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The pavement integrated photovoltaic/thermal (PIPVT) system can comprehensively use solar energy to generate electricity and heat, which is an effective way to use new energy. In this study, we couple heat conduction and convection from the Optics, Electrics, and Solids Modules in the COMSOL Multiphysics Module to build a PIPVT element model to fully understand the energy distribution within the dual-energy module. The simulation results show that when circulating water is introduced into the photovoltaic panels, the temperature on the back of the photovoltaic panels is reduced by 30 °C, and the temperature of the entire dual-energy module board is reduced by 10–15 °C. The introduction of a thermal collector module (T module) can effectively dissipate heat to extend the life of PV modules, and also improve their work efficiency. PIPVT's solar energy utilization rate is 39.4%, which is a significant improvement compared to the 14.3% solar energy utilization rate of the photovoltaic module (PV module) alone and the 18.7% solar energy utilization rate of the T module. It shows that the dual-energy module has a synergistic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrostatic atomization minimum quantity lubrication (EMQL) employs the synergistic effect of multiple physical fields to atomize minute quantities of lubricant. This innovative methodology is distinguished by its capacity to ameliorate the atomization attributes of the lubricant substantially, which subsequently augments the migratory and infiltration proficiency of the droplets within the complex and demanding milieu of the cutting zone. Compared with the traditional minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), the EMQL process is further complicated by the multiphysical field influences. The presence of multiple physical fields not only increases the complexity of the forces acting on the liquid film but also induces changes in the physical properties of the lubricant itself, thus making the analysis of atomization characteristics and energy distribution particularly challenging. To address this objective reality, the current study has conducted a meticulous measurement of the volume average diameter, size distribution span, and the percentage concentration of inhalable particles of the charged droplets at various intercept positions of the EMQL nozzle. A predictive model for the volume-averaged droplet size at the far end of the EMQL nozzle was established with the observed statistical value F of 825.2125, which indicates a high regression accuracy of the model. Furthermore, based on the changes in the potential energy of surface tension, the loss of kinetic energy of gas, and the electric field work at different nozzle orifice positions in the EMQL system, an energy distribution ratio model for EMQL was developed. The energy distribution ratio coefficients under operating conditions of 0.1 MPa air pressure and 0 to 40 kV voltage on the 20 mm cross-section ranged from 3.094‰ to 3.458‰, while all other operating conditions and cross-sections had energy distribution ratios below 2.06‰. This research is expected to act as a catalyst for the progression of EMQL by stimulating innovation in the sphere of precision manufacturing, providing theoretical foundations, and offering practical guidance for the further development of EMQL technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the impact damage behaviors of coal mining machinery during service, the horizontal impact of a spherical projectile on a metallic rectangular plate was used as a case study to derive the energy distribution relationship during impact processes. In line with the actual impact con¬ditions, a pneumatic horizontal impact testing system was designed and constructed to capture the im¬pact response of plates under varying air pressures. Through simulations and experiments, the theo-etically calculated deformation and acceleration were validated, and a polynomial fitting approach was sed to optimize the acceleration of output parameters. The computations, experiments, and simula¬ions were compared. Results show that the kinetic energy of the projectile is primarily expended on lastic deformation of material, kinetic energy of motion, and collision loss during impact. When the entral region of impacted plate fractures, the energy dissipates through plastic deformation and colli¬ion loss decreases. The refined theoretical, experimental, and simulation results for energy distribu¬ion relationship show good agreement during the impact processes, with a maximum deviation of less than 9.39%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the prospects of using heat-resistant polyimide boron-containing composites to protect astronauts of manned orbital stations from secondary neutron radiation. Variant calculations are performed regarding neutron and gamma-quanta flux distributions in a polyimide composite material with different boron content used to reduce capture radiation. The dependences of spatial distributions of thermal neutron flux density and the gamma-quanta dose rate in a polyimide composite layer with a boron content of 0 to 5% are obtained. An experimental assessment of the energy distribution of neutron and gamma radiation behind the protective polyimide composite is carried out. The introduction of boron atoms in an amount of 3.0 wt.% shows the absence of bursts of secondary gamma radiation energy in the composite, which is due to the high cross-section of thermal neutron absorption by boron atoms. As a result, with a material layer thickness of 3–10 cm, the gamma-quanta dose rate decreases by 2–3 times. The differential thermal analysis method showed that the upper limit of the working temperature of the polyimide composite is 500 °C. The polyimide matrix filled with boron atoms can find effective application in the development of new radiation-protective polymer materials used in manned orbital stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate the sorption behavior of gases, namely CO2, CH4, and N2, by molecules of coal sampled from Linglu mine under different water inclusion rates. To this end, the adsorption, diffusion, adsorption heat, and potential energy distribution characteristics of the gases in the coal pores at different water inclusion rates were analyzed using molecular dynamics and grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo methods. The results showed that the adsorption relationship of the coal molecules on CO2, CH4, and N2 exhibited a downtrend followed by an uptrend when the water content was increased from 0 to 3.6%. The adsorption amount of CO2 was approximately twice as much as those of CH4 and N2, indicating that the competitive adsorption advantage of CO2 compared with those of CH4 and N2 was unaffected by the water content. The trend in the average heat of adsorption was generally consistent with the trend in the density of coal molecules under different moisture contents. Under the same conditions, the diffusion coefficient within a coal molecule was negatively related to the water content in the system. The layer spacing of the water molecules (2.875 Å) was greater than the liquid–water layer spacing, indicating the formation of a water molecule layer at this point, which inhibited gas adsorption. This study lays a theoretical foundation for further investigating the microscopic mechanism of coal–water interaction.

The effective vibration area includes most of the catenary vibration caused by pantograph–catenary interactions and is the basis of the real-time catenary model for hardware-in-the-loop simulation. However, while the length of the effective vibration area is one of the most important parameters of the real-time catenary model, it has not been fully studied at present. In this paper, the length of the effective vibration area is first investigated. A pantograph–catenary interaction model is developed based on the modal superposition method. After the validation of the model, the vibration energy distribution of the catenary is used to determine the length of the effective vibration area based on the converged total energy. The influence of vehicle velocity and contact wire tension on the vibration energy distribution and length of the effective vibration area is investigated. The obtained appropriate length of effective vibration area is validated by a real-time catenary model and online measurement data of the contact force. The investigation results show that the energy distribution of the catenary can accurately determine the length of effective vibration area, and it increases with increasing vehicle velocity but decreases with increasing contact wire tension. The appropriate length of effective vibration area should be at least 160 m (approximately three spans) in the pantograph–catenary system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, classical molecular dynamics simulations were used to explore the impact of deposition temperature and bias voltage on the growth of Al2O3 thin films through magnetron sputtering. Ion energy distributions were derived from plasma mass spectrometer measurements. The fluxes of deposited particles (Ar+, Al+, and O−) were categorized into low, medium, and high energies, and the results show that the films are dominated by amorphous Al2O3 at low incident energies without applying bias. As the deposition temperature increased, the crystallinity of the films also increased, with the crystals predominantly consisting of γ-Al2O3. The crystal content of the deposited films increased when biased with −20 V compared to when no bias was applied. Crystalline films were successfully obtained at a deposition temperature of 773 K with a −20 V bias. When biased with −40 V, crystals could be obtained at a lower deposition temperature of 573 K. Increasing the bias enables the particles to have higher energy to overcome the nucleation barrier of the crystallization process, leading to a greater degree of film crystallization. At this stage, the average bond length between Al-O is measured to be approximately 1.89 Å to 1.91 Å, closely resembling that of the crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scotland's staple global exports will soon include renewable offshore energy, so-called green energy. Already, Scotland produces more electricity than it currently needs. The future story is about connectivity and the transformation of the National Grid which directs electricity supplies into homes and businesses. Scotland's offshore renewables ambition has been significant in putting the nation in the green energy spotlight and attracting the attention of international investment groups. The concept of a Just Transition – creating tens of thousands of new local jobs and employment – requires a workforce to develop the skills to become productive members of this new sector. A Just Transition will require a great deal of fresh thinking, but too many Scots are unprepared for the change, and too few are set to truly benefit. Who will be the beneficiaries of this revolution? Only time will tell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the main disease of railway tunnels, void disease affects the safe operation of railways. The traditional detection technology recognition void relies on the intuitive characteristics of the signal, there are still problems such as poor void edge recognition capability and low intelligence level. To solve this problem, this study used Comsol software to establish a sound-solid coupling finite element model of the tunnel, extracted the acoustic signals of voids under various conditions, analysed the acoustic signal characteristics under different conditions and proposed the acoustic sensitive frequency band of tunnel lining void. The test model of Partial tunnel lining is established by the method of layering pouring. The wavelet packet algorithm is improved by the maximum cross correlation coefficient, the optimal wavelet basis decomposition algorithm is proposed. The layer number of the wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) algorithm was calculated based on the sensitive frequency band and the energy distribution of the sub-signal is obtained. Then, the energy distribution of the sensitive frequency band is used to estimate the void boundary. The experimental results show that the acoustic frequency band of the tunnel void mainly distributes in the range of 0–10,000 Hz and the sensitive frequency band of the void concentrated around 0–3000 Hz. According to the sampling frequency and the sensitive frequency band of the void, the sub-signal energy distribution of each layer is obtained. The energy distribution of sub-signal 1 has strong void boundary recognition ability. The research results will be beneficial to the damage detection and state assessment of tunnel lining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents the development and analysis of a multifaceted smart grid prototype. It combines various technologies for the smart grid operation. The first technology is environmental analysis of smart grid and solar panel cleaning. Secondly, radio-frequency identification (RFID)-based security and access control system has been integrated for smart grid. The third component is internet of things (IoT)-based energy monitoring and load management. For environmental analysis sensors such as temperature, humidity, light-dependent resistor, and flame sensors are connected to a NodeMCU controller for real time monitoring. Moreover, IoT based solar cleaning system is developed in the form of prototype with the help of Blynk and servo motor. The second component of prototype is smart security system which is developed with the help of Arduino and RFID module to facilitate secure access control. The third part of prototype employs voltage and current sensors with an ESP32 microcontroller and the Blynk application for real-time energy consumption analysis. This setup enables remote monitoring of voltage, power dynamics, and consumption patterns in a smart grid. It also offers an IoT based solution for load management and load shedding within the smart grid. The complete prototype overall demonstrates a comprehensive approach to 1) smart grid management, 2) environmental analysis, 3) security, and 4) energy monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the software Fluent, we simulate the mixing process of twin-screw belt agitator. Using the multi-functional stirring experimental platform, the rationality of the simulation model is verified by the test of the power consumption. Combining with examples, the effects of boundary gap, screw belt diameter and pitch on the stirring characteristics are analyzed. For the hard spots of mixing effect and efficiency (economic power consumption), we proposed the values of power consumption factor and axial power factor to characterize the energy utilization effect and overall mixing effect of high-viscosity fluid. Take this as a basis, the key geometric parameters of the screw agitator are optimized. The simulation results of the example show that when the screw belt diameter is 1 200 mm, which reaches 0.8 times of the tank diameter, the maximum of the axial power consumption factor is 0.232 6 s, indicating that the axial fluid macro mixing effect is the best; when the pitch is 1 350 mm, which equals to the diameter of the blade (spiral rising angle is 45°), the maximum of the axial power consumption factor is 0.180 6 s, indicating that the macroscopic mixing effect of axial fluid is the best, with the decrease of boundary gap, the peak value of the total velocity of the tank wall increases, indicating that the anti-adhesion effect is enhanced and the thermal boundary layer on the inside of the tank wall is thinned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nuclear thickness gauging systems play an important role in the industry for invasive, online, and continuous measurements. The goal of the Beta thickness gauge is to obtain a precise measurement of thin films in which the performance of these gauging systems and output data quality are evaluated with the parameters including resolution, contrast, etc. The choice of the emitted suitable energy distribution of the Beta source is one of the effective factors in the system performance and precise measurement of thin films. In this research, a Beta thickness gauge with 147Pm and 85Kr sources was simulated and evaluated in biaxially oriented polypropylene sheet production lines in order to calculate the system performance due to Beta emitter sources with different energy distribution and select the suitable Beta emitter source. The relative error percentage, standard deviation, resolution, and contrast parameters for 147Pm energy distribution were calculated 1.413, 0.113, 0.007, and 0.008, respectively. Also, these parameters for 85Kr energy distribution were measured 2.750, 0.220, 0.014, and 0.001, respectively. The results reveal that the 147Pm energy distribution has superior in comparison with the 85Kr energy distribution for measuring of films or sheets with thin thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production of energy is a foundation of life. The metabolic rate of organisms (amount of energy produced per unit time) generally increases slower than organisms' mass, which has important implications for life organization. This phenomenon, when considered across different taxa, is called interspecific allometric scaling. Its origin has puzzled scientists for many decades, and still is considered unknown. In this paper, we posit that natural selection, as determined by evolutionary pressures, leads to distribution of resources, and accordingly energy, within a food chain, which is optimal from the perspective of stability of the food chain, when each species has sufficient amount of resources for continuous reproduction, but not too much to jeopardize existence of other species. Metabolic allometric scaling (MAS) is then a quantitative representation of this optimal distribution. Taking locomotion and the primary mechanism for distribution of energy, we developed a biomechanical model to find energy expenditures, considering limb length, skeleton mass and speed. Using the interspecific allometric exponents for these three measures and substituting them into the locomotion-derived model for energy expenditure, we calculated allometric exponents for mammals, reptiles, fish, and birds, and compared these values with allometric exponents derived from experimental observations. The calculated allometric exponents were nearly identical to experimentally observed exponents for mammals, and very close for fish, reptiles and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of birds. The main result of the study is that the MAS is a function of a mechanism of optimal energy distribution between the species of a food chain. This optimized sharing of common resources provides stability of a food chain for a given habitat and is guided by evolutionary pressures and natural selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the business processes of transporting fuel (BBM) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), determine the causes of suboptimal tanker truck operations, identify the reasons for queue number rejections by PT Pertamina, and understand the supply chain distribution of BBM and LPG at PT Elpindo Reksa. Additionally, this study seeks to understand the implementation of risk management to mitigate unforeseen events. The research method used is qualitative descriptive with in-depth interviews with informants within the working environment of PT Elpindo Reksa. The results indicate issues in the delivery process that impact the reduction in the quantity of BBM and LPG, potentially causing losses for the company. The application of risk management is expected to reduce these negative impacts. In conclusion, the effective implementation of risk management is crucial to increasing efficiency and reducing losses in the transportation process of BBM and LPG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

30Cr3 is a novel ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) with excellent strength and plastic toughness, which has been mainly used in aerospace shells and stressed parts. Currently, there is still a lack of systematic research and comprehensive evaluation on the laser cleaning of this particular material. In this study, a nanosecond pulsed laser was employed for the cleaning process. First, the energy distribution model was derived, the influence of the spatial and temporal distribution of laser energy on the cleaning quality was discussed, and the cleaning experiment was conducted. The results showed that a laser energy density of 15 J/cm2, combined with the beam overlap rate 52% in the x-direction and 61% in the y-direction, can effectively remove the oxide layer and thoroughly expose the natural metal matrix. Then, under the optimum parameters, the oxygen content decreased from 22.3% to 3.4%, the Fe content increased from 54.5 to 83.4%, the Fe3+ peak disappeared in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a remelted layer of only 1 μm was observed. Last, the roughness was slightly reduced from 3.573 μm to 2.985 μm, the hardness was restored to the original hardness level of the substrate (∼260 HV), and the electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) showed that the structure hardly changed after cleaning, the grain size was comparable to that of the matrix. These findings indicated that laser cleaning can effectively remove the oxide layer of 30Cr3 UHSS without damaging the properties of the base material, which has promising application in the cleaning of UHSS.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the adsorption properties of CO2, CH4, and N2 on anthracite. A molecular structural model of anthracite (C208H162O12N4) was established. Simulations were performed for the adsorption properties of single-component and multi-component gases at various temperatures, pressures, and gas ratios. The grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo approach based on molecular mechanics and dynamics theories was used to perform the simulations. The results showed that the isotherms for the adsorption of single-component CO2, CH4, and N2 followed the Langmuir formula, and the CO2 adsorption isotherm growth gradient was negatively correlated with pressure but positively correlated with temperature. When the CO2 injection in the gas mixture was increased from 1 to 3% for the multi-component gas adsorption, the proportion of CO2 adsorption rose from 1/3 to 2/3, indicating that CO2 has a competing-adsorption advantage. The CO2 adsorption decreased faster with increasing temperature, indicating that the sensitivity of CO2 to temperature is stronger than that of CH4 and N2. The adsorbent potential energies of CO2, CH4, and N2 diminished with rising temperature in the following order: CO2

A narrow energy distribution is a prominent characteristic of field-emission cold cathodes. When applied in a vacuum electronic device, the cold cathode is fabricated over a large area and works under a high current and current density. It is interesting to see the energy distribution of the field emitter under such a working situation. In this work, the energy distribution spectra of a single carbon nanotube (CNT) and a CNT film were investigated across a range of currents, spanning from low to high. A consistent result indicated that, at low current emission, the CNT film (area: 0.585 mm2) exhibited a narrow electron energy distribution as small as 0.5 eV, similar to that of a single CNT, while the energy distribution broadened with increased current and voltage, accompanied by a peak position shift. The influencing factors related to the electric field, Joule heating, Coulomb interaction, and emission site over a large area were discussed to elucidate the underlying mechanism. The results provide guidance for the electron source application of nano-materials in cold cathode devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric turbulence significantly affects laser transmission and echo. The size of the echo cross section and the distribution of energy are important parameters to obtain target information. In this paper, the speckle characteristics of laser echo are analyzed using field experiments with different detection distances. The energy attenuation law is observed, and the statistical law governing the cross-sectional area and energy of the echo light spot is determined based on the time variability of atmospheric turbulence. The research shows that in order to obtain stable return laser beam interference information, the current weather situation and the strength of atmospheric turbulence should be considered, and the corresponding interference region should be selected according to the detection distance. Although the size and energy of the echo cross section are directly affected by the detection distance, the variation trend remains consistent and indicates a clear statistical law that provides a strong basis for laser interferometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes events of anomalously high energy transfer to a micro-object by fragments of nuclei generated in nuclear interactions in the environment on board a spacecraft in flight in low-Earth orbit. An algorithm has been developed that allows for the calculation of the absorbed energy from one or more fragments - products of nuclear interaction. With this algorithm the energy distributions for a spherical micro-volume in an aqueous medium were calculated. And the resulting absorbed energy spectra from nuclear fragments and from primary cosmic rays were compared. The role of nuclear interactions in events of large energy transfers in micro-objects in the field of primary cosmic radiation has been evaluated. The calculations performed in this study showed that the energy in a micro-volume from nuclear events can be several times higher compared to the energy imparted by primary space radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy management systems are the most significant field in the potential electric vehicles (EVs). Also, EVs are widely used because of their pollution-free nature worldwide and their specific feature of flexibility. However, the EV charging system's significant challenges are power loss and high power consumption. Therefore, a robust load-balancing strategy is required to address the EV charging system's issues. Therefore, a novel intelligent hybrid Buffalo-based Recurrent Energy Management System (BREMS) has been proposed to reduce the power consumption of EVs and mitigate power losses. Here, two primary functions have been done. Initially, hydro and solar sources are modeled with the help of energy storage components and a power grid to enhance the system's efficiency. Then, the optimization fitness module is initiated to the hidden layer of the neural framework to monitor the loaded grids and distributes the loads to imbalanced grids. Implementation and designing processes have been done on the MATLAB platform. The simulation outcomes of the proposed design have been compared with conventional models in terms of power loss, cost of energy, utilization of power, and execution time. The comparative assessment shows that the presented system obtained better outcomes than other models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on minimizing fuel consumption of a fuel cell hybrid tram, operated with electric power from both the fuel cell stack and the energy storage system, by optimizing energy distribution between distinct energy sources. In the field of fuel cell hybrid system application, dealing with real-world optimal control implementation becomes more important. Some 'online control' strategies optimize energy management by measuring the current battery's state and planning for future cycles. However, its dependence on stochastic processes remains a limitation for adapting 'online control' even when driving in the same way. In order to optimize energy distribution robustly during the tram's repetitive cycle operation, we develop a practical control map with a fuel cell hybrid tram simulation model and conduct energy distribution. The control map is based on a mathematical equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) equation reflecting the characteristics of the fuel cell stack and electric cells. The comparison of fuel consumption with another practical control strategy optimized for a specific railway cycle shows that the suggested map-based optimal control achieves a reduction in fuel consumption while satisfying a boundary condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Energy internet permits the power to stream lithely for broadcast and it aids in transporting energy to each user using electric vehicles (EVs). The energy that EVs utilize is generated using certain sources. Still, considering poor weather, the power station averts the production of energy and needs to acquire power transmitted to another location. One resolution is to set stations that aid to save surfeit energies and minimize energy loss during transportation. This paper devises a new model for choosing charging stations to charge EVs. Energy is transferred from the energy source to the charge station via bus station through optimal path using Battle Royale Jaya Optimization (BRJO) routing with fitness attributes like distance to select the shortest path and energy. The prediction of energy is done with a deep recurrent neural network (DRNN) and the charge is distributed optimally to EVs by employing a proposed Competitive Swarm‐Battle Royale Jaya Optimization (CSBRJO) by utilizing multi‐parameters, like priority, distance, predicted energy, waiting time, and EV count needed for charging. The CSBRJO outperformed with the smallest distance of 6.935 km, energy consumption of 1.676 J, path length of 5.05 m, and waiting time of 4.645 sec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initial risk assessment, especially when using a risk score system, is the main step in a risk assessment process that comes after determining the scope of the risks and assessment. Risk assessment frequently employs the Fine-Kinney method, a comprehensive strategy for quantitative assessments that helps keep risks under check. A risk score (RS) is defined using the standard version of Fine-Kinney by mathematically multiplication of probability (P), exposure (E), and consequence (C) parameters. The Fine-Kinney-based risk evaluation approach has the disadvantage of not accounting for the relationships among the risk parameters' interaction and determining the risk precedence of work-related hazards. Hence, to decrease the negative effects of increasing risks, a new hazard evaluation system for occupational health and safety (OHS) is necessary. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed for integrating Fine-Kinney-based occupational hazard evaluation and AHP-COPRAS for the energy distribution and investment sector under the Pythagorean fuzzy environment. Lifting equipment in energy distribution and investment sector case study is used to demonstrate the practicality and efficacy of the suggested integrated approach. To verify the novel method to risk assessment, a comparative study and sensitivity analysis are also provided. As a result, using the benefit of Pythagorean fuzzy sets, which more effectively express uncertainty, the integrated approach yields more logical conclusions for assessing work-related hazards in the energy distribution and investment sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torrefaction techniques are often used to improve the properties of biomass fuels. This study developed a new detailed lumped model to investigate the reaction mechanism of rice husk (RH) and rice straw (RS) degradation during the torrefaction process. The validity of this model was confirmed by comparing it with the experimental result. The van Krevelen diagram and CHO index are obtained by the simulation. A new parameter (loss of O/loss of energy) was also defined to account for the energy efficiency of the torrefaction system. The calculation of the Chemkin model showed that 260 °C is relatively an optimum torrefaction temperature for rice husks, while for straw is 270 °C. Compared to rice husk, rice straw has a higher energy yield and more loss of oxygen after torrefaction. The simulation can provide information on the whole range of temperature, which makes up the experimental defects such as time consumption and high cost. Combining the van Krevelen diagram, CHO index and the new parameter (loss of O/loss of energy) could provide useful information that deepens the understanding of the biomass torrefaction process and the inherent connection between the different indexes. It is believed that the research result can provide some valuable insights and guidance for understanding and optimizing the torrefaction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of experimental studies on attenuating neutron and photon radiation in a nuclear reactor using a protective metal hydride composite are presented. The distribution profile of the dose and spatial energy is obtained for primary and secondary gamma radiation. It is shown that the dose of gamma radiation behind the protection is associated with capturing gamma rays generated in the initial layer of the material. Based on the results obtained, the calculation model of the experiment is verified in the two-dimensional geometry for the properties of the material protecting the reactor. The verification involves the discrete ordinate method based on the DORT package. Deviations between the calculated and experimental values of the fast neutron relaxation lengths do not exceed 5%. The same deviations obtained for gamma radiation are under 7%, which confirms the validity of the calculation technique and the potential to apply the data obtained to proceed with designing radiation protection based on the metal hydride composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the energy distribution of the tandem hybrid tractor and achieve optimal fuel economy under the whole operating condition, an energy distribution strategy based on PMP (Pontryagin minimum principle) is proposed. The performance parameters of the relevant power components are obtained by constructing the test bench of the tandem hybrid tractor. At the same time, the mathematical model of energy distribution is established from the aspects of energy distribution objective function, state variable, and variable constraint. Based on the external characteristic test of the hub motor and the resistance analysis, the transport operation condition of the tractor is selected as the simulation target condition. The ADVISOR2002 and Simulink software are used to jointly simulate the three energy distribution strategies: the thermostat type, the power-following type, and the PMP type. The simulation results show that, compared with the other two, the fuel economy and battery power loss of the PMP-based energy distribution strategy are significantly improved. The fuel consumption per 100 km is decreased by 32.91% and 26.10%, respectively, which verifies the feasibility of the strategy. This study is of great significance for improving the production efficiency and reducing fuel consumption of hybrid tractors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The propagation of elastic waves in porous media has always been an important research topic in the fields of geotechnical engineering, ocean engineering, and geophysics, but the energy problem of propagation at different media interfaces is relatively less involved. Methods: This article adopts theoretical derivation and parameter analysis methods to study the energy characteristics of reflection and transmission of SV waves at the interface of layered unsaturated soil. Firstly, a reflection and transmission model of planar SV waves at the interface of layered unsaturated soil was established. Using the Helmholtz vector decomposition principle, a theoretical expression for the amplitude ratio of SV waves at the interface was derived. Secondly, combined with the reflection amplitude ratio, various wave energy coefficients are further solved. Finally, the relationship between energy reflection/transmission coefficient and incident angle, soil saturation, and porosity was analyzed and discussed. Results: The results show that the amplitude and energy reflection/transmission coefficients are not only affected by the incident angle but varied significantly with the change of saturation and porosity. The energy carried by the incident SV wave mainly occupied by the reflected SV wave. Conclusions: This conclusion has certain guiding significance for the theoretical research of soil dynamics and related engineering exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents the development and analysis of a multifaceted smart grid prototype. It combines various technologies for the smart grid operation. The first technology is environmental analysis of smart grid and solar panel cleaning. Secondly, radio-frequency identification (RFID)-based security and access control system has been integrated for smart grid. The third component is internet of things (IoT)-based energy monitoring and load management. For environmental analysis sensors such as temperature, humidity, light-dependent resistor, and flame sensors are connected to a NodeMCU controller for real time monitoring. Moreover, IoT based solar cleaning system is developed in the form of prototype with the help of Blynk and servo motor. The second component of prototype is smart security system which is developed with the help of Arduino and RFID module to facilitate secure access control. The third part of prototype employs voltage and current sensors with an ESP32 microcontroller and the Blynk application for real-time energy consumption analysis. This setup enables remote monitoring of voltage, power dynamics, and consumption patterns in a smart grid. It also offers an IoT based solution for load management and load shedding within the smart grid. The complete prototype overall demonstrates a comprehensive approach to 1) smart grid management, 2) environmental analysis, 3) security, and 4) energy monitoring.

Electric vehicles (EVs) have become a prominent alternative to fossil fuel vehicles in the modern transportation industry due to their competitive benefits of carbon neutrality and environment friendliness. The tremendous adoption of EVs leads to a significant increase in demand for charging infrastructure. But, the scarcity of charging stations (CSs) concerns efficient and reliable EV charging. Existing studies discussed EV energy consumption prediction schemes at the CS without analyzing the affecting parameters such as energy demand, weather, day, etc. In this regard, we have proposed an energy consumption and distribution framework for EVs in a smart grid environment for efficient EV charging after analyzing the affecting parameters such as location, weekday, weekend, and user. Moreover, we have considered EV dataset to perform a detailed and deep analysis of energy consumption patterns based on the aforementioned parameters such as CS (Station ID) within the location (Location ID), weekday, weekend, and user (UserID). The main aim is to understand the smart grid-based electricity distribution to the CS by analyzing energy consumption patterns for reliable EV charging. We have done different analysis on different parameters and present their graphical representations.

The energy content of ground motion records obtained during the 2019 M6.4, M7.1 Ridgecrest, California earthquakes which occurred closely in space is analyzed in this paper. Wavelet transform as a powerful tool, that is used to evaluate the energy content characteristics including cumulative energy profiles and the total energy for different components of records, was obtained at three stations named China Lake Christmas Canyon, China Lake and Tower 2. Due to the fact that the energy-based parameters could be well correlated with damage distribution, this path has been taken into consideration in this research work with the light of the powerful wavelet tool. For this purpose, the discrete wavelet transform is efficiently used for multi-resolution decomposition of acceleration time history of ground motions and a new framework is presented to estimate the energy level of earthquake sequences. Finally, the pseudo-period corresponding to each corresponding level is introduced and the distribution of energy vs. the pseudo-period is discussed. The results of this paper provide a platform to compare the energy levels of different earthquake sequences in different periods. Analysis showed that wide-band energy distribution could be identified at China Lake Christmas Canyon and Tower 2 stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, we investigate the theory of energy distribution when divergent light undergoes harmonic conversion in KDP crystals, and based on this theory, we design and construct a precision measuring instrument for the detuning angle of (KDP) Crystals (MIDC). The device can obtain the detuning angle of the crystal by a single measurement with an average measurement error of 72.78 urad. At the same time, it also has the function of scanning the full aperture of the crystals. Using the MIDC, it is possible to quickly measure the KDP crystal at a single point and quickly scan the crystal detuning angle at full aperture. In addition, we conduct a theoretical study on the variation of detuning angle caused by gravity-influencing factors under online conditions, propose an optimization formula for the offline measurement results of detuning angle, and calculate the optimized values of detuning angle for two kinds of crystals under 45° online conditions. We finally study the error source of the MIDC device, analyze the trend of the influence of positioning errors of the crystal and optical elements on the detuning angle measurement results, and provide theoretical support for the error monitoring and correction of MIDC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen energy shows excellent potential as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines (ICE) in terms of cleanliness and efficiency. However, the specificity of hydrogen density and diffusion rate leads to further optimization of the working process of the hydrogen direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines. In this study, the effects of single injection and split injection strategies on the combustion and emissions of a hydrogen DISI engine were investigated at medium/low load. The specific results showed that premature hydrogen injection could trigger pre-ignition events, and it was appropriate to set the earliest hydrogen injection timing to 180° CA BTDC after the intake valve closing. For the single injection strategy, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased first and then decreased with the delay of the start of injection (SOI). When SOI = 100° CA BTDC, the optimal BTE (36.1 %) could be obtained, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions could still be limited to less than 0.1 g/(kW·h). For the split injection strategy, Delaying the secondary end of injection (SEOI) beyond 30° CA BTDC rapidly worsened NOx emissions to over 1.5 g/(kW·h). Delaying SEOI achieved higher efficiency but slightly worse the coefficient of variation COV IMEP than the single injection strategy. In addition, increasing the secondary injection mass fraction (SIMF) to 30 % could achieve an 18 % higher peak heat release rate than a single injection and shorter combustion duration. However, over 20 % SIMF resulted in an increase of NOx emissions to over 4 g/(kW·h). The energy distribution indicated that adjusting the injection strategy to increase BTE was mainly achieved by reducing power of heat loss (P HL). • Single and split injection strategies were applied to evaluate the performance of a hydrogen DISI engine. • The effect of injection timing for pre-ignition events under different operating conditions was discussed. • Optimizing the injection strategy to improve BTE was achieved mainly by reducing P HL and P Ex. • The split injection with a higher SIMF could increase the peak heat release rate by 18 % compared to a single injection. • The NOx emissions were reduced to below 0.1 g/(kW·h) through the lean burn of λ = 2.5 combined with appropriate SOI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Failing to properly manage an airplane's energy state can be unforgiving. Mismanagement of mechanical energy (altitude and/or airspeed) is a contributing factor to three common types of fatal accidents in aviation: loss of control in flight, approach and landing accidents, and controlled flight into terrain. Recognizing the importance of energy management, the Federal Aviation Administration has incorporated new elements into the Airman Certification Standards, emphasizing knowledge of energy management concepts and the consequences of mishandling an airplane's energy state. Unfortunately, no adequate guidance has been available in terms of defining key energy management concepts or suggesting how these should be taught to the average pilot and applied to everyday flying. This article introduces energy safety management (ESM) as a best practice for incorporating energy management into pilot training. First, ESM integrates three well-tested energy management theories developed independently in engineering, military science, and biology. Second, ESM relies on the power of simple analogies and a pilot-oriented approach to make energy management principles accessible and practical to any airplane pilot operating standard propulsion/flight control systems and existing cockpit displays. Third, to organize and optimize learning, ESM incorporates a well-known human performance framework that establishes how humans learn to perform new tasks. In sum, this article offers both the rationale and the road map for an outside-the-box instructional approach illustrating how established complex scientific concepts can be taught to any pilot. The ESM training model has successfully been applied to design a new college course and, in collaboration with the Federal Aviation Administration, is being used to support and develop new energy management guidance materials for pilots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the requirements for parameter testing within the projectile test system, a computational model for calculating the echo power of the projectile passing through the detection screen based on the principle of active laser detection target is established in this paper. On the basis of the fundamental formula of echo energy in laser detection, and by combining the energy distribution function of the detection screen, the light scattering cross‐section formula specific to the projectile, and the illuminated area formula when the projectile intersects the detection screen, the formula for calculating the echo power of projectile is derived and analyzed. Furthermore, taking into account the parameters of the laser detection target, a computational model is constructed to calculate the voltage amplitude associated with the echo power of the projectile. Combining the atmospheric transmission optical characteristics, distance variations, and changes in the projectile's reflection attitude in the test environment, we conducted a simulation analysis to assess the accuracy of the established calculation model. Additionally, experimental analysis of the echo power calculation model was performed. In both simulation and experimental analyses, the trends in the impact of atmospheric transmission optical characteristics, distance conditions, and changes in projectile attitude upon the calculation of projectile echo power were consistent. Moreover, the width of the projectile echo waveform obtained in experiments was equal to the calculated projectile duration time. These research findings can serve as a reference basis for the development of theories in laser detection target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing the time–frequency and energy variation characteristics of blasting vibration signals is helpful to understand the propagation law of blasting seismic waves and guide the optimization of blasting parameters. The study is based on the field-measured tunnel shaft blasting vibration signal data and uses wavelet packets to extract the energy frequency band characteristics of the vibration signal. The distribution of blasting vibration signal energy in each frequency band and the change law with vertical distance are analyzed, and the regression analysis of shaft blasting vibration energy is carried out according to the principle of dimensional analysis. The results show that the main frequency band of the shaft blasting vibration signal is distributed within 0–300 Hz, and the variation trend of blasting vibration energy in different frequency bands is different. The results show that the vibration energy of shaft blasting accounts for 99% of the energy in the 0–300 Hz frequency band, and the vibration energy in the vertical direction accounts for the most. The energy is concentrated in the low frequency band, and the average proportion of energy in the frequency range of 0–30 Hz at 25 m, 31 m, and 41 m from the explosion source is 86.21%, 49.67%, and 39.10%, which is not conducive to the safety of structures. The energy attenuation coefficient of the shaft is about twice that of the tunnel, and seismic wave propagation has an elevation amplification effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electric Power Automation Equipment / Dianli Zidonghua Shebei is the property of Electric Power Automation Equipment Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oily sludge is a loose material containing solid and multiple liquid components. Thermal desorption is an efficient method of disposing of liquids from oily sludge. Most existing studies have mainly discussed the effect of some external process parameters on thermal desorption, with little discussion on the heat transfer characteristics and the variation in the wet component mass of oily sludge under heating. Small-scale experiments have been performed to measure the rise in temperature and liquid phase content change of the sludge during heating. The temperature rise rate increases with material density and increases faster during the initial heating stage, while it slows down as the liquid phase evaporates. The adhesive shear stress is determined by measuring the pulling force of the test rod, which decreases with decreasing water content and increases significantly with decreasing oil phase content. Heat transfer and energy distribution models have been developed to calculate the rise in the temperature of materials and the evaporation of contained liquids. The heat and mass transfer processes are obtained from simulation calculations by taking the initial material with a mass content of 25% water and 10% oil under a heating temperature of 500 °C. When the heating time reaches 135 min, the drying region reaches the boundary of the test container, at which the material temperature exceeds 350 °C. During the evaporation of different liquid-phase components, there are multiple segments in the corresponding temperature curves. The processing time and heat source temperature can be reasonably determined by analyzing the temperature rise of the material, and the effect of the disposal of liquids from oily sludge can be predicted by analyzing the changes in liquid content. The results may guide the formulation of process parameters for engineering project schemes for oily sludge disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SDU Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi is the property of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Geodesy & Geodynamics (1671-5942) is the property of Editorial Board Journal of Geodesy & Geodynamics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the influence of pore structure on H2O adsorption in low-rank coal (LRC) models at a molecular level, employing variously sized LRC slit-pore models·H2O adsorption behavior is analyzed across different pore sizes ranging from 0.001 to 100 kPa fugacity, by employing the Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) method and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore saturated adsorption kinetics. The findings indicate a positive correlation between H2O adsorption levels and both fugacity and pore diameter. Furthermore, at constant pore diameter, the adsorption heat increases exponentially with increasing adsorption levels. Notably, H2O adsorption in LRC slit pores exhibits multilayer adsorption characteristics. First, adsorption occurs as monomolecular layers on the LRC surface, transitioning to secondary adsorption sites formed by previously adsorbed H2O molecules with increasing fugacity, ultimately saturating the pores. This adsorption process exhibits a correlation with a shift in potential energy distribution from high to low potential energy directions. Moreover, the ordering of H2O molecule arrangements between hydrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, and H2O molecules decreases with increasing pore diameters. Larger pore diameters correspond to increased H2O molecule diffusion, the stronger interaction between the LRC slit pores and H2O molecules but reduced interaction with individual H2O molecules. Overall, this study establishes a theoretical foundation for further studies on coal pore wetting and offer valuable insights for studies aimed at reducing dust and preventing gas outbursts.

This article deals with a thorough investigation of the energy internet towards future emerging technologies for energy distribution and management to solve existing limitations and enhance the performance of future sustainable energy. In consequence, a comprehensive review of energy internet features, applications, methods and existing issues and challenges are explained by developing arguments for future prospects. Key features of the energy internet such as energy sources, communication technologies, data computation, energy management systems and financial analysis are highlighted to enhance the energy efficiency, reliability, and security of the power network. Different energy internet application architectures and models are demonstrated for regulatory bodies under different dimensional concepts, networks, and layers. This article also explains the energy internet methods related to different programming approaches, artificial intelligence, and optimization algorithms for achieving granted reliability and enabling a decentralized energy market with a two-way energy flow. Furthermore, the present review focuses on the various issues and challenges of existing energy internet platforms related to safety, security, standards, protocols, costing and complexity as well as provides recommendations for future energy internet toward efficient energy distribution and management. Moreover, the study analyzes the impact of the energy internet on the conventional power grid and provides a global landscape of energy internet projects to make it more effective, dependable, and sustainable. All the highlighted insights of this review collectively inspire advancements in the energy internet platform for future energy data dissemination and management.

The effective vibration area includes most of the catenary vibration caused by pantograph–catenary interactions and is the basis of the real-time catenary model for hardware-in-the-loop simulation. However, while the length of the effective vibration area is one of the most important parameters of the real-time catenary model, it has not been fully studied at present. In this paper, the length of the effective vibration area is first investigated. A pantograph–catenary interaction model is developed based on the modal superposition method. After the validation of the model, the vibration energy distribution of the catenary is used to determine the length of the effective vibration area based on the converged total energy. The influence of vehicle velocity and contact wire tension on the vibration energy distribution and length of the effective vibration area is investigated. The obtained appropriate length of effective vibration area is validated by a real-time catenary model and online measurement data of the contact force. The investigation results show that the energy distribution of the catenary can accurately determine the length of effective vibration area, and it increases with increasing vehicle velocity but decreases with increasing contact wire tension. The appropriate length of effective vibration area should be at least 160 m (approximately three spans) in the pantograph–catenary system.

In this paper, classical molecular dynamics simulations were used to explore the impact of deposition temperature and bias voltage on the growth of Al2O3 thin films through magnetron sputtering. Ion energy distributions were derived from plasma mass spectrometer measurements. The fluxes of deposited particles (Ar+, Al+, and O−) were categorized into low, medium, and high energies, and the results show that the films are dominated by amorphous Al2O3 at low incident energies without applying bias. As the deposition temperature increased, the crystallinity of the films also increased, with the crystals predominantly consisting of γ-Al2O3. The crystal content of the deposited films increased when biased with −20 V compared to when no bias was applied. Crystalline films were successfully obtained at a deposition temperature of 773 K with a −20 V bias. When biased with −40 V, crystals could be obtained at a lower deposition temperature of 573 K. Increasing the bias enables the particles to have higher energy to overcome the nucleation barrier of the crystallization process, leading to a greater degree of film crystallization. At this stage, the average bond length between Al-O is measured to be approximately 1.89 Å to 1.91 Å, closely resembling that of the crystal.