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Due to the fact that the sanctions regime of Western countries is aimed at destroying Russia’s foreign trade relations and restraining the economic development of Russia, the article considers the increased importance of the main aspects of energy stability and presents a state assessment of Russian Federation energy security in conjunction with energy availability and environmental sustainability using the energy trilemma index. A number of urgent problems that have arisen in the fuel and energy complex as a result of sanctions have been identified. The general scheme of fuel and energy complex transformation is presented and possible ways of solving problems are given. The necessity of carrying out a set of measures for the transformation of the fuel and energy complex, including short- and medium-term measures necessary to ensure the state of energy security and sustainable economic development of Russia is substantiated.

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According to the UN Sustainable Development Agenda which replaced the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and includes components of social, economic, and environmental development, ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy sources is the seventh global goal in the system of seventeen interrelated goals developed by the UNGA in 2015. The goal implies operation and development of environmentally friendly national energy systems that will contribute to socio-economic development. To assess the dynamics and development trends of global energy systems, the methods of their quantitative assessment become particularly relevant. In this aspect, the most important tool for assessing the sustainability of global energy is the energy trilemma index developed by WEC and «Oliver Wyman Group» consulting company. The index is a comprehensive assessment of the economic, social, and environmental components of the UN sustainable development program. It allows countries to be quantified by their ability to ensure energy security, energy equity and the environmental sustainability of national energy systems, considering socio-economic and political changes. The paper presents the main methodology for calculating the energy trilemma index and its role in assessing sustainable and safe energy. In 2021, there were changes in the methodology of calculating the index, so it became possible only to compare the dynamics of changes of key components. Based on the indicators of 2021, the main trends in the global energy system are presented. The mechanism of the index components’ influence on the formation of a country’s rating is illustrated. A special attention is given to the analysis of the indicators of energy trilemma index for the Republic of Armenia in 2021, considering the main challenges of the Armenian energy sector and the consequences of the Forty-Four Day War in 2020. The dynamics of main components of energy trilemma index of Armenia is shown through the analysis of the conjuncture and the main development trends of the country’s energy system. The practical significance of the index for shaping the state policy for the energy sector development is emphasized as well.

This study aims to develop an interactive probabilistic approach that asks small number of questions to the decision maker for multi-criteria sorting problems. Alternatives are assigned to categories by the decision maker through iterations. The assignment probabilities of alternatives are calculated by collecting information from the mathematical models that are solved to determine the possible categories of alternatives. Relative entropy is used to measure the assignment ambiguities of alternatives and the one with the highest uncertainty is asked the decision maker. Alternatives with a certain level of assignment uncertainty are probabilistically assigned to categories. The aim here is to minimize misclassifications by not allowing probabilistic assignments without getting sufficient assignment information from the decision maker. Although several interactive approaches are suggested in literature, there is only one study that classifies the alternatives according to their assignment probabilities. Our approach is tested against it on the energy trilemma index data published annually by the World Energy Council to evaluate the energy performance of countries. Experiments on the problem, in which 128 countries are evaluated on four criteria and assigned to four categories, show that the proposed approach is successful in reducing the cognitive burden of the decision maker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs), it is necessary to solve the problem of assessing and measuring energy sustainability performance. A popular indicator used for this purpose is the World Energy Council (WEC) energy sustainability index, or the Energy Trilemma Index, which is based on such key metrics as energy security, energy equity, environmental sustainability, and country context. Each of the four metrics, or dimensions, includes many indicators that depend on both internal and external factors. By combining a variety of indicators into integral ones, WEC ranks countries in terms of energy sustainability. However, what is not taken into account is how countries differ in terms of economic development, income, energy mix, renewables use, ownership in the energy sector, and other factors, and neither is the methodology itself disclosed by the developers. As a provider for all other sectors of the economy, the energy sector plays an important role in developing countries. Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, being members of the Andean Community, are neighbors and have similar economic conditions but lack transnational power grid interconnections, which hinders the development of a common energy market. In terms of energy sustainability, these countries’ ranks range from 45 to 101, according to the Energy Trilemma Index. The aim of the study is to develop a new methodology for assessing energy sustainability performance that will factor in the specific features of developing countries with a high share of hydroelectricity generation, and to calculate energy sustainability index indicators taking into account contemporary requirements for sustainable development, which include developing green and renewable energy and fostering decarbonization. This research reveals whether the countries’ energy sustainability indices correspond to their actual performance in energy development and identifies the factors influencing the values of the metrics in the Energy Trilemma Index. The methodology can be used to integrate the energy sectors of countries, as it allows for evaluating the state of the energy sector of several countries (for example, those of the Andean Community) as a whole.

Featured Application: This work analyzes the contribution of energy self-sufficiency in cities (smart cities) to energy security and the environmental sustainability of the countries. Cities are at the center of the transition to a decarbonized economy. The high consumption of electricity in these urban areas causes them to be the main focus of greenhouse gas emissions. However, they have a high margin of capacity to increase energy efficiency and local energy generation. Along these lines, the smart urban management model has been proposed as a solution to the unsustainability of cities. Due to the global trend of population concentration in urban areas, cities tend to be representative of the population, energy consumption, and energy sustainability of their countries. Based on this hypothesis, this paper studied the relationship between the smart city model and the concept of energy sustainability. First, the research analyzed the relationship between urban population growth and energy sustainability; and then the self-consumption capacity of photovoltaic electricity of the main cities of the countries classified in the energy sustainability indicator (Energy Trilemma Index 2017) of the World Energy Council was analyzed. According to the results, the scope of action for self-consumption of photovoltaic electricity is broad and cities have the capacity to contribute significantly to the energy sustainability of their countries. Following the approach of other authors, the development of energy sustainability objectives and the installation of smart systems in distribution grids must be aligned with national objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are at the center of the transition to a decarbonized economy. The high consumption of electricity in these urban areas causes them to be the main focus of greenhouse gas emissions. However, they have a high margin of capacity to increase energy efficiency and local energy generation. Along these lines, the smart urban management model has been proposed as a solution to the unsustainability of cities. Due to the global trend of population concentration in urban areas, cities tend to be representative of the population, energy consumption, and energy sustainability of their countries. Based on this hypothesis, this paper studied the relationship between the smart city model and the concept of energy sustainability. First, the research analyzed the relationship between urban population growth and energy sustainability; and then the self-consumption capacity of photovoltaic electricity of the main cities of the countries classified in the energy sustainability indicator (Energy Trilemma Index 2017) of the World Energy Council was analyzed. According to the results, the scope of action for self-consumption of photovoltaic electricity is broad and cities have the capacity to contribute significantly to the energy sustainability of their countries. Following the approach of other authors, the development of energy sustainability objectives and the installation of smart systems in distribution grids must be aligned with national objectives.

• We study the association between the Energy Trilemma Index (ETI) and education. • We use a statistical approach leveraging a dataset of 118 world countries. • School life expectancy is positively associated with the ETI. • The disposition to towards STEM degrees is not significantly associated with ETI. • Besides economic and environmental factors, also social factors can impact ETI. This study investigates the association between the Energy Trilemma Index (ETI) (which measures secure, affordable, and sustainable energy) and a country's level of education from a sustainable innovativeness perspective. We analyze if school life expectancy (SLE) and the students' predispositions towards STEM degrees (science, technology, engineering or mathematics) can stimulate the creation of sustainable and resilient energy systems. We perform a regression analysis based on data from 118 countries, and we employ both an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and a robust-to-outliers MM-estimator. The statistical investigation reveals that the higher the school life expectancy, the higher the ETI. By contrast, we find no significant association between the ETI and the percentage of STEM graduates. So what matters in energy sustainability is the number of persons who decide to continue tertiary studies rather than their attitudes towards studying scientific subjects. This research paper contributes to the literature on renewable energy, circular economy (CE), sustainable innovation, and knowledge management by demonstrating how education can aid in implementing energy systems that adhere to the triple bottom-line approach (society, economy, and environment). Thus, sustainable and resilient energy systems can be spurred by not only environmental and economic variables but also social ones. Therefore, the traditional approach of the CE for achieving sustainable development should be substituted by alternative CE approaches that consider social variables. From the managerial standpoint, a high SLE can foster resilient energy systems through the creation of ad hoc policies, the birth of new companies connected to the renewable energy sector, and new organizational forms of energy management handled directly by citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Energy Council annually publishes the Energy Trilemma Index (ETI) to highlight an economy's challenges in balancing the Trilemma and opportunities for improvements in meeting energy goals at present and in the future. The ETI is constructed by taking the arithmetic average of energy security, energy equity (accessibility and affordability), environmental sustainability. This paper proposes an ensemble ranking methodology based on the half-quadratic theory, for measuring and comparing country-wide energy system performance using the ETI data. Specifically, all possible importance orders among energy security, energy equity, environmental sustainability are described as the ranked dimension weights to derive a new decision matrix with the country-specific rankings as elements. Then a half-quadratic programming approach is presented to estimate the ensemble ranking, along with the development of consensus index and trust level to indicate the level of agreement and reliability of the final ensemble ranking. An empirical study using the ETI 2020 data of 30 International Energy Agency (IEA) member countries is performed to demonstrate the implementation of the our methodology. • An ensemble ranking methodology based on the half-quadratic theory is proposed to measure national energy system performance. • A half-quadratic programming approach is developed to estimate the ensemble ranking. • The consensus index and trust level are developed to demonstrate the superiority of our methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs), it is necessary to solve the problem of assessing and measuring energy sustainability performance. A popular indicator used for this purpose is the World Energy Council (WEC) energy sustainability index, or the Energy Trilemma Index, which is based on such key metrics as energy security, energy equity, environmental sustainability, and country context. Each of the four metrics, or dimensions, includes many indicators that depend on both internal and external factors. By combining a variety of indicators into integral ones, WEC ranks countries in terms of energy sustainability. However, what is not taken into account is how countries differ in terms of economic development, income, energy mix, renewables use, ownership in the energy sector, and other factors, and neither is the methodology itself disclosed by the developers. As a provider for all other sectors of the economy, the energy sector plays an important role in developing countries. Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, being members of the Andean Community, are neighbors and have similar economic conditions but lack transnational power grid interconnections, which hinders the development of a common energy market. In terms of energy sustainability, these countries' ranks range from 45 to 101, according to the Energy Trilemma Index. The aim of the study is to develop a new methodology for assessing energy sustainability performance that will factor in the specific features of developing countries with a high share of hydroelectricity generation, and to calculate energy sustainability index indicators taking into account contemporary requirements for sustainable development, which include developing green and renewable energy and fostering decarbonization. This research reveals whether the countries' energy sustainability indices correspond to their actual performance in energy development and identifies the factors influencing the values of the metrics in the Energy Trilemma Index. The methodology can be used to integrate the energy sectors of countries, as it allows for evaluating the state of the energy sector of several countries (for example, those of the Andean Community) as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the paper is to evaluate the methodological setting of the Energy Trilemma Index (developed by the respected World Energy Council), which serves as a decision-making support tool in energy policy and governance. The study included 125 countries. Energy security, as part of the national security system, is becoming an increasingly important factor in global geopolitics, thus imposing a need to develop most precise and reliable decision-making support tools as possible in this field. The Energy Trilemma Index comprises energy security, energy equity, environmental sustainability and country context. Values of Index are, in general, highest in European union and North America. The assessment of the methodological setting of Index reliability was made using a set of statistical methods: Principal Component Analysis (whose additional interpretation was carried out using the following tests: Pearson Correlation test , Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity). The final assessment of reliability was made using the Cronbach's Alpha test. Based on the results of the analysis it has been established that the Energy Trilemma Index can in no way be considered reliable due to a number of disadvantages, of which the most important is the end indicator of Cronbach's Alpha value (0.694), which stands at the very margin of reliability (0.600). Bearing in mind the significance of the energy security policy, the research results have a significant policy implication: the Energy Trilemma Index cannot be considered reliable for energy policy without comprehensive methodological improvements. • Paper presents evaluation of Energy Trilemma Index reliability, by application of statistical methods set. • Pearson Correlation test , Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity were applied. • Calculation of final Index value is assessed as not appropriate. • Cronbach's Alpha value (0.946) indicates that the Index is on the verge of reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]