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The intensive development of road transport has resulted in a significant increase in air pollution. This phenomenon is particularly noticeable in urban areas. This creates the need for analyses and forecasts of the scale and extent of future emissions of harmful substances into the environment. The aim of this study was to estimate the costs of the emission of toxic components of exhaust gases generated by all users of conventionally propelled vehicles travelling on a section of urban road in the next 25 years. The traffic study was carried out on an urban traffic route, playing a key role for road transport in the dimension of a given urban agglomeration. The traffic forecast for the analysed road section was based on the results of our own measurements carried out in April 2023 and external data from the General Directorate for Roads and Motorways. The results of the observations concerned six categories of vehicles for the morning and afternoon rush hours. Based on the data obtained, the generic structure of the vehicle population on the analysed section and the average daily traffic were determined. Using the methodology contained in the Blue Book of Road Infrastructure, parameters were calculated in the form of annual indicators of traffic growth on the analysed section, travel speed, and annual air pollution costs for selected vehicle categories, remembering at the same time that the Blue Book-based methodology does not distinguish between unit costs in relation to the type of emissions. The results of the study confirmed that there was an increase in the cost of toxic emissions for each vehicle category over the projected 25-year period. The largest increases were seen for trucks with trailers and passenger cars. In total, for all vehicle categories, emission costs nearly doubled from 2024 to 2046, from EUR 3,745,229 to EUR 7,443,384, due to the doubling of the number of vehicles resulting from the traffic forecast. The analyses presented here provide an answer to the question of what pollution costs may be faced by cities in which road transport will continue to be based on conventional types of propulsion. In addition, the research presented can be used to develop urban mobility transformation plans for the coming years, within the scope of the widely promoted smart city concept and the idea of electromobility, by pointing out to local authorities the direct economic benefits of these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decarbonization of transport is a key goal facing climate change. The electrification of the powertrain for passenger cars is part of this goal to reduce carbon emissions. This involves a big change in the global supply chain, specifically in countries with a high weight of the traditional automotive sector, such as Spain, where above 10% of the GDP comes from this industry. There is a forecasted shift from the sector of traditional automotive parts to the electric sector, where batteries and electric components will be the major part of the powertrain. This work evaluates socioeconomic and environmental impacts of the changes in the car industry from the ramp‐up of the electric vehicles market in Spain, and also in the European Union and the rest of the world. To do it, we use an environmentally extended multiregional and multi‐sectoral input–output model. Our simulations include the technological change and demand shifts estimated to achieve the penetration of electric vehicles up to 2030 and 2050. The results show significant impacts on employment and economic indicators by 2050, when the share of electric vehicles is expected to increase up to a relevant level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the European Commission, electric vehicles (EVs) remain parked for 95% of their life, which makes them inefficient. In addition, EV sales are forecasted to rise over the following years, which will create additional electricity demand, especially during peak hours. This challenge coincides with the growing trend of homeowners installing renewable energy sources (RES) in their homes. Therefore, a potential solution to managing the increase in electricity costs and peak demand is the use of EVs as a flexible storage system by utilizing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. The successful market penetration of V2G technology hinges significantly on the willingness of current and future EV drivers to participate. Hence, in the broader context of the promotion and transition to electromobility and related technologies (V2G), the main purpose of this paper was to shed light on the hitherto unknown attitudes of Greek drivers towards V2G technology. The adopted methodology involved a survey questionnaire with statements serving as indicators on a 5-point Likert scale. The results show that Greek drivers highly appreciate the positive environmental impact of EVs but are primarily driven by the potential economic incentives they might receive from engaging with V2G technology. In addition, they appear to be skeptical about both V2G technology and electromobility, mainly due to the increased upfront cost of EVs but also due to the immature V2G market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Making road transport more sustainable is a vital part in reducing emissions, where the transition to electric freight vehicles (EFVs) are important. In this transition, there is a need for available electric vehicle charging infrastructure (EVCI). Many logistic companies are installing their own EVCI, which is primarily used during the night. This study explores how providers could share and users book charging on digital platforms for EFVs by conducting a qualitative study of a pilot project for sharing. The study shows that providers need financial incentive, available EVCI while not having charging as a primary business model. Users tend to have uncertainties about charging, avoid public charging, and would benefit from driver support. A digital platform enables a wide range of actors to participate, while providing payment solutions and vehicle identification. The study presents several sustainability drivers and barriers. Economic drivers include increased revenues, low-cost charging, and a possibility to invest in cheaper vehicles. Environmental drivers include improved usage, potentially fewer batteries, and supporting the sustainability transition. Social drivers include a community of sharing, easy comparison, and improving predictability. Economic barriers include limited demand, limited usage, and a lack of interest from the provider. Environmental barriers include the risk of under-utilization, overcapacity where many providers install EVCI, and the risk of stressing the grid when utilizing fast charging for large trucks. Social barriers include uncertainty about reliability, grid limitations, and a lack of trust of actors in the system. HIGHLIGHTS: Companies sharing their fast chargers complement public charging Limited demand for fast charging due to few large electric trucks Actors providing charging need accessible physical space and bookable chargers Platforms for charging vehicles provide environmental, economic and social benefits [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromobility is now widely recognized as a remedy for the growing level of greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector. The result of this approach is the agreement of the European Commission with the member states regarding the achievement of CO2-free emission of the new fleet of passenger cars by 2035 through the use of battery electric vehicles. However, it should be emphasized that currently, not every country in the European Union has electricity sources with low CO2 emission (Proposal for a REGULATION... (EU) 2019/631), which in fact can contribute to a lower environmental effect than expected. The amount of environmental impact of a battery electric vehicle depends mainly on the type of energy mix of the country in which it is used. In view of the above, the first scientific objective of the article is a comparative assessment of environmental impact, using the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), the phase of use of passenger cars with conventional drive in relation to battery electric vehicles consuming electricity from the power grid in Poland and in Italy. The results of the LCA analysis, phases of BEV use in Poland indicate a higher level of environmental impact in relation to ICE due to the generation of electricity, for the most part from hard coal. Nevertheless, in Poland, as in other EU countries, an electromobility support system is being implemented. The successful implementation of electromobility depends on the environmental awareness of BEV users. The scientific cognitive aspect of the BEV purchase decisions of the Polish society is carried out using a survey questionnaire with the use of a non-random selection of the research sample (convenient selection). The aim of this cross-sectional survey was to confront the results of the environmental impact of the BEV use phase with the knowledge of the Polish society, as well as to learn about purchasing factors (future and current users). The results of the survey questionnaire demonstrate the low level of knowledge of the Polish society on the impact of the BEV use phase in Poland. This can be the result of media coverage in which BEV is presented as ecological transport. The aim of the article is not to depreciate the environmental performance of BEVs, but to draw attention to the fact that, to a large extent, the environmental impact of the BEV use phase depends on the place of use (country), and precisely the type of energy mix of a particular country. The literature on the subject lacks the confrontation of the results of scientific research in the field of environmental impact assessment of the BEV use phase with the knowledge of the public on this subject. The research results can be used by decision makers to properly target the support for the development of electromobility in Poland, consisting primarily in increasing the availability of infrastructure for charging BEV and changing the energy mix to energy sources with a lower environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The use of rare earth elements (REE) in permanent magnets (PMs) raises problems in several domains. The supply chain of these is fragile, the prices have shown volatility and its manufacturing has a bigger impact on climate change when compared to the manufacturing of other PMs. Instead, ferrite PMs have been researched as an alternative. This alternative shows a relatively higher demagnetisation risk when compared to REE PMs. Thus, a detailed study on permanent demagnetisation during winding faults is crucial. The authors use the finite element method to evaluate different machine designs, developed under mechanical constraints, and explore several strategies to mitigate permanent demagnetisation. Also, the importance of avoiding permanent demagnetisation is changed gradually in the optimisation process. The results show that the protection of the PM and performance optimisation are irreconcilable goals. It also highlights the impact of the stator design in decreasing demagnetisation. Additionally, it is shown that the classic notion of avoiding demagnetisation is an ineffective strategy for designing high‐performance machines with ferrite magnets, and instead, it should be integrated into the optimisation process and weighted according to the application demands.

The use of rare earth elements (REE) in permanent magnets (PMs) raises problems in several domains. The supply chain of these is fragile, the prices have shown volatility and its manufacturing has a bigger impact on climate change when compared to the manufacturing of other PMs. Instead, ferrite PMs have been researched as an alternative. This alternative shows a relatively higher demagnetisation risk when compared to REE PMs. Thus, a detailed study on permanent demagnetisation during winding faults is crucial. The authors use the finite element method to evaluate different machine designs, developed under mechanical constraints, and explore several strategies to mitigate permanent demagnetisation. Also, the importance of avoiding permanent demagnetisation is changed gradually in the optimisation process. The results show that the protection of the PM and performance optimisation are irreconcilable goals. It also highlights the impact of the stator design in decreasing demagnetisation. Additionally, it is shown that the classic notion of avoiding demagnetisation is an ineffective strategy for designing high‐performance machines with ferrite magnets, and instead, it should be integrated into the optimisation process and weighted according to the application demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Undoubtedly, the transition to electromobility with several million new, efficient charging points will have consequences for the energy industry, and in particular for network operators of the distribution infrastructure. At the same time, in the coming years the energy landscape will change into a system in which an increase in decentralized systems based on renewable energy sources will take over the leading function. This transformation process will further increase the complexity and overall pressure for change in energy systems over the next decade. In order to be able to ensure the energy supply and the reliable system operation of the grids in the future as well, communicative networking of generators, storage systems, electrical consumers and grid equipment is indispensable. This study aims to investigate the consequences of including electric vehicles in Istanbul's power system using a unit commitment simulation model. The presented considerations analyze how uncertain and managed charging strategies affect the power system in terms of operating costs and renewable resources. The presented simulations indicate that, in economic terms, the use of a managed charging strategy saves 2.3%, reducing the total cost from USD 66.71 million to USD 65.18 million. The recipients of the presented research are both the demand and supply sides of the future energy transformation based on the idea of synergy of electromobility and renewable energy sources within the framework of the smart city idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium-sized cities around the world aspire to become greener, smarter, more liveable for citizens and appealing to tourists. In Europe, they undertake initiatives such as Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans and Electric Vehicle Charging Plans to make their transport infrastructures more sustainable and friendly to electromobility. In Asia, too, Chinese small cities can profit from several policies and incentives to promote electric mobility and it is of interest to see how these compare to the European cases. A major part of this paper refers to the European experience and more particularly that of Greece drawing largely on the experience from Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans and Electric Vehicles Charging Plans studies performed in Northern Greece and its northern border regions. The experience of China and its promotion of e-mobility in small urban areas is also reviewed and useful conclusions are drawn. The results show that there are several measures and policies specifically suited to small and medium-sized urban areas as well as those that are in the periphery of the country near border crossings to other countries. The final evaluation and selection should be made following the formulation, at an early stage, of a comprehensive and all-inclusive strategic plan for the promotion of e-mobility in the area. The novelty of the paper consists of a concise and all-inclusive reference to the factors affecting the promotion of electromobility in the special case of small and medium-sized urban areas as well as border areas and the recommendations for measures and policies that are given in Table 2. A novelty is also the SWOT analysis performed as well as the fact of the parallel presentation of European and Chinese policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromobility is the challenge of modern cities. The following article explores this issue. The article presents the authors' assessment of the impact of sustainable urban mobility indicators on the development of electromobility strategies in cities. The purpose of the paper is to describe which indicators of sustainable urban mobility may influence the development of electromobility strategies in cities by increasing the number of not only low-emission cars (electric and hybrid) and low-emission buses but also public bicycles. The hypothesis posited in the work is: sustainable urban mobility is an important factor in the development of electromobility in cities. Our literature analysis, expert research, and statistical analysis allowed us to prepare a possibly comprehensive set of indicators for sustainable urban mobility that have a potential impact on the development of electromobility strategies. We ran a thematic analysis of systematic literature reviews and collected around 50 specific types of indicators and measures of sustainable mobility. After consulting the indicator database with experts, we expanded a list of 21 indicators of sustainable mobility. Next, using regression analysis, it was determined which of the sustainable urban mobility indicators is the most important for the development of electromobility strategies in the three identified transport systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study thoroughly analyses Smart Electromobility Charging Infrastructure (SECI), exploring its multifaceted dimensions and advancements. Delving into the intricate landscape of SECI, the study critically evaluates existing technologies, integration methodologies, and emerging trends. Through a systematic examination of literature and empirical studies, the article elucidates the evolving ecosystem of smart charging solutions, considering aspects including advancements in charging protocols. Additionally, the review highlights challenges and prospects in the SECI domain, providing insightful information for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers involved in the dynamic field of electromobility. Technical potentials, including functionalities and integration with the smart grid, have been thoroughly reviewed. An analysis is conducted on the effects of intelligent charging on power distribution systems and strategies to lessen these effects. This study also examines the development of intelligent charging algorithms, optimisation methods, and security analysis. This paper, therefore, contributes to fostering a more thorough comprehension of the current state and future trajectories of Smart Electromobility Charging Infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bidirectional charging, such as Vehicle-to-Grid, is increasingly seen as a way to integrate the growing number of battery electric vehicles into the energy system. The electrical storage capacity in the system can be enhanced by using electric vehicles as flexible storage units. However, large-scale applications of Vehicle-to-Grid may require significant expansion of distribution grids. Previous studies lack a comprehensive environmental assessment of related impacts. Contributing to this research gap, this article combines techno-economic grid simulations with scenario-based Life Cycle Assessments. The case study focuses on rural distribution grids in Southern Germany, projecting the repercussions of different charging scenarios by 2040. Besides a Vehicle-to-Grid scenario, a mixed scenario of Vehicle-to-Home, Vehicle-to-Grid, and direct charging is investigated. Results indicate that Vehicle-to-Grid charging increases grid impacts due to higher charging simultaneities and power losses, especially when following spot market prices. Despite these challenges, the secondary use of battery electric vehicles as storage units can offset adverse environmental effects. Bidirectional charging allows for higher use of volatile renewable energies and can accelerate their integration into the power system. When considering these diverse environmental effects, bidirectional charging scenarios show overall lower impacts on climate change per battery electric vehicle compared to direct charging. The insights provided are valuable for researchers, industry, utilities, and policymakers to understand the potential positive and negative impacts of large-scale battery electric vehicle integration. The article highlights the most influential parameters that should be considered before large-scale penetration.

The development and advantages of renewable energy technologies mean that their areas of application are constantly expanding. The development of roads, transport systems, and electromobility also increases the demand for electricity. Roads occupy a certain area that could be used to install wind turbines or photovoltaic systems that could be used to power, among others, electric vehicle charging stations and road technical infrastructure facilities (travel service areas, tunnel lighting, road signs). There are many examples around the world where such solutions have been used. This critical review of existing solutions and the possibilities of their application in new places may contribute to further development and research in this area. Particular attention was paid to the possibility of using renewable energy systems in Poland, which can be successfully transferred to other countries with a similar climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles' batteries, referred to as Battery Packs (BPs), are composed of interconnected battery cells and modules. The utilisation of different materials, configurations, and welding processes forms a plethora of different applications. This level of diversity along with the low maturity of welding designs and the lack of standardisation result in great variations in the mechanical and electrical quality of the joints. Moreover, the high-volume production requirements, meaning the high number of joints per module/BP, increase the absolute number of defects. The first part of this study focuses on associating the challenges of welding application in battery assembly with the key performance indicators of the joints. The second part reviews the existing methods for quality assurance which concerns the joining of battery cells and busbars. Additionally, the second part of this paper identifies the general trends and the research gaps for the most widely adopted welding methods in this domain, while it renders the future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available literature emphasizes that by 2040, electric vehicles may constitute up to 50% of the fleet of all passenger vehicles. This process will be one of the elements of the energy transformation and, at the same time, consistent with the idea of sustainable transport. As part of this research, the actual energy consumption and the range of electric vehicles were determined. This research was carried out using a selected group of electric cars from the most popular segments of passenger cars. The calculations were based on three charging scenarios: a home electrical network, a public alternating current (AC) charging station that allows charging with single-phase alternating current or alternating current, and a public direct current (DC) charging station that allows charging with direct current. The obtained results were compared with the results of cars with internal combustion and diesel engines after driving a 100-kilometer section of the route. In a broader scope, this research addresses the entities responsible for the energy transformation and the electromobility development strategy. In a narrower sense, vehicle users are considering the purchase of this type of vehicle for political, economic and technological reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromobility promises to efficiently mitigate consequences of increasing traffic volume and its accompanied greenhouse gas emissions. On an individual level, electrified bikes allow emission free electrified mobility at moderate costs, and consequently their stock has increased significantly in recent years. This simultaneously increases the demand for spare parts, which are often manufacturer- or application-specific, and due to many variants, challenging to provide for the market. This article evaluates powder-based and extrusion-based metal additive manufacturing of a typical electrified bike component. The overarching objective is to establish a sustainable spare parts supply in the field of electromobility by manufacturing spare parts in a resource-efficient and decentralized manner. This approach aims to eliminate the need for physical storage space and long transport routes for the provision of spare parts, while significantly increasing the service life of e-bikes. The investigation demonstrates how these parts can be additively manufactured function equivalent and with sufficient mechanical properties, also taking economical aspects into account. Furthermore, the needed resources and related environmental consequences for metal-based additive manufacturing spare-part production are compared for both process routes. The results show that both routes are capable of producing spare-parts at comparatively the same mechanical performance, with the mechanical performance of the initial part clearly surpassed. Furthermore, it can be observed that both routes exhibit comparable resource costs, with the powder bed fusion of metals using laser beams showing significantly lower energy and gas costs by more than ten times, but higher material costs that are approximately twice as high as those of atomic diffusion additive manufacturing. Therefore, additive manufacturing offers a promising opportunity to rapidly produce parts in small quantities which are resource efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the commitment to decarbonise and combat climate change, electric vehicles have been identified as a promising solution. Several legal instruments have been implemented both at an international and national level to support the transition to low-emission vehicles. In addition, a recent development has resulted in the need for local governments to adopt policies that can be implemented locally. Specifically, this study explores and analyses the policies of two local governments in Indonesia, namely those of Jakarta and Bali. These two regions have adopted a regional policy that incentivises the public and industry to use electric vehicles in their respective regions. A further aspect of this study was the analysis of national and provincial regulations. Furthermore, the study provides a detailed analysis of the opportunities and challenges associated with adopting electric vehicles at the local level. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a reference and recommendation for establishing laws and regulations to promote electric vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Fatec Zona Sul (REFAS) is the property of Revista Fatec Zona Sul (REFAS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With more electric vehicles introduced in society, there is a need for the further implementation of charging infrastructure. Innovation in electromobility may result in new charging and discharging strategies, including concepts such as smart charging and vehicle-to-grid. This article provides an overview of vehicle charging and discharging innovations with a cable connection. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed to show the difference between an electric vehicle with and without the vehicle-to-grid capabilities for electricity grid prices estimated for Sweden for three different electric vehicle user profiles and four different electric vehicle models. The result includes the state-of-charge values and price estimations for the different vehicles charged with or without a bidirectional power flow to and from the electric grid. The results show that there is a greater difference in state-of-charge values over the day investigated for the electric vehicles with vehicle-to-grid capabilities than for vehicles without vehicle-to-grid capabilities. The results indicate potential economic revenues from using vehicle-to-grid if there is a significant variation in electricity prices during different hours. Therefore, the vehicle owner can potentially receive money from selling electricity to the grid while also supporting the electric grid. The study provides insights into utilizing vehicle-to-grid in society and taking steps towards its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles are increasingly appearing on Polish roads due to a number of technical, legal and marketing conditions. However, electromobility is developing primarily in urban areas, mainly due to the unevenly developed infrastructure for charging vehicle batteries and the power grid. Therefore, solutions should be created that use the existing power infrastructure, including the use of railway power infrastructure (RPI). The railway power network covers a significant part of the country, including forest areas, and, above all, it very often intersects with road infrastructure or runs along roads. This paper raises issues related to the possibility of using RPI to charge the batteries of electric vehicles. After characterizing the technical, operational and legal requirements related to these technical systems, a concept of an electric vehicle charging system using RPI was developed, along with a demonstration of the possibility of its implementation, which was simulated using mathematical models developed by the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public authorities should pursue a policy ensuring ecological security for present and future generations. Furthermore, the protection of the environment is the responsibility of public authorities. Environmental protection means all activities and instruments counteracting the deterioration of the environment; it is particularly important in this respect to counteract the negative effects of environmental degradation on health. Under Polish law, climate protection law is one of the most intensively developing areas of public law. This is because the responsibility for environmental protection should lie with the state, as it has all the tools to achieve this goal. In Poland, climate protection issues have found their rightful place in public discourse. Stopping climate change is now covered by a multi-level public policy, in which the leading role is assigned to administrative law regulations. The development of electric vehicles has a significant impact on the decarbonisation of transport, which mainly relies on diesel and petrol. The popularisation of green vehicles requires strategic management of demand for petroleum-based fuels, which is undoubtedly a public task.

Urban planning must coordinate expanding public electric vehicle charging infrastructure (EV-CI) with energy distribution companies to satisfy growing demand. To this end, measurements and charger load curves are indispensable to execute appropriate operational studies and expansion planning. However, the necessary databases are small in cities with low EV penetration, and may not adequately characterize future consumption patterns. This article proposes an “Extensive Method for Demand Estimation in Charging Infrastructures” (X-Modeci) to fill this gap, which is especially beneficial for large metropolitan areas. The method employs statistical regressions to model the different phases of EV adoption, using traffic simulations to incorporate new travel dynamics that may arise due to increased charging and new EV battery range values. The proposal result is a spatial database that shows EV-CI load curves for typical urban traffic days in locations that would be more appropriate for installing new chargers. This results class can help energy companies identify the best connection locations and necessary reinforcements in the distribution grid to meet electromobility demand. The method was applied in the most significant capital in the Northeast of Brazil, showing that the estimated load curves tend to reach their maximum point between the end of the afternoon and the beginning of the night, following the high rate of vehicle circulation during this period. The case study clarified that the characterization of EV-CI use provided a 10% gain in the EV-CI usage rate about the national average, respecting regulated levels. In this way, the results of the proposed method can help the agents involved better understand the energy demand within the scope of electromobility plans with high spatial resolution at the location of the main avenues in urban areas.

Electric vehicle proliferation is still at exceptionally low level in Greece. The subsidy program “I move electrically” aims to accelerate the transition to EVs providing incentives both for company and private electric vehicles. In order to analyze the factors that affect the consumers’ intention to purchase private electric vehicles in Attica a questionnaire survey was conducted. Discrete choice models were developed to analyze the factors that influence the intention of users to purchase and willingness to pay extra for an EV compared to a conventional car. Travel and demographic characteristics, provision of financial incentives, environmental awareness, charging time and charging infrastructure were found to affect the intention to purchase an EV in Greece. The paper concludes with policy measures and recommendations regarding the charging infrastructure, the provision of financial incentives and marketing policies that could support the adoption of EVs.

The intensive development of road transport has resulted in a significant increase in air pollution. This phenomenon is particularly noticeable in urban areas. This creates the need for analyses and forecasts of the scale and extent of future emissions of harmful substances into the environment. The aim of this study was to estimate the costs of the emission of toxic components of exhaust gases generated by all users of conventionally propelled vehicles travelling on a section of urban road in the next 25 years. The traffic study was carried out on an urban traffic route, playing a key role for road transport in the dimension of a given urban agglomeration. The traffic forecast for the analysed road section was based on the results of our own measurements carried out in April 2023 and external data from the General Directorate for Roads and Motorways. The results of the observations concerned six categories of vehicles for the morning and afternoon rush hours. Based on the data obtained, the generic structure of the vehicle population on the analysed section and the average daily traffic were determined. Using the methodology contained in the Blue Book of Road Infrastructure, parameters were calculated in the form of annual indicators of traffic growth on the analysed section, travel speed, and annual air pollution costs for selected vehicle categories, remembering at the same time that the Blue Book-based methodology does not distinguish between unit costs in relation to the type of emissions. The results of the study confirmed that there was an increase in the cost of toxic emissions for each vehicle category over the projected 25-year period. The largest increases were seen for trucks with trailers and passenger cars. In total, for all vehicle categories, emission costs nearly doubled from 2024 to 2046, from EUR 3,745,229 to EUR 7,443,384, due to the doubling of the number of vehicles resulting from the traffic forecast. The analyses presented here provide an answer to the question of what pollution costs may be faced by cities in which road transport will continue to be based on conventional types of propulsion. In addition, the research presented can be used to develop urban mobility transformation plans for the coming years, within the scope of the widely promoted smart city concept and the idea of electromobility, by pointing out to local authorities the direct economic benefits of these changes.

According to the European Commission, electric vehicles (EVs) remain parked for 95% of their life, which makes them inefficient. In addition, EV sales are forecasted to rise over the following years, which will create additional electricity demand, especially during peak hours. This challenge coincides with the growing trend of homeowners installing renewable energy sources (RES) in their homes. Therefore, a potential solution to managing the increase in electricity costs and peak demand is the use of EVs as a flexible storage system by utilizing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. The successful market penetration of V2G technology hinges significantly on the willingness of current and future EV drivers to participate. Hence, in the broader context of the promotion and transition to electromobility and related technologies (V2G), the main purpose of this paper was to shed light on the hitherto unknown attitudes of Greek drivers towards V2G technology. The adopted methodology involved a survey questionnaire with statements serving as indicators on a 5-point Likert scale. The results show that Greek drivers highly appreciate the positive environmental impact of EVs but are primarily driven by the potential economic incentives they might receive from engaging with V2G technology. In addition, they appear to be skeptical about both V2G technology and electromobility, mainly due to the increased upfront cost of EVs but also due to the immature V2G market.

When implementing smart city elements, there are challenges in cities that need to be overcome. An analysis of global public transport infrastructure has indicated an upward trend in the integration of electric mobility solutions since 2022. The following research question characterises the problem on which the research was focused. RQ: What role do the smart city strategy and its overall planning play in promoting city sustainability via elements of electromobility in public transport? Cities are increasingly committed to promoting more sustainable urban mobility. This article discusses three areas of study: electromobility in public transport, the smart city concept, and sustainability. The novelty of this article has three parts, namely the intersection of the described areas; comparison and summarisation of best practice; and in-depth analysis of the selected city. The methodological approach includes the analysis of case studies, analysis of the selected city, sociological interviews, synthesis, and modelling. One of the main findings reveals that electromobility impacts the city's sustainability. It was also revealed that not all cities have already prepared their strategies focusing on this issue, which is unfavourable because careful planning supports the achieving sustainability in public transport. The findings were included in the design of solutions in the field of public transport infrastructure with elements of electromobility at the smart city level. Additionally, requirements for cities and recommendations for policy makers in selected areas were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Aviation is an important contributor to climate change and other environmental problems. Electrification is one option for reducing the environmental impacts of aviation. The aim of this study is to provide the first life cycle assessment (LCA) results representing an existing commercial, two-seater, all-electric aircraft. Methods: An attributional cradle-to-grave LCA was conducted with a functional unit of 1 h flight time. Data and records from an aircraft manufacturer informed much of the study. Detailed modelling of important aircraft components is provided, including the battery, motor, inverter, instrument panel and seats. Impact results are compared to those from a similar but fossil fuel–based two-seater aircraft. A wide range of impact categories was considered, while the focus was on global warming, resource depletion, particulate matter, acidification and ozone formation. Results and discussion: The main contributors to almost all impact categories are the airframe, the lithium-ion battery and emissions (in the use phase). The airframe has a major impact as it contains energy-intensive, carbon fibre–reinforced composites, the impact of which can be reduced by recycling. The battery dominates mineral resource depletion categories and contributes notably to emission-based categories. Producing batteries using non-fossil energy or shifting to less resource-intensive, next-generation batteries would reduce their impact. Use-phase impacts can be reduced by sourcing non-fossil electricity. Despite the need for multiple battery pack replacements, the comparison with the fossil fuel option (based on equal lifetimes) still showed the electric aircraft contributing less to global warming, even in a high-carbon electricity scenario. By contrast, when it concerned mineral resources, the electric aircraft had greater impact than the fossil fuel based one. Conclusions: A sufficiently long lifetime is key to bringing the all-electric aircraft's environmental impacts (such as global warming) below those of fossil fuel–based aircraft. The high burden of the airframe and batteries can then be outweighed by the benefit of more efficient and emission-free electric propulsion. However, this comes with a trade-off in terms of increased mineral resource use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser Welding of dissimilar & non-ferrous alloys for joining powertrain components in e-vehicles has been well-established in the automotive industry. Despite the advantages that provides compared to other joining methods, the use of Laser welding cannot eliminate the likelihood of having defective and out-of-spec products. To this end, online quality assessment has been widely adopted for welding applications, but it is implemented based on model performance criteria. In this study, the authors are attempting to undertake an explainable featured engineering approach to extract physics semantics from infrared imaging data and link them to holes and insufficient penetration of Al-Cu joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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