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Image processing techniques are applied on various kinds of images such as medical images, microscopy images and remote sensing images for improving the visual qualities of these images as their credibility is questioned because of poor visibility, contrast, acquired noise etc. Image enhancement is necessary for removing the visual ailment of these images. Guided image filter (GIF) has been a suitable filter for image contrast enhancement, but the controlling parameters are taken as constant values in the conventional GIF. These control parameters vary for different kind of images; therefore, require manual tuning and adjustment which is often cumbersome, time‐consuming. The proposed work modifies the existing GIF by incorporating performance improvement in terms of optimal selection of control parameters. Thus, a novel optimized guided image filter (OGIF) is developed with the help of particle Swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The design methodology involves contrast and edge enhancement of the images which helps in accurate detection of region of interest (ROI) as well as noise removal. OGIF automatically adjusts the value of the controlling parameters in an optimal manner on which the detection of ROI is the most dependants. Image quality assessment (IQA) of enhanced images has been carried out using measurement of enhancement (EME), peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR in dB), measure of enhancement error using entropy (EMEE), standard deviation (SD) and entropy. The incremental change in the values of EME and EMEE advocates the suitability of OGIF for contrast enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pathogenic variants in SCN1B, the gene encoding voltage-gated sodium channel b1/b1B subunits are associated with a spectrum of epileptic disorders. This study describes a child with early myoclonic encephalopathy and a compound heterozygous variant in the SCN1B gene (p.Arg85Cys and c.3G>C/p.Met1), along with the child's clinical response to anti-seizure medications (ASMs) and the ketogenic diet. We reviewed the current clinical literature pertinent to SCN1B-related epilepsy. Methods: We described the evaluation and management of a patient with SCN1B-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). We used the Medline and Pubmed databases to review the various neurological manifestations associated with SCN1B genetic variants, and summarize the functional studies performed on SCN1B variants. Results: We identified 20 families and six individuals (including the index case described herein) reported to have SCN1B-related epilepsy. Individuals with monoallelic pathogenic variants in SCN1B often present with genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), while those with biallelic pathogenic variants may present with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Individuals with DEE present with seizures of various semiologies (commonly myoclonic seizures) and status epilepticus at early infancy and are treated with various antiseizure medications. In our index case, adjunctive fenfluramine was started at 8 months of age at 0.2 mg/kg/day with gradual incremental increases to the final dose of 0.7 mg/kg/day over 5 weeks. Fenfluramine was effective in the treatment of seizures, resulting in a 50% reduction in myoclonic seizures, status epilepticus, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, as well as a 70–90% reduction in focal seizures, with no significant adverse effects. Following the initiation of fenfluramine at eight months of age, there was also a 50% reduction in the rate of hospitalizations. Conclusions: SCN1B pathogenic variants cause epilepsy and neurodevelopmental impairment with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. The severity of disease is associated with the zygosity of the pathogenic variants. Biallelic variants in SCN1B can result in early myoclonic encephalopathy, and adjunctive treatment with fenfluramine may be an effective treatment for SCN1B-related DEE. Further research on the efficacy and safety of using newer ASMs, such as fenfluramine in patients under the age of 2 years is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents and addresses a new tool that we call the EME index. It is a tool for assessing the design of hardware and software embodied in technological devices employed in the process of teaching robotics and programming to early childhood children. The EMEX index is critical since there is strong momentum in favour of incorporating the teaching of programming and robotics from the early years of schooling. The EME index is one that will rank the designs of technological devices in terms of the type of experience they promote and the appropriation of knowledge and uses they enable. Thus, it involves a kind of evaluation that refers to versatility, access to expansion possibilities, power sources, and assembly, assuming that these features materialize (or not) different learning experiences for the subjects that interact with such devices. The name EME refers to the dimensions of Assembly - Modification - Expansion -which works for evaluating designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study has as its theme the e-Learning or Mediated Learning Experience (MLE) and aims to present some aspects related to the beginning of the modality in Brazil and its presence in the Distance Learning Center of Western Paraná State University (NEaDUNI). NEaDUNI is linked to the Pro-Rectory of Undergraduate Studies of Unioeste, the main center responsible for collaborating with remote and hybrid activities offered by the university. This basic study is descriptive and exploratory research, whose technical procedures are documentary and bibliographic investigation. As a result, the path that Mediated Learning has taken since its early days is presented - from the radio to digital technologies, through the offer of higher education courses. Furthermore, the study highlights the efforts and contributions that NEaDUNI has made to promote high-quality mediated learning for all the actors involved in the learning process at the center.

Background: Pathogenic variants in SCN1B, the gene encoding voltage-gated sodium channel b1/b1B subunits are associated with a spectrum of epileptic disorders. This study describes a child with early myoclonic encephalopathy and a compound heterozygous variant in the SCN1B gene (p.Arg85Cys and c.3G>C/p.Met1), along with the child’s clinical response to anti-seizure medications (ASMs) and the ketogenic diet. We reviewed the current clinical literature pertinent to SCN1B-related epilepsy. Methods: We described the evaluation and management of a patient with SCN1B-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). We used the Medline and Pubmed databases to review the various neurological manifestations associated with SCN1B genetic variants, and summarize the functional studies performed on SCN1B variants. Results: We identified 20 families and six individuals (including the index case described herein) reported to have SCN1B-related epilepsy. Individuals with monoallelic pathogenic variants in SCN1B often present with genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), while those with biallelic pathogenic variants may present with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Individuals with DEE present with seizures of various semiologies (commonly myoclonic seizures) and status epilepticus at early infancy and are treated with various antiseizure medications. In our index case, adjunctive fenfluramine was started at 8 months of age at 0.2 mg/kg/day with gradual incremental increases to the final dose of 0.7 mg/kg/day over 5 weeks. Fenfluramine was effective in the treatment of seizures, resulting in a 50% reduction in myoclonic seizures, status epilepticus, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, as well as a 70–90% reduction in focal seizures, with no significant adverse effects. Following the initiation of fenfluramine at eight months of age, there was also a 50% reduction in the rate of hospitalizations. Conclusions: SCN1B pathogenic variants cause epilepsy and neurodevelopmental impairment with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. The severity of disease is associated with the zygosity of the pathogenic variants. Biallelic variants in SCN1B can result in early myoclonic encephalopathy, and adjunctive treatment with fenfluramine may be an effective treatment for SCN1B-related DEE. Further research on the efficacy and safety of using newer ASMs, such as fenfluramine in patients under the age of 2 years is needed.

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polyamide (PA) are immiscible polymers, which requires the use of compatibilizers to stabilize the morphology and achieve acceptable property levels. Therefore, controlling the degree of dispersion, especially the size of the disperse PA droplets in the PET matrix is of paramount importance. This study aims to improve the mixing, i.e., minimize PA droplet size, in immiscible and compatibilized PET/PA and PET/Nylon-MXD6 (MXD6) blends by resorting to extension-dominated mixing in twin-screw extrusion (TSE). MXD6 is an aromatic polyamide similar in polarity to PET, so it is expected that it will blend more effectively than is the case with aliphatic nylon-6 and PET. Two screw configurations are used, a benchmark shear-dominated screw with kneading blocks (KBs) in an aggressive configuration, and an extension-dominated screw configuration with static mixers with hyperbolic C–D channels, recently developed by our group, in place of the KBs. The results show that the use of extensional mixing elements (EMEs) in place of KBs results in a significant decrease of both average and maximum droplet size for all blends, and up to more than one order of magnitude between the most extreme cases of the KB-processed immiscible blend and EME-processed compatibilized blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Analytical microextraction techniques, including solid-phase microextraction (SPME) Arthur & Pawliszyn (Anal Chem 62:2145–2148, 1990), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), Baltussen et al. (J Microcol 11:737–747, 1999), single-drop microextraction (SDME) Jeannot & Cantwell (Anal Chem 68:2236–2240, 1996), hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) Pedersen-Bjergaard & Rasmussen (Anal Chem 71:2650–2656, 1999), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) Berijani et al (J Chromatogr A. 1123:1–9, 2006), and electromembrane extraction (EME) Pedersen-Bjergaard & Rasmussen (J Chromatogr A 1109:183–190, 2006) have gained considerable interest in recent years. The latter technique, EME, differs from the others by the fact that mass transfer and extraction is facilitated by electrokinetic migration. Thus, basic or acidic analytes are extracted in their ionized form from aqueous sample, through an organic supported liquid membrane (SLM) and into an aqueous acceptor solution under the influence of an electrical potential. EME provides pre-concentration and sample clean-up, and can be performed in 96-well format using only a few microliter organic solvent per sample (green chemistry). Extraction selectivity is controlled by the direction and magnitude of the electrical field, by the chemical composition of the SLM, and by pH in the acceptor solution and sample. This trends article discusses briefly the principle, performance, and current status of EME, and from this future directions and perspectives are identified. Unlike traditional extraction methods, EME involves electrokinetic transfer of charged analyte molecules across an organic phase (SLM) immiscible with water. This process is still not fully characterized from a fundamental point of view, and more research in this area is expected in the near future. From author's point of view, such research at the interface between electrophoresis and partition will be highly important for future implementation of EME. Graphical abstract ᅟ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant amount of electromagnetic field/electromagnetic radiation (EMF/EMR) research is available that examines biological and disease associated endpoints. The quantity, variety and changing parameters in the available research can be challenging when undertaking a literature review, meta-analysis, preparing a study design, building reference lists or comparing findings between relevant scientific papers. The Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA) has created a comprehensive, non-biased, multi-categorized, searchable database of papers on non-ionizing EMF/EMR to help address these challenges. It is regularly added to, freely accessible online and designed to allow data to be easily retrieved, sorted and analyzed. This paper demonstrates the content and search flexibility of the ORSAA database. Demonstration searches are presented by Effect/No Effect; frequency-band/s; in vitro; in vivo; biological effects; study type; and funding source. As of the 15th September 2017, the clear majority of 2653 papers captured in the database examine outcomes in the 300 MHz-3 GHz range. There are 3 times more biological "Effect" than "No Effect" papers; nearly a third of papers provide no funding statement; industry-funded studies more often than not find "No Effect", while institutional funding commonly reveal "Effects". Country of origin where the study is conducted/funded also appears to have a dramatic influence on the likely result outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analysed object shift constructions in Early Modern English or the English of the Shakespearean time. This follows conflicting views on the order of the Verb and Object during this time. One group of researchers argued that both Object Verb (OV) and Verb Object (VO) were available as underlying orders in Old English as well as Middle English, while another group held the view that English had undergone some change in underlying word order from OV to VO. I argue, from the perspective of Principles and Parameters theory, developed by Chomsky (1993) that the surface OV order can be derived from the underlying VO through leftward movement rule (s) applying to the object. I have appealed to Principles and Parameters Theory because the theory assumes that the shifting of the object is determined by its strength, and thus moves leftwards. Principles and Parameters theory maintains that grammatical differences between languages can be characterized in terms of a restricted set of parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing system complexity in the automotive business sector the integration of efficient and low electromagnetic emission (EME) switch mode power supplies (SMPS) is crucial. The main methods to bring down EME and keep high efficiency are to introduce external filters on the input and output sides, to use spread spectrum techniques on the switching frequency and to control the switching activity of output driver in the desired range. This paper presents the concept of output driver implementation with adaptive driver strength control and dead time optimization for high frequency buck converters with external power MOSFETs. The proposed concept allows the following characteristics to be achieved: improved control of switching activity in a closely defined range, efficiency optimization by minimization the body diode forward conduction, reduction of the reverse recovery losses and zero voltage switching. All these can be realized despite the unknown MOSFET technological parameter distribution (propagation on/off delay, gate resistance of the package, Miller gate charge) and the external parameters (temperature, input voltage, load current). The proposed concept was implemented for a 1.2 V output voltage and a 1.8 MHz switching frequency buck converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 2 ( KCNQ2 ) gene has been reported to be associated with various types of epilepsy, including benign familial neonatal seizure (BFNS), early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE), and unclassified early onset encephalopathies. We herein report a patient with early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME) caused by a KCNQ2 mutation. Case report A male infant started to exhibit erratic myoclonus several days after birth and apnea attacks lasting for seconds with desaturation. One month after birth, his myoclonuses worsened in frequency. Electroencephalogram (EEG) showed a burst and suppression pattern, and myoclonuses occurred in the burst phase with diffuse polyspikes on EEG. At five months, inter-ictal EEG revealed hypsarrhythmia, but his attacks were still only myoclonuses. ACTH treatment was effective and the myoclonus frequency markedly decreased. At one year of age, whole-exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous mutation of the KCNQ2 gene (NM_172107.2): c.601C > T; p.(Arg201Cys), which was confirmed as de novo by Sanger sequencing. This mutation lies within the extracellular portion of the S4 voltage sensor. Conclusion Most patients with a KCNQ2 mutation present with seizures starting in the neonatal period with varying severity, ranging from BFNS to Ohtahara syndrome. Furthermore, KCNQ2 appears to be a causative gene for EME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straipsnyje aiškinami du netaisyklingi baltų kalbų ē‑preteritai (lie. dãvė, mė) *‑ijā > *‑ē teorijos kontekste

Copyright of Réseaux (07517971) is the property of Editions La Decouverte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Authenticated encryption schemes which resist misuse of nonce at some desired level of privacy are two-pass or Mac-then-Encrypt constructions (inherently inefficient but provide full privacy) and online constructions like McOE, sponge-type authenticated encryptions (such as duplex) and COPA. Only the last one is almost parallelizable except that for associated data processing, the final block-cipher call is sequential (it needs to wait for the encryption of all the previous ones). In this paper, we design a new online secure authenticated encryption, called ELmD or Encrypt-Linear mix-Decrypt, which is completely (two-stage) parallel (even in associated data) and fully pipeline implementable. It also provides full privacy when associated data is not repeated. Like COPA, our construction is based on EME, an Encrypt-Mix-Encrypt type SPRP construction (secure against chosen plaintext and ciphertext). But unlike EME, we have used an online computable efficient linear mixing instead of a non-linear mixing. We have also provided the hardware implementation of the construction and compare the performance with similar constructions like COPA and EME2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MPEG-DASH (Motion Picture Experts Group-Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)) has promise as a multi bit rate format supporting a wide range of features including live, on demand, Digital Rights Management (DRM), captions and more that would supersede existing standards such as Smooth Streaming, HTTP Dynamic Streaming (HDS) and HTTP Live Streaming (HLS). It now has wide ranging support from major software and device manufacturers with the notable exception being Apple. While it is now possible to have D A SH play on just about any device the implementation to date has not been consistent. This is partially due to MPEG-DASH the standard having been developed by many parties with specific existing requirements. One of the issues is that as a specification that has many variations, every player developer is free to support the parts of the specification that they require and as a result what works for one player doesn't work on another. One of the particularly large issues that is emerging in this area is the adoption of DRM in the browser and what is looking to be a very fragmented adoption of Media Source Extensions, Encrypted Media Extensions and Content Decryption Modules. This paper covers an overview on where we are at in regard to existing variations on the DASH standard, what is available in the content generation tool chain, what players we have supporting what elements of the standard and what is developing in the coming year in regard to DRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vulnerability of microcontroller system against high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) is taken as an illustration to demonstrate the assessment methodology based on Bayesian networks (BN). The complete procedure is performed by two steps: the qualitative and the quantitative. The first step focuses on the analysis of three classes of properties, the electromagnetic environment, system function/structure, and their interactions. The primary BN model is built at the end of the first step. The second step investigates the BN nodes and branches one by one, which further implemented through two stages, i.e., the data acquisition and data fusion. The susceptibilities of devises are examined with the pulsed current injection. The responses of the transmission lines to HEMP are computed using the field-line coupling model. Comparing the probability density functions of the electromagnetic stresses and strengths produces the failure probabilities of the interface components. Through two-step analysis, the critical elements and coupling paths are identified and highlighted. After neglecting those unimportant factors, many BN nodes and branches are deleted. Thus, the complexity of assessment is reduced. By assigning the probability values to the simplified BN model, the system failure probability is calculated, which characterizes the system vulnerability against HEMP environment. The illustration validates the rationality and flexibility of the BN assessment methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a cross-sectional observational study with convenience samples, 347 blood samples from horses were collected from different physiographic regions, as follows: Santa Catarina Plateau (Santa Catarina State - SC), Médio Paraíba do Sul (São Paulo State - SP and Rio de Janeiro State RJ), Mountainous and Metropolitan regions (Rio de Janeiro State - RJ). Samples were tested for the presence of antibodies (IgG) anti Neorickettsia risticii by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The frequency obtained in this study corroborates with the ones obtained in the U.S.A., which refers to endemic regions. Fisher's exact test showed significant differences in the number of positive animals between regions, indicating that the probability of an animal becoming infected varies depending on the area. The CI 95% revealed no association between infection and geopolitical space. Moreover, Odds ratio test showed differences of an animal getting infected in different regions. This event could be influenced by the type of treatment used in each area, as the seasonal frequency of injury or even potential vectors. Therefore, there are seropositive animals for N. risticii in the studied areas, suggesting that this agent may be circulating in those regions. Future studies mainly based on molecular analyzes are needed to confirm these serological findings.

Eitorial número 5. Gráfica social

Summary Background Hyaluronic acid has been widely used for nonsurgical rhinoplasty. Little literature focuses on Chinese women of the Han nationality, who have a characteristic flattened facial contour. Projection of the nose, including the nasal dorsum, nasal tip, and columella, plays an important role in achieving an attractive face. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the application of multiplane hyaluronic acid in rhinoplasty using blunt and sharp needle technique. Method From June 2011 to February 2014, 280 cases of nonsurgical rhinoplasty by hyaluronic acid were applied; 1–9 months follow-up showed satisfactory appearance. Result Postoperative results showed no complications, such as infection or flap necrosis. Conclusion For esthetic and safety considerations, we suggest multiple plane injections using blunt combined with sharp needle-filling techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The individual characteristics of students can have a strong influence on the success of the adopted innovations in terms of their transferability and sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to compare the motivations and approaches to learning on degrees with differing vocational components. Design/methodology/approach -- Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and approaches to learning framework were used as theoretical background. Questionnaires were used to generate data. The sample was composed by 270 students enroled on differing degrees in term of motivation (accounting and nursing). Findings -- The results reveal differences in the approaches to learning and motivation between nursing and accounting students. Nursing degree seem to attract more internally motivated students, presenting significantly higher scores in terms of deep approach and lower scores on surface approach. Significant relationships where found between motivation and approaches. Research limitations/implications -- Data are obtained from students studying at a specific university in two degrees. Practical implications -- The result suggest that different degrees could attract students with different motivations and approaches to learning. Educators must be aware of which type of students are being attracted to their classrooms, because the inconsistencies between the students' motives and approaches, the way the contents are presented, the pedagogy and the assessment system could result in poorer learning and failure to transfer or sustain innovations. Originality/value -- This paper adds to the very scarce literature linking motivation and approaches. The implications for curriculum design and delivery and specifically for assessment design are of interest for educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the term selfie which is a photographic object that initiates the transmission of human feeling in the form of a relationship. It mentions that the word selfie was declared as the 2013 Word of the Year by the Oxford Dictionaries of the University of Oxford. It notes the pathological aspects of selfies wherein selfie enthusiasts are portrayed as vacuous and self-absorbed.

For the first time, an electromembrane extraction combined with a HPLC procedure using diode array and fluorescence detection has been developed for the determination of seven widely used fluoroquinolones (FQs): marbofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gatifloxacin and grepafloxacin. The drugs were extracted from acid aqueous sample solutions (pH 5), through a supported liquid membrane consisting of 1-octanol impregnated in the walls of a S6/2 Accurel® polypropylene hollow fiber, to an acid (pH 2) aqueous acceptor solution inside the lumen of the hollow fiber. The main operational parameters were optimized, and extractions were carried out in 15 min using a potential of 50 V. Enrichment factors of 40-85 have been obtained using only 15 min of extraction time versus 330 min used in a previously proposed hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction procedure. The procedure allows low detection and quantitation limits of 0.005-0.07 and 0.007-0.15 μg L, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the FQs analysis in urban wastewaters. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to research the danger caused by the rockburst, the electromagnetic emission (EME) in the coal rock was monitored and analyzed. The higher the stress in the coal is, the stronger the deformation and the failure are, and also the signal of the EME will be. The EME is increased by a relatively large margin before the slight shock and rockburst break out at spot. Therefore, some methods to monitor and forecast the danger of rockburst were proposed, including the critical point and deviation values, which was by non-contract method. In the end, the observation of EME in Xingfu was used to analyze and forecast the danger level by the rockburst. Then, the measures were proposed to prevent and cure the rockburst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the coupling mechanism of stress and electricity of EME of coal or rock and the theory of statistic damage mechanics, the coupling model of stress and electricity of EME of coal or rock is established in this paper, which is modified by simulation study on Weibull morphological parameter m. Then this model becomes more accurate and useful. The value of m and EME of different coal or rock samples are simulated by using the modified coupling model of stress and electricity of EME of coal or rock. The simulation results of EME of coal or rock are consistent with experiment results, which have very important significance in numerical simulation of EME and homogeneity analysis of coal or rock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We, for the first time, used functional neuroimaging analyses for a girl with early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME). The interictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and [18F]-fluoro-d-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) at 1 month of age showed hypoperfusion and hypometabolism of bilateral basal ganglia, thalami, and the right parietooccipital cerebral cortices, showing that there is profound dysfunction of the basal ganglia and thalamus as well as cerebral cortex. On the other hand, subtraction ictal SPECT of tonic spasms clearly showed hyperperfusion of the bilateral basal ganglia, thalami, brainstem, and deep cortical layer of bilateral frontoparietal cortices. The present study suggests that functional deafferentation of the cortex from subcortical structures exists in EME, and that these imaging abnormalities may provide insight into the pathophysiology of suppression-burst pattern in EME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of EME and charge accumulation were included during the load-bearing failure processing of the rock. The mechanism and signal law of the two kinds of phenomenon through the experiment, as well as the mutual relation of the two kinds of phenomenon, were contribute to monitor the regulation of the mine rock and prevent the dynamic disasters of the mine. There were two charge sensors, one electromagnetic radiated sensors and one pressure sensor in the experiment to detect the EME signal and the charge intensity signal during the load-bearing failure processing of the rock. The results show that the charge intensity signal is prior to the EME signal through the date processing and numerical analysis. The two signals change obviously before the rock crush. The two kinds of phenomenon are homogenous and have obvious master-slave characteristic. With the appeared of the EME signal, the charge intensity signal decreased, the power is released. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although recent research has focused on “crack” cocaine, the majority of the cocaine users in the United States insufflate (“snort”) cocaine rather than smoke it. Furthermore, the intranasal route of administration is often the first way that many cocaine-dependent individuals used cocaine. Numerous studies have reported on the effects of repeated doses of smoked or intravenous cocaine, the relationship between cocaine plasma level and cocaine''s effects, and the development of acute tolerance to smoked or intravenous cocaine. Significantly less information is available about similar effects of intranasal cocaine. The purpose of this study was to determine the dose-dependent effects of repeated intranasal cocaine in humans. Ten experienced male cocaine users were admitted to the hospital on two separate occasions for four days each, with a minimal two-week interval between admissions. During each admission, an intranasal cocaine (0.06, 0.34, 0.69, and 1.37 mg/kg) dose–response curve was determined during four laboratory sessions: Two administrations of the same cocaine dose occurred each session at 40-min intervals. Intranasal cocaine produced dose-related increases in ratings of “positive” drug effects, heart rate, and blood pressure. Plasma cocaine levels peaked following the second cocaine insufflation of each session, while metabolite levels increased during each session. Although the plasma cocaine level approximately doubled following the second cocaine administration, the ratings of positive drug effects, heart rate, and blood pressure did not increase after the second cocaine administration. These data demonstrate that, as observed with smoked and intravenous cocaine, acute within-session tolerance develops during repeated intranasal cocaine administration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]