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Green agriculture needs energy saving and emission reduction agricultural machinery, and it is feasible to replace fossil energy with new energy based on electricity to become the power source of agricultural machinery. Agricultural machinery is a kind of non-road mobile machinery working in farmland, which is a complex and changeable unstructured scene, including paddy field, hilly farmland and facility farmland. Agricultural machinery for the operation of the object that is the crop is also a lot, the operation of the link also contains a plowing and planting management and harvesting and other operational aspects, which makes the agricultural machinery operation load changes, to the design of electric agricultural machinery has brought many technical difficulties, coupled with the rural areas of the maintenance capacity of the poor, small farmers poor affordability and other socio-economic factors, resulting in the popularization of the application of electric agricultural machinery there are many problems that need to be solved. The characteristics of new energy agricultural machinery using pure electric, hybrid, solar auxiliary power and fuel cell power were reviewed. Domestic and foreign largescale agricultural machinery manufacturers have begun to actively layout the field of new energy agricultural equipment, but mainly concentrated in the concept machine stage. Endurance is a key factor restricting the development of electric agricultural equipment. The battery life of pure electric agricultural machinery products mainly relies on the increase of battery energy density, and hybrid agricultural machinery products increase the battery life through fuel, solar energy or clean fuel. Electric agricultural equipment products are currently mainly concentrated in the concept machine stage, the real mass production of products is less, in addition to consumer product cognition issues, economy is the main determining factor. Compared with foreign countries, China's electric vehicles and new energy industry chain is complete, the rapid development of electric construction machinery, to provide favorable conditions for the electrification of agricultural equipment, should make full use of advantages, accelerate the development and promotion of electric agricultural equipment. This paper starts with the operation characteristics of agricultural machinery, analyzes the key technical requirements of electric agricultural machinery on battery components, electric drive components, electric drive control, energy management and collaborative control, discusses the technical methods to increase the battery life of electric agricultural machinery, adapt to low speed and high torque and multipower output conditions, and summarizes the relevant technical research progress. It is suggested that the battery life of agricultural machinery can be increased by increasing the battery energy density, increasing the battery charging efficiency and increasing the auxiliary power supply. In terms of electric drive, agricultural machinery operations require low-speed motors with large torque, and the different speed requirements of transfer fields and operations require electric drive systems with large speed ranges. In terms of control, the whole machine energy algorithm and coordinated control of agricultural machinery is the focus of research, compared with electric vehicles, electric agricultural machinery in addition to providing power to the driving parts, but also need to achieve the power output of each working part, so the multi-power output power dynamic regulation algorithm is one of the focuses of research. The application of electric agricultural machinery in facility planting, hilly and mountainous areas and leisure agriculture was forecast. In view of the existing problems, it is pointed out that in the future, research should be carried out in the aspects of high-pass special chassis, high-adaptation three-power system, electrification transformation of operating parts, intelligent electrification technology integration, etc., to improve the comprehensive performance of electric agricultural machinery, reduce the cost of electric agricultural machinery through agricultural machinery subsidies, agricultural machinery multi-functional, “battery bank” construction and other methods, and improve the promotion speed of electric agricultural machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores the Neapolitan pizza baking process in a traditional wood‐fired oven, employing visual color analysis and IR thermal scanning to detail heat exchange mechanisms. During cooking, the oven floor temperature in the pizza area decreased proportionally to the pizza's mass, whereas the free area maintained a constant temperature of 439 ± 3°C. An IR thermal camera indicated that the oven dome temperature reached approximately 480°C with a weak flame and 500°C with a strong flame. The pizza's bottom achieved a maximum temperature of 100 ± 9°C, facilitated by the Pizzaiolo's skill in lifting and rotating the pizza for uniform cooking. Top temperatures varied: up to 180°C for white pizza and 84°C and 67°C for tomato and Margherita pizzas, respectively. IRIS electronic eye analysis revealed more browning and blackening on the pizza's top compared to its bottom, with peaks of about 26% and 8% for white pizza, respectively. Rapid baking is pivotal in Neapolitan pizza‐making, necessitating precise heat and mass transfer management to influence sensory attributes. European Commission Regulation No. 97/2010 mandates wood‐fired ovens for true Neapolitan pizza, but environmental concerns prompted the Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana to certify gas or electric ovens when wood‐fired ovens are impractical. Operating costs vary: liquefied petroleum gas ovens are the costliest, with costs ranging from €5.38 to €6.19/h, whereas natural gas and electric ovens have operating costs between €2.70 and €4.10/h. At €0.15/kg, firewood is the most economical, supporting traditionalist views. However, natural gas and electric ovens present competitive costs under stringent antipollution laws, making them viable alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective work‐function of metal electrode is one of the major factors to determine the threshold voltage of metal/oxide/semiconductor junction. In this work, it is demonstrated experimentally that the effective work‐function of the Aluminum (Al) electrode in Al/SiO2/n‐Si junction increases significantly by ≈1.04 eV with the graphene interlayer inserted at Al/SiO2 interface. The device‐physical analysis of solving Poisson equation analytically is provided when the flat‐band voltage is applied to the junction, supporting that the large tuning of Al effective work‐function may originate from the electric dipole layer formed by the off‐centric distribution of electron orbitals between Al and graphene layer. Our work suggests the feasibility of constructing the dual‐metal gate CMOS circuitry just by using Al electrodes with area‐specific underlying graphene interlayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear power continues to hold great promise in the green revolution, however public opinion regarding its deployment is mixed. A submersible nuclear power station concept is presented here that is expected to allay many concerns that are holding back the growth of nuclear power. This submersible can move under its own power during emergencies and routine maintenance. Being stationed at sea it is earthquake proof. In the case of a tsunami it could decouple from the coast and sail to a location several miles to deeper waters in less than 30 min. Furthermore, it could be built, commissioned, maintained, refueled and scrapped in a country like the UK. This makes it proliferation-proof, a key concern with the wider deployment of nuclear power. In the present evaluation the philosophy and the electric power generation capability of the submersible power station are investigated. This includes a pre-feasibility visualization of the design. An evaluation is carried out into fitting it in a submersible of a size similar to the largest existing nuclear submarines. These designs may enable it to deliver 0.6 to 1 GW of electrical power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bionic robots have great potential in healthcare, rescue, and surveillance. However, most soft actuators can only realize one or two deformation modes, which largely limit the application in complex environments. This study develops electric/Infrared (IR) light/magnetic multi‐field coupling soft actuators by combining liquid crystal elastomers (LCE), liquid metal (LM) and magnetic Ecoflex (Mecoflex). Originated from the synergistic effect of the differed thermal expansion and the liquid crystal phase transition, the actuator can realize outstanding large deformations (bending angle > 300°) at ultra‐low voltages (1.0 V). In addition, by designing the molecular orientation in the LCE layer and programming the magnetization in the Mecoflex layer, the bending or helical bending deformations can be controlled under electric/magnetic and IR light/magnetic coupling actuation. Based on the complex deformation capability, bionic climbing plants and two kinds of quadrupedal robots are developed. With the structural design of the quadrupedal robots, they can flexibly switch deformations to pass through complex environments by controlling the externally applied coupling fields, which demonstrates their broad potential in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate measurement of electrical energy transactions using kWh meters is crucial to prevent losses for both consumers and utilities. However, the growing prevalence of nonlinear loads can introduce harmonics into the power system, potentially affecting the accuracy of kWh meter readings. This study aimed to investigate the impact of harmonics on the measurement accuracy of analog and electromechanical kWh meters. The results demonstrate that as the percentage of Total Harmonic Distortion (%THD) increases, due to the increased use of nonlinear loads, the measurement accuracy of both types of kWh meters decreases, potentially leading to financial losses for both consumers and the utility company. Based on the study, Simulation results demonstrate this impact, with analog and electromechanical kWh meters showing significantly different billing outcomes under resistive and capacitive loads. For example, a purely resistive 300-watt load resulted in a bill of Rp. 327,870 for the analog meter and Rp. 319,343 for the electromechanical meter. In contrast, a 300-watt capacitive load resulted in bills of Rp. 84,497 and Rp. 83,707, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinel ferrites are vital in developing next-generation technologies with potential applications covering the medical, electronic, and material industries. Nickel-cadmium spinel ferrites are soft magnetic materials having lots of applications ranging from electronics and magnetic to sensors industries. Herein, we developed cadmium-substituted spinel ferrites (Ba 0·5 Ni 0.5-x Cd x Fe 2 O 4) and their nanocomposite with polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The results evidently indicate that the successfully developed Ba 0·5 Ni 0.5-x Cd x Fe 2 O 4, which also confirmed the loading of PVA onto the Ba 0·5 Ni 0.5-x Cd x Fe 2 O 4 materials. XRD results confirmed orthorhombic single-phase structure. The optimal particle size was 27.22 nm, and the minimum was 21.25 nm, respectively, as shown by Ba 0·5 Ni 0·1 Cd 0·4 Fe 2 O 4 (x = 0.4) and PVA composite of Ba 0·5 Ni 0·2 Cd 0·3 Fe 2 O 4 (x = 0.3). It was also observed that the composites showed lower particle size than nano-ferrites. Spectral analysis (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) confirmed the formation of spinel ferrites by detecting the M − O bonds in the 400-800 cm−1 region. υ 1 and υ 2 were appeared in the range 560–609 cm−1 and 439-466 cm−1, corresponding to M-O. The average grain size of spinel ferrites was 0.55, 0.50, 1.03, and 1.31 μ m for Ba 0·5 Ni 0.5-x Cd x Fe 2 O 4 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) spinel ferrites. Dielectric parameters revealed that these materials are suitable for high-frequency devices due to their low dielectric loss, high quality factor, short relaxation time, and diverse responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing volume of personal motorized vehicles (PMVs) in cities has become a serious issue leading to congestion, noise, air pollution and high land consumption. To ensure the sustainability of urban transportation, it is imperative to transition the current transportation paradigm toward a more sustainable state. Transitions within socio-technical systems often arise from niche innovation. Therefore, this paper pursues the technical optimization of such a niche innovation by applying a technical sustainability perspective on an innovative mobility and logistics concept within a case study. This case study is based on a centrally managed connected, automated, shared and electric (CASE) vehicle fleet which might replace PMV use in urban city centers of the future. The key technical system components of the envisioned mobility and logistics concept are analyzed and optimized with regard to economic, ecological and social sustainability dimensions to maximize the overall sustainability of the ecosystem. Specifically, this paper identifies key challenges and proposes possible solutions across the vehicle components as well as the orchestration of the vehicles' operations within the envisioned mobility and logistics concept. Thereby, the case study gives an example of how different engineering disciplines can contribute to different sustainability dimensions, highlighting the interdependences. Finally, the discussion concludes that the early integration of sustainability considerations in the technical optimization efforts of innovative transportation systems can provide an important building block for the transition of the current transportation paradigm to a more sustainable state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric discharge drilling (EDD) is a competent method for drilling hard-to-cut materials despite its drawbacks, including minimum material removal rate (MRR), excess tool wear rate (TWR), high surface roughness (Ra), and power consumption (PC). To address these issues, EDD's performance was explored by varying factors like tool electrode geometry (TEG), current (I), pulse-on-time (TON), and tool electrode speed (TES) to investigate the effect on MRR, TWR, Ra, and PC. Cu-6 produced the highest MRR of 36.26 mm³/min, surpassing Cu-7, Cu-8, and Cu-solid by 28.309%, 44.866%, and 51.843% respectively. Cu-solid revealed the lowest TWR of 4.397%, significantly lower than Cu-6, Cu-7, and Cu-8. Ra followed the trend: Cu-solid < Cu-8 < Cu-7 < Cu-6. Cu-solid consumed more power than hollow electrodes. Microscopic analysis attributed rough surfaces to high currents. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis exhibits material migration from a workpiece and tool electrode on the machined surface.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing technology and increasing population trigger the increasing of the energy demand. As a result, increase in energy demand has accelerated the studies in this field. Conventional energy sources were used currently as usual however it was desired to be limited due to the risk of depletion and negative environmental effects. Therefore, environmentally friendly and no risk of depletion renewable energy sources have created an alternative to conventional energy sources were the frequently studied topics recently. The use of biomass as a renewable energy source has led to development in agriculture and animal husbandry. Products that appear as waste in agriculture and animal husbandry will be evaluated and recycled. If animal feces remain in nature, the methane gas released creates a greenhouse effect and causes global warming. It becomes harmful to human health after mixing with water. For this reason, it is important to obtain electrical and heat energy and dispose of it recyclable. Within the scope of this study, the potential electrical energy that can be obtained from biogas was investigated, considering the collectability of animal feces in Ankara, Gaziantep and Kars provinces located in different regions of our country. In this context, it has been determined that 375,497.55 Mega Watt Hour Electricity (MWhe/year ) from Ankara, 115,452.27 MWhe/year from Gaziantep, and 198,691.4 MWhe/year from Kars have the potential to obtain electrical energy from biogas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a comprehensive exploration of the implementation of fully electric transportation systems within urban college campuses. Urbanization and environmental concerns have intensified the need for sustainable transportation solutions, and college campuses serve as ideal testbeds for innovative mobility initiatives. The paper begins by establishing the context through background research, which highlights the adverse effects of urban air pollution and the role of electric vehicles (EVs) in mitigating these issues. The driving forces behind the adoption of fully electric transportation systems are discussed, Benefits, challenges, and implications of implementing electric transportation systems are meticulously examined. The anticipated benefits encompass improvements in air and noise pollution, reduced operational costs, and enhanced campus reputation. Nevertheless, the challenges of infrastructure costs, charging management, and operational intricacies are acknowledged. The paper underscores that successful implementation goes beyond immediate advantages, positioning campus electric transportation systems as living laboratories for research and innovation in sustainable mobility. Additionally, these systems serve as models for neighboring communities and influence regional transportation policies. The paper concludes by laying the groundwork for forthcoming discussions. It highlights the subsequent sections' focus on planning, stakeholder engagement, technological integration, and operational management, which collectively shape the implementation. The paper will employ the application of Systems Thinking approaches, tools, and techniques in order to properly analyze and tackle the problem statement at hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study refers to the maximization of self-consumption through the automation of a residential consumer that is or not fed from the low-voltage electrical network and from its own photovoltaic system. The level of self-consumption from photovoltaic sources in the residential sector is strictly dependent on the power installed in the own sources, as well as the load profile of the respective consumer. Two major directions are relevant regarding the possibility of increasing and optimizing self-consumption: the management of electrical energy storage systems (especially through the use of battery systems), respectively the implementation of load management systems, through the partial or total redistribution of their operation over time, but also through prioritization of critical consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The effective work‐function of metal electrode is one of the major factors to determine the threshold voltage of metal/oxide/semiconductor junction. In this work, it is demonstrated experimentally that the effective work‐function of the Aluminum (Al) electrode in Al/SiO2/n‐Si junction increases significantly by ≈1.04 eV with the graphene interlayer inserted at Al/SiO2 interface. The device‐physical analysis of solving Poisson equation analytically is provided when the flat‐band voltage is applied to the junction, supporting that the large tuning of Al effective work‐function may originate from the electric dipole layer formed by the off‐centric distribution of electron orbitals between Al and graphene layer. Our work suggests the feasibility of constructing the dual‐metal gate CMOS circuitry just by using Al electrodes with area‐specific underlying graphene interlayer.

Electric scooter (ES)-related injuries are increasing but poorly described. Clinicians need more information to be prepared for these patients. We supposed two prevalent patterns of patients: mildly injured (predominant upper-limb injuries) and severely injured (predominant head trauma). This study aims to understand the frequency of ES-related injuries and patients' characteristics despite the heterogeneity of data currently available. A systematic review with a proportion meta-analysis was conducted on studies with a multidisciplinary description of ES-related injuries in adult patients (PROSPERO-ID: CRD42022341241). Articles from inception to April 2023 were identified in MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane's databases. The risk of bias was evaluated using ROBINS-I. Twenty-five observational studies with 5387 patients were included in the meta-analysis, depending on reported data. Upper-limb (31.8%) and head (19.5%) injuries are the most frequent (25/25 studies included). When injured while riding, 19.5% of patients are intoxicated with drugs/alcohol, and only 3.9% use a helmet, increasing the possibility of severe injuries. About 80% of patients are victims of spontaneous falls. Half of the patients self-present to the ED, and 69.4% of cases are discharged directly from the ED. Studies' limitations include an overall moderate risk of bias and high heterogeneity. Electric scooter-related accidents are commonly associated with upper-limb injuries but often involve the head. Spontaneous falls are the most common mechanism of injury, probably related to frequent substance abuse and helmet misuse. This hot topic is not adequately investigated due to a lack of data. A prospective registry could fill this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we examine the possibility of converting a light propeller-driven aircraft, powered by a spark-ignition, reciprocating piston, and internal combustion engine running on AVGAS, into one powered by an electric motor driven by a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack running on hydrogen. Our studies suggest that storing hydrogen cryogenically is a better option than storing hydrogen under pressure. In comparison to cryogenic tanks, high-pressure tanks are extremely heavy and unacceptable for light aircraft. We show that the modified aircraft (including batteries) is no heavier than the original, and that the layout of the major components results in lower movement of the aircraft center-of-gravity as the aircraft consumes hydrogen. However, we acknowledge that our fuel cell aircraft cannot store the same amount of energy as the original running on AVGAS. Therefore, despite the fact that the fuel cell stack is markedly more efficient than an internal combustion engine, there is a reduction in the range of the fuel cell aircraft. One of our most important findings is that the quantity of energy that we need to dissipate to the surroundings via heat transfer is significantly greater from a fuel cell stack than from an internal combustion engine. This is particularly the case when we attempt to run the fuel cell stack at high current densities. To control this problem, our strategy during the cruise phase is to run the fuel cell stack at its maximum efficiency, where the current density is low. We size the fuel cell stack to produce at least enough power for cruise, and when we require excess power, we add the energy stored in batteries to make up the difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]