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Background: The consumption of energy drinks, especially among young people, is constantly growing worldwide despite warnings about their safety. Therefore, determining the consequences of their impact on the human body and well-being is an actual issue. This work aimed to study the state of endogenous intoxication and the antioxidant system of erythrocytes in experimental animals that consumed energy drinks. Methods: The study was conducted on rats that consumed energy drinks for a month. Samples for analysis were taken on the 10th day after the end of the experiment. The biochemical methods of analysis were used to assess the state of endogenous intoxication by the erythrocyte intoxication index and the content of middle mass molecules (MMM), the state of oxidative modification of proteins, and the state of the antioxidant system by the fermentative activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase. Statistical methods were used to determine the reliability of the study results. Results: It was found that the value of the erythrocyte intoxication index significantly increased by 1.8 times (p<0.001), the content of MMM254 by 1.2 times (p<0.001), and the content of MMM280 – by 3 times (p<0.001), indicating the development of endogenous intoxication. The activation of the processes of oxidative modification of proteins is proved by the increase in the oxidative modification of the protein index by 1.1-1.3 times. It was shown that the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase decreased by 1.1 times, and CAT activity increased by 1.3 times (p<0.001). A 1.5-fold decrease in the ratio between superoxide dismutase and CAT enzymes was also found. Conclusions: The results indicate damage in the antioxidant system, a decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant protection, and the development of oxidative stress. The results obtained in this work may help study the potential adverse health effects of energy drinks consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the study. Determination of pathogenetic substantiation and indication criteria for the inclusion of extracorporeal detoxification methods in preoperative preparation of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) complicated by inflammation.Patients and methods. This study included the data on 222 patients with newly diagnosed stage I–IV NSCLC referred for elective surgical treatment to the Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Medical Centre for Oncology, in 2017–2019. Endogenous intoxication was evaluated in all patients depending on the leukogram results: leukocytic intoxication index (LII), body resistance index (BRI), reactive neutrophil response (RNR), and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Indicators of the inflammatory response, i. e. interleukin 6 and procalcitonin, were also studied.Results. 36.5 % of NSCLC patients developed inflammation. That over 70 % of the NSCLC patients showed pronounced clinical and laboratory signs of endogenous intoxication and inhibited protective systems of homeostasis. Initial sub- or decompensated endotoxicosis together with reduced overall reactivity of the body poses a high risk of systemic inflammatory response to antitumor surgical treatment. This justifies the inclusion of extracorporeal detoxification into preoperative preparation of this category of patients as an active preoperative therapy.Conclusions. Simultaneous elevation of LII, RNR and NLR characterizing the presence of endotoxicosis in sub- and decompensation of endogenous intoxication by own physiological detoxification systems requires an active preoperative preparation with extracorporeal detoxification.

An experiment was conducted in the conditions of an industrial complex specializing in the intensive fattening of young cattle, to study the development patterns of respiratory and gastrointestinal pathologies in calves with a history of previous proventriculus dysfunction. The object of the research were calves aged 120 days, which were divided into three groups: control, and two experimental groups - with a difference in using or the absence of phytosorbent. The diet included cereal hay and compound feed (CP 21.5%) according to the norms and regimen of feeding, for animals of this age. It appeared that for calves shortening of the adaptation period to the consumption of a large amount of compound feed had a negative impact on the rumen contractile function and the processes of digestion in it with the formation of a complex of symptoms of frothy tympany and rumen acidosis. After a course of appropriate treatment, the specific symptoms of these pathologies of the rumen disappeared, but the imbalance between the depression of symbiotic and activation of abdominal digestion remained, with the formation of a constant pre-threshold level of local autointoxication. The transfer of animals to the technological diet activated the processes of rumen metabolism and increased biochemical imbalance, which caused the progression of the endogenous intoxication syndrome and vegetative dystonia with a corresponding increase in the risk of developing respiratory and gastrointestinal pathologies. The use of a combined native premix based on the enterosorbent Rigatirin against the background of residual pathological phenomena after proventriculus dysfunctions reduced the level of toxic substances in the rumen, which excluded the generalization of autointoxication with an increase in the functional load on the digestive organs. As a result, the mechanism of pathogenetic integration (predisposition) formation in the body was leveled with a corresponding decrease in the incidence of the lungs, rumen and intestines. As a result, the mechanism of pathogenetic integration (predisposition) formation in the body was leveled, which caused a 6.7-fold decrease in the level of morbidity in animals and a 22.9 % increase in their growth.

Introduction: Excessive lipoperoxidation is accompanied by accumulation of peroxidation products and depletion of antioxidant re-serves, which cause hyperenzymemia and the accumulation of toxic substances. The level of endotoxicosis is determined by the content of hydrophilic and hydrophobic products in the blood. Aim: To define the pathogenetic role of endogenous intoxication in the dynamics of development of experimental periodontitis of bacterial-immune genesis. Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted on rats. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1 – control group/intact; group 2 – model periodontitis at 7 days; group 3 – model periodontitis at 30 days. The experimental bacterial-immune periodon-titis was induced by injection into the tissue of the periodontal complex of the microorganisms’ mixture diluted with egg’s albumin. For the study, we selected the blood serum in which the content of middle molecular weight molecules and erythrocyte intoxication index were determined. The results were statistically analyzed by means of non-parametric indices methods. Results: The development of generalized periodontitis is characterized by the occurrence of oxidative stress, which leads to violation of the metabolism in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity resulting in the accumulation of toxic products and the development of endogenous intoxication. The results show that the content of middle molecular weight molecules (aromatic amino and chain amino acids) determined on day 7 of the experiment was 1.11 times higher than that of the control group (p

The objective: to trace changes in endotoxicosis in the brain during the postresuscitation period.Subjects and Methods. Clinical death was modeled on rats by 6.5-minute asphyxia and resuscitation.The animals were divided into groups corresponding to the timing of brain sampling (from 30 minutes to 21 days) after resuscitation. The content of low and median molecular weight substances (LMMWS) was determined in perchloric acid extracts of the brain.Results. It was found that 30 minutes after resuscitation the content of LMMWS in the brain of rats increases statistically significantly compared to the "control" group, and after 90 minutes returns to the control level. Then, 6 hours – 21 days after resuscitation a paradoxical decrease in the content of LMMWS below the control level occurs.Conclusion. The decrease in the level of endotoxicosis after asphyxia and resuscitation explains not by their “healing” effect, but by the death of rats with the highest LMMWS values, which leads to a decrease in the average LMMWS value in groups of resuscitated animals.

Background. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a socially significant disease affecting patient’s quality of life. Assessment of endogenous intoxication in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will allow to understand pathogenetic features of different phenotypes of this disease, which can be taken into account when predicting its course.The aim of the study. To determine the prognostic value of levels of mediumand low-molecular-weight substances and oligopeptides in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Materials and methods. One hundred and four patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 110 somatically healthy individuals were examined. Molecular weight medium and low molecular weight substances (LMWSM) and oligopeptides (OP) were determined in blood plasma, erythrocytes and urine. Based on these indicators mathematically calculated indices of endogenous intoxication and coefficient of elimination were defined. Statistical processing of the data was performed using the SPSS 26.0 software package (IBM Corp., USA).Results. In all biological fluids, the levels of average molecules and calculated indices in the COPD patients’ group were statistically significantly different from those in the control group. The indices characterizing endotoxin accumulation were statistically significantly higher, while those characterizing toxin elimination were lower. The level of endotoxemia was correlated with the frequency of exacerbations, clinical manifestations severity, quality of life, COPD group and phenotype.Conclusions. Frequent exacerbations, groups C and D, bronchitic and mixed COPD phenotypes are characterized by more severe endotoxicosis manifested by high levels of LMWSM, OP and calculated indices.

ABSTRACT. In order to study the effect of drugs containing L-arginine and L-carnitine on the indicators of endogenous intoxication and systemic capillary leakage in patients with complicated diabetes mellitus, 30 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, representative by age, sex, comorbidity were examined. Among the patients were 13 men and 17 women, with a mean age of 52.36±2.87 years. It is shown that the use of the drug Tivorel in the treatment of such patients reduces the severity of systemic capillary leakage syndrome and manifestations of endogenous intoxication.

The review describes the syndrome of endogenous intoxication in patients with mental disorders. Oxidative stress, middle-mass endotoxic molecules, impaired functional properties of serum albumin and albumin thiol groups, neurotrophic factors, and enzymes, including monoamine oxidase and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase contribute to the development of endogenous intoxication. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms of the endogenous intoxication development in mental disorders and approaches to its treatment are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the problem of systemic capillary leakage syndrome (CLS) in patients with endogenous intoxication. Pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical picture and methods of treatment of these pathological conditions are presented. The effectiveness of drugs based on L-arginine and L-carnitine, in particular the combined drug Tivorel in the treatment of CLS in patients with endogenous intoxication has been shown.

The aim of the study was to establish the concentration of the circulating immune complexes (CICs) with high (CIC 2,5%), medium (CIC 4,2%) and low (CIC 8.0%) molecular weights in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) as biomarkers of the endogenous intoxication and the degree of severity. We investigated 56 patients diagnosed with pulmonary TB and 36 healthy persons (control group). The patients were assigned to 2 groups: the study group 1 (I SG) included 29 patients in which the test established the drug susceptible TB and in the study group 2 (II SG) that included 27 patients with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). The inclusion criteria were: primary detected pulmonary TB, age older than 18 years, confirmed drug susceptibility (I SG) and confirmed MDR-TB (II SG). The exclusion criteria were: anti-TB treatment in anamnesis, extrapulmonary TB, age below 18 years, HIV infection, severe somatic diseases. The method of CIC quantification consisted in placing 50 l serum into 3 tubes followed by adding 100 l borate buffer and solution of 2.5%, 4.2% and 8.0% polyethylene glycol. The tubes were incubated 15 minutes at 25C and the optical density was assessed at the wavelength 340 nm. The results were compared with the general blood count and leucocital intoxication index Kalf-Kalif (LIIKK) as an alternative method to identify endogenous intoxication. As the results of the research we established that the peak level was observed for CICs with high and medium molecular weight, wrereas less pronounced it was for CICs with low molecular weight. The high severity of the endogenous intoxication predominated in the I SG and middle degree in the IISG, without achieving the statistical significance. LIIKK was lower in study groups comparing with the control healthy subjects due to increased count of eosinophils.

Global warming results in increased extreme weather events, including heatwaves, droughts and floods, which exceed plants’and animals’tolerance thresholds, thus posing a threat to the economy and agriculture. Under these conditions, heat stress becomes a vital problem for animal husbandry. The paper presents the study results of biochemical blood parameters and endogenous intoxication in cows suffering from hepatopathies under heat stress. Based on the calculated temperature-humidity index, it was established that during the summer season in the conditions of the Krasnodar Krai lowlands, cows are under heat stress. Using the method of paired comparisons, two groups of animals (n = 10) were formed: the first group was a healthy livestock; and the second group consisted of animals suffering from hepatic pathologies. Blood was sampled from all cows at the beginning of the experiment (the first decade of May) and at the end (the last decade of July). Laboratory tests of blood revealed that as the heat stress develops healthy cows show the increase in the protein concentration in blood, and, on the contrary, animals with hepatic pathologies demonstrate the inhibition of protein synthesis. The higher activity of aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase in the bovine serum in the summer season when compared to the spring season was established. The study of the endogenous intoxication level dynamics in cattle during the development of heat stress, showed that in both groups the concentrations of middle molecules (ММ) increased relative to the background data: in the first group (healthy cows) MM 237 – by 11.8%, MM 254 – by 14.4%, MM 280 – by 16.9%; in the second group (cattle with liver pathology) MM 237 – by 16.9%, MM 254 – by 20.3%, MM 280 – by 33%. Thus, under heat stress, the endogenous intoxication in healthy livestock was almost 1.5 times less intense as compared to the animals suffering from hepatopathies.

Purpose of the study. Assessment of albumin and endogenous intoxication levels in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer receiving immunotherapy with dendritic cell vaccine.Materials and methods. The study included 27 patients with advanced cervical cancer (CC) divided into 3 groups: 1) patients receiving dendritic cell vaccine (DCV) during primary chemoradiation treatment; 2) patients with the disease progression receiving DCV during second‑line chemotherapy; 3) patients with advanced disease with contraindications for chemo‑radiation treatment receiving DCV only. The comparison group included 20 healthy women. All groups were tested for levels of medium‑weight molecules (MWM254 and MWM280), total and effective concentrations of albumin (TCA and ECA), toxicity index (TI) characterizing the sorption capacity of albumin, and the coefficient of intoxication (CI) reflecting the balance between the accumulation and binding of toxic ligands.Results. Initial elevation of MWM was observed in all patients. Levels of MWM254 were the highest in patients with progression. TI in patients with primary and progressive CC was increased before the treatment by 1.7 and 2.2 times, and after CT (without DCV) – by 2.6 and 3.8 times. In group 3, TI was increased by 4 times, and CI by 2.5 times, being 81 % higher than in group 1. In primary patients, TI after 6 and 7 DCVs was similar to the normal values, and CI was increased during the treatment because of the accumulation of MWM254 due to disintegration of tumor masses in these patients, and then it was normalized after 7 DCVs. CI in patients of groups 2 and 3 decreased after each DCV session. 4 and more DCVs restored the functional activity of albumin and normalized the MWM content.Conclusion. Administration of DCV (at least 7–8 sessions) in CC patients receiving anticancer treatment or as monotherapy decreases endotoxicosis and restores detoxification capacity of albumin.

Summary. Benign prostatic hyperplasia among urological diseases of older men occupies an important place with a tendency to increase. The most common social problem is alcohol consumption. Its toxic effects are experienced by many systems and organs, because it easily interacts with many vital processes of the body. Due to the syndrome of endogenous intoxication, we can evaluate a lot of data and get results on the course of many diseases in the level of medium mass molecules and changes in erythrocyte. The aim of the study – to learn the changes in endo­genous intoxication by the level of medium mass molecules and changes in erythrocyte index in rats with benign prostatic hyperplasia with combined action of ethanol. Materials and Methods. Experimental animals were divided into 4 groups: group 1 (control group) – rats, which were injected for 28 days with distilled water orally; group 2 – animals, which for 28 days were injected with 40 % ethanol solution at the rate of 2 ml/100 g of body weight orally once a day. In rats of group 3, the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was simulated by subcutaneous administration of ampoule 5 % testosterone at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg once a day for 28 days; group 4 (12 animals) the model of BPH was reproduced with additional toxic effect of 40 % ethanol solution at the rate of 2 ml/100 g of body weight orally once a day for 28 days. Results. As a result of our studies, in animals of different research groups under the conditions of experimental modeling of benign prostatic hyperplasia, it was found that there is a gradual increase in endogenous intoxication on the day 7, 14, 21 of the experiment. All markers of endogenous intoxication (EI) peaked on day 21 of the study. Conclusions. We were able to identify significant changes and disturbances of intoxication in animals under the toxic effects of ethanol, which is important for their pathogenesis

Summary. Hypertension (HT) remains an important issue in modern medicine. In recent years, the study of related comorbid conditions has attracted attention. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are among such common diseases of interest. The study of metabolic changes caused by such a combination will provide a better understanding of their pathogenesis and optimize treatment methods. The aim of the study – to evaluate the changes in serum albumin binding function and endogenous intoxication (EI) when HT in combination with concomitant NASH and T2DM and to suggest ways of appropriate medical correction Materials and Methods. Three groups of patients with HT stage 2–3 were examined. Group 1 included 28 patients with HT without concomitant diseases, group 2 – 48 patients with concomitant NASH, group 3 – 47 patients with NASH and type 2 diabetes. Groups 2 and 3, in turn, were divided into two subgroups (A and B): patients of subgroups A – received basic HT therapy and additional drug Antral 1 tablet 3 times a day for 60 days, subgroup B – only basic HT therapy. All patients underwent standard clinical examination, as well as serum albumin binding function and EI parameters: middle mass molecules (MMM) at a wavelength of 254 and 280 nm and erythrocyte intoxication index. The comparison group consisted of 25 almost healthy individuals (control group). Results. An increase in EI levels was found according to all studied indicators in patients with HT without comorbidities. With concomitant NASH and NASH and type 2 diabetes – a significant decrease in binding function of serum albumin, as well as greater manifestations of endotoxicosis (p

The aim of our work was to investigate the peculiarities of changes in endogenous intoxication rates: medium mass molecules (MMM) and erythrocyte intoxication index (EII) in the blood of guinea pigs in the experimental periodontitis formation.The results of biochemical studies showed that at all stages of the development of experimental periodontitis, there is a consistent increase in the degree of endogenous intoxication with their dominance on the 15 th day of the experiment relative to the control, namely, the content of medium-mass molecules (МMМ254, МMМ280) and the erythrocyte intoxication index (EII) increased in blood, respectively, by 24.8% (р≤0.05), 28.2% (р≤0.05) and 34.7% (р≤0.05) compared to the first group of animals, which indicates an increase in the processes and the important role of metabolites of endogenous intoxication and their participation in the mechanisms of formation of experimental periodontitis.

Over the past decades, egg poultry farming has undergone a certain specificity, concentration and intensification, which contributed to radical changes in the main production processes, as well as to the use of high-tech cage equipment for keeping laying hens, which to one degree or another affects the condition of hens and the quality of edible eggs. Chicken health is an important part of normal functioning and high productivity of chickens. For the health of chickens, the normal and full functioning of the immune system is necessary, which is influenced by various technological factors, one of which is the size of the grouping of chickens in cages. The purpose of the article is to investigate the non-specific reactivity of chickens under the influence of the size of the grouping with the same density of laying hens in cages that are similar in design. Egg-laying hens of the industrial flock “Hy-Line W-36” were used as the object of research. Experiments with experimental animals were conducted in accordance with the rules of the European Convention on the Protection of Vertebrate Animals. Under the conditions of a modern complex for the production of edible eggs, 4 groups of chickens were formed, each of which was kept in a separate analogue poultry house. The non-specific reactivity of the hens’ organism under the influence of the size of the grouping with the same density of laying hens in cages analogous to the construction was studied. It was found that with a decrease in the size of the grouping of chickens, there is a shift of the leukocyte formula to the left, a preference for non-specific protective cells, which occurs as a result of a functional increase in the proliferative activity of the bone marrow and is expressed in an increase in the number of heterophils and an increase in their activity in the macrophage-macrophage immune response system

RELEVANCE. The early diagnosis and correction of enteral insufficiency syndrome influence the treatment outcomes in patients with abdominal sepsis and multiple organ failure.The OBJECTIVES was to improve the effectiveness of diagnosis and correction of enteral insufficiency syndrome in patients with generalized peritonitis using the express assessment scale of the severity of enteral insufficiency and the treatment algorithm based on this.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The express assessment scale of the severity of enteral insufficiency syndrome was developed along with the treatment algorithm depending on the detected degree for systematic approach to the management of patients with generalized peritonitis. The study included 39 patients with generalized peritonitis (GP) who had received treatment in the Surgery Department of Samara Regional Clinical Hospital named after V. D. Seredavin in the period of 2019–2020. A computational program was created for quick severity evaluation of enteral insufficiency syndrome and choosing the best treatment strategy.RESULTS. When comparing the severity of enteral insufficiency in patients immediately after the first operation and in 96 hours, a positive dynamics was registered: the number of patients with III degree of severity of enteral insufficiency syndrome decreased from 19 to 4 people, and the number of patients with I degree of severity of enteral insufficiency syndrome changed from 3 to 29 people, this indicated the stabilization of the condition of patients with GP (p

Objective. Studying of rate and structure of peritonitis of various genesis. Materials and methods. During 2020 yr in the Department of Surgery of Brovary Multidisciplinary Clinical Hospital 265/1316 (20.1%) patients, including 124 (47,8%) women and 141 (53,2%) men, suffering peritonitis, were operated. Results. Appendicitis have constituted a most frequent cause of local and diffuse peritonitis – in 71.5 and 92.3% patients, accordingly. Spread peritonitis in 55.2% patients was caused by perforative gastric or duodenal ulcer. Total peritonitis was present in 35.7% of cases and caused by abdominal trauma mainly. Treatment of spread forms of peritonitis (prevalent, diffuse and a total one) was conducted in 121 (45.7%) patients, suffering this disease. Conclusion. It is mandatory to take into account the peritonitis spread, cause, stage and character of exudate while planning preoperative preparation, surgery and the postoperative treatment volume in patients with this disease.

The study of stress in the conditions of industrial technologies of keeping laying hens and determining the level of technological stressors influence on the physiological state of poultry is a necessary condition for the development of new methods of stress prevention in choosing the best ways to keep them. The aim of the study was to determine the informativeness of integrated immunohematological indices for the diagnosis of stress-induced disorders in laying hens under the influence of technological stressors of varying intensity. Chronic technological stress was modeled by long-term keeping of laying hens at high planting density. The intensity of the stressor was determined by increasing the density of laying hens. Integral immunohematological indices were determined on the basis of an extended general blood test. It has been found that in laying hens, which due to prolonged exposure to high density were in a state of chronic stress, there is a high level of endogenous intoxication and impaired immunological reactivity, as evidenced by increased Leukocyte shift index, Immunoreactivity index, Leukocyte to erythrocyte sedimentation rate ratio, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio, heterophil to monocyte ratio. It is shown that under chronic stress in laying hens there is activation of the cellular part of the immune system, active adaptive response of white blood, as well as the predominance of delayed-type reactions over immediate-type hypersensitivity, as indicated decrease in lymphocyte-granulocyte index, general index, lymphocytic index and lymphocyte to eosinophil ratio. Thus, integrated immunohematological indices are promising markers for the diagnosis of chronic stress in laying hens.

Background. In abdominal surgery, there is a great interest in patients with obstructive jaundice, which is due to the preservation of a high incidence rate and an insufficient degree of satisfaction with the results of treatment. One of the ways to improve the results of treatment is to search for optimal schemes for correcting homeostasis disorders, especially its most important component – endogenous intoxication. The purpose of the workis to optimize the course of the early postoperative period of patients with obstructive jaundice of non-tumor origin of moderate severity (class B). Materials and methods. A survey of 58 patients with mild obstructive jaundice of moderate severity (class B) who underwent various surgical interventions aimed at restoring the passage of bile into the duodenum was conducted. In the first group (n = 28), standard therapy was performed in the early postoperative period, in the second (n = 30), it included remaxol. The diagnostic complex includes: indicators of the clinical course of the disease, assessment of the syndrome of endogenous intoxication by the content of toxic products of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature in the blood; indicators of the functional state of the liver. Results. The use of remaxol in the complex therapy of patients with mechanical jaundice of non-tumor origin leads to a significant reduction in homeostasis disorders, which resulted in a decrease in hydrophilic and hydrophobic toxins in the blood. With this kind of therapy, the clinical course of the disease was optimized: the number of postoperative complications significantly decreased (according to the Clavien-Dindo classification from 57.1 % in the first group to 20.0 % in the second group (χ2 = 3.853, p = 0.050), the duration of hospital stay of patients was reduced by 2.7 bed days (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The inclusion of the hepatoprotector remaxol in the complex therapy of patients with obstructive jaundice leads to a decrease in the severity of endogenous intoxication syndrome, optimizes the course of the early postoperative period.

The objective: to study the prognostic significance of non-invasive markers of endogenous intoxication for determining the risk of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) at the gestation period of 26–34 weeks. Materials and methods. During the study the patients were divided into two groups: the 1st (main) group – 80 women with PROM at 26–34 weeks of pregnancy, and the 2nd (control) group – 50 women with a physiological course of pregnancy and term delivery without complications. The mean age of the examined women was 29.60±6.30 years. To determine the diagnostic value of the level of hematological indicators (concentration of leukocytes (WBC), granulocytes (GRAN), lymphocytes (LYM) in peripheral blood) and indices of endogenous intoxication (EI) as predictors of PROM and the initiation of preterm labor at a gestation period of 26–34 weeks, ROC-analysis was performed and the average quality of these prognostic factors was established (p<0.001). Results. The optimal cut-off point (cut-off value) for predicting PROM in preterm pregnancy according to the criterion of the maximum balance between sensitivity and specificity corresponded to WBC was more than 12.39 /l, LYM – less than 19 %, GRAN – more than 76 %, NLR – more than 3.87, Kalf-Kalif’s leukocyte intoxication index (LII) is more than 3.42, Ostrovsky’s LII – more than 2.76. It was established that the area under the curve (AUROC) was 0.786 for WBC, 0.863 for LYM, 0.847 for GRAN, 0.866 for NLR, 0.753 for LII Ostrovsky, which testifies to the significant prognostic value of the studied predictors. Conclusions. The main non-invasive markers of the degree of activity of the inflammatory process and the severity of endogenous intoxication in premature birth with PRPO in pregnant women are: the total number of leukocytes, the level of granulocytes and lymphocytes, Kalf-Kalif LII and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. In order to detect infectious markers of intra-amniotic infection and the further development of PROM and premature birth, it is recommended to calculate the level of endogenous intoxication in the second half of pregnancy using general blood analysis data on a hemolytic analyzer (WBC, GRAN, LYM, NLR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outcomes of severe variants of acute infectious diarrhea in children with acute renal injury/failure (ARI/ARF) remain unsatisfactory, and mortality reaches 70% and more. ARI/ ARF therapy requires high material costs, which represent significant burden on health financing systems. It makes us consider AFR as one of the most important medical and social problems.The aim of our study was to investigate predisposing factors contributing to the development of renal dysfunction in acute infectious diarrhea associated with hemocolitis (AIDH), as well as to study the relationship of the developed renal dysfunction with the severity of endogenous intoxication, damage of vascular endothelium and hemostasis system.We examined 60 sick children with AIDH, divided into two groups: with ARF and without kidney pathology.Susceptibility to ARI/ARF in severe forms of AIDH is mediated by early childhood (up to 3 years in 89,5% of patients), artificial and mixed feeding (in 52,6% and 36,8% of children respectively), pathology of pregnancy in the first trimester, mother diseases during pregnancy (84,2%) and the late admission to hospital (89,5%) on the 4,9±0,2 day of the disease, i/m administration of furosemide without volume circulating blood restoration, i/m administration of nephrotoxic antibacterial medicines. Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli as etiologic factors of diarrhea in 42,1% and 47,4% of cases respectively. Thus due these parameters we can predict the loss of kidneys adaptation ability in diseases with severe course including acute infectious diarrheas.Interrelationships between elevation of the number of antigen binding lymphocytes to tissue antigens of vascular endothelium up to 8,1±0,6% in children with ARF and development of hemorrhagic syndrome (decrease of PTI to 72,5%) and intensity of endogenic intoxication (average molecular peptides up to 9,7±0,6 g/l) and worsening of AFR signs were established.Thus, it was found that AKI most often develops when rehydration therapy is started late or inferiorly performed, when nephrotoxic antibiotics and loop diuretics are prescribed without circulating blood volume (CBV) compensation and is accompanied by an increase in the degree of endogenous intoxication and vascular endothelial damage.

The Objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of original physiotherapeutic methods in the treatment of patients with acute spread purulent peritonitis.Methods and Materials. We done a treatment approach analysis of 72 patients with peritonitis after programmed sanitation of the abdominal cavity. The control group included 42 patients with standardized treatment regimen. The main group consisted of 35 patients. Their treatment included low-intensity laser radiation of the abdominal cavity, electrical stimulation of the duodenum according to the original methods. We evaluated dynamic changes of the blood parameters, endogenous intoxication markers, the functional status of the liver, kidneys, and intestines.Results. The use of original physiotherapeutic methods in the treatment of patients with acute peritonitis leads to a significant improvement in clinical and laboratory data. The functional status of the liver, kidneys and intestine restored rapidly. Mortality rate decreased from 28.7 to 17.1 % (χ2=1.392, p=0.238), hospital stay decreased by 5.7 hospital days (p

Objective: To study the clinical features of the course and the dynamics of some haematological indices in endogenous intoxication syndrome in children under 3 years of age suffering from pneumonia. Methods: There were 80 children under surveillance, of which 60 were pneumonia patients (main group), and 20 healthy children (control group). Laboratory survey included determining levels of leukocyte index of intoxication (LII), lactic and uric acids. The respiratory failure (RF) I is noted in 51.6%, RF II in 34.2% and RF III in 14.2% of cases. Results: Clinically and radiologically, 60.5% of children were diagnosed with bilateral processes in lungs, and in 39.5% the unilateral process. Signs of endogenous intoxication were: hyperhidrosis (59.4%), acrocyanosis (46.6%), perioral cyanosis (55.5%), mottled skin integument (49.2%), pronounced subcutaneous venous network (48.2%). The LII rate in the acute period had a strong tendency towards an increase of up to 5 days, with a gradual reduction to normal reference values by the end of the first week. It was found that high levels of lactic and uric acids were closely correlated with hypoxia. For example, in RF I, II and III levels of lactic acid were 1.3±0.1, 1.9±0.2 and 2.61±0.25 respectively. Children with RF III have degrees of lactic acid concentration that was statistically significant (p

Objective: to study the state of the processes of endogenous intoxication, lipoperoxidation and antioxidant protection in the saliva of athletes during exercise and during the recovery period after it. Materials and methods: the study includes 20 professional athletes and 40 volunteers who do not have regular high physical exertion. Samples of saliva in athletes were taken three times: at rest, 10-15 minutes after training and again at rest; in the control group - once. In the samples, the content of products of lipoperoxidation, endogenous intoxication, activity of antioxidant enzymes was determined. Results: it is shown that the training process is accompanied by an intensification of the processes of lipoperoxidation and endogenous intoxication. In the recovery period, the level of lipid peroxidation products remains elevated, and the content of protein toxins quickly returns to normal. The activity of antioxidant enzymes after exercise is reduced, but increases in the recovery period. This is due to compensatory mechanisms in the antioxidant defense system. Conclusions: it is necessary to monitor the parameters of the subjects for timely correction of the effects of oxidative stress.

The results of clinical and laboratory examination of 107 children suffering from chronic hepatitis B or C were analysed. The biochemical criteria of the endogenous intoxication were investigated. Specific blood tests with antiviral drugs were conducted before the treatment and individual therapy schemes were assigned according to the tests' results. The early and sustained virological response rates during the individual antiviral treatment of the children with chronic hepatitis C proved to be 70.83 and 62.5% respectively.

Modern medical practice shows that the only eff ective treatment for breast cancer in dogs is surgery; current developments in chemotherapy and radiation therapy are ineff ective and too expensive. To identify the types of breast tumors and their anatomical distribution, it is necessary to have a reliable histological diagnosis. In most cases, it is used because the main treatment for breast cancer in dogs is their surgical removal. Undoubtedly decisive for this method of treatment are the phenomena of intoxication and endotoxicosis. Endotoxicosis in the early postoperative period consists of iatrogenic, tumor with tumors isolated and based on a small number of observations. However, the results of intoxication and the consequences of massive surgical tissue damage are often a determining factor for the outcome of treatment. Unfortunately, reports of studies of MSM in animals obtained by us indicate that almost all animals with breast tumors have endogenous intoxication, which we detected by the level of MSM and MDA in blood plasma. In our opinion, determination of the level of these markers of endotoxicosis before surgery and in the postoperative period can be an objective criterion for the risk of surgical treatment. Monitoring the level of MSM in the remote postoperative period, in combination with other biochemical studies can be a criterion for assessing the general clinical condition of the animal for the development of metastases. Probably lower levels of endogenous intoxication and clinically confi rmed reduction in the duration of treatment are a clear confi rmation of the eff ectiveness of high-frequency electrocoagulator EK-300M1. Dogs with breast tumors had high levels of MSM and MDA, which is a refl ection of the level of endogenous intoxication and may be an objective criterion for the risk of surgical treatment and postoperative recovery. Progressive reduction of these indicators in animals of the experimental group proves the eff ectiveness of the proposed treatment tactics.

Aim. To assess the strength of the respiratory muscles in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with varying severity of endogenous intoxication. Materials and methods. In the hospital, 78 men aged 1826 years with CAP were examined. СAP was diagnosed in 56 (72%) patients, severe CAP in 22 (28%). The severity of endogenous intoxication was verified using intoxication indices: hematological index of intoxication (HII), leukocyte index of intoxication (LII), nuclear index of intoxication (NII) and Krebs index. Middleweight molecules (MWM) was determined by spectrophotometry in the serum and the concentration of interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor necrosis factor  (TNF-) by ELISA. The strength of the respiratory muscles was measured on the device Micro RPM (Care Fusion, Great Britain). The maximum expiratory pressure (МЕР), inspiratory pressure (MIP) in the oral cavity, the Maximal Rate of Pressure Development (MRPD) during inhalation (MRPDin) and exhalation (MRPDex), and intranasal test (SNIP) were determined. Statistical processing was performed using descriptive statistics, MannWhitney test, correlation and cluster analysis. Results. Three clusters of endogenous intoxication corresponding to mild, moderate and severe degree were identified. The first cluster was represented only by patients with mild CAP, the second-mild CAP and severe CAP, and the third severe CAP. Dysfunction of the expiratory respiratory muscles prevailed during the height of the disease in patients with the first cluster, and in the second and third inspiratory, including the diaphragm. The level of actually measured values of MIP and SNIP was 68% and 58% of those due to severe endogenous intoxication. Significant negative correlations were established LII, HII, MWM, TNF-, IL-10 с MEP, MRPDex, MIP и SNIP. Respiratory muscle dysfunction remained only expiratory respiratory muscles in convalescents of the first cluster, and expiratory and inspiratory muscles of the second and third cluster. Conclusion. The development of respiratory muscle dysfunction in CAP is associated with the influence of endogenous intoxication factors. The results can be used in personalized programs of rehabilitation.

Background. The search for methods of correcting endogenous intoxication is relevant, despite the large number of exis­ting methods for the treatment of diseases of the pancreatohepatobiliary system. The purpose of the research is to study the nature of changes in endogenous intoxication syndrome in patients with chronic pancreatohepatobiliary system lesions during bioregulation therapy (BRT). Materials and methods. Seventy-two patients with chronic pancreatitis in the phase of unstable remission aged 18–62 years were examined, including 15 men and 57 women. Depending on the presence of concomitant pancreatohepatobi­liary pathology, the patients were divided into three groups: chronic viral hepatitis C was first diagnosed in 26 patients (group I), chronic acalculous cholecystitis — in 25 (group II), biliary dyskinesia — in 21 people (group III). All patients were prescribed a course of basic therapy and at the same time a combination bioregulatory corrector of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and a combination bioregulatory hepatotropic drug. Dynamic changes (before and after during BRT) of middle-molecular weight peptides, circulating immune complexes and leukocyte intoxication index were studied to evaluate endotoxicosis. Results. After the course of BRT, along with the elimination or reduction of pain syndrome, dyspepsia, normalization of bowel activity and other clinical signs of improvement, there was a significant decrease in the level of endogenous intoxication (p

Background. In recent years, there has been a great interest in dysregulatory pathology, especially the defeat of various organs and systems in acute pancreatitis, in which the mortality rate remains at a high level, which is largely associated with the syndrome of a systemic inflammatory response. Certainly, lung damage is one of the predictors in the pathogenesis of the aggravation of acute pancreatitis and the development of fatal complications. The purpose of this research is to study the detoxification and hemostasis correcting ability of the lungs in the experiment and in the clinic for acute pancreatitis. Materials and methods. The research is based on experimental and clinical studies. The experiments were performed on adult mongrel dogs (n=15), which were modeled under anesthesia for pancreatic necrosis by injecting bile into the pancreatic parenchyma. In the control period, relaparotomy and thoracotomy, lung tissue biopsy, and blood sampling were performed. 30 patients with acute severe pancreatitis were examined (17 men (56,7%), 13 women (43,3 %), the age was 53,8 ± 5,32 years). Methods of investigation: assessment of the severity of endotoxicosis, coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters of arterial and venous blood. The state of the coagulation-lytic system and lipid metabolism were determined in the lung tissue. Results. In an experiment on a model of biliary pancreatic necrosis and in the clinic in patients with acute severe pancreatitis, a significant deterioration in the detoxification ability of the lungs and changes in their ability to modulate the coagulation state of the blood were found. The experiment proved that the transformation of the functional state of the lungs is based on significant modifications of the lipid metabolism and the coagulation-lytic system of the organ tissues, the triggers of which are excessive activation of phospholipase systems and oxidative stress. Conclusions. In acute pancreatitis, as the disease progresses, there is a significant deterioration in the detoxification ability of the lungs and changes in their ability to modulate the coagulation state of the blood, which is due to sharp changes in the modification of lipid metabolism and the coagulation-lytic system of organ tissues due to excessive activation of phospholipase systems and oxidative stress.

The purpose of the study: is to establish the characteristics of the development of endogenous intoxication during experimental obstruction of the urinary tract. Materials and methods: to achieve this goal, one control and three experimental groups of animals were formed, in which blood was taken from the marginal ear vein on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day of the experiment. The following parameters were determined in blood serum: urea, creatinine, total protein and albumin. The level of endogenous intoxication was assessed by the indicators of medium-mass molecules, circulating immune complexes and malon dialdehyde. Results: statistical analysis of blood biochemical parameters and endogenous intoxication markers confirm the link between modern biomarkers of renal injury and morphological changes in the tissues of obstructive and compensatory organs. Conclusion: our findings point to the overstress adaptation mechanisms, the development of oxidative stress and exhibit a high level of endogenous intoxication, resulting in structural and metabolic changes in the affected and in the contralateral kidney.

Background: This work describes etiological structure and statistics for causes of acute enteric infections and salmonellosis in modern conditions. Method: It was analyzed the common epidemiologic signs and indices of modern acute enteric infections (AEI), caused by opportunistic microorganisms (OMO), various viruses and salmonella. Result: The research also shows the integrative intoxication indicators of causal groups in endogenous intoxication which point to these phenomena being caused by autointoxication at the moment of one’s own cells disruption as well as induced by bacterial endo- and exotoxins. Conclusion: The work compares the etiology of AEI on the basis of reviewing their epidemiological attributes, changes in the integrative indication for endogenous intoxication, as well as vectors and causal correlations between hematological and microbiotic indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question regarding clarification the mechanisms that link changes in the musculoskeletal system with changes in the microbiome, in recent few years has become particularly relevant. The investigation of the biological effect of probiotics on cartilage metabolism under osteoarthritis (OA) opens the perspectives for their use in complex therapy and prevention of joint pathology. The aim of the research was to analyze the quantitative and qualitative composition of the peptide component of the middle-mass molecules (MMM) of different fractions in the articular cartilage of rats with experimental OA under the introduction of multiprobiotic (PB) composition. The experiments were conducted on white male non-linear rats weighing 180-200 g. Experimental osteoarthritis in rats was induced by a single injection of sodium monoiodacetate (MIA; Sigma, USA) in the knee patellar ligament. The animals of therapeutic group received oral administration of live probiotic composition Multiprobiotic Simbiter® acidophilic concentrated ("O.D. Prolisok", Ukraine) at a dose of 140 mg/kg daily for 14 days. Euthanasia of animals was performed on the 30th day of the experiment. The level of MMM was assessed spectrophotometrically. Fractionation at the peptide level was performed using the method of chromatography, which is separated by size on Sephadex G 15 column. Our findings showed an increase in the MMM content of all studied fractions in cartilage tissue of rats with experimental OA and changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of their the peptide component, that could indicate the development of endogenous intoxication, as a result of impaired cartilage metabolism, inflammation and destructive processes in the knee joint during the pathology. Administration to animals with MIA-induced OA PB composition had a favorable effect on the studied parameters, which was expressed in a decrease of MMM content and restored redistribution of the peptide pool of cartilage tissue. The obtained results provide grounds for further research aimed at studying the biological effect of PB on cartilage metabolism, which may contribute to the development of new strategies for the treatment and prevention of joint diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim: to conduct a retrospective analysis of literature sources on the pathogenesis and methods of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in cats. Materials and methods. The research was conducted by the method of scientific literature open-source analysis: PubMed, Elsevier, electronic resources of the National Library named after V.I. Vernadsky (1981–2007). Results. Chronic kidney disease is a common reason for cat owners to go to veterinary clinics. The term “chronic kidney disease” has a broader meaning than the more limited and not very specific name – chronic renal failure; it is also used to indicate the preazotemic stage of the disease. Chronic kidney disease is characterized by a gradual deterioration of the clinical condition of animals due to progressive decline in renal function. An idea of the pathogenesis and methods of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in the period from 1981 to 2007 is presented. Conclusions. According to the results of retrospective analysis of literature sources for the period from 1981 to 2007, the basis was identified aspects of the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease in domestic cats, which have not lost relevance today. The main link during chronic kidney disease in cats is the development of hyperazotemia and, as a consequence, endogenous intoxication of the body, which develops gradually and leads to the death of the animal. The morphological basis of chronic kidney disease in cats is the development of diffuse nephrosclerosis, which is reflected in the results of clinical, biochemical and instrumental studies. According to biochemical analysis of blood, in cats recorded an increase in urea and creatinine, the results of clinical studies of urine showed a decrease in its relative density, as well as the development of proteinuria, the appearance of erythrocytes and cylinders. According to the results of hematological research, anemic syndrome develops due to decreased erythropoietin synthesis. With age in cats, ultrasound examination of the kidneys reveals a decrease in their volume due to uniform sclerosis of the parenchyma: it is determined by its thinning and increased echogenicity due to the accumulation of connective tissue components, which is a sign of nephrosclerosis. Although kidney biopsy is the most informative method of diagnosing chronic kidney disease, it has many contraindications, which does not allow its use in the routine diagnosis of nephropathy in domestic cats. its thinning and increase in echogenicity due to the accumulation of connective tissue components, which is a sign of nephrosclerosis, is determined. Although kidney biopsy is the most informative method of diagnosing chronic kidney disease, it has many contraindications, which does not allow its use in the routine diagnosis of nephropathy in domestic cats. Its thinning and increase in echogenicity due to the accumulation of connective tissue components, which is a sign of nephrosclerosis, is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our work was to investigate the peculiarities of changes in endogenous intoxication rates: medium mass molecules (MMM) and erythrocyte intoxication index (EII) in the blood of guinea pigs in the formation of combined pathology - experimental periodontitis (EP) and immobilization stress (IS).The results of biochemical studies showed that at all stages of development of combined pathology - experimental periodontitis and immobilization stress there is a consistent increase in the degree of endogenous intoxication, which dominated on the 15th day of the experiment, namely increased content of medium mass molecules (МMМ254 , MMM280) and EII in the blood by 58.5% (p≤0.05), 80.3% (p≤0.05) and 95.7% (p≤0.05), respectively, compared with the first group of animals is a clear manifestation of the formation of endogenous intoxication. These changes are obviously the result of insufficient elimination of toxic products on the background of the inflammatory process in periodontal tissues and stress.

Background. Treatment of patients with acute peritonitis, including pelvic, is still one of the actual questions, due to the persisting negative results. This is mainly due to unclear understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and the early postoperative period. In-depth knowledge of this issue will form the basis for the development of optimal therapy regimens. The purpose of this work is to determine the features of the early postoperative period in patients with acute pelvic peritonitis. Materials and methods. The work is based on the materials of clinical and laboratory studies of 42 patients with acute peritonitis of different genesis: group 1 – acute pelvic peritonitis (19); group 2 – acute peritonitis of appendicular origin (23). The patients were examined at admission and in the early postoperative period. The diagnostic complex, along with routine investigations, includes: assessment of the endogenous intoxication syndrome, oxidative stress and phospholipase activity; a number of indicators of the functional status of the intestine and liver. Results. It is established that before the operation and in the early postoperative period in patients with acute peritonitis there are markable phenomena of endogenous intoxication, oxidative stress with the decline of antioxidant enzyme capacity and activation of phospholipases, which are associated with impaired functional state of the intestine and liver. The severity and dynamics of these changes is associated with the origin of peritonitis. In acute pelviperitonitis against the background of an accelerated recovery of functional state of the intestine and liver, disorders of homeostasis in the early postoperative period are corrected faster, the course of the early postoperative period proceeds favorably with minimal postoperative complications. Conclusions. In acute purulent pelvic peritonitis, in contrast to appendicular peritonitis, there is a relatively positive course of the early postoperative period and a decrease in the development of complications, which is associated with mild endogenous intoxication symptoms against the background of an accelerated recovery of intestinal and liver function.

Background. The treatment of patients with obstructive jaundice is still one of the topical issues, due to the continuing unsatisfactory results. This is largely facilitated by the dysfunction of the liver, the restoration of which, even with the correction of the passage of bile, occurs slowly, which causes the preservation of homeostasis disorders. Detailed knowledge of this issue will form the basis for the development of optimal therapy regimens. The purpose of this research is to study the severity of endogenous intoxication and the state of the hemostatic system in association with the functional status of the liver in patients with non-tumor jaundice before operation and in the early postoperative period. Materials and methods. We examined 36 patients with obstructive jaundice of benign origin who underwent various surgical interventions aimed at restoring the passage of bile into the duodenum. We devided pations into 2 groups: the 1st group (n = 18) – patients with mild obstructive jaundice, the 2nd (n = 18) – severe. The diagnostic complex includes: assessment of the syndrome of endogenous intoxication by the content of toxic products of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature in the blood; a number of indicators of the functional state of the liver; assessment of the state of the hemostasis system according to thromboelastography data. Results. It was found that in the preoperative time and in the early postoperative period in patients with obstructive jaundice there are pronounced phenomena of endogenous intoxication, disorders in the hemostatic system, which are associated with a disturbance of the functional state of the liver. The expression of these changes is associated with the severity of the pathology. In the mild form of obstructive jaundice, hemostatic changes are recorded in the form of an increase in the clotting ability of blood while maintaining the activity of the fibrinolytic system. In the severe obstructive jaundice, the functional potential of the liver decreases, one of the manifestations of which is the modulation of the hemostasis system in the form of hypocoagulemia and hyperfibrinolysis. Conclusions. The obtained clinical and laboratory information in disorders of homeostasis and functional state of the liver has not only academic, but also applied significance, determining the vector of pathogenetic therapy of patients with mechanical jaundice in the early postoperative period.

The article presents the results of study effect of quercetin on the indicators of endogenous intoxication syndrome under conditions of experimental periodontitis. One of the key links in the pathogenesis of any inflammatory disease, including maxillofacial area, is endogenous intoxication, an important pathophysiological mechanism of which is the activation of lipid peroxidation. The experimental animals were treated by intramuscular injections with water-soluble quercetin for 7 days. For further research the blood serum was selected in which was determined the content of middle molecular weight molecules and erythrocyte intoxication index. Excessive lipoperoxidation was accompanied by accumulation of peroxidation products and depletion of antioxidant reserves, which led to accumulation of toxic substances. That is why the study of the level of middle molecular weight molecules and erythrocyte intoxication index in simulated bacterial-immune periodontitis is a reliable criterion. Quercetin was able to reduce the expression of endogenous intoxication syndrome in experimental bacterial-immune periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute pancreatitis represents about 20% of all pancreatitis diagnosis and it has a high mortality rate when associated with a lung dysfunction. The aim of this research was to investigate the use of a wild spectrum metabolic drug (Cytoflavin®) for the treatment of acute lung injury in experimental pancreatitis. A l-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis (groups II and III) was simulated experimentally in a rat population. A combined metabolic drug was used as treatment. We determined the levels of amylase, medium molecules (MM 254 and 280), malonic aldehyde (MA), diene conjugates (DC), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the blood and we performed a histologic examination of the lungs and pancreas of the rat population. The activation of lipid peroxidation peaks at 24–48 h from the onset of the disease. The level of malonic aldehyde in groups II and III was higher (39.09% and 30.99%, respectively) than that in the control group I (p < 0.02; p < 0.01), the diene conjugates level was higher by 43.66% and 42.03% respectively (p < 0.01). With medical correction after 72 h (group III), the level of malonic aldehyde and diene conjugates decreased by 17.0% and 30.5% when compared with group II (no medical correction) (p < 0.05). The level of medium molecules peaked after 72 h of the disease induction (p < 0.001). A correlation was established between the level of endogenous intoxication with the membrane-destructive processes in the lung tissue 48 h after modeling of acute experimental pancreatitis. The use of the proposed medicament correction reduces the manifestations of endogenous intoxication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An impact of the endogenous intoxication on the treatment efficacy of the lower jaw fractures is not well-studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of endogenous intoxication on the dynamics of recovery from traumatic injuries of the lower jaw. Thirty-two patients with the open bilateral traumatic fracture of the lower jaw were enrolled in present study. All the patients were subjected for general blood analysis; the biochemical and hemostasis parameters and leukocyte intoxication index were also included. The patients were divided into the 3 experimental groups. Group 1 was composed of patients (26.3%) with low leukocyte intoxication index (< 1.0). The patients included into group 2 (47.4%) exhibited the index ranging from 1.0 to 1.4. For the patients included in group 3 (26.3%), this index exceeded 1.5. All the examinations were performed on day 1 after the injury and on day 5 after the reposition of fragments of the lower jaw. Thirteen patients were also examined for the macro- and microelement content and ratios in the oral fluid. We observed that due to the adverse effects of endogenous intoxication, the patient may develop the opposite reactions, including the restoration to normal values or development of sensitization of the body and tissue necrobiosis. We also found that significant changes in leukocyte intoxication index during the recovery period in all experimental groups. For example, in group 1, the leukocyte intoxication index decreased up to 0.88 ± 0.05 (p < 0.001), whereas in group 2, this index decreased up to 1.27 ± 0.04 (p < 0.001). Group 3 demonstrated a substantial decreased of this index, e.g., 2.0 ± 0.22 (p < 0.05). The precise molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon are unknown and remain to be further elucidated. We showed here for the first time that endogenous intoxication during the traumatic injuries of the lower jaw might trigger the development of sensitization or necrobiosis of the surrounding tissues, which has a significant impact on duration of the treatment and recovery period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Тhe aim of our work was to find out the peculiarities of changes ofendogenous intoxication indices in guinea pig blood during theformation of combined pathology - experimental contact dermatitis and experimental pneumonia and correction of their disorders with thiotriazoline.The paper found a gradual increase in the molecules of mediummass and erythrocyte index of intoxication in guinea pig serum with experimental contact dermatitis and experimental pneumonia with the highest degree of expression on the 18thday of the experiment, and this may be may indicate the development of endogenous intoxication of the animal body. At the same time, the use of the drug thiotriazoline caused the decrease of the studied indicators, which gives grounds to stateits positive effect on certain markers of endogenous intoxicationand the feasibility of further research.

Introduction. Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic poly-etiologic dermatosis by the mechanism of its development, manifested by papular rash on the skin and mucous membranes, severe itching. The objective of the study was to determine and analyze the levels of endogenous intoxication markers in blood plasma of the patients with lichen planus depending on severity and duration of the disease. Materials and methods. 48 patients, 20 men and 28 women, participated in the study. 31 patients had suffered from dermatosis for about 2 years, and 17 patients for over 2 years. Mild LP was diagnosed in 17 patients and moderate LP in 31 patients. The blood levels of homocysteine (HC), carbonyl groups of oxidative modified proteins (CG-OMP) and medium molecular weight peptides (MMWP) were determined in all the patients. Results. Significantly increased blood plasma levels of HC, MMWP and CG were found in patients with lichen planus as compared to the control group. The patients with severe and prolonged course of dermatosis had more evident disturbances in the content of endogenous intoxication markers than those with short and mild course of the disease. Conclusions. A significant increase in the levels of homocysteine, MMWP and carbonyl groups of oxidative modified proteins was found in the patients with LP, being indicative of an essential role of endogenous intoxication processes in the pathogenesis of lichen planus.

Background. The purpose was to evaluate the state of endogenous intoxication and immune-inflammatory response in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), depending on the stage of decompensation. Materials and methods. The study included 204 patients. Among them, 78 patients were diagnosed with alcoholic liver disease at the stage of liver cirrhosis (group I) and 126 patients had a combination of ALC and NAFLD (group II). General-clinical and instrumental examinations were performed. The leukocyte index of intoxication (LII), sorption capacity of erythrocytes (SCE), levels of resistin, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in the blood were determined. Results. Patients with a combination of ALC and NAFLD had a more severe clinical picture with the development of astheno-vegetative, pain, dyspeptic, hepatorenal, hepatopulmonary syndromes, jaundice, portal hypertension, liver encephalopathy. Among severe infectious complications, pneumonia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were more common in persons with subcompensation and decompensation. In all patients, SCE, LII, TNFα, hs-CRP and resistin levels increased with increasing decompensation of the disease. Higher SCE, LII, TNFα, hs-CRP and resistin levels were observed in patients with ALC associated with NAFLD due to a more severe course of the pathological condition. Positive correlations were found between resistin level and TNFα, hs-CRP, SCE, and LII. Conclusions. Analyzing the results of the study, it was found that with an increase in ALC decompensation, the degree of endogenous intoxication, which is accompanied by the development of immune-inflammatory response, is increasing, as evidenced by elevated SCE, LII, TNFα, hs-CRP, and resistin levels. Significantly higher SCE, LII, TNFα, hs-CRP, and resistin levels were detected in patients with a combination of ALCs and NAFLD accompanied by a more severe course of the disease. In patients with ALC associated with NAFLD, correlation between the resistin level and SCE, LII, TNFα, hs-CRP was found.

Long-term compression syndrome (crush-syndrome) occupies 15-24 % in the structure of traumatic lesions and is characterized by severe course, development of a syndrome of systemic inflammatory response and disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, leading to multiple organ failure and high mortality of the victims, even in specialized hospitals. The aim of our study was to investigate the dynamics of endogenous intoxication indices changes in rats blood and liver on the model of endotoxicosis, which is formed under conditions of crush-syndrome. Experiments were carried out on 40 inbred, sexually mature white male rats weighing 180-200 g, which were modeled with crush-syndrome of medium degree. The rats were divided into five groups: intact animals, experimental group 1 1 day of observation, experimental group 2 3rd day of observation, experimental group 3 7 days of observation, experimental group 4 14 days of observation. Blood serum and liver homogenate were used for the investigations. Determination of the content of middle-mass molecules was carried out in accordance with the Lifshits R.I. method. In the dynamics of the post-traumatic period of the crush-syndrome, an increase in the level of endogenous intoxication has been established, as indicated by an increase in the content of medium mass molecules, with a peak at the third day of observation. Thus, on the 3rd day of observation, the content of MSM1 in serum was significantly increased by 23.6 % compared with the 1st day and 2.1 times exceeded the control group data. Regarding the changes in the content of MSM2 in blood serum in the crush-syndrome dynamics, the 3rd day of observation revealed a probable prevalence of this index by 2.4 times vs intact rats, which was significantly higher by 38.1% vs the data for 1st day of observation. When comparing the dynamics of changes in endogenous intoxication indices, their synchronous development in blood and liver, with predominance in the liver has been established. It is associated with destructive changes, development of inflammation, hypoxia, decrease of the energy potential of the liver and activation of lipids peroxide oxidation.

Introduction. The pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) has not been clarified, but since the basis of HPS development is the dilation of inner lung capillaries, researchers suggest that HPS is caused by the prolonged action of biologically active compounds on the blood vessels of pulmonary circuit and a syndrome of systemic inflammatory response has also been implicated in its development. The objective of the study was to evaluate the indices of endogenous intoxication and inflammation in blood serum and lung tissue of animals with different models of hepatopulmonary syndrome. Material and methods. The first experimental model of HPS was made by imposing a double ligature on common bile duct and its further dissection with a scalpel. The animals of second experimental group were fed with a mixture of maize flour, lard, cholesterol, and alcohol plus subcutaneously injection with carbon tetrachloride oil solution for 8 weeks. Determination of the middle mass molecules contents, TNF-α and CRP was carried out in blood serum and lung tissue. Results. The modelling of HPS resulted in a statistically significant increase in endogenous intoxication, manifested by an increase in the content of MMM and inflammation indices in blood serum and supernatant of lung tissue homogenate. An increasing of middle mass molecules was more significant for a pool of МMМ2. Conclusions. Comparing the indices of endogenous intoxication and inflammation in blood serum and lung tissue in both models of hepatopulmonary syndrome, we have found the synchronous development of destructive processes on systemic and local levels with predominance in lungs.

Introduction: Ronchopathy is a chronic progressive disease manifested by upper airway obstruction and chronic respiratory failure. The key process of pathological snoring is the obstructive breathing disorders. The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) develops on the basis of snoring. OSAS is accompanied by episodes of hypoxia and reoxygenation, which cause an increase of the level of reactive free radicals whith following development of the oxidative stress. The activation of peroxidative processes of proteins (POP) and lipids (POL) are initiated by free radicals which are noticeable components of endogenous intoxication (EI). The aim of the study was to investigate the intensity of POP and POL processes, the levels of OSAS components, and the indices EI in patients with ronchopathy and OSAS of varying severity in the dynamics of treatment. Materials and methods: 40 patients with ronchopathy and OSAS were examined at the State Institution "Institute of otolaryngology named after prof. O.S. Kolomiychenko of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine". All patients were divided according to the degree of snoring and hypoxia index (HI) into 4 groups of 10 persons each. Control group was formed by 10 healthy donors. The object of biochemical studies was blood serum. The intensity of POP was assessed by reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazine by the Levin's method in Reznick's modification. POL intensity was determined by the interaction with 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) by Goncharenko. Catalase activity was determined by the method of Korolyuk and co-authors. The content of free thiol groups was determined by interaction with 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The content of medium weight molecules (MWM) and tyrosine-containing peptides (TCPs) were determined by spectroscopy at 254 and 280 nm, respectively. Statistical processing of the results was performed using the software package for biometric data WinPEPI. Results: Prior to the treatment in patients with ronchopathy and OSAS of varying severity, an increase in the content of MWM and TCPs were noted, that indicates the development of endogenous intoxication. In patients of all groups there was an intensification of POP, which was manifested by a significant increase of aDNFGn, aDNFGo, and kDNFGn levels. The content of TBA-positive products in patients with ronchopathy of both groups was at the level of control and increased significantly at progression of pathological process. In addition, in all groups of patients an increase of catalase activity was detected on the background of TCPs level decrease. It was found the efficacy of the offered treatment of patients with ronchopathy and OSAS of varying severity. The indices of EI, POP, POL, and antioxidant system's were directed to improvement in contrast to the state before treatment, and some of them were improved almost to the level of control. Conclusions: It is established that the progression of hypoxia is accompanied by autointoxication, which is manifested by an increase in the content of MWM, as well as prove for the activation of catabolic reactions and excessive formation of cells' breakdown products. It was also revealed by the intensification of POP and POL processes, the activation of which are associated with the development of insufficiency of enzymatic and nonenzymatic components of antioxidant system. The performed treatment can be considered as the effective one since on its completion all the studied indices were restored almost to the level of control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late period after cranio-skeletal trauma, the stimulation of reparative processes in organs and systems of the body is very important. In these circumstances, the effectiveness of phyto-medicines was not insufficiently studied. Phytho-pharmaceuticals include a number of natural biologically active substances capable of overcoming the mechanisms of damage and stimulating reparative processes. The absence of side effects and the background of high biological activity makes them a promising tool for correction of various pathological disorders and processes. The purpose of this work is to find out the histological changes of the kidneys, liver and lungs which appears in laboratory animals after modeling of cranio-skeletal trauma and correction of these changes by phytomixture. In experiments was used 99 non-linear white rats, 180-200 grams weight, which were on a standard vivarium diet. All animals were divided into three groups: control and two experimental. In both experimental groups (46 animals), under the conditions of thiopental-sodium anesthesia (40 mg per 1 kg body weight intraperitoneally), a moderate severity of closed craniocerebral trauma was modeled and caused a closed fracture of the femoral bones. The control group included 7 intact animals. After 14 days of post-traumatic period, for the first experimental group, the phytochemicals, which included Arnica montana, Elytrigia repens, Calendula officinalis, Urtica dioica and folium Betulae were used. The infusion was prepared at 1:10 and administered once a day to the experimental animals through the probe into the stomach at a dose of 10 ml per kilogram of animal mass daily from day 14 to day 35 of the experiment. In the second experimental group, an equivalent volume of physiological solution was intra gastrically injected during observation periods. The surviving animals, in conditions of thiopental-sodium anesthesia (80 mg per 1 kg of body weight intraperitoneally), after 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after trauma were taken out from the experiment by the method of total blood-flow from the heart. The erythrocyte index of intoxication (EII) and the content of fractions of medium weight molecules at 254 and 280 nm (MSM254, MSM280) were determined. In terms of cranio-skeletal injuries modeling during the late traumatic disease manifestations a significant increase of the level of endogenous intoxication was observed. It was manifested by increase of erythrocyte index value intoxication (EI) and content fractions average molecular weight (MSM) in the blood serum. The level of EI was significantly greater than control in all periods of observation with a moderate decline after 35 days. The characteristic feature of the dynamics of content MSM serum fractions is their high level after 14 days with normalization after 28 days and re-growth after 35 days. After applying phytomixture a significant decrease in endotoxemia was observed. Value of EI reaches the level of control after 35 days, and fractions MSM - starting from 28 days. Thus, after 21 days of the experiment in the stromal components of the kidneys, liver and lungs uneven blood supply mainly the venous channel was visualized. It was combined with moderate swelling of interstitium and the formation of focal polymorphic-cell infiltrates. In epitheliocytes there was mainly protein degeneration. The use of the herbal extract reduced perivascular edema and polymorphocyte infiltration of interalveolar lobes in the lungs, the development of the degeneration of the epithelium of the excretory renal tubule and hepatocytes. The appearance of dual-core cells showed an increase in regenerative activity in the liver and in the kidneys. There were discovered that simulated trauma is accompanied by dystrophic-necrotic disorders of the liver, kidney and lung tissues, which decrease until 35 days of the experiment, with the appearance of marked signs of regeneration. After the phytomixture using the signs of tissue recovery were more pronounced, especially after 35 days after injury.

The development of endogenous intoxication was studied using an experimental model to predict the course of obstructive uropathy. To this end, one control and three experimentalgroups of animals were formed, in which blood was drawn from the marginal ear vein on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days of the experiment. The following parameters were determined in blood serum: urea, creatinine, total protein, and albumin. The level of endogenous intoxication was assessed by the indicators of medium-mass molecules, circulating immune complexes, and malondialdehyde. Statistical analysis of blood biochemicalparameters and markers of endogenous intoxication confirms that these indicators are suitable as markers of the severity of the pathological process and morphofunctional changes in the tissue of the obstructed and compensatory organs. Our findings point to overstress of adaptation mechanisms, the development of oxidative stress, and reveal a high level of endogenous intoxication, resulting in structural and metabolic changesboth in the affected and in the contralateral kidney.