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With the popularization of 5G technology and artificial intelligence, thermally conductive epoxies with self‐healing ability will be widely used in flexible electronic materials. Although many compounds containing both performances have been synthesized, there is little systematic theory to explain the coordination mechanism. In this paper, alkyl chains of different lengths were introduced to epoxies to discuss the thermally conductive, the self‐healing performance, and the synergistic effect. A series of electronic‐grade biphenyl epoxies (4,4′‐bis(oxiran‐2‐ylmethoxy)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (1), 4,4′‐bis(2‐(oxiran‐2‐yl)ethoxy)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (2), 4,4′‐bis(3‐(oxiran‐2‐yl)propoxy)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (3), and 4,4′‐bis(4‐(oxiran‐2‐yl)butoxy)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (4) were synthesized and characterized. Furthermore, they were cured with decanedioic acid to produce polymers. Results showed that alkyl chains can both affect the two properties, and the epoxies suitable for specific application scenarios can be prepared by adjusting the length of alkyl chains. In terms of thermal conductivity, compound 1 was a most promising material. However, compound 4 was expected to be utilized in flexible electronic devices because of its acceptable thermal conductivity, self‐healing ability, transparency, and flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The test conditions under which whiskers generated from galvanized steel sheets were investigated. Then, it was found that whiskers are generated when a temperature cycle that satisfies certain conditions is given. Based on the results, we estimated the correlation between heat stress and market stress in the test, and devised a method to determine an appropriate test period from the market temperature data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a prevalent cause of permanent vision loss and blindness in the elderly worldwide, with a significant impact on patients’ daily lives. However, burdens related to nAMD from the patients’ perspective have not been well documented. Here we developed a new questionnaire after eliciting nAMD patients’ daily challenges followed by a pilot survey. Seven daily life burden domains were identified, and a quantitative survey was conducted using the questionnaire in the real-world clinic. Of the total 153 participants (mean age, 76.3 ± 8.3 years), 67 (43.8%) had bilateral nAMD, and 79 (52.7%) were classified into severe nAMD according to the best-corrected visual acuity with cut-off value of 0.52 in logMAR. Patients with bilateral and severe nAMD had significantly higher burden scores across all domains. Network models for the bilateral and severe disease subgroups identified the interactions between “activity of daily living” and “hand–eye coordination” and between “use of electronic devices” and “face recognition” domains, which were considered to be important burdens for the patients. These results can advance ophthalmologists’ understanding of the impact of nAMD on patients’ daily lives and the importance of active and continuing treatment for patients with nAMD.

This paper describes the design of a control unit for efficient battery charge management in battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The system design aims at controlling the performance of the charging process of dual lithium-ion battery blocks in electric vehicles, with a main battery that powers the vehicle and an auxiliary one for servicing the ancillary equipment. In this paper, we design and analyze the protocol of a control unit that operates and regulates the battery charge in electric vehicles to obtain optimum performance. The so-designed system enhances the battery charge process and protects the main battery from capacity reduction, thus enlarging the driving range of the electric vehicle. We design a specific protocol for an electric circuit that reproduces the structure of the battery charge system of an electric vehicle. The control system improves the efficiency of the auxiliary battery charge by 4.5%. The theoretical simulation matches experimental values in a simulation test by 98.4%.

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a prevalent cause of permanent vision loss and blindness in the elderly worldwide, with a significant impact on patients' daily lives. However, burdens related to nAMD from the patients' perspective have not been well documented. Here we developed a new questionnaire after eliciting nAMD patients' daily challenges followed by a pilot survey. Seven daily life burden domains were identified, and a quantitative survey was conducted using the questionnaire in the real-world clinic. Of the total 153 participants (mean age, 76.3 ± 8.3 years), 67 (43.8%) had bilateral nAMD, and 79 (52.7%) were classified into severe nAMD according to the best-corrected visual acuity with cut-off value of 0.52 in logMAR. Patients with bilateral and severe nAMD had significantly higher burden scores across all domains. Network models for the bilateral and severe disease subgroups identified the interactions between "activity of daily living" and "hand–eye coordination" and between "use of electronic devices" and "face recognition" domains, which were considered to be important burdens for the patients. These results can advance ophthalmologists' understanding of the impact of nAMD on patients' daily lives and the importance of active and continuing treatment for patients with nAMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the design of a control unit for efficient battery charge management in battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The system design aims at controlling the performance of the charging process of dual lithium-ion battery blocks in electric vehicles, with a main battery that powers the vehicle and an auxiliary one for servicing the ancillary equipment. In this paper, we design and analyze the protocol of a control unit that operates and regulates the battery charge in electric vehicles to obtain optimum performance. The so-designed system enhances the battery charge process and protects the main battery from capacity reduction, thus enlarging the driving range of the electric vehicle. We design a specific protocol for an electric circuit that reproduces the structure of the battery charge system of an electric vehicle. The control system improves the efficiency of the auxiliary battery charge by 4.5%. The theoretical simulation matches experimental values in a simulation test by 98.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High blood pressure in adolescents is a growing concern around the world, and is caused by various lifestyle factors like an unhealthy diet, high in sodium and fats, lack of sleep, and physical inactivity. Unchecked hypertension during adolescence can lead to stroke, cardiovascular and kidney disease later in life. This study investigated any possible correlation between lifestyle variables and adolescent hypertension. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted with 600 school-going adolescents after obtaining permission from Ethical Committee, school administration, and parents. Data was collected for the student’s sociodemographic profile, personal/family history, lifestyle habits, BMI, and systolic/diastolic blood pressure. Qualitative data were presented as percentages or proportions; quantitative data was denoted by mean and standard deviation. ‘p-value’ less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Most of the adolescents (68%) were found to be underweight. Sleep duration had a negative correlation with blood pressure, which showed a statistically significant difference. Other lifestyle variables didn’t show any significant relationship with hypertension. Conclusion: 2/3rd of government school students studied were underweight, with a ratio of 1.2 normotensives for every hypertensive individual. Sleep duration exhibited a negative correlation with blood pressure, showing the importance of sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a focused ultrasonic radiator is proposed for cooling the electrical heating elements in the focal region, and its working characteristics are investigated. The analyses of the FEM computational and flow field visualization test results indicate that focused ultrasound can generate forced convective heat transfer by the acoustic streaming in the focal region, which can cool the heating elements effectively. Experiments show that when the input voltage is 30Vp-p and the ambient temperature is 25 °C, the focused ultrasonic radiator can cause the surface temperature of the heating element (high-temperature alumina ceramic heating plate with a diameter of 5 mm) in the focal region to drop from 100 °C to about 55 °C. When the diameter of the electrical heating element is changed from 5 mm to 30 mm, the cooling effect is similar in the focal region. Compared with a fan, the focused ultrasound radiator has a shorter cooling time and a more concentrated cooling area. The focused ultrasonic radiator proposed in this work is suitable for some special environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective this communication is to study the structural, morphological, dielectric, and electrical properties of a novel brownmillerite material, KBiMn2O5. Preliminary analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern with N-TREOR09 (trial and error method) with Le-Bail method shows monoclinic symmetry (a = 10.919 Å, b = 5.114 Å, c = 10.453 Å, β = 104.428˚). The examination of scanning electron microscopic spectrum provides the nature of the morphological surface of the sample having an average grain size of 19.89 μm. We have examined Maxwell-Wagner dielectric dispersion, relaxation, and transport mechanisms by analyzing the dielectric, impedance, and conductivity spectra across a wide range of experimental frequencies (1 kHz to 1 MHz) and temperatures (25°C to 500°C). The value of relative permittivity (εr) rapidly increases 200 (room temperature) to 85000 (500°C) with an increase in temperature from room temperature. The high value of εr shows colossal dielectric response (CDR) of the material. The low value of tangent loss (≥ 4.5) can also be applicable to electronic devices. On increasing frequency (1 kHz to 1 MHz), the activation energy of the charged ions from 0.391 eV to 0.328 eV shows a thermally activated relaxation mechanism in the material. The thermistor constant (β), determined as 6317.16, and the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) -0.00331 are suitable for high-temperature NTC thermistors, temperature sensors, and other electronic device applications. The study of room temperature non-Ohmic charge conduction and current-voltage charecteristics confirms the suitability of the material for devices.

Introduction and purpose: The impact of electronic devices on our daily lives is becoming increasingly significant. The contemporary generation of young people is growing up in a world where smartphones, tablets, computers, and other electronic devices are widely available and utilized. Scientists are contemplating the challenges posed by excessive exploitation of electronics on the health of young individuals. The aim of the article is to present the harmful effects of using electronic devices before sleep in young people, considering medical aspects such as sleep disorders and their influence on overall psychophysical health. Summary: Electronic devices negatively affect the sleep of young people by reducing sleep time and delaying the sleep onset phase. The main problem is the use of electronic devices without time limits. In the era of technology, it is significantly important to raise awareness among young people about the importance of sleep hygiene and how blue light emitted by electronic devices affects its quality.

Abstract Background The Dysphagia Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ) is a patient-reported outcome measure that assesses the frequency and severity of dysphagia in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE); however, it has only been validated for use in patients with EoE aged 11–40 years. This study examined the content validity of the DSQ and its usability on an electronic handheld device in children aged 7–10 years with EoE. Methods In this qualitative, observational cohort study, participants were recruited to partake in two rounds of interviews. During visit 1, a cognitive interview examined EoE-associated concepts and the appropriateness of the DSQ for assessing dysphagia. Participants completed the DSQ daily for 2 weeks, and DSQ scores were calculated. After 2 weeks, a second interview assessed the usability of the DSQ on the electronic device and the burden associated with completing it daily. Results Overall, 16 participants were included (aged 7–8 years: n = 8; aged 9–10 years: n = 8); most were male (75%) and white (81%), and the mean (standard deviation [SD]) age was 8.4 (1.3) years. The most commonly reported EoE-associated concept was ‘trouble with swallowing’ (63% [10/16]). Most participants reported that the questions were ‘easy to complete’ and ‘relevant to someone with EoE and dysphagia’. Overall, participants reported understanding the questions and associated responses; however, further probing demonstrated inconsistent comprehension. Key challenging concepts included ‘solid food’, ‘trouble swallowing’, ‘vomit’, and ‘relief’; some participants also reported difficulty differentiating between pain levels (31% [4/13]). Most caregivers reported that their child had experienced dysphagia (94% [15/16]); however, mean (SD) DSQ scores over the study period were low (7.3 [7.4]), suggesting infrequent and mild dysphagia, or a lack of comprehension of the questions. Most participants reported that completing the DSQ on the electronic device was easy (93% [14/15]) and they would be willing to complete it for longer than 2 weeks (73% [11/15]). Conclusions Difficulties with comprehension and comprehensiveness suggest that the DSQ may not be sufficiently comprehensive for use in all patients in this population, and wording/phrasing changes are required before use in a clinical trial setting.

Background: The Dysphagia Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ) is a patient-reported outcome measure that assesses the frequency and severity of dysphagia in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE); however, it has only been validated for use in patients with EoE aged 11–40 years. This study examined the content validity of the DSQ and its usability on an electronic handheld device in children aged 7–10 years with EoE. Methods: In this qualitative, observational cohort study, participants were recruited to partake in two rounds of interviews. During visit 1, a cognitive interview examined EoE-associated concepts and the appropriateness of the DSQ for assessing dysphagia. Participants completed the DSQ daily for 2 weeks, and DSQ scores were calculated. After 2 weeks, a second interview assessed the usability of the DSQ on the electronic device and the burden associated with completing it daily. Results: Overall, 16 participants were included (aged 7–8 years: n = 8; aged 9–10 years: n = 8); most were male (75%) and white (81%), and the mean (standard deviation [SD]) age was 8.4 (1.3) years. The most commonly reported EoE-associated concept was 'trouble with swallowing' (63% [10/16]). Most participants reported that the questions were 'easy to complete' and 'relevant to someone with EoE and dysphagia'. Overall, participants reported understanding the questions and associated responses; however, further probing demonstrated inconsistent comprehension. Key challenging concepts included 'solid food', 'trouble swallowing', 'vomit', and 'relief'; some participants also reported difficulty differentiating between pain levels (31% [4/13]). Most caregivers reported that their child had experienced dysphagia (94% [15/16]); however, mean (SD) DSQ scores over the study period were low (7.3 [7.4]), suggesting infrequent and mild dysphagia, or a lack of comprehension of the questions. Most participants reported that completing the DSQ on the electronic device was easy (93% [14/15]) and they would be willing to complete it for longer than 2 weeks (73% [11/15]). Conclusions: Difficulties with comprehension and comprehensiveness suggest that the DSQ may not be sufficiently comprehensive for use in all patients in this population, and wording/phrasing changes are required before use in a clinical trial setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Green's function method is recognized to be a very powerful tool for modelling quantum transport in nanoscale electronic devices. As atomistic calculations are generally expensive, numerical methods and related algorithms have been developed accordingly to optimize their computation cost. In particular, recursive techniques have been efficiently applied within the Green's function calculation approach. Recently, with the discovery of Moiré materials, several attractive superlattices have been explored using these recursive Green's function techniques. However, numerical difficulty issues were reported as most of these superlattices have relatively large supercells, and consequently a huge number of atoms to be considered. In this article, improvements to solve these issues are proposed in order to keep optimizing the recursive Green's function calculations. These improvements make the electronic structure calculations feasible and efficient in modelling large superlattice-based devices. As an illustrative example, twisted bilayer graphene superlattices are computed and presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the preparation of L a X O 3 (X = F e , M n , C r , N i) perovskite thin films using a simple set-up spin coating technique and the evaluation of their properties for application in switching memory devices. The properties of as-deposited films were thoroughly characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results obtained revealed that the as-deposited films have a polycrystalline cubic structure. The film surfaces were uniform and densely packed without any voids, cracks, or pinholes. In addition, irregularly shaped grains were observed having an average size of 140 , 120 , 89 , and 70   n m for L a F e O 3 , L a M n O 3 , L a C r O 3 , and L a N i O 3 films, respectively. VSM analysis demonstrated that L a F e O 3 film exhibited superior magnetic properties compared to the other films. Furthermore, memory devices with A u / L a X O 3 (X = F e , M n , C r , N i) / F T O structures were fabricated, and their I-V characteristics were measured. In order to assess their performance, an endurance test was conducted. The findings indicated that A u / L a F e O 3 / F T O device exhibited higher R H R S R L R S ratio ( ~ 7 × 10 5 ), low Set/Reset voltages, lower power consumption ( 2.7 × 10 − 4   W ), and stable endurance with no significant degradation was observed in the LRS and HRS after 20 sweep cycles. These favorable parameters can be attributed to the reduced thickness, larger grain size, and excellent magnetic properties of the active-layer L a F e O 3 . Moreover, the conduction mechanism of the fabricated devices was investigated, revealing that the conduction in the LRS is primarily dominated by Ohmic behavior, while the HRS exhibited different conduction mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of boron nitride (BN), zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and titanium oxide (TiO2) as dopants in pristine graphene leads to the modification of its transport properties, resulting in the production of graphene semiconductors and alteration of its semiconductive characteristics. The achievement of high-quality electronic devices necessitates considering doping and producing a broader energy bandgap in graphene. The optical determination of charge density in intrinsic graphene may be achieved by utilizing the D Raman peak, where an increased charge density is associated with a decreasing peak split. Strong connections have been seen between the energy bandgap (Eg) and the locations of the G and D peaks. Various doping materials exhibit distinct variations and effects on the doping process of graphene. The determination of doping levels in graphene may be achieved with far greater accuracy by observing the ID/IG ratios, compared to the traditional method of measuring the G-band shift with charge. The determination of average crystallite size, as well as the observation of the parameter La, is crucial in comprehending the doping and flaws present in graphene materials that have been manufactured.

COVID-19 pandemic has drastically increased the exposure to electronic devices in children, influencing their lifestyle and their sleep. This study was conducted to explore the relationship between the augmented screen exposure and sleep habits in children during and after the pandemic. Using the "Google Forms" tool, we created an online questionnaire addressed to parents of children and adolescents aged 2–18 years. We explored the use of screens before and during/after the lockdown and assessed the presence of sleep disturbances through the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC), referring to the period before and during/after COVID-19 pandemic. We collected 1084 valid questionnaires (median age 8.5 ± 4.1 years). We observed a significant increase in screens exposure for school (72%) and for leisure (49.7%) during the pandemic. We reported an increased sleep disturbances prevalence from 22.1% before the pandemic to 33.9% during the outbreak (p < 0.001). Even before the pandemic, the highest risks for sleep disorders were related to daily screen time for school reasons (OR 1.65, p < 0.001) and total screen time after 6 p.m. (OR 1.59, p < 0.001). The augmented exposure to screens for any reasons during the pandemic was significantly related to an increase of sleep disorders, especially regarding the increased exposure after 6 p.m. (OR 1.67, p < 0.001). The augmented use of electronic devices was recognized to be a significant predisposing factor in increasing the rate of sleep disorders during and after the pandemic, thus sleep hygiene recommendations should be highlighted to improve sleep habits. • COVID-19 pandemic modified children's lifestyle with a possible impact on mental health. • Restrictions favoured deskbound activities and use of electronic devices. • Sleep disorders considerably increased during lockdown. • There is a strong relation between augmented screens exposure and sleep disturbances. • Correct hygiene recommendations are needed to cope with sleep disorders in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a focused ultrasonic radiator is proposed for cooling the electrical heating elements in the focal region, and its working characteristics are investigated. The analyses of the FEM computational and flow field visualization test results indicate that focused ultrasound can generate forced convective heat transfer by the acoustic streaming in the focal region, which can cool the heating elements effectively. Experiments show that when the input voltage is 30Vp-p and the ambient temperature is 25 °C, the focused ultrasonic radiator can cause the surface temperature of the heating element (high-temperature alumina ceramic heating plate with a diameter of 5 mm) in the focal region to drop from 100 °C to about 55 °C. When the diameter of the electrical heating element is changed from 5 mm to 30 mm, the cooling effect is similar in the focal region. Compared with a fan, the focused ultrasound radiator has a shorter cooling time and a more concentrated cooling area. The focused ultrasonic radiator proposed in this work is suitable for some special environments.

The operation of heat sinks is completely dependent on temperature, and if the temperature rises above the allowable range, the efficiency drops sharply. In this study, the main purpose is to keep an electronic component cool by installing cylindrical pin-fins with a diameter of D. By changing the diameter of the pin-fins, the variations in pressure drop (PD) along with heat transfer are examined. As the diameter rises, the lateral area of the pin-fin boosts (positive effect) and at the same time the contact surface resistance of the pin-fins with the electronic base increases (negative effect). Three layouts were used to enhance the effectiveness of the pin-fins. The results showed that with increasing the diameter, the heat transfer improves while PD boosts more sharply. Layout A imposes an extra PD on the system, so that by installing a 2.5 mm diameter pin-fin, PD intensifies by 393%. Layout B has the highest heat transfer intensification among the others. Installing a 2.5 mm diameter pin-fin improves heat transfer by 15% and boosts PD by 365%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid films for applications in organic electronics from NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) in poly(3,4 ethylene dioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were fabricated by the spin-coating technique. The films were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy to subsequently determine their optical parameters. The electronic transport of the hybrid films was determined in bulk heterojunction devices. The presence of NiFe2O4 NPs reinforces mechanical properties and increases transmittance in the hybrid films; the PEDOT:PSS-NiFe2O4 NPs film is the one that has a maximum stress of 28 MPa and a Knoop hardness of 0.103, while the PMMA-NiFe2O4 NPs film has the highest transmittance of (87%). The Tauc band gap is in the range of 3.78–3.9 eV, and the Urbach energy is in the range of 0.24–0.33 eV. Regarding electrical behavior, the main effect is exerted by the matrix, although the current carried is of the same order of magnitude for the two devices: glass/ITO/polymer-NiFe2O4 NPs/Ag. NiFe2O4 NPs enhance the mechanical, optical, and electrical behavior of the hybrid films and can be used as semi-transparent anodes and as active layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Donghua University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Journal of Donghua University (Natural Science) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article introduces the results of the experimental substantiation of the possibility to use the electromagnetic shields based on powdered aluminum oxides to reduce the electromagnetic radiation energy introduced by electronic devices. To achieve this goal, a methodology has been developed for assessing the effect of materials on the electromagnetic radiation level of electronic devices, and a methodology for estimating the radius of the controlled zone of the secondary electromagnetic radiation of computer equipment has been systematized. In accordance with the indicated methods, the study has been carried out, based on the results of which it was determined that electromagnetic shields containing the composite coating based on powdered aluminum oxides and iron oxide provide suppression of the electromagnetic radiation energy of electronic devices, as well as a reduction of up to 2 times the radius of the controlled zone of the secondary electromagnetic radiation of computer equipment. Recommendations for the practical application of the composite coatings based on the powdered alumina and iron oxide have been developed. In accordance with these recommendations, such coatings can be used in the process of manufacturing or improving the technical and functional properties of electromagnetic shields designed to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of electronic devices, as well as to solve problems related to the information security.

Alexandre Uwimana,&ast; Cong Ma,&ast; Xiang Ma Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xiang Ma, Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116044, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8618098876399, Fax +8641183622844, Email xma9467@vip.sina.comPurpose: Students spend extended hours using electronic devices due to online teaching. Digital eye strain (DES) and dry eye disease (DED) symptoms are both associated with prolonged screen exposure time and may co-occur. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between DES and DED symptoms and determine the prevalence of DED according to the severity of DES.Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among international students in Chinese universities. The survey was built using Wenjuan Mini Program and distributed using the WeChat platform. The questionnaire assessed participants’ screen exposure, the 20-20-20 rule, ED practices, and DED awareness. Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q) and Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5) were used to diagnose DES and DED symptoms, respectively.Results: 498 students completed the survey, but 452 were considered for the study. Predictors of DES and DED symptoms were conjunctivitis, eye allergy, glares, tired eye, neck pain, back pain, PhD students, and daily spending > 9h on screen (P < 0.05 for all). We observed that an increase in DES scores also exponentially increases DED scores. Among students diagnosed with DES symptoms, 26.5% had mild to moderate DED symptoms, and 8.2% had severe DED symptoms. In contrast, only 8.4% and 0.9% of those with asymptomatic DES had mild to moderate and severe DED symptoms, respectively (P < 0.000). A strong and significant positive correlation (r = 0.695, P < 0.000) between DES and DED scores was found.Conclusion: We found an extremely high prevalence of DES and DED symptoms compared to the previous studies with a similar population group. We believe that the prevalence of DED may be underestimated in the young population. Training about proper ED practices is mandatory to prevent these deleterious ocular surface conditions.Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, digital eye strain, dry eye disease, electronic device, online study, university students

The neural network algorithm used to control electronic equipment is an important subject in the field of control and regulation, and its application is becoming increasingly extensive. A neural network algorithm is a very effective learning algorithm that is widely used to control electronic equipment and has the characteristics of good fault tolerance, generalisability and nonlinear mapping. However, in practice, it has many limitations (slow convergence, ease of getting stuck in local minima, forgetting old samples, etc.). To solve these problems, an advanced neural network-based algorithm is introduced, which enables the neural network to be optimised. After simulation research on the electronic equipment control method based on the improved neural network algorithm, experiments were performed, and the experimental data show that the artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) training optimised PIDNN controller not only has no overshoot but also has a fast response speed and excellent dynamic performance. The optimisation by AFSA also benefits PID control, but the dynamic characteristics are slightly worse than those of the former controller by 0.1. Compared with those of the other methods evaluated, the steady-state accuracy of the optimised PIDNN is highest, with a value of 1.0. The precision values for the other two methods are 0.99 and 0.98. It can be seen from the above experimental data that training optimisation of the artificial fish swarm algorithm improves the network parameters of the PIDNN controller, thus resulting in better performance than the PIDNN controller trained by the BP algorithm.

Abstract With the continuous development of science and technology, electronic devices have begun to enter all aspects of human life, becoming increasingly closely related to human life. Users have higher quality requirements for electronic devices. Electronic device testing has gradually become an irreplaceable engineering process in modern manufacturing enterprises to guarantee the quality of products while preventing inferior products from entering the market. Considering the large output of electronic devices, improving the testing efficiency while reducing the testing cost has become an urgent problem to be solved. This study investigates the electronic device testing machine allocation problem (EDTMAP), aiming to improve the production of electronic devices and reduce the scheduling distance among testing machines through reasonable machine allocation. First, a mathematical model was formulated for the EDTMAP to maximize both production and the scheduling distance among testing machines. Second, we developed a discrete multi-objective artificial bee colony (DMOABC) algorithm to solve EDTMAP. A crossover operator and local search operator were designed to improve the exploration and exploitation of the algorithm, respectively. Numerical experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm compared with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) and strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm 2 (SPEA2). Finally, the mathematical model and DMOABC algorithm were applied to a real-world factory that tests radio-frequency modules. The results verify that our method can significantly improve production and reduce the scheduling distance among testing machines.

The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly affected global patterns, and the period of the declared virus pandemic has had a negative influence on all aspects of life. This research focuses on categorizing and empirically investigating the role of digital platforms in learning and business processes during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate to what extent the use of electronic learning (EL) has been boosted by COVID-19's spread, and EL's effectiveness on the sustainable development of electronic commerce due to the demand for a variety of electronic devices. For this purpose, the information has been collected through an online questionnaire applied to 430 participants from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). The results indicate that participant usage and skills with electronic devices and online software programs are increasing, as the ratio indicated a level of 68% for both genders. Thus, the significance of EL concerning electronic commercial enterprises has been openly acknowledged and influenced by numerous factors. In addition, several suggestions and steps to be undertaken by the government are highlighted. Finally, this research mentions the current limitations of EL and suggests future works to build sustainable online experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implantable electronic devices have attracted great attention for solving clinical problems ranging from monitoring psychological states to electro‐organ transplantation. The ongoing challenges are the selection of suitable materials in a target device configuration for biomedical applications. To address the ongoing challenges, there are several interesting questions: what types of electronic materials can be used as the implantable electrodes? What types of materials can be used as the substrates for the implantable electronic devices? What types of materials can be used as membranes and encapsulations? What types of device configurations are there for implantable biomedical applications? What types of applications are for implantable electronic devices? This review will highlight the attempts for addressing these questions. This review will explore the fundamentals and practical aspects of a variety of materials and their biomedical applications in implantable electronic devices. It is anticipated that this review could provide new opportunities for the construction of future implantable electronic devices, as well as related applications for disease diagnosis and therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate abandonment rates of near‐vision low vision devices (LVDs) and factors that influence abandonment among patients attending a tertiary low vision rehabilitation centre in South India. Methods: Two hundred and eighty‐six adults with low vision completed the modified device abandonment survey 1 year following device prescription. The survey included six questions: possession of device, timing of last use, reasons for abandonment, tasks for which the device was used, payment type and change in quality of life (QoL) from device use. The primary outcome measure was abandonment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate factors for abandonment. Results: Three hundred and twelve near‐vision devices were prescribed (mean, 1.09 device per patient.) Stand magnifiers (35%) followed by hand‐held magnifiers (24%) were most frequently prescribed. Mean logMAR visual acuity (Snellen) in the better‐seeing eye was 0.80 (6/38). Of the prescribed near‐vision devices, 22% (95% CI, 17 to 27) were abandoned. Patients who abandoned the device were significantly older than those who did not (49.3 ± 17.2 vs. 43.5 ± 18.1 years; p = 0.03). In multivariable analysis, patients reporting no change in their QoL from device use had higher odds of abandoning the device (OR: 63.97; 95% CI, 23.77 to 172.12). Device‐related (31%) and psychological (30%) factors were the most frequent reasons for abandonment. Among device‐related issues, the most frequent reason was that patients felt the device was too complex to use (50%) followed by being too cumbersome to use (25%). Conclusion: The abandonment rate for near‐vision LVDs in South India was comparable with that reported in high‐income countries. Patients reporting no change in their QoL had a higher likelihood of abandoning the device compared with those who reported some change. Device‐related and psychological factors were the most frequent reasons for abandonment. These results can be used to develop strategies to improve compliance with use of devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ObjectiveElectronic devices have become an indispensable part of our daily lives. The frequency and duration of device use in children and adolescents have increased drastically over the years and the study of its negative musculoskeletal, visual and psychosocial health impacts is necessary.Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the associations between electronic device use and the prevalence and severity of musculoskeletal symptoms, visual symptoms, psychosocial health, and quality of life in children and adolescents studying at primary and secondary schools. Data were collected through confidential online and paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Primary 4–5 and Secondary 1–4 students were recruited from 3 schools in Hong Kong. Demographics, frequency and duration of electronic device use, frequencies of musculoskeletal symptoms, visual symptoms, psychosocial health, and quality of life outcomes were measured.Results1,058 children and adolescents aged 9–17 years participated. Sixty-one percent and 78% of all students spent more than 2 h per day using electronic devices during school days and weekend/holidays, respectively. Extended electronic device use was associated with increased prevalence and severity of musculoskeletal symptoms (ρ’s = 0.28–0.33, P’s

Introduction: Today the use of digital devices is widespread in society. It has been observed increased frequency of sleep disorders occurring in the population in every age group. Scientists, concerned about the scale of the problem, have become interested in the effects of blue light emitted by the displays of digital devices, on sleep. Purpose of the work: The aim of the study is to answer the question whether a blue light emitted by digital devices affects sleep and to indicate the potential prevention of sleep disorders resulting from the use of digital devices. Materials and methods: A literature review was performed in the PubMed database using the keywords: blue light exposition; sleep quality; insomnia; light emitting diode; electronic device. Summary: Blue light emitted by various digital devices affects sleep by shortening and deteriorating the quality of sleep, falling asleep later, exacerbating feelings of sleep deprivation and increasing feelings of fatigue. Scientists have identified a couple of possible mechanisms to explain this phenomenon. There is a method that allows to reduce the negative effects of using various electronic equipment, without having to limit the length or set a rigid time frame for their use. Due to the increasing problem of sleep disorders and new habits among the society, scientists point out the need to monitor the discovered impact of blue light on sleep.

The rapidly increasing demand for wearable electronic devices has motivated research in low-cost and flexible printed batteries with diverse form factors and architectures. In the past, technological achievements in the field have been emphasized, overlooking the industrial and market requirements. However, different applications require different battery chemistries and formats, that greatly impacts the manufacturing process and competition landscape. These chemistries and formats should therefore be selected carefully to maximize the chances for commercial success. As some of these technologies are starting to be marketed for portable electronics, there is a pressing need to evaluate different printing technologies and compare them in terms of the processing constraints and product requirements of specific electronic devices. By evaluating the intrinsic strengths and current limitations of printed battery technologies, development pathways can be prioritized, and potential bottlenecks can be overcome to accelerate the path to market.

The demand for high-performance and compact electronic devices has been increasing day by day. Due to their compactness, excessive heat is generated, causing a decrease in efficiency and life. Thermal management of electronic components is crucial for maintaining excessive heat within the limit. This experimental research focuses on the combined effect of nano-enhanced phase-change material (NePCM) with different configurations of heat sinks for cooling electronic devices. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used as nanoparticles with concentrations of 3 wt% and 6 wt%, RT-42 as the phase-change material (PCM), and aluminum as the pin fin heat sink material. Different configurations of the heat sink, such as circular, square, and triangular pin fins, are used against the fixed volume fraction of the fins. It is found that the square configuration has the highest heat transfer with and without PCM. A maximum base temperature reduction of 24.01% was observed in square pin fins with RT-42 as PCM. At 6 wt% of NePCM, the maximum base temperature lessened by 25.83% in the case of a circular pin fin. It is concluded from the results that a circular pin fin with NePCM is effective for base temperature reduction, and all fin configurations with NePCM collectively reduce the heat sink base temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous development of science and technology, electronic devices have begun to enter all aspects of human life, becoming increasingly closely related to human life. Users have higher quality requirements for electronic devices. Electronic device testing has gradually become an irreplaceable engineering process in modern manufacturing enterprises to guarantee the quality of products while preventing inferior products from entering the market. Considering the large output of electronic devices, improving the testing efficiency while reducing the testing cost has become an urgent problem to be solved. This study investigates the electronic device testing machine allocation problem (EDTMAP), aiming to improve the production of electronic devices and reduce the scheduling distance among testing machines through reasonable machine allocation. First, a mathematical model was formulated for the EDTMAP to maximize both production and the scheduling distance among testing machines. Second, we developed a discrete multi-objective artificial bee colony (DMOABC) algorithm to solve EDTMAP. A crossover operator and local search operator were designed to improve the exploration and exploitation of the algorithm, respectively. Numerical experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm compared with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) and strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm 2 (SPEA2). Finally, the mathematical model and DMOABC algorithm were applied to a real-world factory that tests radio-frequency modules. The results verify that our method can significantly improve production and reduce the scheduling distance among testing machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of electronic devices in our lives is increasing rapidly, with more research focusing on miniaturization, creating more demand for thermal interface materials (TIM). Grease-based TIM presently available have good thermal conductivity values, but issues such as contamination, pump-out, and an additional curing step are observed. Fibrous textile substrates are soft and flexible, making them suitable for occupying the asperities between the heat sink and heat-producing devices. However, they are insulating in nature and can be made conductive using conductive fillers such as graphene oxide (GO). In this article, a networked through-plane thermally conductive TIM using the cutting waste of polyester and GO was fabricated. The methodology involved functionalizing the PET substrate and studying its interaction with GO. A networked GO/PET, (N-GOPET) hybrid TIM was fabricated from waste PET with good through-plane heat conduction performance, softness, and cuttability as a promising replacement for grease-based TIM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a cost-efficient device to rapidly detect pandemic viruses is paramount. Hence, an innovative and scalable synthesis of metal nanoparticles followed by its usage for rapid detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported in this work. The simple synthesis of metal nanoparticles utilizing tin as a solid-state reusable reducing agent is used for the SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) detection. Moreover, the solid-state reduction process occurs faster and leads to the enhanced formation of silver and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with voltage. By adding tin as a solid-state reducing agent with the precursor, the nanoparticles are formed within 30 s. This synthesis method can be easily scaled up for a commercially viable process to obtain different-sized metal nanoparticles. This is the first disclosure of the usage of tin as a reusable solid-state reducing agent for metal nanoparticle synthesis. An electronic device, consisting of AuNPs functionalized with a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based aptamer, can detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in less than 5 min. With an increase in SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as Delta and Omicron, the detection device could be used for identifying the nucleic acids of the COVID-19 variants by modifying the aptamer sequence. The reported work overcomes the drawbacks of complex instrumentation, trained labor, and increased turnaround time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional polyaniline with a C 3 N structure is a newly fabricated layered material that is expected to have fascinating electronic, thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties. By performing first-principles calculations based on density functional theory and the nonequilibrium Green's function, we first perform a stoichiometric study of the energy bands of armchair C 3 N nanoribbons (AC 3 NNRs) without and with H-passivation. The results show that the pristine AC 3 NNRs are metals, whereas the H-passivated nanoribbons are either direct or indirect band gap semiconductors with different edge configurations. Interestingly, additional transport calculations demonstrate that the AC 3 NNR-based heterojunction shows good rectification behavior. The average rectification ratio (RR) can reach up to 1 0 3 under voltage bias within the range from 0.2 to 0.4 V. In particular, extending the length of the scattering region in the heterojunction, which leads to a reduction in the current passing through the junction, allows the RR to be enlarged obviously. The average value of RR increases to a magnitude of the order of 1 0 4 under bias voltages in the range from 0.25 to 0.4 V, with a boosted maximum of up to 1 0 5 at 0.35 V. The findings of this work may be helpful in the design of functional nanodevices based on AC 3 NNRs in the future. [Display omitted] • First numerical simulation on the electronic property for armchair C 3 N nanoribbons without or with H passivation. • The planar heterojunctions show a diode behavior, this is mainly because of the internal Schottky barrier and the role of structural asymmetry. • Length-dependent channel effect of heterojunction has been observed with the rectification ratio reaching up to 105. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, ubiquitous learning has been becoming an important learning style for college students. However, the current studies on ubiquitous learning mostly focus on aspects such as communication and data interaction methods, while ignoring students' academic emotions. In this paper, we propose an individual adaptive ubiquitous learning paradigm that focuses on college students' academic emotions. The paradigm collects and analyses students' academic emotions to grasp student's individual characteristics. Then, the adaptive planning and adjusting learning contents is beneficial for improving students' academic emotions and enhancing the ubiquitous learning effects, initiative and concentration. In this study, the 2-year-long comparative experiments and tracking analyses were conducted from four aspects: academic grades, average study hours in after-school spare time, academic emotions status and classroom participation. The experimental results show that the individual adaptive ubiquitous learning paradigm proposed in this paper has significant positive effects and impacts on college students' learning outcomes, initiative, engagement and academic emotions. • An individual adaptive ubiquitous learning paradigm considering the impact of academic emotions is proposed. • The paradigm focuses on academic emotions to adaptively adjust individual learning content. • Academic emotions analysis and adjustment algorithms are designed to improve learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of widespread electronic devices (mobile phone, computer mouse, keyboard, web-camera, monitor) was studied by manual dismantling. The material flow analysis was done for e-waste components. For the case study of Ukraine, five devices under investigation contain over 4 thousand tons / year resources. Most of them (first of all, plastic and metal) can be easily recovered. The content of chemical elements in the components of the electronic devices was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis. Taking into account the mass of electronic waste generated in Ukraine, the resource potential of metals is estimated. Most of metals are concentrated in mobile phones and monitors (about 2000 tons/year). Apart from common metals, silver, molybdenum, vanadium, rubidium, zirconium, antimony, yttrium, rhodium, bismuth, and gallium were also found.

Collective electrostatic effects arise from the superposition of electrostatic potentials of periodically arranged (di)polar entities and are known to crucially impact the electronic structures of hybrid interfaces. Here, it is discussed, how they can be used outside the beaten paths of materials design for realizing systems with advanced and sometimes unprecedented properties. The versatility of the approach is demonstrated by applying electrostatic design not only to metal-organic interfaces and adsorbed (complex) monolayers, but also to inter-layer interfaces in van der Waals heterostructures, to polar metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and to the cylindrical pores of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). The presented design ideas are straightforward to simulate and especially for metal-organic interfaces also their experimental implementation has been amply demonstrated. For van der Waals heterostructures, the needed building blocks are available, while the required assembly approaches are just being developed. Conversely, for MOFs the necessary growth techniques exist, but more work on advanced linker molecules is required. Finally, COF structures exist that contain pores decorated with polar groups, but the electrostatic impact of these groups has been largely ignored so far. All this suggest that the dawn of the age of electrostatic design is currently experienced with potential breakthroughs lying ahead., (© 2024 The Author. Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)