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The architectural design of electrodes offers new opportunities for next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs) by increasing surface area, thickness, and active materials mass loading while maintaining good ion diffusion through optimized electrode tortuosity. However, conventional thick electrodes increase ion diffusion length and cause larger ion concentration gradients, limiting reaction kinetics. We demonstrate a strategy for building interpenetrated structures that shortens ion diffusion length and reduces ion concentration inhomogeneity. This free-standing device structure also avoids short-circuiting without needing a separator. The feature size and number of interpenetrated units can be adjusted during printing to balance surface area and ion diffusion. Starting with a 3D-printed interpenetrated polymer substrate, we metallize it to make it conductive. This substrate has two individually addressable electrodes, allowing selective electrodeposition of energy storage materials. Using a Zn//MnO2 battery as a model system, the interpenetrated device outperforms conventional separate electrode configurations, improving volumetric energy density by 221% and exhibiting a higher capacity retention rate of 49% compared to 35% at temperatures from 20 to 0 °C. Our study introduces a new EESD architecture applicable to Li-ion, Na-ion batteries, supercapacitors, etc.

Decarbonization plans depend on the rapid, large-scale deployment of batteries to sufficiently decarbonize the electricity system and on-road transport. This can take many forms, shaped by technology, materials, and supply chain selection, which will have local and global environmental and social impacts. Current knowledge gaps limit the ability of decision-makers to make choices in facilitating battery deployment that minimizes or avoids unintended environmental and social consequences. These gaps include a lack of harmonized, accessible, and up-to-date data on manufacturing and supply chains and shortcomings within sustainability and social impact assessment methods, resulting in uncertainty that limits incorporation of research into policy making. These gaps can lead to unintended detrimental effects of large-scale battery deployment. To support decarbonization goals while minimizing negative environmental and social impacts, we elucidate current barriers to tracking how decision-making for large-scale battery deployment translates to environmental and social impacts and recommend steps to overcome them.

Introduction: This paper constructs a revenue model for an independent electrochemical energy storage (EES) power station with the aim of analyzing its full life-cycle economic benefits under the electricity spot market. Methods: The model integrates the marginal degradation cost (MDC), energy arbitrage, ancillary services, and annual operation and maintenance (O&M) costs to calculate the net profits of the EES power station. Using an iterative optimization approach, we determine the optimal MDC and analyze the economic end of life (EOL) for different types of EES power stations. Results: By examining real-world examples from the California energy market, we find that the full life-cycle benefits of an EES power station peak when its MDC is optimal, at $45/MWh-throughput. Under these conditions, the economic and physical EOL of commercial/industrial EES power station is 9 years, while the economic EOL of residential-grade EES power station is 8 years, which is shorter than their physical EOL of 9 years. Discussion: The study further indicates that the economic life of an EES power station is influenced by multiple factors, and operators need to determine the optimal economic EOL to maximize revenue based on battery degradation characteristics, market conditions and operational strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biredox deep‐eutectic solvents (DESs)‐based electrolytes have shown unique features in non‐aqueous asymmetrical redox flow batteries (RFBs) that can potentially mitigate the crossover issue. However, strong intermolecular interactions among the electrolyte constituents in DESs bring in practical challenges such as limited mass transfer rates, slow redox kinetics, and degraded cyclability. Here, by using a novel biredox‐type DES based on 4‐methoxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (4‐MeO‐TEMPO) and 3,3′‐dimethylazobenzene (3,3′‐Azo) as a model electrolyte system, the intermolecular interaction involving in the biredox DESs is unlocked by first‐principles calculations, and their influence on the electrochemical performance of biredox DESs couples is systematically investigated in comprehensive consideration of the solvents and the supporting salts. It demonstrates that employing tetrabutylammonium bis‐trifluoromethane sulfonimidate‐acetonitrile as the supporting electrolyte synergistically weakens the intermolecular interactions within the DESs, thereby significantly promoting the redox kinetics and electrochemical reversibility in non‐aqueous symmetrical RBFs. With such an optimized electrolyte, a prototype symmetrical cell under static mode is capable of delivering a high output voltage of ∼2.15 V, a decent cyclability, and the exceptional rate capability with a current density of 25 mA cm−2. This study provides a simple yet effective way to develop advanced RFBs with dependable electrolyte regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass and biowaste resources can be used to create self‐doped carbon with a distinctive microstructure. Using an economical and environmentally friendly method to create heteroatom‐doped carbon electrode materials with excellent electrochemical performance has attracted much attention in the energy storage industry. A novel facile two‐step, low‐cost, and eco‐friendly synthesis method for Colocasia esculenta peels has been developed to manufacture activated carbon (CEPAC) and used as an electrode material for supercapacitor application. The CEPAC 1:1 displayed a high specific surface area of 910 m2/g with oxygen‐heteroatom polar sites in the carbon network. A specific capacitance of 525.3 F/g was recorded in the three‐electrode system using a 3 M KOH solution. The assembled symmetric cell delivered an impressive specific capacitance of 98.7 F/g at 1 A/g while maintaining 98.4% of the initially recorded capacitance after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles. These results present a promising low‐cost and simple processing route for synthesizing electrode materials with superior surface properties for high‐performance supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to enhance electrochemical energy storage in supercapacitors by optimizing the synthesis temperature of MoO 3 nanostructures using a hydrothermal technique. MoO 3 nanostructures were synthesized using a hydrothermal technique, with reaction temperatures ranging from 140 to 230 °C for 24 h. The materials were analyzed using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The findings indicate that at 200 °C, a pure hexagonal phase of MoO 3 was obtained, while different temperatures resulted in a combination of orthorhombic and hexagonal phases. The SEM analysis demonstrated that the morphology of the MoO 3 nanostructures varied depending on the synthesis temperature. These variations encompass the particles, spherical planar structures, and nanorods. The prepared samples were subjected to electrochemical analysis to explore their electrochemical properties, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD). The electrochemical performances of the prepared samples varied depending on the temperature at which the MoO 3 samples were prepared, resulting in different morphologies. The sample prepared at 220 °C exhibited the highest specific capacitance (C S) of 330 F/g, a minimal charge-transfer resistance (R CT) of 1800 Ω, an energy density of 16.50 Wh/kg, and a power density of 150 W/kg with symmetric and asymmetric device C S values of 125 and 115 F/g, respectively, compared to the other prepared samples. The observed outcomes can be attributed to the diverse morphology of MoO 3 nanostructures and the high electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of 7.43 × 10−5 F/cm2 that were synthesized at different hydrothermal temperatures. This diversity in morphology and ECSA leads to the presence of active surface area sites, thereby enhancing electrochemical activity. These findings highlight the effect of synthesis temperature on the morphology, crystal structure, and electrochemical performance of MoO 3 nanostructures for supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As modern civilization's energy demands continue to rise, the need for efficient renewable energy solutions becomes increasingly critical. In addressing this challenge, our research explores the potential of newly developed iron (Fe)-doped molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film electrodes, synthesized through a simple hydrothermal method, as a promising energy storage device. By systematically varying the Fe doping levels, we aim to elucidate the relationship between Fe content and the structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of the MoS2 electrodes. The optimized FM-3 electrode exhibited a remarkable areal capacitance of 8.25 F/cm2 at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 with an energy density of 0.22 mWh/cm2 and a power density of 2.2 mW/cm2. Furthermore, the FM-3 demonstrated impressive long-term cycling stability, retaining 85.58% of its initial capacitance after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. To further explore practical applicability, an asymmetric pouch-type supercapacitor device was assembled using an FM-3 electrode and activated carbon. The device achieved an impressive areal capacitance of 0.43 F/cm2 at a current density of 20 mA/cm2, delivering an energy density of 0.133 mWh/cm2 and a power density of 7.5 mW/cm2. The exceptional performance of the FM-3 electrode can be attributed to the enhanced diffusion rate, charge transfer efficiency, and better carrier mobility induced by Fe doping. This work not only highlights the significant electrochemical performance improvements of Fe-doped MoS2 electrodes but also demonstrates their potential for scalable energy storage solutions, making a valuable contribution to the field of next-generation energy storage technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) have become an ideal alternative to lithium‐ion batteries in the field of electrochemical energy storage due to their abundant raw materials and cost‐effectiveness. With the progress of human society, the requirements for energy storage systems in extreme environments, such as deep‐sea exploration, aerospace missions, and tunnel operations, have become more stringent. The comprehensive performance of NIBs at low temperatures (LTs) has also become an important consideration. Under LT conditions, challenges such as increased viscosity of electrolyte, abnormal growth of solid electrolyte interface, and poor contact between collector and electrode materials emerge. The aforementioned issues hinder the diffusion kinetics of sodium ions (Na+) at the electrode/electrolyte interface and cause rapid degradation of battery performance. Consequently, the optimization of electrolyte composition and cathode/anode materials becomes an effective approach to improve LT performance. This review discusses the conduction behavior and limiting factors of Na+ in both solid electrodes and liquid electrolytes at LT. Furthermore, it systematically reviews the recent research progress of LT NIBs from three aspects: cathode materials, anode materials, and electrolyte components. This review aims to provide a valuable reference for developing high‐performance LT NIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous graphene materials possess a larger specific surface area and a more abundant presence of active sites compared to non‐porous graphene materials, resulting in enhanced electrochemical properties. The presence of in‐plane nanopores facilitates the transmission of ions and mass, further expanding the potential applications of graphene materials in electrochemical energy storage and various other fields. In this study, a rapid synthesis of porous graphene was achieved through a microwave‐assisted chemical etching method. With the aid of microwave radiation, the etchant efficiently reduced the oxygen‐containing groups within the graphene structure, consequently generating nanopores with an approximate diameter of 10 nm. By optimizing the microwave treatment parameters, including pretreatment time, etching time, amount of etchant H2O2, and microwave power, the area percentage of nanopores in the graphene material was controlled to enhance its electrochemical properties. Porous graphene materials exhibited excellent specific capacitance and rate capability, making it a promising material for capacitor applications. Moreover, the lower internal resistance of porous graphene, compared to non‐porous graphene, demonstrated the significant role of nanopores in enhancing the electrochemical performance. These findings highlight the potential of porous graphene for use in electrochemical energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing energy storage plants currently employ traditional steam compression refrigeration, and the utilization ratio of natural cold sources requires enhancement. The introduction of air pump heat pipe technology can remedy this problem. According to the temperature control indicators of the air-cooled energy storage battery cabinet, the 20 kW air-cooled gas pump heat pipe composite air condition prototype was designed and the experimental study on the prototype performance is conducted. The testing methodology utilizes the enthalpy difference method, with the outdoor dry-bulb temperature controlled between -5 ℃ and 35 ℃. Data pertaining to the cooling capacity and power consumption of the prototype at 100% load are meticulously recorded for analysis. The results show:1) Lithium batteries work best in the range of 15 ℃～35 ℃. During the charging/discharging process, excessive temperature difference between battery cells can cause series capacity mismatch, insufficient charging between parallel circuit batteries/clusters, and incomplete discharge; 2) Traditional battery cabinets do not have cold/hot channel isolation, and there is a certain amount of airflow mixing. It is necessary to control the return air temperature of the air-cooled air condition in the energy storage battery cabinet to 25±1 ℃; 3) Under the same condenser and evaporator configuration, the energy efficiency ratio(EER)of traditional air-cooled air condition and gas pump heat pipe composite air condition are both 2. 21 under outdoor operating conditions of 35 ℃, the EER reach 3.81 under outdoor operating conditions of 10 ℃, the EER reach 5. 63 under air pump heat pipe composite air condition, indicating good energy-saving potential; 4) The gas pump heat pipe composite air condition technology is simple, reliable, and has good energy-saving advantages. Under all outdoor operating conditions, the annual energy efficiency ratio (AEER) of traditional air-cooled air condition is 3. 31, while the AEER of air pump heat pipe composite air condition is 4.04. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon materials have long been the primary electrode materials for a series of electrochemical devices, but their applications for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are still restricted by limited embedding pathways between narrow graphene layers owing to relatively large size of Na+. Here, the narrow interlayer issue is circumvented by enlarging the surface active sites of carbon materials, and the SIB performance is significantly promoted owing to enhanced surface energy storage. To provide more active areas and reduced ion diffusion distance, carbon nanosheets (CNSs) with ultrathin overall structure and highly porous microstructure were prepared by direct pyrolysis of potassium citrate. Potassium species serve as templates and activation agent for organic species carbonization and activation. The CNS exhibits an ultrahigh-specific surface area of 2062.7 m2 g−1 due to its rich porous structure and two-dimensional nanosheet structure. These characteristics make our CNSs have numerous defects and active sites, as well as the reduced diffusion path for sodium-ion diffusion. CNS-700 also shows excellent energy storage performance as electrode material of SIBs. When used as an anode material, the CNS-700 exhibits a reversible capacity of 230 mA h g−1 when cycled at 0.3 A g−1 for 550 cycles. Furthermore, the CNS-700 displays a capacity of 175 mA h g‒1 when the current increases to 2 A g‒1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a scanning probe technique capable of imaging substrate topography and measuring the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces. Since introduced by Allen J. Bard and co-workers in 1989, it has expanded into a wide variety of fields, such as nanomaterial characterization, energy, kinetics, electrocatalysis, metal anti-corrosion, biology and instrumental development. SECM uses an ultra-microelectrode as the probe to record redox current during probe scanning across sample surfaces to obtain local topography and electrochemical reactivity of samples. Specifically, three main topics are reviewed and discussed: (1) the working principles and operating modes of SECM; (2) the recent developments in the application of SECM in energy science, including solar cell, rechargeable batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors, with an emphasis on the last five years (2019–2023); (3) the perspectives and outlook of SECM in various energy devices. We anticipate that a wider adoption of SECM by the energy community will allow for the operando characterization of many types of reactions, and hold the potential to provide new insights into the structure/activity and composition/activity relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights A new and compact device configuration was created with two interpenetrated, individually addressable electrodes, allowing precise control over the geometric features and interactions between the electrodes. The interpenetrated electrode design improves ion diffusion kinetics in electrochemical energy storage devices by shortening the ion diffusion length and reducing ion concentration inhomogeneity. The device with interpenetrated electrodes outperformed the traditional separate electrode configuration, enhancing both volumetric energy density and capacity retention rate.

ObjectivesThe lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) composite cathode materials with both high mass activity and high volume activity were designed.MethodsBy scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Kanta fully automatic specific surface and pore size analyzer, and four-probe tester, the micromorphology, stacking mode, contact mode and interface characteristics between particles were analyzed for the impact of conductivity and electrical properties of composite electrodes.ResultsMesoporous activated carbon (MC) and monodisperse graphene/single-walled carbon nanotube hybrid (GNH) were mixed, followed by compressing tightly to prepare the lithium-ion capacitor cathode material. GNH were uniformly wrapped around the surface of MC particles with face-to-face connection, which increases the contact area. Then, the even 3D conductive network constructed by GNH among the individual MC particles provided high electrical conductivity and accelerated electron conduction. In addition, GNH were located at the high ion concentration side due to their exohedral surface structure. Meanwhile, a contact potential difference effect existed between GNH (the easy conductive one) and MC (the poor conductive one). This produced rapid ion and electron dual transport channels at the interface between GNH and MC, and boosted ion diffusion in the porous structure inside MC particles. It will help avoid the loss of capacity from slow ion diffusion at higher current densities.ConclusionsThe addition of 5% GNH brings about outstanding rate performance, and higher mass and volumetric energy density, but does not reduce the packing density.

As new energy sources such as solar and wind energy develop rapidly, energy storage will usher in explosive growth owing to its ability to solve the problems of intermittent power generation. Vanadium redox flow battery has the characteristics of intrinsic safety, excellent lifecycle economical efficiency, and environmental friendliness, and is ready for industrial application; therefore, such battery becomes increasingly important in the field of energy storage. This study analyzes the development trend of the vanadium redox flow battery. Considering the unit vanadium consumption of the vanadium redox flow battery, it predicts the demand trend of vanadium resources in the energy storage field under three scenarios: high-speed, reference, and low-speed development. The demand for vanadium resources will increase rapidly in the future, especially under the high-growth scenario, and the global demand for vanadium resources in 2040 will increase by 276?338 times compared with that in 2021. With the rapid development of vanadium redox flow batteries, vanadium resources will be in short supply in the future. In view of the above situations, countermeasures for ensuring the supply of vanadium resources are proposed: (1) promoting technological research regarding vanadium redox flow batteries; (2) strengthening the geological exploration of vanadium mines to explore new vanadium resources; (3) innovating the methods and technologies for extracting vanadium from vanadium-titanium magnetite to improve the utilization efficiency of vanadium resources; (4) increasing the recycling of vanadium resources; and (5) emphasizing the layout and development of overseas vanadium-titanium magnetite.

[Display omitted] Hard carbon as a negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) has great commercial potential and has been widely studied. The sodium-ion intercalation in graphite domains and the filling of closed pores in the low voltage platform region still remain a subject of controversy. We have successfully constructed hard carbon materials with a pseudo-graphitic structure by using polymerizable p -phenylenediamine and dichloromethane as carbon sources. This was achieved by a halogenated amination reaction and oxidative polymerization. It was found that the capacity of hard carbon materials mainly originates from intercalation into graphite domains. The study found that the prepared hard carbon could store 339.33 mAh g−1 of sodium in a reversible way at a current density of 25 mA g−1, and it had an initial coulomb efficiency of 80.23%. It even maintained a reversible sodium storage capacity of 125.53 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 12.8 A g−1. Based on the analysis of hard carbon structure and electrochemical performance, it was shown that the materials conform with an "adsorption-intercalation" mechanism for sodium storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The layered vanadium oxide electrode material has a series of advantages such as high capacity, considerable high temperature performance, low cost and good safety, and is one of the alternative electrode materials for the next generation of high-performance secondary ion batteries. Although the energy storage performance of layered vanadium oxide electrode materials is continuously improving, the problem of poor structural stability of layered vanadium oxides during the cycling process has not been solved. The layered NH4V4O10 material has been widely concerned and applied because of its special structural stability. In this paper, the electrochemical performance and energy storage mechanism of layered NH4V4O10 materials in different types of ion batteries are systematically summarized and discussed, and the optimization strategy of NH4V4O10 materials is classified and expounded. Finally, the development prospect of layered NH4V4O10 materials is proposed, which provides new insights for further improving its electrochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, β-NiS nanoparticles (NPs) were efficiently prepared by a straightforward hydrothermal process. The difference in morphology between these NiS NPs was produced by adding different amounts of thiourea, and the corresponding products were denoted as NiS-15 and NiS-5. Through electrochemical tests, the specific capacity (Cs) of NiS-15 was determined to be 638.34 C g−1 at 1 A g−1, compared to 558.17 C g−1 for NiS-5. To explore the practical application potential of such β-NiS NPs in supercapacitors, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) device was assembled with activated carbon (AC) as an anode. Benefitting from the high capacity of the NiS cathode and the large voltage window of the device, the NiS-15//AC HSC showed a high energy density (Ed) of 43.57 W h kg−1 at 936.92 W kg−1, and the NiS-5//AC HSC provided an inferior Ed of 37.89 W h kg−1 at 954.79 W kg−1. Both HSCs showed excellent cycling performance over 6000 cycles at 10 A g−1. The experimental findings suggest that both NiS-15 and NiS-5 in this study can serve as potential cathodes for high-performance supercapacitors. This current synthesis method is simple and can be extended to the preparation of other transition metal sulfide (TMS)-based electrode materials with exceptional electrochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose microspheres have a wide range of applications due to their unique properties and versatility. Various preparation methods have been explored to tailor these microspheres for specific applications. Among these methods, the acetate method using cellulose acetate is well known. However, replacement of the acetate group through the butyrate group significantly extends the variety of morphological properties. In the present work, microspheres based on cellulose acetate butyrate are being developed with modified characteristics in terms of particle size, porosity, surface morphology and the inner structure of the microspheres. While the inner structure of cellulose acetate microspheres is predominantly porous, microspheres prepared from cellulose acetate butyrate are mainly filled or contain several smaller microspheres. Carbon materials from cellulose acetate butyrate microspheres exhibit a high specific surface area of 567 m2 g−1, even without further activation. Activation processes can further increase the specific surface area, accompanied by an adaptation of the pore structure. The prepared carbons show promising results in symmetrical supercapacitors with aqueous 6 M KOH electrolytes. Activated carbons derived from cellulose acetate butyrate microspheres demonstrate an energy density of 12 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 0.9 kW kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium batteries have been widely utilized in wide‐ranging electronic devices, from smartphones to electric vehicles. This review explores a new area of advanced materials for energy storage application, especially focusing on solid electrolyte membranes for lithium battery. To enhance the overall performance of lithium batteries, researchers are studying solid electrolyte membranes, aiming to overcome the limitations of liquid electrolytes and other traditional membranes. Recently, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent‐organic frameworks (COFs) exhibit promising characteristics due to their highly organized porous nature and structural properties. These frameworks hold significant potential as a viable component for lithium battery systems, especially in advanced separator/electrolyte setups. Because of their adjustable structural design, MOFs and COFs have the capacity to enhance battery performance by facilitating ion movement, providing superior mechanical stability, and safety. This review provides insight into the recent progress achieved by integrating MOFs and COFs into solid electrolyte membranes for lithium batteries, highlighting their potential advantages, associated challenges, and future research avenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current high-energy-density Li-ion batteries use stoichiometric Li 3d transition metal oxides as positive electrodes, which are conventionally described purely by transition-metal redox during routine operating windows. Their practical specific capacities (mAh/g) may be increased by widening their operational voltage window, using Li-excess compositions, or a combination of the two, both of which have shown increasing evidence of O participation in the charge-compensation mechanism. Understanding how this influences the electrochemical performance of these cathodes has been of great interest. Therefore, this review summarizes the current understanding of O participation in alkali-ion battery cathode charge compensation. Particular scrutiny is applied to the experimental observations and theoretical models used to explain the consequences of O participation in charge compensation. The charge-compensation mechanism of LiNiO2 is revisited to highlight the role of O hole formation during delithiation and is discussed within the wider context of Li-excess cathodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapattery, an energy harvesting device that combines key characteristics of supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries, has demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance due to its exceptional cycle stability and high power and energy densities. The hydrothermal synthesis of a CoMgS/ZnO composite was performed in this investigation, which enabled the evaluation of its electrochemical and structural properties. The specific capacity of the cobalt magnesium sulphide (CoMgS) nanocomposite electrode material experienced a substantial increase from 510 to 998 C g−1 at 5 mV s−1 when ZnO was added. This improvement resulted from the addition of ZnO, which increased conductivity and enhanced redox active sites. A supercapattery device has demonstrated a remarkable specific capacity of 398 C g−1 at 2 A g−1. Furthermore, it exhibits an exceptional power density of 2653.88 W kg−1 and a noteworthy energy density of 36.18 Wh kg−1. Even after subjecting the hybrid device to 5000 GCD cycles, it retained an impressive 96.84% of its initial capacity. Besides, the electrode material is also used for the photochemical activity. The findings offer substantial guidance for designing electrodes from nanocomposite-related materials for supercapattery, and they also support the stability and functionality of energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review provides an overview of the latest innovations, trends, and challenges in the field of 3D‐printed metal and metal‐ion batteries. It focuses on the materials used in the printing of batteries, including electrodes, electrolytes, and other electroactive components. Compared to other high‐quality reviews on the topic, this review provides a broader selection of materials that are expected to gain attention in the next few years, such as redox‐active polymers and metal‐organic frameworks. This work gives an overview and insight into the latest trends in printing techniques as well as a statistical review of their uses and strengths. We have also gathered the latest works done for each of the material types, and we have taken the opportunity to put them in context and use them to exemplify in which direction is the field going. The review concludes with a critical view of the challenges ahead and a discussion of the direction that the field is taking as well as the external factors that might help to define its future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the family of transition metal sulfides, nickel disulfide (NiS2) received significant attention in the recent past, particularly as an electrode‐active material for supercapacitors due to its high specific capacitance, high power density, long cyclic stability, and low cost. A detailed overview on the supercapacitor applications of NiS2 is lacking in the literature. In this review article, the unique features of NiS2 in terms of its various methods of synthesis, characterizations, and electrochemical performance evaluations are described. This review provides an in‐depth understanding on the unique properties of ultrathin nanostructured NiS2 such as structural properties, electronic properties, optical properties, and so on. Later, the various methods of synthesis including hydrothermal method, solvothermal method, solvent‐free approach, and so on are reviewed. Further, the strategies are discussed to improve the electrochemical performance of NiS2 by preparing hybrids or nanocomposites with other types of electrode‐active materials. The influence of electrode nanostructure and surface morphology on the charge storage is discussed with the help of specific examples. Furthermore, the potential challenges and future perspectives of NiS2 for commercial supercapacitors are examined. This review proclaims the development of novel approaches and strategies for the effective utilization of NiS2‐based electrodes for high‐performance low‐cost supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) offer a promising solution for energy storage due to their scalability and long lifespan, making them particularly attractive for integrating renewable energy sources with fluctuating power output. This study investigates the performance of a prototype Zinc-Chlorine Flow Battery (ZCFB) designed for low-cost and readily available electrolytes. The ZCFB utilizes a saltwater electrolyte containing ZnCl2 and NaCl, paired with a mineral spirits catholyte. The electrolyte consists of a 4 M ZnCl2 and a 2 M NaCl solution, both with a pH of 4.55. The anode was a zinc metal electrode, while the cathode comprised a porous carbon electrode on a titanium grid current collector. The cell volume was approximately 4.0 mL, with separate reservoirs for the NaCl/H2O and mineral spirits electrolytes. Experiments were conducted under constant current conditions, with a 0.2 A charging current and a 5 mA discharge current chosen for optimal cell voltage. The study analyzed the relationship between voltage, current, power, and capacity during both charging and discharging cycles. Results from multiple charge/discharge cycles found that the current density of the battery is around 62.658 mA/cm2 with an energy capacity average of 1.2 Wh. These findings can contribute to the development of more efficient and practical ZCFBs, particularly for applications requiring low-cost and readily available electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CoNi LDH nanostructures with large specific surface areas were prepared through a facile sonochemical approach in the solutions with different pH values. The CoNi LDH exhibited battery-type electrochemical response with the highest capacity of 740.8C/g at 1 A/g in 2 M of KOH electrolyte. The assembled CoNi LDH//AC hybrid supercapacitor delivered the highest energy density of 35.6 W h kg−1 at the power density of 781.1 W kg−1. [Display omitted] • CoNi LDH nanostructures with large surface area were sonochemically prepared. • A high specific capacity of 740.8C/g at 1 A/g was delivered. • Just a little capacity decay over 5000 cycles at a high current density of 8 A/g. • The HSC device delivered an energy density of 35.6 W h kg−1 at 781.1 W kg−1. Fabricating battery-type electrode materials with large specific surface area and mesopores is an efficient method for enhancing the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. This method may provide more active sites for Faradic reactions and shorten the ion-diffusion paths. In this study, the CoNi layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with the morphology of nanoflowers and nanoflakes were prepared in solutions with pH values of 7.5 (CoNi LDH-7.5) and 8.5 (CoNi LDH-8.5) via a simple sonochemical approach. These CoNi LDHs possessed large specific surface areas and favourable electrochemical properties. The CoNi LDH-7.5 delivered a specific capacity of 740.8C/g at a current density of 1 A/g, surpassing CoNi LDH-8.5 with 668.1C/g. The hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) was assembled with activated carbon as the anode and CoNi LDH as the cathode to assess its practical application potential in the field of electrochemical energy storage. The CoNi LDH-7.5//AC HSC achieved the highest energy density of 35.6 W h kg−1 at a power density of 781.1 W kg−1. In addition, both HSCs exhibited little capacity decay over 5,000 cycles at a high current load of 8 A/g. These electrochemical properties of CoNi LDHs make them promising candidates for battery-type electrode materials. The current sonochemical method is simple and can be applied to the preparation of other LDHs-based electrode materials with favourable electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel idea of using carbon foam (CF) is introduced to enhance the electrochemical performance of a slurry electrode system in a proton flow reactor system. Steam-activated and acid-washed Norit from peat is used as active charge carrier particles to prepare 15 wt% carbon slurry to be used in this study. The slurry flow rates in the experimental electrochemical system can be varied from 0 to 200 ml min−1, while using two channel widths of 1.6 cm and 2 cm to facilitate the slurry flow. Two sets of CFs with 10 pores per inch (PPI) and 5 PPI are used to understand the effect of introducing CFs with different pore sizes on the performance of slurry electrode. Slurry is charged slurry up to 100 C under constant application of 10 mA and 30 mA. After adding CF, the results show a significant drop in charging potential to generate both levels of current of 25% after using 5 PPI and 41% with 10 PPI. Furthermore, using the narrow channel flow of 1.6 cm and increasing the slurry flow rate from 100 ml min−1 to 150 ml min−1 lower the charging potential considerably by 19% and 21% (compared to base slurry) for 5 PPI and 10 PPI CF, respectively. Application of CF further enables the system to attain higher discharging time during the discharge cycle, and a maximum of 336% and 115% discharging capacity improvement is observed with 10 PPI and 5 PPI CF, respectively. • The use of carbon foam in the context of a slurry-based proton flow reactor is experimentally investigated. • By introducing carbon foam both electronic and ionic resistances of the carbon slurry are reduced significantly. • Slurry charging potential is dropped by 21% and 19% after adding 10 PPI and 5 PPI carbon foams, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant advancement in materials science has been made with the 2D MXene nanomaterials that were etched from their parent 3D MAX phases. Layered ternary carbide, nitride, and boride compounds with the general formula Mn+1AXn (n=1,2, 3,4 ...) make up the 3D MAX phase materials, where A is an element of Group IIA or IIIA, M is an early transition metal, and X is either C, N, or B. MXene's chemical formula is Mn+1Xn, whereas that of the precursor is Mn+1AXn. The MAX materials have a distinct set of properties that are similar to those of metal and ceramic. They are helpful in the development of high-efficiency engines, thermal systems that can withstand damage, fatigue resistance enhancement, and high-temperature rigidity retention technologies. The 2D MXenes are potentially described as a „wonder material‟ in the class of nanomaterials. Because of their intriguing mechanical properties resulting from their atomically thin dimensions, as well as their unusual electrical and optical properties, these have become the focus of materials research in recent years. These nanomaterials are multilayer electrically conductive materials that are comparable to multilayer graphene. They have been discovered to be beneficial for a variety of applications, such as energy storage materials, composite reinforcement, chemical, environmental, and biological sensors, and electronic devices. The recent advancements in the use of nanomaterials in optoelectronics, field-effect transistors, transparent conductive electrodes and shielding against electromagnetic interference, energy storage, and other fields have been extensively documented. The potential of nanomaterials as a novel ceramic photothermal agent employed in cancer therapy has been revealed by a very recent study on Ti3C2 MXene. The same 2D nanomaterial can be used in water desalination and purification membranes since it has antibacterial qualities and is resistant to bio fouling. The MXene-based piezoresistive sensor is also capable of detecting weak pressures and the slight bending-release actions of humans. It can be applied to recover lost frictional energy from, say, walking or typing-related muscular contractions. Since MAX phases are precursors to MXenes, the former are valuable due to the growing interest in the latter. This review provides an overview of the literature, including the author's own work, from the groundbreaking MXene publication to the present. It provides information on the characteristics, synthesis, crystal structure, and current and future uses of the new wonder materials as well as the MAX phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous materials have attracted significant research interests due to its tunable pore structure, controllable chemical composition, and broad application prospects. Compared with traditional threedimensional mesoporous materials, two-dimensional mesoporous materials have larger specific surface area, shorter diffusion distance, and higher exposure of active sites. Therefore, two-dimensional mesoporous materials exhibit excellent performance in applications such as catalysis, gas adsorption, as well as energy storge and conversion. In this review, based on bottom-up and top-down synthetic strategies, we summarize the research progress of synthetic methods of two-dimensional mesoporous materials in recent years. Then, we discuss their applications in electrochemical energy storage, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and gas sensing. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future development directions and challenges of twodimensional mesoporous materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano metal–organic frameworks as an attractive new class of porous materials, are synthesized via metal ions and organic ligands. With their desirable properties of abundant pores, high specific surface areas, fully exposed active sites and controllable structures, nano MOFs are acknowledged to be one of the most vital materials in electrochemical energy storages. However, in their practical applications, nano MOFs are still confronted with various difficulties and challenges because of their low conductivity, poor stability, and other disadvantages. The selection and development of MOF composites, MOF–derived materials and modified MOFs might be beneficial to use as better electrode materials to greatly improve the electrochemical properties of energy storage devices. This paper mainly focuses on the recent developments of nano MOFs as prospective materials in electrochemical energy storage applications, including lithium–ion batteries (LIB), lithium–sulfur batteries (LSB), zinc–ion batteries (ZIB), and supercapacitors (SCs). Finally, the challenges faced by these kinds of energy storage devices are proposed, along with the current directions and prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapatteries are contemporary electrochemical energy‐storage devices that bridge the gap between the conventional supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries. Supercapatteries utilize battery‐type electrode‐active materials for their charge storage. Among the various futuristic materials, transition‐metal dichalcogenides receive prominent attention due to their excellent charge‐storage capabilities. Herein, the microwave‐assisted hydrothermal synthesis of layered two‐dimensional (2D) nickel sulfide nanosheets (NSN) and their application as electrode‐active materials in high‐performance asymmetric supercapatteries are reported. The layered 2D architecture is preferred for the electrode‐active materials as the layered electrode nanostructure provides a hindrance‐free movement to the electrolyte ions through it during the charge‐storage process that include intercalation/deintercalation mechanisms. The electrochemical thermal stability of the 2D NSN electrode reveals that its stability in KOH (aqueous) electrolyte is better than that in LiOH (aqueous) and NaOH (aqueous) electrolytes. The supercapattery electrode synthesized using 2D NSN exhibits excellent electrochemical charge‐storage performances bearing a maximum specific capacity of 594.77 C g−1 (an equivalent mass‐specific capacitance of 991.29 F g−1) in 2 M KOH (aqueous) electrolyte. The electrochemical cycling performance of the 2D NSN electrode shows a stability over 40 000 cycles without any significant capacity loss. An asymmetric supercapattery device fabricated with 2D NSN electrode as positrode and activated carbon as negatrode exhibits a maximum mass‐specific capacity of 143.58 C g−1 with a corresponding energy density of 29.91 Wh kg−1 in 2 M KOH (aqueous) electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In addition to their many well-known advantages (e.g., ultra-high porosity, good pore size distribution, easy functionalization, and structural tolerability), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new class of advanced functional materials. However, their backbones are highly susceptible to deformation after exposure to acidic or alkaline conditions. As a result of lithium-ion batteries embedding or detaching directly from MOFs, they irreversibly collapse. As a result, they fail to maintain their electrochemical performance. These factors have hindered the development of MOFs as direct electrode materials, making the design of MOF materials with controlled morphology and stable dimensions a new challenge. In this study, we adopted a versatile and effective method to synthesize a novel MOF material (NiCo-BP (BP = BTC/phen and BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid)) using the rigid ligands 1,10-phenanthroline and homobenzotrizoic acid, and the emergence of the Ni–O/N and Co–O/N coordination layers was observed by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) tests, indicating that Ni and Co were coordinated with heterocyclic N-given atoms to form a stable p–π conjugated structure. Meanwhile, the metal-ion is attached to the carboxylic acid ligand on the other side, making the metal-organic skeleton complete and robust. The nanosphere structure of NiCo-BP (∼ 400 nm) allows for full exposure and utilisation of the active sites, especially the Ni, Co, and phenanthroline units, and exhibit impressively high specific capacity and cycling stability. At a high current density of 1.0 A·g−1, a high discharge specific capacity of 631.6 mAh·g−1 was obtained after 1000 cycles. The co-participation of two organic ligands in the coordination is in accordance with the theory of soft and hard acids and bases, which contributes to the ability of the material to maintain a high capacity in cycling as well as its cyclic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Current solid- and liquid-state electrode materials with extreme physical states show inherent limitation in achieving the ultra-stable batteries. Herein, we present a colloidal electrode design with an intermediate physical state to integrate the advantages of both solid- and liquid-state materials. The colloidal electrode was designed based on the inherent water competition effect of (SO4)2− from the aqueous electrolyte and inherently water-soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG)/ZnI2 from the cathode. The constructed aqueous Zn||PEG/ZnI2 colloid battery demonstrated ultra-stable cycling performance with Coulombic efficiencies approaching 100% and a capacity retention of 86.7% over 10,700 cycles, without requiring anodic modification. In addition, the battery also exhibits compatibility with multiple operating conditions including fluctuating charging, limited self-discharging rate, different charging statuses, and fast charging. Moreover, the battery also shows practical potential by integrating with a photovoltaic solar panel charging. This design provides a broad platform for building the next-generation aqueous batteries with ultra-long lifetime.

Summary: An extended lithium-ion battery model is proposed, which simplifies the solid-liquid diffusion process compared with the full-order pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) model, in order to reduce computational complexity and enhance modeling speed. To simplify the model, the three-parameter method is utilized to simplify the solid-phase diffusion process. Meanwhile, exponential fitting is applied to simplify the liquid-phase diffusion process. In addition, the average current flux is used to simplify the current exchange density at the solid-liquid interface. Finally, experiments are performed to verify the model, and experimental results demonstrate that, even though fewer parameters need to be identified, the simplified model still has satisfied accuracy under constant current and dynamic situations.

Abstract Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) have become an ideal alternative to lithium‐ion batteries in the field of electrochemical energy storage due to their abundant raw materials and cost‐effectiveness. With the progress of human society, the requirements for energy storage systems in extreme environments, such as deep‐sea exploration, aerospace missions, and tunnel operations, have become more stringent. The comprehensive performance of NIBs at low temperatures (LTs) has also become an important consideration. Under LT conditions, challenges such as increased viscosity of electrolyte, abnormal growth of solid electrolyte interface, and poor contact between collector and electrode materials emerge. The aforementioned issues hinder the diffusion kinetics of sodium ions (Na+) at the electrode/electrolyte interface and cause rapid degradation of battery performance. Consequently, the optimization of electrolyte composition and cathode/anode materials becomes an effective approach to improve LT performance. This review discusses the conduction behavior and limiting factors of Na+ in both solid electrodes and liquid electrolytes at LT. Furthermore, it systematically reviews the recent research progress of LT NIBs from three aspects: cathode materials, anode materials, and electrolyte components. This review aims to provide a valuable reference for developing high‐performance LT NIBs.

IntroductionThis paper constructs a revenue model for an independent electrochemical energy storage (EES) power station with the aim of analyzing its full life-cycle economic benefits under the electricity spot market.MethodsThe model integrates the marginal degradation cost (MDC), energy arbitrage, ancillary services, and annual operation and maintenance (O&M) costs to calculate the net profits of the EES power station. Using an iterative optimization approach, we determine the optimal MDC and analyze the economic end of life (EOL) for different types of EES power stations.ResultsBy examining real-world examples from the California energy market, we find that the full life-cycle benefits of an EES power station peak when its MDC is optimal, at $45/MWh-throughput. Under these conditions, the economic and physical EOL of commercial/industrial EES power station is 9 years, while the economic EOL of residential-grade EES power station is 8 years, which is shorter than their physical EOL of 9 years.DiscussionThe study further indicates that the economic life of an EES power station is influenced by multiple factors, and operators need to determine the optimal economic EOL to maximize revenue based on battery degradation characteristics, market conditions and operational strategy.

Abstract: Electrolytic manganese dioxide is one of the promising cathode candidates for electrochemical energy storage devices due to its high redox capacity and ease of synthesis. Yet, high‐loading MnO2 often suffers from sluggish reaction kinetics, especially in non‐aqueous electrolytes. The non‐uniform deposition of MnO2 on a porous current collectors also makes it difficult to fully utilize the active materials at high mass loading. Here, a 3D printed graded graphene aerogel (3D GA) that contains sparsely separated exterior ligaments is developed to create large open channels for mass transport as well as densely arranged interior ligaments providing large ion‐accessible active surface. The unique structural design homogenizes the thickness of electro deposited MnO2 even at an ultrahigh mass loading of ≈70 mg cm−2. The electrode achieves a remarkable volumetric capacity of 29.1 mA h cm−3 in the non‐aqueous electrolyte. A Li‐ion hybrid capacitor device assembled with a graded 3D GA/MnO2 cathode and graded 3D GA/VOx anode exhibits a wide voltage window of 0–4 V and a superior volumetric energy density of 20.2 W h L−1. The findings offer guidance on 3D printed electrode design for supporting ultrahigh loading of active materials and developments of high energy density energy storage devices.

Phase transformation engineering provides new synthetic opportunities and pathways toward functional materials with desirable phases and structures. However, current phase transformation processes are generally time‐consuming or low‐yielding due to the lack of favorable driving forces. Herein, a superfast and scalable phase transformation technique driven by dual chemical equilibrium is developed. Taking manganese hexacyanoferrate (MnHCF) as an example, precipitation–dissolution and oxidation‐reduction dual chemical equilibrium co‐drive the superfast phase transformation from cubic KMnFe(CN)6 (C‐MnHCF) to monoclinic K2MnFe(CN)6 (M‐MnHCF) and simultaneously oxidative polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy), enabling the formation of homogeneous M‐MnHCF/PPy hybrid materials. For electrochemical energy storage, the uniform hybridization of PPy improves the electrical conductivity, restrains the dissolution of Mn, and more importantly, promotes K+‐intercalation kinetics of the K‐intercalated MnHCF‐based cathodes with a K+/Na+ competing insertion/extraction mechanism. As a result, the M‐MnHCF/PPy hybrid cathode manifests enhanced structural integrity and charge‐transport capability and thus long‐term cyclic life (114.8 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.1 A g−1) and high rate performance (113.3 and 92.7 mAh g−1 at 0.5 and 1 A g−1, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ternary metal oxides have been considered a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based on their stable chemical compositions and abundant active sites. This work doped Mn into BaFe12O19 by a simple hydrothermal method and subsequent annealing treatment. By adjusting the ratio of raw materials, we obtained a Mn-doped BaFe12O19 electrode with an irregular hexagonal morphology. The doped Mn ions are in + 2, + 3, and + 4 valence states. Due to the octahedral position preference, Mn2+ tends to occupy the tetrahedral position. At the same time, Mn4+ favors octahedral coordination, and most Mn resides in (distorted) octahedral coordination in the form of + 3 valence state. Employed as a LIB anode, the specific capacity of the electrode reached 782.57 mA h g−1 after 150 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1. Even at a high current of 1 A g−1, the specific capacity remained at 439.99 mA h g−1 after 450 cycles. Mn-doped BaFe12O19 exhibited better cycling stability and electrochemical performance compared with pure BaFe12O19, which may be attributed to significantly enhanced charge transport kinetics at the interface between electrodes and electrolytes by Mn doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zwitterions (ZIs), which are molecules bearing an equal number of positive and negative charges and typically possessing large dipole moments, can play an important role in improving the characteristics of a wide variety of novel battery electrolytes. Significant Coulombic interactions among ZI charged groups and any mobile ions present can lead to several beneficial phenomena within electrolytes, such as increased salt dissociation, the formation of ordered pathways for ion transport, and enhanced mechanical robustness. In some cases, ZI additives can also boost electrochemical stability at the electrolyte/electrode interface and enable longer battery cycling. Here, a brief summary of selected key historical and recent advances in the use of ZI materials to enrich the performance of three distinct classes of battery electrolytes is presented. These include: ionic liquid‐based, conventional solvent‐based, and solid matrix‐based (non‐ceramic) electrolytes. Exploring a greater chemical diversity of ZI types and electrolyte pairings will likely lead to more discoveries that can empower next‐generation battery designs in the years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]