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The article studies possible definitions of the notion ‘youth entrepreneurship’ with regard to including in it specific features of entrepreneurial resource use, such as generation of business ideas (initiatives), implementation of business-projects and management of their realization. The author proposed to summarize definitions that take into account both age characteristics of young people and level of their education and features of entrepreneurial resource realization, such as entrepreneurial capital, skills, knowledge, motivation and innovation abilities. Within the frames of the article the model of education lever was put forward and discussed that shows the impact of state support tools being realized in state education policy on the development of youth entrepreneurship. The research findings can be useful for investigators, practical workers and state bodies dealing with the development of youth entrepreneurship.

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The current research was conducted with the aim of the role of entrepreneurial capital in the development of the tourism industry and urban development in Mazandaran province. Entrepreneurial capital including social capital, human capital, intellectual capital and financial capital on the development of the tourism industry and the impact of the development of the tourism industry on urban development was evaluated. This study was done regarding purpose, application and structural equation modelling method. The statistical population of this research was the managers of entrepreneurial companies in the field of tourism in Mazandaran province. To estimate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha method, combined reliability and AVE were used. According to the values obtained for Cronbach's alpha coefficients and composite reliability, which is greater than 0.7 and AVE is greater than 0.5, which was confirmed according to these values. To test hypotheses, the path analysis method was used using AMOS 22 software, and SPSS software was used in the descriptive statistics section. Path coefficient values for financial capital and tourism industry development are equal (0.24), social capital and tourism industry development are equal (0.38), human capital and tourism industry development are equal (0.26), and intellectual capital on tourism industry development is equal ( 0.41). The coefficient of the development path of the tourism industry on urban development is equal to (0.66) and these results indicate the positive effect of the variables. All the research hypotheses that examined the effect of financial capital, social capital, human capital and intellectual capital variables on the tourism industry and urban development were confirmed. Entrepreneurial companies in the field of tourism can use the results of this research to develop the tourism and urban industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objectives of the paper are aimed at examining, identifying and elaborating the key points of overlapping and divergence of the ideas of the resource-based view of the firm and entrepreneurship. In the conditions when literature is not saturated related to the subject matter, the original and complete systematization of common and divergent features of the two paradigms is a valuable contribution to the theory of entrepreneurship. The paper is based on a reading and critical analysis of the existing scientific opus related to the thematic area. The conducted literature review resulted in the identification of several areas of overlapping and divergence of ideas of the resource-based view of the firm and entrepreneurship. The results of the review are presented by the author through a tabular approach, which is supplement with a descriptive elaboration. The findings confirm that the resource-based view of the firm represents a good conceptual basis for empirical research of the entrepreneurial process. In accordance with the results, the author offers a set of theoretical assumptions that serve as a conceptual basis for the design of empirical research on the role of capital in entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a proliferation of scholarly and practitioner interest in improving the competitiveness of small and medium agribusinesses involved in value-added processing activities in Africa. However, despite such interest, there is a paucity of entrepreneurship-focused research on the competitiveness of small and medium agribusinesses. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to test the relationship between the influence of entrepreneurial orientation and the compliance with standards of value-added processing facilities on the competitiveness of small and medium agribusinesses. Moreover, the moderating effects of entrepreneurial capital on this relationship were tested since entrepreneurial resources are firmspecific, potentially heterogeneous, and may be converted into tangible resources and effective market power. A survey was administered to a sample of 243 small and medium agribusinesses involved in value-added processing activities in South Africa. The study used hierarchical and sequential regression analysis to test the study models, which included testing for moderation effects. The results highlight that agribusiness competitiveness was enabled by higher levels of entrepreneurial capital, which is used by enterprises to integrate and leverage entrepreneurial orientation. It is recommended that policy makers prioritise and promote entrepreneurial orientation and develop entrepreneurial capital by offering programmes and incubation facilities targeting agribusinesses involved in value-added processing activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs a theoretical framework that explains how exposure to entrepreneurial activities impacts start-ups’ survival. First, this study examines the effects of entrepreneurial capital (EC) – inherited entrepreneurial practices from parents as a result of the exposure to entrepreneurial activities, on the survival of start-ups. Second, it examines the effects of EC across firm types (family and non-family firm) and regions (smaller and larger region). Using a sample of start-ups in 2002 in Sweden, we found first that EC influences the survival of start-ups, especially start-ups in smaller regions. Further, we found that EC conditions the survival of family start-ups. This paper adds to the literature by opening the discussions on the survival of start-ups and EC. We provide policy implications thereafter.

The Open Innovation in Science literature suggests university knowledge creation should be followed by knowledge dissemination to industry and the public. Although several entrepreneurial university models have been proposed in the literature explaining the role of knowledge production, extant studies generally assume that the elements required by and involved in university outbound innovation are automatically aligned. This conceptual piece introduces the corporate-inspired strategic alignment framework for entrepreneurial universities. In addition, this paper examines the strategic congruence among the individual, organisational and system levels and the functional congruence between knowledge and entrepreneurial capitals. It demonstrates how they can fulfil the increasingly complex role that they must play in science, industry, and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever-changing structural and relational facets of immigrant entrepreneurial activities have created missing dominos in the literature and policy development in the USA. This article explores entrepreneurial activities among immigrant entrepreneurs with Turkish roots in the US ceramic and marble industry. R package for qualitative data analysis (RQDA) was used to analyze interview data obtained through a snowball sampling technique. Results reveal that (1) Turkish entrepreneurs migrated to the USA for several reasons; (2) factors such as entrepreneurial capital, intellectual capital, social capital, family capital, and financial capital emerge as key motivators for entrepreneurial activities; and (3) characteristics (i.e., personal attributes, psychological traits, and capital) and challenges faced by Turkish immigrant entrepreneurs are unveiled. In sum, this paper provides an integrative insight on important resources for Turkish immigrant entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs a theoretical framework that explains how exposure to entrepreneurial activities impacts start-ups' survival. First, this study examines the effects of entrepreneurial capital (EC) - inherited entrepreneurial practices from parents as a result of the exposure to entrepreneurial activities, on the survival of start-ups. Second, it examines the effects of EC across firm types (family and nonfamily firm) and regions (smaller and larger region). Using a sample of start-ups in 2002 in Sweden, we found first that EC influences the survival of start-ups, especially start-ups in smaller regions. Further, we found that EC conditions the survival of family start-ups. This paper adds to the literature by opening the discussions on the survival of start-ups and EC. We provide policy implications thereafter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important element of the explanation why an entrepreneur carries out high-risk transactions is the evaluation and analysis of her or his inner qualities. Thus, there is a need to identify the connection between entrepreneurial risk and capital. At the regional level, there is an ongoing academic discussion as to who the carrier of entrepreneurial capital is and how this capital can be measured and evaluated in view of its direct influence on the business environment and economic growth opportunities of a certain territory. This article presents the findings of a study into the complex structure of the concept of regional entrepreneurial capital and establishes how this concept is connected with such categories as entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurial substance, and entrepreneurial ability. Using an estimate of the number of economic entities (individual entrepreneurs and farmers; small, medium, and large enterprises) per 1,000 population, the study demonstrates cross-regional differences in entrepreneurial activity as a manifestation of entrepreneurial capital, including those in the Northwestern Federal District.

The entrepreneurship and higher education literatures suggest that universities cannot generate significant knowledge spillovers unless knowledge creation is followed by knowledge transformation and commercialization. Although several university business models have been proposed in the literature, extant studies assume that the elements required by and involved in the creation of new knowledge for commercialization are automatically aligned. A paucity of research exists explaining how entrepreneurial and knowledge capital congruence contributes to teaching, research and entrepreneurial activity – the 'three-ring entrepreneurial university'. This study develops a conceptual business model of entrepreneurial universities, and introduces and demonstrates how knowledge spillover occurs, which stakeholders are involved and at which level of entrepreneurial university (individual, organizational, institutional). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify the influences of psychological capital (PC) on students’ entrepreneurial intention (EI) in China’s universities. The mediating effects of Entrepreneurial Capitals were also examined. Based on the analysis of the traditional capital and PC, the paper proposes that traditional capital is the direct factor to drive the behavior of entrepreneurship, while psychological factors do not directly affect EI, but improve EI by influencing traditional capital. A total of 1914 responses from universities in southeast China were analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to test study hypotheses. Results show that PC has a significant indirect impact on students’ EI only through traditional financial, human, and social capital (SC). These results support the mediating role of the traditional entrepreneurial capitals in explaining the relationship between PC and EI. Additionally, the impact of SC on EI is higher than that of financial and human capital (HC). Finally, research limitations and implications are discussed and future research directions are suggested.

The aim of this study was to identify the influences of psychological capital (PC) on students' entrepreneurial intention (EI) in China's universities. The mediating effects of Entrepreneurial Capitals were also examined. Based on the analysis of the traditional capital and PC, the paper proposes that traditional capital is the direct factor to drive the behavior of entrepreneurship, while psychological factors do not directly affect EI, but improve EI by influencing traditional capital. A total of 1914 responses from universities in southeast China were analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to test study hypotheses. Results show that PC has a significant indirect impact on students' EI only through traditional financial, human, and social capital (SC). These results support the mediating role of the traditional entrepreneurial capitals in explaining the relationship between PC and EI. Additionally, the impact of SC on EI is higher than that of financial and human capital (HC). Finally, research limitations and implications are discussed and future research directions are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to assess the three-factor production functions describing the dependence of the small enterprises (SEs) and microenterprises, which include turnover on the wages of their employees, investments in fixed capital and the entrepreneurial capital of a particular region. The authors propose the indicator that characterizes the level of entrepreneurial capital — the number of employees of large enterprises located in the respective regions. This study is based on the empirical spatial data specifying the activities of employees in all SEs and microenterprises, as well as a number of large enterprises. The official statistical information includes observations on business activity of 1,449 SEs and microenterprises in 80 Russian regions in 2015. The research determines the factors influencing the turnover of enterprises, proves the high quality of the source data approximation using the three-factor production functions and confirms the need for an increased number of small and microenterprises for the Russian regions' economy. The authors discover tools for the evaluation of production functions, which are of academic and practical importance. They can be used in studies of the regions' entrepreneurial sectors, for monitoring the efficiency of resource use, and the rationale for the entrepreneurship development programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the factors that affect entrepreneurship capital among students at several universities in Indonesia. The focus of this research is to identify the determinants of entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions. Specifically, this study investigates the views of respondents regarding entrepreneurship in terms of enhancing the institutional capacity of campus entrepreneurship. It further examines the respondents through self-assessment on entrepreneurship quality and their views on entrepreneurs. In addition, the importance of the various benefits and values for starting a business and the role of influencers according to their perceptions of entrepreneurship will also be analyzed. This study was analyzed through descriptive research method with the aim of obtaining profiling in terms of certain demographic attributes. Thus, entrepreneurship attitudes and intentions can build entrepreneurship skills through appropriate learning methods supported by strengthening the institutional capacity of campus entrepreneurship as a business incubator, container assistance, and entrepreneurship training.

The aim of the work is to analyse the relationship between entrepreneurial capital (EC), renewal capital (RC) and trust capital (TC), considered as standalone components of intellectual capital (IC), and firms’ performances. To this end, an empirical research based on a sample of Italian companies was carried out. The survey’s results show that EC, RC and TC have a positive influence on Italian medium-sized and large companies’ performance. Its findings contribute to understand how EC, RC and TC affect the creation of value in organisations and enable these organisations to improve their performance through a better management of knowledge-based resources.

Despite rapid growth in female entrepreneurship globally, the gender gap in self-employment remains and women's full contribution to the economy via self-employment continues to be unrealized. Female self-employment is an important agenda given current political interest and policy focus on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) revitalizing the Welsh economy. This paper explores pathways taken by women in Wales at start-up and whilst running their own businesses. Using a phenomenological approach employing narrative techniques and business life histories, a grounded account is provided of entrepreneurial practice from perceptions of female entrepreneurs. In their sense making, female entrepreneurs convey how lack of credibility (in terms of 'not being taken seriously') and consequently the pursuit of attaining a level of credibility (which is frequently elusive anyway), strongly shapes business decisions and entrepreneurial experiences. This consequence occurs regardless of levels of educational achievement, previous work experience or industry sector, thereby adding a subliminal layer of complexity to business decisions and strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to past research, intellectual capital (IC) is a key driver of innovation performance and subsequent competitive advantage. Given the human nature of innovation activities (i.e. human beings produce innovations), human capital (HC) deserves special attention. Although researchers in the past have analysed the HC-innovation linkage, we still do not have a detailed understanding of how specific human capabilities affect innovation. Furthermore, the technology level of the firm could generate major differences in the HC-innovation relationship as it influences both the type of knowledge prevalent within the company and the radicalness of the innovations developed. Nevertheless, former literature has largely omitted technology level when studying the IC-innovation linkage. To fill this research gap, this study examines the role of human attributes, including knowledge, skills and motivation (i.e. traditional HC), learning capability (i.e. renewal capital) and entrepreneurial attitude (i.e. entrepreneurial capital) on innovation in high-tech versus low-tech companies. To that end, survey data from 180 Spanish companies were analysed by means of structural equation modelling based on partial least squares. The results obtained confirm that the influence of HC, renewal capital and entrepreneurial capital on innovation differs depending on the technology level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the start-up process is split conceptually into four stages: considering entrepreneurship, intending to start a new business in the next 3 years, nascent entrepreneurship and owning-managing a newly established business. We investigate the determinants of all of these jointly, using a multinomial logit model; it allows for the effects of resources and capabilities to vary across these stages. We employ the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor database for the years 2006-2009, containing 8269 usable observations from respondents drawn from the Lower Layer Super Output Areas in the East Midlands (UK) so that individual observations are linked to space. Our results show that the role of education, experience, and availability of 'entrepreneurial capital' in the local neighbourhood varies along the different stages of the entrepreneurial process. In the early stages, the negative (opportunity cost) effect of resources endowment dominates, yet it tends to reverse in the advanced stages, where the positive effect of resources becomes stronger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to test the importance of entrepreneurship or new business formation for explaining differences in economic performance in the Spanish regions, together with the role played by the endowments of innovation capital and the socio-economic capabilities of every region. The results show that the effect of new business formation on economic performance varies considerably between regions, and the type of start-up is highly important for the results obtained: entrepreneur endowments of high technology intensive sectors and medium technology intensive sectors, but not those of low technology intensive sectors, have a positive effect on regional performance. Also, the size of the start-ups is important for explaining regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In recent years, entrepreneurial activity has been the focus of the governments of the world's advanced economies. Policy makers increasingly recognize the importance of the presence of entrepreneurs in economies that open new markets, innovate products, services, technologies and organizational processes, thereby spreading consumer choice, deepen consumer possibilities and improve their well being. Therefore, there are numerous activities undertaken by the governments for stimulating new and potential entrepreneurs to enter the markets and take advantage of their entrepreneurial capabilities. Self employment program via crediting is one of the activities undertaken by the government of the Republic of Macedonia which would facilitate market entry for the new entrepreneurs in the economy. The purpose of this paper is to present the research which was conducted on users of the self employment program via crediting and also to prove the effectiveness of this program in the creation of new entrepreneurial capital, which is the paper hypothesis. The survey results confirm the hypothesis and suggest that self employment program via crediting is an incentive for potential entrepreneurs to enter Republic of Macedonia's markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]