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The purpose of the study was to test the within-week variations of the internal and external training intensity outcomes organized by days of the week. An 8-month observational period was conducted during the 2020–2021 season. The training sessions and matches of an elite volleyball team were monitored daily. The data comes from 14 players (two setters, five middle blockers, five outside hitters, and two opposites) of an elite team from the Portuguese 1st League (age: 21.7 ± 4.19 years of age; experience: 6.2 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 85.7 ± 8.69 kg; height: 192.4 ± 6.25 cm; BMI: 23.1 ± 1.40 kg/m2). The CR10 Borg scale was applied daily to measure the training intensity. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and the session-RPE were extracted as the internal outcomes. The external intensity was measured using an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The number of jumps, height average of jumps (JHA), minimum jump (MJ), maximal jump (MXJ), range jump (RJ), number of jumps (NJ), and training session density (D) were extracted as external intensity outcomes. The results showed that there was a difference between RPE and S-RPE (F (1.98) = 6.31, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.36, and F (1.73) = 28.30, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.72), as well as JHA and NJ (F (2.14) = 4.76, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.30, and F (1.77) = 4.77, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.30) within the microcycle. When analyzing the correlations between internal and external intensity, it was observed that there was a negative correlation between the Maximum Jump (4, 3, and 1 days before the Match day) (r2 = 0.34, r2 = 0.40, r2 = 0.41, respectively) and the Range Jump (3 and 1 days before the Match day (r2 = 0.33, r2 = 0.38, respectively) with the RPE (4 days before the Match day) and Maximum Jump (5, 4, 3, and 1 days before the Match day (r2 = 0.35, r2 = 0.39, r2 = 0.44, r2 = 0.34, respectively) and Range Jump (5, 4, 3, and 1 days before the Match day) (r2 = 0.34, r2 = 0.35, r2 = 0.40 and r2 = 0.36, respectively) with S_RPE (4 days before the Match day). Such findings show that higher internal intensities are correlated with lower external intensities in sessions further away from the game day. Such results could be an important tool for coaches to reflect, plan, monitor, and execute the training unit according to the temporal distance to the competition.

Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah memberikan informasi tentang serangan yang paling efektif yang digunakan selama pertandingan tim proliga putra pada final four seri Kediri tahun 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, jenis penelitian deskriptif, teknik pengumpulan data observasi nonpartisipan, sumber data sekunder diperoleh melalui video dari channel youtube PBVSI_OFFICIAL sejumlah 6 pertandingan Proliga Final Four Seri Kediri tahun 2019. Intrumen penelitian adalah rekaman pertandingan final four Seri Kediri tahun 2019 dan form statistik serangan open spike, quick, semi, back attack, serve. Teknik analisa data menggunakan rumus efektivitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serangan yang paling efektif sebagai berikut: open spike memiliki tingkat efektivitas serangan sebesar 15,9%, semi memiliki tingkat efektivitas serangan sebesar 0,5%, quick memiliki tingkat efektivitas serangan sebesar 4,3%, back attack memiliki efektivitas serangan sebesar 6,1% dan serve memiliki efektivitas serangan sebesar 2,8%. Kesimpulan studi ini menyatakan bahwa serangan yang paling efektif digunakan pada pemain bolavoli level profesional yang berlaga di proliga 2019 final four seri Kediri adalah open spike berada diurutan paling pertama, back attack di urutan kedua, quick di urutan ketiga, serve diurutan keempat, dan teknik semi di urutan kelima. Keterbatasan penelitian ini terletak di pengambilan data yakni hanya dilakukan pada satu seri final four proliga bolavoli seri Kediri., This study aims to provide information about the most effective attacks used during men's proliga team matches in the final four of the Kediri series in 2019. This research uses quantitative approaches, descriptive research types, nonparticipant observation data collection techniques, secondary data sources obtained through videos from youtube channel PBVSI_OFFICIAL a total of 6 proliga Final Four Seri Kediri matches in 2019. Instrument research is a recording of the final four matches of the Kediri Series 2019 and forms statistics of an open spike, quick, semi, back attack, serve, data analysis techniques using effectiveness formulas. The results showed that the most effective attacks are open spike has an attack effectiveness rate of 15.9%, semi has an attack effectiveness rate of 0.5%, quick has an attack effectiveness rate of 4.3%, back attack or has attack effectiveness of 6.1% and service has an attack effectiveness of 2.8%. The conclusions in this study state that the most effective attacks used on professional-level footballers competing in the 2019 proliga final four series kediri are as follows, open spike is ranked first, back attack in second, quick in third, serve in fourth, and technique semi in fifth. This research's limitations lie in the data retrieval that is only done in one series of the final four proliga bolavoli kediri series.

Otter, RTA, Brink, MS, Lamberts, RP, and Lemmink, KAPM. A new submaximal rowing test to predict 2,000-m rowing ergometer performance. J Strength Cond Res 29(9): 2426-2433, 2015-The purpose of this study was to assess predictive value of a new submaximal rowing test (SmRT) on 2,000-m ergometer rowing time-trial performance in competitive rowers. In addition, the reliability of the SmRT was investigated. Twenty-four competitive male rowers participated in this study. After determining individual HRmax, all rowers performed an SmRT followed by a 2,000-m rowing ergometer time trial. In addition, the SmRT was performed 4 times (2 days in between) to determine the reliability. The SmRT consists of two 6-minute stages of rowing at 70 and 80% HRmax, followed by a 3-minute stage at 90% HRmax. Power was captured during the 3 stages, and 60 seconds of heart rate recovery (HRR60s) was measured directly after the third stage. Results showed that predictive value of power during the SmRT on 2,000-m rowing time also increased with stages. CVTEE% is 2.4, 1.9, and 1.3%. Pearson correlations (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) were -0.73 (-0.88 to -0.45), -0.80 (-0.94 to -0.67), and -0.93 (-0.97 to -0.84). 2,000-m rowing time and HRR60s showed no relationship. Reliability of power during the SmRT improved with the increasing intensity of the stages. The coefficient of variation (CVTEM%) was 9.2, 5.6, and 0.4%. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and 95% CI were 0.91 (0.78-0.97), 0.92 (0.81-0.97), and 0.99 (0.97-1.00). The CVTEM% and ICC of HRR60s were 8.1% and 0.93 (0.82-0.98). In conclusion, the data of this study shows that the SmRT is a reliable test that it is able to accurately predict 2,000-m rowing time on an ergometer. The SmRT is a practical and valuable submaximal test for rowers, which can potentially assist with monitoring, fine-tuning and optimizing training prescription in rowers.

Speed skating is an intriguing sport to study from different perspectives due to the peculiar way of motion and the multiple determinants for performance. This review aimed to identify what is known on (long-track) speed skating, and which individual characteristics determine speed skating performance. A total of 49 studies were included. Based on a multidimensional performance model, person-related performance characteristics were categorized in anthropometrical, technical, physiological, tactical, and psychological characteristics. Literature was found on anthropometry, technique, physiology, and tactics. However, psychological studies were clearly under-represented. In particular, the role of self-regulation might deserve more attention to further understand mechanisms relevant for optimal performance and for instance pacing. Another remarkable finding was that the technically/biomechanically favourable crouched skating technique (i.e. small knee and trunk angle) leads to a physiological disadvantage: a smaller knee angle may increase the deoxygenation of the working muscles. This is an important underlying aspect for the pacing tactics in speed skating. Elite speed skaters need to find the optimal balance between obtaining a fast start and preventing negative technical adaptations later on in the race by distributing their available energy over the race in an optimal way. More research is required to gain more insight into how this impacts on the processes of fatigue and coordination during speed skating races. This can lead to a better understanding on how elite speed skaters can maintain the optimal technical characteristics throughout the entire race, and how they can adapt their pacing to optimize all identified aspects that determine performance.

Speed skating is an intriguing sport to study from different perspectives due to the peculiar way of motion and the multiple determinants for performance. This review aimed to identify what is known on (long-track) speed skating, and which individual characteristics determine speed skating performance. A total of 49 studies were included. Based on a multidimensional performance model, person-related performance characteristics were categorized in anthropometrical, technical, physiological, tactical, and psychological characteristics. Literature was found on anthropometry, technique, physiology, and tactics. However, psychological studies were clearly under-represented. In particular, the role of self-regulation might deserve more attention to further understand mechanisms relevant for optimal performance and for instance pacing. Another remarkable finding was that the technically/biomechanically favourable crouched skating technique (i.e. small knee and trunk angle) leads to a physiological disadvantage: a smaller knee angle may increase the deoxygenation of the working muscles. This is an important underlying aspect for the pacing tactics in speed skating. Elite speed skaters need to find the optimal balance between obtaining a fast start and preventing negative technical adaptations later on in the race by distributing their available energy over the race in an optimal way. More research is required to gain more insight into how this impacts on the processes of fatigue and coordination during speed skating races. This can lead to a better understanding on how elite speed skaters can maintain the optimal technical characteristics throughout the entire race, and how they can adapt their pacing to optimize all identified aspects that determine performance.

Hughes M, Caudrelier T, James N, Redwood-Brown A, Donnelly I, Kirkbride A, Duschesne C. Moneyball and soccer - an analysis of the key performance indicators of elite male soccer players by position. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 402-412, 2012. In most sports, it is found that the important performance indicators (PI’s) vary from coach to coach. Therefore, if sets of PI’s can be identified and clear operational definitions defined, there is significant scope/benefit for consultancy and research, particularly in commercially orientated sports such as soccer. The aim of this study was to use the unique opportunity of a large number of performance analysts coming together to discuss this problem and its application to soccer, and define sets of performance indicators for each position in soccer. In the early spring of 2011, staff from 9 universities, from all over Europe, brought 51 level 3 Sports Science students to Hungary for an Intensive Programme in Performance Analysis of Sport (IPPAS). The 15 staff, all experts in PA, had a total of over 200 years of experience of PA between them. The most experienced ‘experts’ (N=5) acted as mentors, introducing the area, defining the aims and managing the groups. The rest (N=10) and the 51 students were distributed evenly as possible across 7 groups, in which their aim was to define the key PI’s for one of the positions in soccer. The positions used were:- Goalkeepers; Full Backs; Centre Backs; Holding Midfield; Attacking Midfield; Wide Midfield and Strikers. In conclusion, 7 sets of KPI’S, were defined for each of these classifications within 5 category sets: Physiological, Tactical, Technical Defending,Technical - Attacking, and Psychological. These KPI’s were different from position to position within the team, particularly for the Goal Keeper. The KPI’s for the outfield players were very similar, differing only in their order of importance. This enabled a ‘generic’ set of skills required for outfield players in soccer. Key words: MONEYBALL, SOCCER, KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS, ELITE MALE, POSITION