Findings – Overall, the findings suggest that SC dimensions have a positive influence on SME performance in terms of nonfinancial perspective. More clearly, the findings show that out of five dimensions of SC, which include social adaptability, social perception, social expressiveness, persuasiveness and impression management; social perception, persuasiveness and impression management have direct effect on customer perspective; persuasiveness, social expressiveness and social adaptability have a direct influence on internal business processes and social adaptability, social perception, impression management and social expressiveness are directly related with learning and growth. Contrary to expectations though, social perception and social adaptability were significantly and negatively associated with internal business processes and customer perspective, respectively, while there was no significant correlation between social expressiveness, persuasiveness and impression management with customer perspective, business processes and learning and growth in that order. Practical implications – The current study affirms that SMEs managed by entrepreneurs and managers who possess high levels of SC, may have a better performance compared to those operated by entrepreneurs with low levels of SC. This justifies a need for SME entrepreneurs and managers to work hard to improve their SC capabilities. Originality/value – This study is pertinent and unique because, it extensively examines each of the five dimensions of SC in relation to nonfinancial indicators of SME performance. Besides, the study also provides additional evidence of the impact of SC on SME performance by suggesting that entrepreneurs who are socially competent are more likely to own highly successful ventures.

Background and Objectives: The nation's urban sector has experienced significant changes since industrialization, both in terms of growth and improvement in terms of creating jobs and the depletion of natural resources. The development and destruction are commendable and need mention and attention. These days, issues such as environmental degradation, the wealth gap, and unequal access to opportunities and resources are increasing. These concerns have increased the need for urban management through sustainable and planned development. The development cannot be sustained unless the depletion is controlled and taken care of. The current study focused on how urban regions have changed and how sustainable development helps cope with the changes. Furthermore, the study focused on enhancing the well-being of urban communities and promoting inclusivity to develop sustainable businesses that are economically sustainable in the long run. The novelty of the study is that explores how sustainable development can mitigate the impacts of urban change and enhance community well-being and inclusivity.Methods: Quantitative methodologies, such as surveys and statistical analyses, may have shed light on the broader impact of sustainable business practices on urban development. To complement these findings, qualitative case studies and interviews could have fostered deeper insights into specific initiatives and the perspectives of entrepreneurs navigating this landscape. A mixed-methods approach, weaving together quantitative trends with rich qualitative narratives, would have further enriched the understanding of motivations and challenges encountered. Ultimately, regardless of the specific methodologies employed, this research likely aimed to achieve a holistic understanding of the intricate connections between urban management, sustainable business practices, and the innovative spirit of entrepreneurs driving change in India. In this study, the researcher used regression analysis and factor analysis to achieve the research objectives.Findings:The entrepreneurs examined in the study exhibited a proactive stance towards critical aspects of sustainable business, notably waste management, energy efficiency, and resource optimization. The study identifies significant associations between key variables and sustainable urban development. Urban management demonstrates a positive impact (B = 1.286, SE = 0.621, Beta = 0.116, T = 2.071, P = 0.0039), highlighting its crucial role in shaping sustainable practices. Sustainable practices, in turn, exhibit a strong positive correlation (B = 1.088, SE = 0.257, Beta = 0.238, T = 4.242, P = 0.0001), indicating their pivotal role in driving urban development towards sustainability. These findings underscore the importance of integrating effective urban management strategies and sustainable practices to foster inclusive and resilient urban communities.Conclusion: The findings provide the government with all the criteria essential for a valid approach to the sustainable development of the urban regions of the country and provide the appropriate balance between growth and development. The researcher recommended that creating supportive policies and incentives, investing in green infrastructure, supporting local entrepreneurship ecosystems, collecting and sharing data, and promoting community engagement are requirements for urban management. In addition, recommended that focusing on triple bottom line impact, collaborating with other stakeholders, Innovating and adapting, communicating transparently, and advocating for change are required for Sustainable Businesses by Entrepreneurs.

Through bibliometric analysis, this paper aimed at facilitating stakeholders like researchers, academicians, and policy makers in addressing the emerging concept of subjective well-being of entrepreneurs in the turbulent times like COVID-19 pandemic. Scopus database has been used as a source of data. Performance analysis and science mapping have been applied on 127 published documents retrieved from Scopus. The different aspects focused by the present research were publication output, country collaboration map, sub-network of publication countries, co-occurrence of keywords, citation of authors, contributing authors, co-citation of authors, and co-citation of journals. By applying text mining technique, 6 clusters were identified followed by mapping the trend topics in the area. The focus on addressing subjective well-being of entrepreneurs during the times of crisis like COVID-19 is a novel contribution to the literature. In order to enhance the generalizability and reliability of the results, bibliometrics was performed with the application of two highly effective tools, i.e., VOSviewer and Biblioshiny, which is a value addition to the existing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, analysis of the role of entrepreneurs in the Arab uprisings has been limited. We use micro-level World Bank survey data collected from Arab entrepreneurs in the manufacturing and service sectors across a range of countries to highlight entrepreneur grievances as one proxy for the role that class might have played in the Arab uprisings. We find evidence that dissatisfaction with levels of corruption was particularly high among entrepreneurs in Egypt, Syria and Yemen on the eve of the Arab uprisings, but we also find that Arab entrepreneurs throughout the region share concerns when it comes to macroeconomic and political stability, infrastructural shortcomings and worker training, all of which are key to successful development. More recent data indicate that entrepreneurs in a number of countries (some of which had regime changes, while others did not) remain concerned about the same factors. Although they varied according to size and country, entrepreneur concerns at times went against pre-conceptions concerning Arab capitalist classes and were at odds with the recommendations of international financial institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneur coaches face increased well-being challenges due to their demanding roles. However, they also often report experiencing flow – an immersive, enjoyable state of intense focus that positively affects well-being. In this qualitative study of 20 self-employed career, executive, health, leadership, and life coaches, we aimed to understand entrepreneur coaches' experience of flow and relationships with recovery at work. We found that recovery was important for entering flow and coaches actively scheduled recovery activities, such as regular breaks, to support recovery and to enter and sustain flow. These findings contribute to research on how the interplay between flow and recovery can contribute to the well-being and sustainable working lives of entrepreneur coaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite growth in the number of women pursuing business and entrepreneurship careers, dominance of masculine traits associated with these occupations persists. If business schools use language that subconsciously reinforces gendered stereotypes, students might perpetuate sexist expectations. Using a natural language text processing tool to analyze the written responses of 247 undergraduate students in a US‐based university, we found that student perceptions of entrepreneurs are associated with more masculine characteristics compared to student perceptions of business people. To some degree, female students were more likely to make these associations than male students. Our findings suggest that business schools must do their part to break the cycles that elevate masculine characteristics of entrepreneurship. The negative effects of this manifest in the persistent gender pay gap, rising but still minority numbers of women entrepreneurs, continued practices of rewarding masculine traits in organizations, and ongoing underrepresentation of women students in schools of business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We apply the sociological lens of linked lives to show how household contexts channel transitions to self-employment in ways strongly differentiated by gender. We investigate the impact of demographic transitions to marriage, cohabitation and having children on the transition to selfemployment using fixed-effects models on 10 waves of the UK's nationally representative survey, Understanding Society. Men's transitions to selfemployment and separately to business ownership are remarkably impervious to the arrival of a new child in the household. In contrast, second births raise the odds of self-employment for women and have a strong and statistically significant association with business ownership, highlighting the role of birth parity as a household influence. Within the subset of opposite-sex couples, lives are indeed linked: a partner's long hours precipitate the other partner's transition into self-employment for men and women. However, the effect is asymmetric to the extent that women are much more likely to have a partner working long hours. Marriage is associated with a much higher likelihood of transitioning to business ownership for both men and women, which does not hold for selfemployment overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is on the generation of food waste by small and micro restaurants, specifically on the perceptions of representatives of these restaurants. Do they perceive this generation of food waste as problematic, and do they perceive that they have enough knowledge about how to minimize this generated food waste? With data from a sample of 200 Dutch restaurants, which were collected through surveys and analyzed with regression analysis, we came to two key findings. The first key finding is that our respondents hardly perceive the food waste that is generated in their own restaurant as problematic. The second key finding is that they perceive they have limited knowledge about how to minimize the food waste that is generated in their own restaurant. The main influencing factor for both perceptions appeared to be the actual level of food waste generated in their own restaurant. This paper continues with a number of recommendations for future research, to apply other research techniques and to study other sectors as well. The paper ends with practical recommendations for the representatives of the small and micro restaurants, as the findings of this paper suggest a need for targeted educational and training programs to enhance food waste management in their restaurants, contributing to broader sustainability goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The personality configuration of mentors and mentees is important in understanding mentoring outcomes. While the best mentors appear to have higher degrees of agreeableness and conscientiousness, entrepreneurs generally score lower on agreeableness and have higher degrees of narcissism, a personality trait that could be detrimental to mentoring. We investigated the interaction of narcissism with two traits from the Big Five Inventory, namely agreeableness and conscientiousness, to see how this interaction influenced learning from the relationship of mentee entrepreneurs. Our findings suggest that mentee narcissism negatively influences learning, and mentor agreeableness mitigates the negative effects on mentee learning. These findings show certain beneficial personality configurations in entrepreneurial mentoring and provide elements to consider in managerial practice when pairing mentors and mentees in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We develop a general equilibrium model of a small open economy with performance-pay worker compensation and occupational choice. We analytically and numerically examine the distributional effects of entrepreneurial talent and performance-pay contracts. Risk-neutral, more talented individuals become entrepreneurs, inducing workers to exert effort through incentive contracts. Entrepreneurial talent and worker effort significantly influence income inequality through complex general equilibrium channels. Economies with higher tariffs, more entrepreneurs, less skilled or more heterogeneous workers, and economies without worker effort, display higher income inequality measured by the top one percent income share and the Gini Coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managers perform an important role at incubators by coordinating and managing operations while facilitating, and often delivering, services that support tenants' business growth. Less is known about the relationship between managers and tenants at incubators, and how they support tenants' positive psychological wellbeing. In this study, in-depth interviews with incubator managers (n = 28) and tenants (n = 12) were conducted to examine the role of managers in supporting tenant's positive psychological wellbeing, focusing on the constructs of hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. The qualitative data provided consistent insights about the integral role of managers in supporting tenant's positive psychological wellbeing, by facilitating their hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. Managers are essential in supporting tenants at a critical point in their business development. Consideration is given to the role that incubator managers fulfil at incubators and the provision of support they offer tenants, to meet their business and psychological needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assam, a state in North East India, where tourist from the globe visit every year, has immense tourism potential creating different entrepreneurial opportunities in tourism industry. Though, the entrepreneurial process is the same for men and women, there are fewer entrepreneurs, and especially women entrepreneurs in tourism. Women entrepreneurs face many challenges as compared to male entrepreneurs. As such, this study is an attempt to explore the various problems in tourism entrepreneurship among the women in Assam. This study is based on primary and secondary information and tries to highlight the major problems faced by women entrepreneurs in Assam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business people are the daring person of the business. A Business visionary needs to get more data from his business. Each business person needs to be familiar with his business information. He acquires information on each circumstance. A business visionary needs to believe the individual who relies upon individuals yet not trust constantly. Each situation wants to be taking better decision-production of his business. Individuals might become too different mentalities and requirements for their fulfillment. So every business visionary needs to be satisfied with his necessities and needs. A youthful business visionary needs to begin a business carefully. The youthful Business person needs to design the business. To execute the young business visionary business is very tuff of dealing with each circumstance. So they complicate all their circumstances. A Business person has to know the delivering situation while business navigation. A worker has been absence of knowledge about his business. The business person needs to give legitimate preparation to them. In this way, an entrepreneur's are exercises not a simple errand. We ought to be examined about the young entrepreneur's difficulties and troubles exhaustively underneath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Crowd funding is the process of raising essential amounts of funds from a large number of people to launch a new business initiative. It is typically accomplished by connecting investors and entrepreneurs through social media and crowd funding platforms, with the potential to boost entrepreneurship by broadening the pool of investors outside the conventional circle of owners, relatives, and venture capitalists. Although the crowd financing market is only a few years old, it has quickly become one of the most popular ways to raise funds. This enables entrepreneurs to avoid the traditional banking system. Banks have been more reluctant to lend to small firms, particularly in the aftermath of the financial crisis. This has made it difficult for many entrepreneurs to secure the funds they require to establish or grow their firms. Crowd funding not only gives prospective entrepreneurs with the capital they need, but it also validates their ideas and helps them develop a network of early adopters and supporters. Collective contributions have enabled inventive entrepreneurs to bring their ideas to life. This research study presents an outline of crowd funding's current position and prospects as a source of financing for Indian enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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