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Employment quality is a social determinant of employee health. However, little is known about the psychological mechanisms underlying this relationship. In this study, we investigated whether work engagement and affective job insecurity mediated the relationship between three employment quality indicators: type of contract (0. temporary vs. 1. permanent), employment relationship (0. part-time vs. 1. full-time), and salary, on the one hand, and employee health complaints, on the other. We implemented a time-lagged design with three time points. Our sample was composed of 247 employees. The data analysis using Structural Equation Modelling methods showed statistically significant negative indirect effects of the job contract type and salary on employee health complaints via the two mediators investigated in the case of salary and via affective job insecurity in the case of job contract type. Our study contributes to understanding why some employment quality indicators are related to employee health complaints. It also highlights that promoting high quality employment arrangements is not only a way to create engaging and secure jobs, but also an avenue leading towards employees' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital economy is reshaping the employment landscape, playing a crucial role in promoting employment stability and fostering sustainable economic growth. Research has focused mainly on the impact of the digital economy on the employment structure, such as China's changing employment structure under the influence of the digital economy and the relationships among the digital economy, employment structure and labor share. However, comprehensive research exploring how the digital economy affects employment quality and spatial dynamic evolution is lacking. This study aims to fill this gap. First, we construct a set of digital economy indicator systems containing multiple dimensions and use the entropy-weighted Topsis method to measure the weight of each indicator of the digital economy. Second, using 2013–2022 Chinese interprovincial panel data, we introduce a two-way fixed effects model to verify the hypotheses and cite multiple models to verify the robustness of the results. Additionally, we carry out spatial heterogeneity and dynamic evolution analysis and explore the spatial differences and dynamic evolution process of the impact of the digital economy on employment quality. This study revealed that the digital economy positively influences employment quality. Mechanistic analysis reveals this impact is achieved mainly through improving human capital and increasing salaries. Additionally, the effect of the digital economy on employment quality is regionally differentiated, with the eastern regions having a more developed digital economy and higher employment quality. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of the digital economy and employment quality, offering empirical insights and policy recommendations for fostering digital economy development and improving employment quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) survey data from 2014 to 2018, this paper studies the impact of the digital economy on the gender wage gap. Benchmark results suggest that the digital economy can significantly narrow the gender wage gap. The mechanism analysis shows that the digital economy bridges the gender wage gap by reducing family care burdens and improving the employment quality in favour of women. The heterogeneity analysis shows that the digital economy is conducive to narrowing the gender wage gap of the group with low and medium labour skills and the group with higher family burdens, suggesting the inclusiveness of the digital economy for disadvantaged women. These findings have important policy implications and provide evidence for improving women's economic condition and narrowing the gender wage gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active labour market programmes (ALMPs) should help young adults who collect welfare benefits 'get back on track'. Despite the recent proliferation of research on ALMPs, only scant attention has been paid to their employment quality effects. Aiming to fill this gap, this article evaluates the long-term effects of German ALMPs on young adults' employment quality. We measure employment quality with two indicators: one on whether someone has a job with earnings below the low wage threshold and the other on whether they have a job with earnings above the low wage threshold. These measures help us assess whether ALMPs prevent young adults from being at risk of poverty again. In addition, we study whether ALMP effects vary by social origin. We distinguish young adults by whether their families collected benefits when they were adolescents, as a marker for disadvantaged social origin. We analyse in-firm training and one-euro jobs as examples for enabling and workfare programmes, which exist across other welfare states as well. Empirically, we apply an entropy balancing approach to a self-drawn sample from registry data to analyse ALMP treatment effects. Results show that in-firm training enhances young adults' employment quality in the long run. The effects tend to be lower for those from disadvantaged families though, indicating that disadvantages embedded in social origin remain. The workfare programme harms participants' employment quality, with those less disadvantaged suffering the greatest damage. Overall, our research provides evidence that in-firm training effectively enables young adults to find a job of higher quality, addressing their risk of social exclusion and proving useful in promoting upward social mobility. Nonetheless, the article also raises urgent issues concerning how the needs of those most vulnerable can be addressed by social policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the association between precarious employment and commitment among registered nurses. Background: The nursing profession faces numerous challenges, and precarious employment (PE) has emerged as a significant issue affecting nurses' well‐being and professional status. Methods: In spring 2023, we conducted a cross‐sectional survey involving members of a healthcare workers' trade union in Finland. The study encompassed data from 2,370 registered nurses representing various healthcare sectors nationwide. Regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between PE and nurses' commitment. STROBE guidelines were used to report the study. Results: The modified PE scale demonstrated a good fit. Among the various dimensions of PE, nurses perceived the highest level of precariousness in terms of inadequate training opportunities, followed by unpredictable and nonstandard working hours, low wages, and disempowerment. Vulnerability arising from authoritarian management exhibited the most significant and negative association with nurses' commitment (B = −0.233). Discussion: The findings of this study underscore that PE is a pressing concern within the nursing profession, and it has a detrimental impact on nurses' commitment. While precariousness in nursing is associated with issues related to empowerment and fair leadership, it appears that conventional challenges related to working hours, typical of the nursing profession, do not significantly affect nurses' commitment. Implications for nursing and nursing policy: To enhance nurses' commitment, healthcare institutions and managers must actively promote leadership practices that empower and support employees. Also, employees' legal work‐related rights have to be respected in organizations. Addressing these aspects can contribute to a more resilient and dedicated nursing workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: Low-quality and precarious employment have been associated with adverse mental health and wellbeing. More evidence is needed on how the quality of employment trajectories – including transitions in and out of unemployment, inactivity, and employment of varying quality – are associated with individuals’ mental health over time. This paper aimed to derive a typology of multidimensional employment trajectories and assess associations with mental health in the UK. METHODS: Data from waves 1–9 of the UK Household Longitudinal Study were used (2009–2019). Individuals aged 30–40 at baseline were included (N=1603). Using multichannel sequence and clustering analyses, we derived a typology of employment trajectories across employment statuses and four employment quality indicators. We assessed associations with subsequent psychological distress, accounting for baseline mental health. Changes in average General Health Questionnaire scores are described. RESULTS: A typology of five trajectory clusters highlighted stable and secure and precarious/low-quality trajectories for both men and women. Women who reported being economically inactive at most waves had higher odds of experiencing psychological distress than did women in ‘standard’ trajectories, regardless of baseline mental health. Women’s scores of psychological distress in the ‘precarious’ group on average increased along their trajectories characterized by instability and transitions in/out of unemployment, before a move into employment. Men who likely moved in and out of unemployment and economic inactivity, with low probability of paid employment, reported increased psychological distress at the end of follow-up. This may partly be due to pre-existing mental ill-health. CONCLUSION: This paper shows the importance of high-quality employment for individuals’ mental health over time. Researchers need to consider dynamic associations between employment quality and mental health across the life-course.

Abstract Regional digital transformation has revitalized economic development and revolutionized the employment landscape of the labor force. The study employs a dynamic panel system GMM model to investigate the direct and indirect effects of regional digital transformation on the employment quality of China’s labor force using panel data from 31 mainland provinces. The findings suggest that regional digital transformation initially has a negative impact on employment quality, but that it continues to improve continuously as it progresses, showing a “U-shaped” trend. A nonlinear mediation analysis across industry, sector, and skill levels of the labor force structure uncovers a complex, bridging effect on employment quality. This study provides valuable insights for improving employment policies and promoting full employment, highlighting the dynamic interplay between regional digitization and the labor market.

ABSTRACT Aim Design Data Sources Methods Results Conclusions Implications for the Profession Impact Reporting Method Patient or Public Contribution To identify and describe evidence from original studies on the contextual factors, dimensions, and outcomes of decent and precarious work among nursing and care workers.This is a mixed‐methods systematic review.The Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO and SocINDEX databases were searched on January 11, 2024.Two reviewers independently applied eligibility criteria, selected studies, and conducted quality appraisals. We employed data‐based convergent synthesis as the data synthesis method. The dimensions of decent and precarious work were analysed deductively using the Employment Quality Framework.Five studies on decent work and 13 studies on precarious work were included. Five contextual factors were common, though opposite, in both decent and precarious work studies: employment contract, position, financial situation, age, and work experience. Three outcomes were also common. Decent work increased, and precarious work decreased, physical and mental health and empowerment, whereas turnover was decreased by decent work and increased by precarious work.Challenges can be converted into positive outcomes for the future, moving towards meaningful work, fair jobs, sustainable employment policies, and attractive career prospects. To achieve this, more knowledge is needed about employment quality in nursing and care work.Young nurses and care workers should be provided opportunities to fully engage in their work and organisations. Training is also crucial for managers, as it decreases authoritarian and controlling management practices.This review is the first to synthesise research evidence on decent and precarious work in nursing and care work, confirming that they are opposite concepts of employment quality. The results benefit nurses and care workers, organisations, and decision‐makers.The study was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) checklist.No Patient or Public Contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional digital transformation has revitalized economic development and revolutionized the employment landscape of the labor force. The study employs a dynamic panel system GMM model to investigate the direct and indirect effects of regional digital transformation on the employment quality of China's labor force using panel data from 31 mainland provinces. The findings suggest that regional digital transformation initially has a negative impact on employment quality, but that it continues to improve continuously as it progresses, showing a "U-shaped" trend. A nonlinear mediation analysis across industry, sector, and skill levels of the labor force structure uncovers a complex, bridging effect on employment quality. This study provides valuable insights for improving employment policies and promoting full employment, highlighting the dynamic interplay between regional digitization and the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the effect of natural resource dependence on employment quality in Africa, analysing data from 2002 to 2020. Our findings indicate that resource dependence is positively and significantly linked to poor employment quality. Specifically, a one‐percentage‐point increase in resource rent dependence results in a 0.026‐percentage‐point rise in vulnerable employment and a 0.282‐percentage‐point increase in working poverty rates. However, this effect of resource rents on employment quality occurs only when institutional quality is low. Once institutional quality surpasses a certain threshold, this adverse effect is reversed. These results highlight the need for policies that diversify economic structures to reduce African economies' overreliance on natural resource rents and enhance institutional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study aims to explore the impact of physical attractiveness on employment, with a focus on the Chinese labor market. It seeks to understand how physical appearance influences not only the likelihood of employment but also the quality of employment in terms of income, social insurance, and job satisfaction. Utilizing data from the 2020 China Family Panel Studies, this research employs multiple linear regression models to analyze the relationship between physical attractiveness and employment. The study pays particular attention to variables such as industry type, age, and education level, and considers the indirect effects of physical appearance on non-cognitive abilities like comprehension, language expression, and interpersonal skills. The results indicate that physical attractiveness significantly and positively influences the likelihood of employment, especially in the service industry. This effect varies with age and education levels. In terms of employment quality, attractive individuals are likely to experience higher income, better social insurance, and greater job satisfaction. This research contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence from the Chinese context, a relatively underexplored area in this field. It offers a comprehensive view of how physical attractiveness affects both the likelihood and quality of employment, highlighting its importance in non-cognitive skill development. The study’s findings have broad implications for employees, employers, and policymakers, particularly in terms of understanding the societal and economic impacts of physical appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the factors influencing the migration intentions of the new generation of migrant workers from the perspective of employment quality. Utilizing differential analysis, correlation analysis, and the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) model, this study analyzes data on hukou transfer intention obtained through an exploratory questionnaire survey. The results indicate significant differences in migration intentions among new-generation migrant workers differentiated by job industry, job position, gender, household registration type, and housing type. Additionally, age, the number of local family members, and housing satisfaction are strongly correlated with migration intentions. Path analysis reveals that employment stability, income–expenditure match, and social integration significantly positively affect migration intentions. This research provides a unique perspective on employment quality and offers theoretical foundations for policies related to migrant workers' hukou transfer intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the data from the 2020 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study empirically examines the impact of digital economy on employment quality. The results indicate that the development of digital economy significantly improves the employment quality of the labor force, making a greater contribution than the traditional economy. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the digital economy has a more significant effect on the promotion of the employment quality of workers with lower and medium educational levels. It also shows that the digital economy has a greater positive impact on the promotion of the employment quality of rural workers than that of urban workers, which is conducive to promoting urban-rural integration. The categorical regression analysis indicates that the digital economy significantly increases the levels of wages, social security and rights protection of the labor force, while reducing work intensity. It widens the wage gap between workers with different educational backgrounds, but narrows the disparities in social security and rights protection. Therefore, it is essential to fully leverage the positive role of the digital economy, push forward the full integration. of digital economy and real economy, and empower high-quality employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grandparents' retirement behavior has important support on mother's employment quality. This paper aims to estimate the influence of grandparents' retirement behavior on mother's employment quality, based on the China Family Panel Studies of 2018. The findings reveal a significant enhancement in mother's employment quality resulting from grandparents' retirement behavior. The mediating effect of grandparents' intergenerational caregiving explains approximately 68.77% of this improvement. Furthermore, the positive effect of grandparents' retirement behavior on mother's employment quality is more pronounced in families where the grandchild is older and in better health. Notably, the involvement of paternal grandparents yields more favorable outcomes compared to maternal grandparents. Findings from this study suggest that grandparent's retirement behavior play an important role in mother's employment quality through the provision of childcare assistance. Moreover, these findings highlight that the effectiveness of such support varies depending on the characteristics of both grandchildren and grandparents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employment significantly impacts the national economy and people's livelihoods and affects millions of households. How to effectively and sustainably improve the quality of employment for the population has thus become a key issue facing China at present. In recent years, under the strategic background of "Digital China" and "Employment Priority", the digital economy has brought about profound changes in the efficiency, dynamics, and distribution of social production. It affects the quality of employment by creating jobs, reshaping employment patterns, and improving labor quality, but its impact and transmission path are still unclear. This research employs a multi-dimensional evaluation approach to score the digital economy and employment quality at the provincial level in China, utilizing data from the country's provincial panels between 2012 and 2022, and examines the feasibility and effect pathways of the digital economy in promoting sustainable improvement in the quality of residential employment. The empirical results provide ample evidence of the significant role played by the digital economy in the sustainable improvement of the employment quality of the inhabitants. Regions with more robust innovation environments tend to benefit more from this impact, and there are discernible regional variations in the impact. The upgrading of industrial structure mediates this process, and the influencing mechanism is regulated by the innovation environment—that is, the innovation environment exerts a facilitating influence on the process of industrial restructuring. The findings herein offer novel insights into the intrinsic mechanism of the digital economy in promoting sustainable improvement in the quality of residential employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of city healthcare resources on immigrants' employment quality. It has implications for promoting equity in the distribution of healthcare resources, which is critical for immigrants' survival and settlement. Moreover, the relationship between healthcare resources and employment quality is equally relevant to developing-country urbanization. Using data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) from 2016 to 2018, we demonstrate the effect of healthcare resources on employment quality. Cities' healthcare resources are significantly correlated with immigrants' quality of employment. The more healthcare resources are available, the higher the income from work, the shorter the working hours, and the more stable the employment of immigrants. The quality-enhancing effect of healthcare resources on employment quality is substantial among immigrants with health training and medical files. Urban medical insurance has important differentiating implications for immigrants' access to healthcare resources. Healthcare resources enhance the employment quality of immigrants by improving their health status and integration into local society. Promoting equalizing healthcare resources and adjusting the differences between urban and rural medical insurance systems increase immigrant employment quality. Plain language summary: Purpose: Investigate the impact of city health care resources on immigrants' employment quality. It has implications for promoting equity in the distribution of health-care resources, which is critical for immigrants' survival and settlement. Moreover, the relationship between healthcare resources and employment quality is equally relevant to developing-country urbanization. Methods: Using data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) from 2016 to 2018, we demonstrate the effect of healthcare resources on employment quality. The more healthcare resources are available, the higher the income from work, the shorter the working hours, and the more stable the employment of immigrants. Healthcare resources enhance the employment quality of immigrants by improving their health status and integration into local society. Conclusion: Improving immigrants' employment quality could be achieved by promoting equalization of healthcare services, strengthening immigrants' awareness of health risk prevention, expanding medical insurance coverage, and increasing participation in basic urban medical insurance. The study highlights the need for policy details to connect rural medical insurance with urban medical insurance and achieve medical reimbursement in different places, given the mobility and job instability of immigrant workers in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 18th century was a period in which the practice of gedik increased visibly in Ottoman tradesmen. In this period, the introduction of the inhisar method in Ottoman tradesmen gave a new meaning to the concept of gedik. In this context, in the secondary literature, the concept of gedik has been mostly defined on the basis of the new meaning it has gained as of the 18th century. Therefore, it is possible to draw an indirect conclusion from the definitions of the gedik in the literature, prevents the increase in employment in tradesmen. At this point, the question arises whether the gediks prevent the increase in employment in the tradesmen. Although there are studies in the literature on various branches of tradesmen and the number of shops in these sectors over the years, there is no study that deals with the subject in the context of gedik and its effect on employment. Since the effect of gedik on the employment rate is not the same in every period and in every sector, it was deemed appropriate to select a certain period and sector within the scope of the study. In this context, the aim of the study is to determine to what extent and in which direction the gedik system affects the employment rate and quality of bakery tradesmen. The 18th century, which was the period when the inhisar method was adopted by the state, was preferred as the period. The reason why bakery tradesmen are preferred as a sector is that bakery is one of the sectors that met the gedik system in the earliest and most intense way. Thus, it is aimed to evaluate the policy pursued by the state regarding the production of compulsory foodstuffs and the connection of this policy with the gediks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined the relationship between precarious employment (PE) and mental well‐being, focusing on age‐specific interactions. Methods: Nationally representative Korean workers (N = 29,961) were surveyed between 2020 and 2021 to collect data on multidimensional PE (categorized as low, moderate, or high) and the WHO‐5 well‐being index. Workers' ages were classified as young (<35 years), middle‐aged (35–54 years), and older (≥55 years). Logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The interaction between PE and age on well‐being was examined by including interaction terms in the regression models. Results: The prevalence of poor well‐being was 25%, 29%, and 39% for low, moderate, and high precariousness, respectively, whereas it was 26%, 30%, and 39% for young, middle‐aged, and older workers, respectively. In the overall sample, the OR (95% CI) of the association between PE and poor well‐being was 1.24 (1.17–1.32) for moderate and 1.54 (1.43–1.65) for high precariousness, compared with low precariousness. There was a significant interaction between old age and PE on the odds of poor well‐being. Compared with young workers with low PE, middle‐aged workers with high PE (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.62–2.10) and older workers with high PE (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.83–2.40) exhibited increased odds of having poor mental well‐being. Conclusion: PE serves as a social determinant of older workers' psychological well‐being. Policy interventions are required to protect older workers' psychological well‐being. Key points: We explored how precarious employment (PE) interacts with workers' age to affect the mental well‐being of employees.The odds of experiencing poor mental well‐being was greater for older workers with higher PE compared with those with lower PE.We observed a supra‐multiplicative interaction between workers' age and PE on the odds of experiencing poor mental well‐being.Policy interventions are required to protect the mental health of precarious older workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College is the property of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJECTIVES: This paper aims to analyze factors affecting the employment quality of contemporary college students to improve it. METHODS: Data related to the influencing factors and employment quality were collected by means of a questionnaire. After verifying the effectiveness of the data, a structural equation model of employment quality was constructed. FINDINGS: The data collected by the questionnaire were effective. The structural equation model analysis results showed that individual factors, educational factors, and environmental factors were all significantly related to employment quality. NOVELTY: The novelty of this article lies in the use of a structural equation model to quantitatively analyze the relationship between influencing factors and employment quality, providing an effective reference for improving the employment quality of college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precarious employment (PE), which encompasses the power relations between workers and employers, is a well-established social determinant of health that has strong ramifications for health and health inequity. In this review, we discuss advances in the measurement of this multidimensional construct and provide recommendations for overcoming continued measurement challenges. We then evaluate recent evidence of the negative health impacts of PE, with a focus on the burgeoning studies from North America and South America. We also establish the role of PE in maintaining and perpetuating health inequities and review potential policy solutions to help alleviate its health burden. Last, we discuss future research directions with a call for a better understanding of the heterogeneity within PE and for research that focuses both on upstream drivers that shape PE and its impacts on health, as well as on the mechanisms by which PE causes poor health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to empirically analyze the impact of technological innovation on the quantity and quality of employment in the hospitality industry. Design/methodology/approach: Using the data of 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2020, this paper makes an empirical analysis through the fixed effect model. Findings: The results show that process innovation has a significant positive impact on employment quantity, while product innovation has a significant negative impact on employment quantity. The creative effect of process innovation and the substitution effect of product innovation offset each other, so in the long run, the impact of technological innovation on employment quantity is not significant. However, technological innovation has significantly improved the employment quality of the hospitality industry. Practical implications: Because technological innovation has replaced part of the labor force, hospitality could guide the labor force in a positive direction. To promote innovation and retain talents, hotels should train employees' digital thinking and attract high-skilled talents. Originality/value: This research is unique in using process innovation and product innovation as the main measurement indicators of technological innovation, unlike previous studies that often relied on technological progress to conclude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a growing global interest in the issue of precarious employment. We aimed to analyze the characteristics and socio-demographic distribution of precarious employment using a summative score approach. Methods: To operationalize precarious employment, we utilized data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey and focused on three distinct dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and a lack of rights and protections. By constructing a summative scale ranging from -16 to 2, with lower scores indicating higher precariousness, we measured employment precariousness among Korean wage workers. To compare employment precariousness according to survey participant characteristics, we employed the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. Results: We analyzed a weighted number of 38,432 workers. The overall sample showed a median (Q1, Q3) summative scale score of -3 (-6, -1). The median summative score was lower for women compared to men (men: -2; women: -5; p

OBJECTIVE: This paper explored how multidimensional employment precariousness (MEP) mediates the relationship between educational attainment and subjective well-being. METHODS: A nationwide sample of 46 919 Korean workers participated in surveys between 2017 and 2020. Educational attainment was divided into four categories: elementary school, middle school, high school, and college. Subjective well-being was assessed using the 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index, and MEP was evaluated using a modified version of the Employment Precariousness Scale (ERPES-E), with scores ranging from 0 to 100 and higher scores indicating worse employment precariousness. A counterfactual-based logistic mediation analyses were used to estimation. RESULTS: The mean MEP score was 36.0 [standard deviation (SD) 12.1] for college education, 44.3 (SD 11.5) for high school, 49.5 (SD 10.1) for middle school, and 51.1 (SD 10.0) for elementary school. The prevalence of poor subjective well-being was 24.0% for college education, 31.3% for high school, 40.6% for middle school, and 44.8% for elementary school. Odds ratios (OR) for the total effect of education on the poor subjective well-being were 1.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37–1.53] for high school, 2.19 (95% CI 1.98–2.24) for middle school, and 2.40 (95% CI 2.04–2.82) for elementary school when compared to college education. The OR for the indirect effect mediated through MEP were 1.27 (95% CI 1.25–1.29) for high school, 1.46 (95% CI 1.42–1.51) for middle school, and 1.53 (95% CI 1.48–1.59) for elementary school, accounting for 63.9%, 48.5%, and 48.6% of the total effect, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that MEP is an important contributor to the disparities in subjective well-being resulting from educational gradients.

Artificial intelligence (AI), as an important engine for promoting high-quality economic development, should not be overlooked in terms of its impact on the employment of the labor force while promoting the digital and intelligent transformation of industries. In the face of the complex international environment and non-systemic shocks, it is of great significance to explore whether it is “machine replacement” or “job creation” in the process of the integration of AI and industry, as well as the impact of technological progress on the employment pattern of the labor force, in order to promote the economic development, respond to and solve the employment problem. It is of great significance to promote economic development and cope with and solve the employment problem. Based on the task model, this paper analyses the mechanism of the impact of AI on the employment pattern of manufacturing industry. Meanwhile, based on the provincial panel data of China's manufacturing industry from 2011 to 2020, it empirically examines the impact of AI on the total employment, employment structure and employment quality of the labor force, and analyses the multiple responses of AI on the employment pattern of the manufacturing industry. The study shows that: Firstly, the level of development of AI and the total amount of employment is a positive U-shaped relationship, the short term is dominated by the substitution effect, and the long term is dominated by the creation effect; Secondly, with regard to the employment structure, low-skilled labor is more likely to be replaced. The financial, accommodation and catering industries are relatively less affected by the spillover effects of the manufacturing industry; Third, with regard to the employment quality, the gap between urban and rural incomes has eased, with per capita net income of rural residents rising to a higher degree than per capita disposable income of urban residents. Thus, in order to further address the impact of AI on the employment patterns of the labor force, the level of AI development should be increased while expanding employment channels, paying attention to labor force skills training, reinforcing the leading role of developed regions, and accelerating regional integration and urban-rural integration, so as to share the dividends of technological progress.

The research on the quality of employment in China holds immense significance for attaining high-quality employment development. Firstly, enhancing the quality of employment facilitates the optimization of labor resource allocation and enhances economic efficiency. Secondly, high-quality employment serves as a fundamental pillar for social equity and stability. Lastly, continual enhancement of employment quality caters to the requirements of social development and plays a crucial role in promoting economic transformation and achieving sustainable development. However, what is the current situation of employment quality in China? How can we scientifically measure employment quality? What are the key factors for the development of employment quality? This study aimed to use spatiotemporal tensor data to measure the level of employment quality in China's provinces and analyzed the magnitude and direction of its influencing factors in the spatiotemporal dimension. Taking thirty provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government in China from 2011 to 2020 as the research objects, the employment quality evaluation system was constructed from six dimensions: employment environment, employment status, employability, labor remuneration, social security, and labor relations. The employment quality index data were expressed in the form of three-order, high-dimensional tensor spatiotemporal data, and the employment quality of China's provinces was measured from the spatiotemporal perspective by using principal tensor analysis. Then, the visual analysis of the development and change process of employment quality was carried out. The spatial autocorrelation analysis of employment quality was carried out, and the time–space dual-fixed-effect model of the spatial Durbin model was selected to analyze the direction and magnitude of the influence factors of employment quality on the selected and neighboring provinces. The research showed that: (1) The overall level of employment quality in China was not high, the employment quality varied greatly among provinces, and the employment quality development gap among provinces showed a trend of widening. (2) The development of employment quality in western China was relatively fast, while the development of employment quality in central China showed insufficient stamina. (3) Sichuan Province had a strong radiation effect on the development of employment quality in neighboring provinces, and Beijing and Tianjin had a strong siphon effect on the development of employment quality in neighboring provinces. (4) The level of industrialization and informatization promoted the development of employment quality in China's provinces, while the industrial structure had a significant negative effect on the development of employment quality. According to the research findings, the following policy recommendations are proposed: (1) strengthen inter-provincial cooperation and exchange, (2) emphasize support for the central and western regions, (3) fully leverage the radiation effect of Sichuan while optimizing the siphon effect of Beijing and Tianjin, and (4) enhance industrialization and information technology levels, as well as adjust the industrial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Within the extensive literature on precarious working conditions in the gig economy, remarkably little attention has been paid to how we can formally assess precarity. The few existing measurement instruments that seek to capture precarity in the gig economy assess the characteristics of platforms as job providers, but do not consider the situation of individual gig workers. Moreover, these approaches do not account for the different employment statuses of gig workers. OBJECTIVE: This research's objective was to adapt, test and validate the Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES) to the context of food couriers in Belgium. METHODS: Fieldwork observations were combined with primary survey-data (N = 123). The scale was validated by testing reliability and external validity. RESULTS: Although the small sample size requires caution, the EPRES-gw (i.e., our adaptation for 'gig work') indicated sound reliability through sufficiently high internal consistency. The scale also showed good external validity through a significant positive correlation with poor well-being. CONCLUSION: The scale's characteristics in empirical analyses compare to previous research using the EPRES among employees. The EPRES-gw is therefore a promising instrument for studying employment precariousness in gig jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses how goal orientation relates to different job search strategies to increase the chance of finding employment and quality jobs. We integrate the goal orientation theory with self-control to examine how the orientation of goals (i.e., performance-prove goal orientation (PPGO), performance-avoid goal orientation (PAGO) and learning goal orientation (LGO)) are associated with job search strategies (i.e., Focused Job Search Strategy- FJSS, Exploratory Job Search Strategy-EJSS, and Haphazard Job Search Strategy-HJSS) and how self-control moderates the process. In a three-wave study (nT1= 859; nT2 = 720; nT3 = 418), the hypotheses were tested using unemployed job seekers in Ghana. The results from the structural equation model show that learning goal oriented job seekers were inclined to search more focused and exploratory but engaged in less haphazard search. While PPGO facilitated EJSS, job seekers with PAGO searched more haphazardly but their search behaviour was less focused and exploratory. In addition, EJSS contributed to attending more job interviews, but HJSS decreased the chance of obtaining job interviews. Also, the interviews attended were associated with job offered, which in turn led to obtaining employment. Both FJSS and EJSS were related to employment quality but HJSS decreased employment quality. Interestingly, individual differences in self-control were found to moderate the relation between goal orientation and job search strategy. The use of EJSS was found to be more beneficial in difficult labour markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has entered a new era of economic growth driven by technological progress and advancements. The coordinated development of industrial robots and human employment have become an important component of high-quality industrial development. The application of industrial robots in the textile industry has improved efficiency, flexibility, continuity of production, and transformational upgrades throughout the industry. This has, however, also been accompanied by a decline employment number. From 2007 to 2019, the number of workers employed by industrial enterprises in China’s textile industry decreased from 10.857 5 million to 6.934 9 million. In this context, studying the employment effects of the application of industrial robots in the textile industry, exploring how to create high-quality employment through digital and smart technology transformation, and achieving broad integration of industrial robots in production, interaction, and collaboration with the labor force, are necessary for the modernization of the textile industry as a whole. This paper seeks to provide new ideas and reference for the formulation of relevant labor-intensive industrial policies in the context of industrial robot integration and modernization.Firstly, the industrial robot data of the textile industry from the International Federation of Robotics and the employment data of the textile, garment, and chemical fiber manufacturing industries from China’s Industry Manufacturing Classification System were used to synthesize provincial panel data ranging from 2007 to 2019. Secondly, the fixed effect model was used to empirically analyze the impact and integration mechanisms of industrial robots on the quantity and quality of employment in the textile industry. Finally, a robustness test was conducted by substituting explanatory variables and instrumental variable methods. Heterogeneity testing was also conducted from four dimensions: the opportunity of textile industry transfer and the rate of evolution of the development level, the gender structure of workers, the skill structure of workers, and the stages of application for industrial robots. This study saught to verify the moderating effect of human capital on the impact of industrial robot application where quantity and quality of employment are concerned. Heterogeneity testing based on the spatiotemporal characteristics of the textile industry and the characteristics of workers was also conducted. The results show that the application of industrial robots in the textile industry has a significantly negative impact on employment numbers and promotes the improvement of employment quality. The advancement of human capital weakens the quantity substitution effect and quality improvement effect of industrial robots. There is spatial, gender, skill, and temporal heterogeneity in the impact of industrial robot application on employment. In terms of space, industrial robots have an employment substitution effect in provinces with stable development and improved development of the textile industry in addition to employment creation effects in provinces with reduced development. Industrial robots have a more prominent role in improving the employment quality of the textile industry in provinces with stable development, but have no significant impact on the employment quality in other provinces. In terms of gender, the substitution effect of industrial robots on males is greater than on females. In terms of skills, the application of industrial robots replaces low-skilled workers, while increasing the number of R＆D personnel. In terms of time, the substitution effect of industrial robot integration on the number of employees before 2013 and the improvement effect on the quality of employment after 2013 are more significant.This paper explores the impact, mechanism, and heterogeneity of industrial robot application in the textile industry on the quantity and quality of employment. It expands the theoretical research on the impact of digital and smart technology transformation on employment in labor-intensive industries. It provides important reference value for coordinating the relationships between industrial robots and human beings for the deep integration of artificial intelligence technologies such as industrial robots in textile industry, and promoting high-quality employment and enriching the people in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use space-sensitive crawler technology to obtain the initial data of college students’ employment quality research from the websites or databases of private colleges and universities. We determine the evaluation indexes of college students’ employment quality through data cleaning and conversion of the initial data. On this basis, because of the limitations of the clustering algorithm, grey correlation analysis is used to optimize the clustering algorithm, and the evaluation model of college students’ employment quality based on grey correlation optimization clustering is constructed. Then the clustering analysis of college students’ employment evaluation indexes is carried out. The results show that the main influencing factors of job satisfaction of female graduates in some disciplines such as literature, history and philosophy and education and law are family economic situation Q7 (-1.9328), participation in innovative and entrepreneurial activities Q8 (29.2178), political outlook Q11 (3.0279), and graduation destination Q13 (2.5824), and that this paper’s method is effective in revealing the key factors. This study benefits the enrichment and innovation of the research content of employment quality. It provides theoretical support for solving the problem of future employment quality of college students in private colleges and universities.

Abstract Aims Increasing social concern surrounds the potential adverse health effects of precarious employment (PE). In this study, we explored the association between PE and the onset of depressive symptoms. Methods A total of 11,555 Korean waged workers (5700 females) contributed 62,217 observations from 2009 to 2022. PE was operationalized as a multidimensional construct, including employment insecurity, income inadequacy and lack of rights and protection. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (11-item version). The association between PE and the onset of depressive symptoms in the subsequent year was estimated using generalized estimating equations. Effect sizes were reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The overall incidence of depressive symptoms was 8.3% during the study period. In cross-sectional analysis, daily employment, disguised employment, lower monthly wages and lack of social insurance coverage were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms in both men and women. Longitudinally, fixed-term employment (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.07–1.29), daily employment (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.45–1.85) and disguised employment (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.17–1.57) were associated with the onset of depressive symptoms among the overall sample. Among men, the lowest quartiles of wage were associated with the onset of depressive symptoms (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.13–1.60), while the absence of a trade union was associated among women (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.01–1.39). Conclusions Employment insecurity, inadequate income and lack of rights and protection may contribute to depressive symptoms. Therefore, PE serves as a significant social determinant of mental health among workers in Korea. Active policy efforts are warranted to improve the overall quality of employment in the workforce.

With the intensification of social employment pressure, the employment conflict of vocational college students has gradually shifted from quantitative to qualitative. The theoretical mechanism and path of the impact of digital literacy on the employment quality of vocational college students are explored through the combination of human capital and labor market theories in this study. In this paper, the digital literacy is used as an independent variable based on the employment quality as the dependent variable. The relevant control variable is set up, and the multivariate regression model is constructed. Finally, a questionnaire survey was conducted on college graduates in Jiangxi, and the influence and mechanism of digital literacy on the employment quality of college graduates were explored through a multiple regression analysis model. The results show that the regression coefficients of digital literacy of vocational college students are always positive, after all the control variables are included in the regression, the regression test coefficient of digital literacy level in the model (6) are, R2=5.15, P

The increasing number of graduates from private colleges and universities creates a great challenge to analyze the factors influencing the employment of graduates and to improve the quality. Based on the structural equation SEM model and combining the data of graduates of private colleges and universities in a city, this paper integrates and selects the factors influencing the employment quality of graduates of private colleges and universities. An evaluation model for the employment quality of graduated students has been established through the LSTM network to further study the degree of influence of each influential factor on graduates’ employment quality. In order to deal with the bidirectional dependence of time series data while considering the inputs before and after the current moment, this paper adds the reverse LSTM layer on top of the LSTM network to form a BiLSTM network, which better captures the correlation between the influencing factors. In the research process, it was found that, except for the first selected factor of graduates’ destination, which needs to be eliminated, the other six influencing factors passed the reliability and validity test and could make the model have a good fitting-out effect. In the algorithm analysis, it was found that the running accuracy of the BiLSTM network could reach 97.01% at the maximum. In comparison, the running accuracy of the LSTM network could only get 91.03% at the maximum.BiLSTM network is more outstanding than the LSTM network both in accuracy and stability.

The article presents the discussion on multidimensional employment precariousness (MEP) mediates the relationship between educational attainment and subjective well-being. Topics include using the 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index, and MEP was evaluated using a modified version of the Employment Precariousness Scale (ERPES-E); and workers are part of a stable, full-time, and permanent labor contract while enjoying extensive legal rights and benefits.

The main objective of this work is to analyze the effects of Brazilian Labor Market Reform (BLMR) in the short run and, based on identified changes in the economy in recent decades, to verify how these changes have affected the labor market. Four methods were used in a complementary way: (i) employment quality index; (ii) panel data estimation method; (iii) synthetic control method and (iv) microdata analysis. We observed that there was no considerable increase in the quality of employment and formal employment and the rate of unemployment did not decrease after the implementation of these changes. Part of this dynamic is cyclical and related to exogenous shocks, such as the COVID pandemic on the Brazilian economy. Finally, according to econometric analysis, the rate of unemployment in Brazil is more responsive to investment rates and the business environment than to unit labor cost and changes in labor legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the digital age, the digital economy, as a new economic model that the Chinese government is currently committed to developing, has played a positive role in driving consumption and creating employment opportunities. However, the differential development characteristics of the digital economy are becoming increasingly evident. The level of digital infrastructure and the application of digital facilities in China's eastern regions are superior to those in the central and western regions. The increasing level of differential development in the digital economy will further accelerate the cross-regional mobility of labor. For the more developed eastern regions in China, in terms of the digital economy, the ability to empower employment is relatively high, which can create more job opportunities and attract a larger labor force seeking employment opportunities. In contrast, the central and western regions face slower development in the digital economy and relatively insufficient employment-empowering capacity, leading to labor force outflow. Proper cross-regional labor mobility can enhance the efficiency of labor resource allocation. However, excessive labor force mobility can lead to imbalanced labor resource allocation, causing job shortages and reduced employment quality in regions with an excess of labor force, while labor loss regions face labor shortages and talent drain, resulting in a loss of economic vitality in those regions. Therefore, clarifying and addressing the various negative impacts brought about by the differential development of the digital economy are crucial for improving the overall employment quality in the digital economy era. However, there is currently limited research focused on the influence of differential development levels of the digital economy on employment quality. This study delves into the impact of the differential development levels of the digital economy on employment quality and analyzes the underlying mechanisms. Based on panel data from 31 provinces and cities in mainland China from 2011 to 2020, this study uses the entropy method to calculate both the employment quality index and the digital economy index. Building upon the digital economy index, the Gini coefficient of the digital economy development level in various regions in China is calculated using the Gini coefficient formula. Subsequently, a two-way fixed-effects model empirically analyzes the impact of China's differential development levels in the digital economy on employment quality. The research finds that the improvement in China's differential development level in the digital economy significantly reduces employment quality. After re-calculating the Gini coefficient and the employment quality index using principal component analysis, it is found that the Gini coefficient of the digital economy still has a significantly negative impact on the employment quality index. After conducting 2SLS regression using instrumental variables, it is confirmed that there is still a significant negative correlation between the Gini coefficient of the digital economy and the employment quality index. According to the regression results, for every 1% increase in the Gini coefficient of the digital economy, the employment quality index will decrease by 0.111% to 0.361%. Through a regression analysis of the mechanism of action, it is found that the industrial structure plays an intermediary role in the impact of the differential development levels of the digital economy on employment quality. The improvement in the differential development levels of the digital economy is unfavorable for the transformation and upgrading of the industrial structure in the central and western regions, as well as the rational development of China's overall industrial structure, thereby affecting the improvement of employment quality. Based on the above empirical results, the following policy recommendations are proposed: 1. The Chinese government should increase fiscal support for digital infrastructure construction in the central and western regions, continuously narrowing the gap in digital economy development levels between regions. 2. Regional governments in China should actively guide the healthy upgrading of industrial structures based on the actual conditions of each region. 3. In the digital economy era, the government should introduce relevant labor protection and social security policies based on the characteristics of emerging professions to further improve the employment quality of workers in the digital economy era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across European Union (EU) labour markets, immigrant and native populations exhibit disparate labour market outcomes, signifying widespread labour market hierarchies. Despite the considerable investment in migration and integration policies, it remains unclear whether these contribute to or alleviate labour market hierarchies between natives and immigrants. Using a longitudinal model based on individual-level EU LFS and country-level DEMIG POLICY and POLMIG databases, we explore variation in changes of immigration and integration policies across Western EU member states to study how they are linked to labour market hierarchies in terms of unemployment and employment quality gaps between immigrant and native populations. Our findings suggest that designing less restrictive immigration and integration policies could aid in reducing existing labour market disadvantages for immigrants, enabling them to realise their full potential and reduce the immigrant-native labour market hierarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the United States, inequities in mental distress between those more and less educated have widened over recent years. Employment quality, a multidimensional construct reflecting the relational and contractual features of employer–employee relationships, may mediate this inequity throughout adulthood, yet no study has examined the extent of this mediation in the United States, or how it varies across racialized and gendered populations. Methods: Using the information on working-age adults from the 2001 to 2019 Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we construct a composite measure of employment quality via principal component analysis. Using this measure and the parametric mediational g-formula, we then estimate randomized interventional analogs for natural direct and indirect effects of low baseline educational attainment (≤high school: no/yes) on the end-of-follow-up prevalence of moderate mental distress (Kessler-6 Score ≥5: no/yes) overall and within subgroups by race and gender. Results: We estimate that low educational attainment would result in a 5.3% greater absolute prevalence of moderate mental distress at the end of follow-up (randomized total effect: 5.3%, 95% CI = 2.2%, 8.4%), with approximately 32% of this effect mediated by differences in employment quality (indirect effect: 1.7%, 95% CI = 1.0%, 2.5%). The results of subgroup analyses across race and gender are consistent with the hypothesis of mediation by employment quality, though not when selecting on full employment (indirect effect: 0.6%, 95% CI = −1.0%, 2.6%). Conclusions: We estimate that approximately one-third of US educational inequities in mental distress may be mediated by differences in employment quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work is to analyze the effects of Brazilian Labor Market Reform (BLMR) in the short run and, based on identified changes in the economy in recent decades, to verify how these changes have affected the labor market. Four methods were used in a complementary way: (i) employment quality index; (ii) panel data estimation method; (iii) synthetic control method and (iv) microdata analysis. We observed that there was no considerable increase in the quality of employment and formal employment and the rate of unemployment did not decrease after the implementation of these changes. Part of this dynamic is cyclical and related to exogenous shocks, such as the COVID pandemic on the Brazilian economy. Finally, according to econometric analysis, the rate of unemployment in Brazil is more responsive to investment rates and the business environment than to unit labor cost and changes in labor legislation.