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The growing textile industry is polluting the environment and producing waste at an alarming rate. The wasteful consumption of fast fashion has made the problem worse. The waste management of textiles has been ineffective. Spurred by the urgency of reducing the environmental footprint of textiles, this review examines advances and challenges to separate important textile constituents such as cotton (which is mostly cellulose), polyester (polyethylene terephthalate), and elastane, also known as spandex (polyurethane), from blended textiles. Once separated, the individual fiber types can meet the demand for sustainable strategies in textile recycling. The concepts of mechanical, chemical, and biological recycling of textiles are introduced first. Blended or mixed textiles pose challenges for mechanical recycling which cannot separate fibers from the blend. However, the separation of fiber blends can be achieved by molecular recycling, i.e., selectively dissolving or depolymerizing specific polymers in the blend. Specifically, the separation of cotton and polyester through dissolution, acidic hydrolysis, acid-catalyzed hydrothermal treatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis is discussed here, followed by the separation of elastane from other fibers by selective degradation or dissolution of elastane. The information synthesized and analyzed in this review can assist stakeholders in the textile and waste management sectors in mapping out strategies for achieving sustainable practices and promoting the shift towards a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer preferences for comfortable and well-fitting clothing have led to an increased demand for yarns (elastic) in denim fabric production. The study focuses on the manufacture of yarns (dual core) with various core components including T400® (Polyethylene terephthalate) / poly trimethylene terephthalate), PBT (Polybutylene terephthalate), Polyester (PES), and elastane (Lycra®) and their impact on denim fabric properties. The study involves the production of Ne 18/1 yarns (dual core) using an adjusted spinning method (ring) with elastane and different filaments in the core and additionally, twill (3/1 ‘Z’) fabric (denim) is manufactured using those yarns, and then fabric and yarn characteristics are evaluated. The results show significant variations in fabric and yarn characteristics based on the type of core material used. The yarn properties, such as the neps (+200), strength, thin place (-50), hairiness, elongation %, unevenness %, and thick place (+50) of yarns (dual core) are affected by the selection of filament. Fabric properties like weight, elasticity %, strength (tensile), strength (tearing), shrinkage %, and stiffness exhibit differences depending on the core filament. The statistical analysis employs one-way ANOVA to investigate the significance of differences in yarn and fabric properties within various core materials. The outcomes of this experimental work contribute valuable understandings of the production of yarns (dual core) with several filaments for enhancing fabric (denim) performance.

ABSTRACTIn this study, the effect of the use of elastane on the tailorability and appearance of 100% wool and different proportions of wool – man-made fiber blended worsted suiting fabrics was investigated. The evaluations were made by means of mechanical properties. Although the amount of elastane used in the weft yarn of elastane-containing fabrics differed in each group, it was observed that the effect of elastane varied mainly depending on the fabric weight. It was seen that the use of elastane increased the bending rigidity for heavy weight (290 g/m2 and above) fabric groups (groups 1 and 6) and negatively affected tailorability due to low shear rigidity for fabrics other than these groups. Except for the group with low fabric weight, all groups were found to improve the appearance in both weft and warp directions. However, it was concluded that fabrics containing 7% or more elastane in the weft may have a seam puckering problem due to low formability in the warp direction. The effect of elastane on extensibility was found to be influenced by fabric density, elastane content and construction in addition to fabric weight. The low fabric density and weight caused excessive extensibility, resulting in very poor tailorability.

Over the years, the demands on the durability and quality of polyester fabrics used for sportswear have increased, as these fabrics contribute to athletes' performance. At the same time, the use of recycled polyester material is increasingly being promoted for environmental reasons. This study focused on investigating the properties of standard and recycled polyester fabrics before and after aging according to the developed aging protocol. The surface morphology, thickness, elongation at break, force at break, bursting force, mass loss due to abrasion and moisture management of the fabrics were tested. The results showed that the aging process had no influence on the surface changes in the fabrics. More specifically, there were neither surface cracks on the fibre surface nor chemical changes. The highest decrease in force at break for standard polyester fabrics with elastane was up to 26%, and up to 15% for fabrics made of recycled polyester. The loss of mass due to abrasion was greater for recycled polyester than for standard polyester fabrics. The average ability of the fabrics to absorb moisture decreased by up to 23% after aging, while the wetting time increased by up to 30%, with the highest increase observed in recycled fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moisture management is one of the significant components specifying the thermo-physiological comfort level of fabrics. One of the approaches of making moisture management fabric is to use double-face knitted construction with the combination of hydrophobic fiber type on inner fabric face and hygroscopic fiber type on outer fabric face. While hydrophobic inner face helps to transfer liquid moisture from skin to outer face with capillary action, hygroscopic outer face absorbs liquid moisture and spreads it over greater area on outer face to facilitate evaporation. For a fabric, esthetic appearance is also as important as comfort properties. In this study, to fulfill functional and esthetic performance expectations, particular variants of sandwich-type double-face knitted fabrics are designed in four different knit structures by combining polyester (P), cotton (Co), viscose (V), and modal (M) yarns, V fiber-blended yarns consisting of mixtures of V fibers with silk (S), wool (W) or P fibers, and El yarn in fabric layers; and then the effects of the fiber type, the El usage, and the knit structure on the moisture management behaviors of these fabrics are evaluated. As knit structure, the different combinations of plain single jersey and tuck including single lacoste knit structures on the inner and outer faces of fabrics are considered. Regarding the fiber type effect on the grading values of moisture management indexes, the fabrics comprising the inner face of P fiber and the outer face of Co, V, and M fibers are categorized as moisture management fabrics in excellent (5) grade. The moisture management grades of the fabrics with the El yarn take place in very good (4) to excellent category (5). When the effect of the knit structure is considered, it is seen that all the sandwich double-face fabrics having tucks on their faces fall into good (3) to very good (4) category in terms of moisture management grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the knitted fabrics’ air permeability and water vapor resistance as complex phenomena of the interaction between the fiber nature, fabric structural characteristics and, different wet processes. Bleaching and dyeing together with the content of elastane are the main factors determining fabric structural characteristics. 100% cotton fabrics have a higher intensity of warm/cool feeling since they have higher air permeability than elastane containing fabrics. The air permeability and water vapor resistance of elastane containing fabrics decreased after the wet processes, whereby the bleached knitted fabrics showed higher air permeability and lower water vapor resistance than dyed. Decreased air permeability and increased water vapor resistance of softened elastane containing fabrics are governed by the cationic softener pick-up mechanism. Namely, the cationic softener is deposited on the yarns’ surfaces; its hydrophobic carbon ends repel from each other. This acts as a barrier for air which contributes to an increase in the fabric water vapor resistance. The softened dyed knitted fabrics have lower air permeability and slightly higher water vapor resistance than softened bleached fabrics which may be attributed to the interaction between reactive dyestuff and cationic softener. The comfort properties quality of finished knitted fabrics decreased with elastane incorporation and with softening.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of weft yarn parameters on the elasticity and recovery properties of stretch denim fabrics. For this purpose, frequently used denim fabric was taken as a reference point, and to study the elasticity, and dimensional change properties of the reference fabric, the production of new denim fabrics was designed with the use of different core yarns in the weft direction with different ratios. As a result, five different denim fabrics containing three different weft yarns with different sequences in Twill 3/1 Z weave type were produced. All fabric samples were prepared as half legs form and rinse washing, stone washing and stone+bleaching washing processes were applied. Elasticity, residual extension, and dimensional stability tests of the samples were performed, and the results were analyzed regarding the weft yarn properties and finishing processes. In addition to these tests, mass per unit area was examined to observe the weight changes of the fabrics due to shrinkage after washing. All tests were evaluated statistically. According to the analysis, it was found that the fabric performance was affected by the weft yarn type, and the different washing processes.

Elastic weft knitted single jersey fabrics are produced by plating of elastane (elastomeric polyurethane) yarn with lyocell yarn in a circular knitting machine with positive feeder. This type of fabrics and their cloths have great response in the market as they have the tendency to re-gain their original size and shape due to physical extension by any part of human body. This research analyzed the effect of elastane plating on the physical and thermal comfort properties such as GSM, thickness, stitch density, air permeability, water vapor transmission rate, thermal conductivity and thermal resistivity of lyocell single jersey knitted fabrics by varying the loop length. The work revealed that the physical properties like stitch density, thickness and GSM increased with increase in elastane content and decrease in increasing of loop length. The air permeability, water vapor transmission rate and thermal resistivity of the fabrics decreased with increasing of elastane plating and increased with increasing of loop length. The thermal conductivity values of the fabrics are not much significant at 95% significance level.

The quality of cotton and cotton/elastane single jersey knitted fabrics before and after softening was evaluated through their mechanical properties, pilling, and volume electrical resistivity. Elastane-containing fabrics have higher bursting elongation and stiffness, lower bursting strength, the same or higher pilling grade, and 23–27% lower electrical resistivities compared to 100% cotton due to the increased compactness that enables better contact between the loops, and easier flow of charge through them. Softening does not affect or slightly improves the fabric pilling (up to 1000 cycles); it decreases fabrics’ stiffness and increases their bursting strength and electrical resistivities. The last one was significantly decreased after the in situ synthesis of Cu-based nanoparticles on fabrics’ surfaces. Namely, fabrics were first treated with sodium alginate whose carboxylate groups crosslinked Cu2+-ions (from CuSO4 solution) that were further reduced with ascorbic acid. In situ synthesis of Cu-based nanoparticles (detected by FESEM) improves the fabrics’ quality and enables obtaining multifunctional fabrics having 3.4–9.6 times lower resistivities, which are in line with the content of Cu after reduction (determined using ICP-OES), up to 2.5 times higher antioxidant activity and provided maximum microbial reduction for E. Coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans.

Textile auxetic materials with negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) have potential applications in protective textile, filtration, and energy absorbance. However, cotton core-spun based auxetic textile is rarely investigated. In this study, cotton core-spun (Lycra)-based helical auxetic yarn (HAY) was developed, and the effects of core filament linear density on the auxetic behavior were studied. Core-spun cotton yarns of 8/1 Nec containing core filament (180, 260, and 420 D) were developed. Then, these core-spun yarns were wrapped with 50 D Dyneema filament at 393 twist/m to make the HAY. The diameter, NPR, and tensile strength of HAY were increased with increasing linear density of Lycra filament. Image analysis of HAY containing 420 D Lycra showed 57% diameter increase with the change in axial strain from 0 to 15 mm. The maximum auxetic behavior with NPR of −3.97 and tensile strength of 26.71 cN/tex was observed in 420 D Lycra-based HAY. This study proved that the cotton core spun-based HAY can be produced with significant auxetic properties for practically potential use in wearable protective textiles.

The effect of heat-setting treatment on the performance of cotton/elastanefabric has been studied. Response surface methodology has been used to design the experiments where temperature (°C), time (s) and fabric width extension (%) are taken as factor variables. Fabric dimension (lengthwise and widthwise), fabric areal density and fabric tension decay are taken as response variables. The findings establish that the optimum heat-setting parameters are 190? temperature, 75s process time and 13.5% width extension. It is necessary to optimise the heat-setting parameters to achieve better fabric dimensional stability, as overheating damages and deteriorates some of the elastane filaments, resulting in reduced recovery properties after a certain temperature point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer choice and behavior are changing and focusing on comfortable clothing along with fitting. Elastic yarn or fabric is necessary to achieve this comfortableness. By making elastic yarn and using elastic material in fabric production, elastic cloths are produced with proper stretchability and recovery. For that, core-spun yarn was used, but due to a lack of recovery performance, dual core-spun yarn has been developed. Different elastane ratios, linear density, and filaments were used in the dual core-spun yarn according to achieve desired stretchability. In this study, denim fabric performances were evaluated by designing different composite/hybrid dual core-spun yarn with a combination of cotton fiber and filaments. Different elastane linear densities with different filaments, PET/PTT, PTT, and PET, were used, and it was found that using finer elastane in dual core-spun yarn, strength, and unevenness are increased, and elongation decreased. Using PET/PTT filament increases hairiness, and using PTT filament increases elongation. For fabrics, coarser elastane in the dual core-spun yarns has higher stiffness, elasticity, and shrinkage. Fabric with PTT showed higher weight change and stiffness, whereas PET filament-based fabric samples have good strength and low stiffness. In addition, a multiple regression analysis was carried out for yarn and fabric properties, and mathematical models were developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the environmental burden of textile industry, especially of dyeing processes and the volume of synthetic dyes and surfactants, the intensive development of the greener approaches is under way. Herein, an environmentaly-friendly dyeing of polyamide (PA) and PA/Elastane (PA/EA) knits using live bacterial approach in water environment, completely eliminating usage of textile auxiliaries is described. A total of 12 pigment-producing Streptomyces strains were isolated and purified from soil and rizoshere or bark of smoke tree Cotinus coggygria samples. The antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic effects of crude bacterial extracts were tested. Antimicrobial effect was obtained by the majority of extracts but only two streptomycetes extracts, 11–5 and BPS51, showed moderate cytotoxicity against HaCaT human cell line. This was the reason to select 11–5 and BPS51 strains for the dyeing of the textile materials. Excellent properties of dyeing wool, silk and PA are achieved initially using live cultures, and the bioprocess is optimized on commercial PA and PA/EA knits used for stockings production. Satisfactory coloration of both knits is achieved with dynamic conditions (culture shaking at 180 rpm over 5–14 days at 30 ºC) giving the best coloration results, except in the case of the PA sample dyed with a bacterial strain 11–5. The prolongation of dyeing time leads to higher color yields independently of fabric and bacteria strain. Although the color differences between the samples before and after washing are observed, washing fastness after three washing cycles can be considered as satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of cotton and cotton/elastane single jersey knitted fabrics before and after softening was evaluated through their mechanical properties, pilling, and volume electrical resistivity. Elastane-containing fabrics have higher bursting elongation and stiffness, lower bursting strength, the same or higher pilling grade, and 23-27% lower electrical resistivities compared to 100% cotton due to the increased compactness that enables better contact between the loops, and easier flow of charge through them. Softening does not affect or slightly improves the fabric pilling (up to 1000 cycles); it decreases fabrics' stiffness and increases their bursting strength and electrical resistivities. The last one was significantly decreased after the in situ synthesis of Cu-based nanoparticles on fabrics' surfaces. Namely, fabrics were first treated with sodium alginate whose carboxylate groups crosslinked Cu2+-ions (from CuSO4 solution) that were further reduced with ascorbic acid. In situ synthesis of Cu-based nanoparticles (detected by FESEM) improves the fabrics' quality and enables obtaining multifunctional fabrics having 3.4-9.6 times lower resistivities, which are in line with the content of Cu after reduction (determined using ICP-OES), up to 2.5 times higher antioxidant activity and provided maximum microbial reduction for E. Coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile auxetic materials with negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) have potential applications in protective textile, filtration, and energy absorbance. However, cotton core-spun based auxetic textile is rarely investigated. In this study, cotton core-spun (Lycra)-based helical auxetic yarn (HAY) was developed, and the effects of core filament linear density on the auxetic behavior were studied. Core-spun cotton yarns of 8/1 Nec containing core filament (180, 260, and 420 D) were developed. Then, these core-spun yarns were wrapped with 50 D Dyneema filament at 393 twist/m to make the HAY. The diameter, NPR, and tensile strength of HAY were increased with increasing linear density of Lycra filament. Image analysis of HAY containing 420 D Lycra showed 57% diameter increase with the change in axial strain from 0 to 15 mm. The maximum auxetic behavior with NPR of -3.97 and tensile strength of 26.71 cN/tex was observed in 420 D Lycra-based HAY. This study proved that the cotton core spun-based HAY can be produced with significant auxetic properties for practically potential use in wearable protective textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastic weft knitted single jersey fabrics are produced by plating of elastane (elastomeric polyurethane) yarn with lyocell yarn in a circular knitting machine with positive feeder. This type of fabrics and their cloths have great response in the market as they have the tendency to re-gain their original size and shape due to physical extension by any part of human body. This research analyzed the effect of elastane plating on the physical and thermal comfort properties such as GSM, thickness, stitch density, air permeability, water vapor transmission rate, thermal conductivity and thermal resistivity of lyocell single jersey knitted fabrics by varying the loop length. The work revealed that the physical properties like stitch density, thickness and GSM increased with increase in elastane content and decrease in increasing of loop length. The air permeability, water vapor transmission rate and thermal resistivity of the fabrics decreased with increasing of elastane plating and increased with increasing of loop length. The thermal conductivity values of the fabrics are not much significant at 95% significance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of weft yarn parameters on the elasticity and recovery properties of stretch denim fabrics. For this purpose, frequently used denim fabric was taken as a reference point, and to study the elasticity, and dimensional change properties of the reference fabric, the production of new denim fabrics was designed with the use of different core yarns in the weft direction with different ratios. As a result, five different denim fabrics containing three different weft yarns with different sequences in Twill 3/1 Z weave type were produced. All fabric samples were prepared as half legs form and rinse washing, stone washing and stone+bleaching washing processes were applied. Elasticity, residual extension, and dimensional stability tests of the samples were performed, and the results were analyzed regarding the weft yarn properties and finishing processes. In addition to these tests, mass per unit area was examined to observe the weight changes of the fabrics due to shrinkage after washing. All tests were evaluated statistically. According to the analysis, it was found that the fabric performance was affected by the weft yarn type, and the different washing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the knitted fabrics' air permeability and water vapor resistance as complex phenomena of the interaction between the fiber nature, fabric structural characteristics and, different wet processes. Bleaching and dyeing together with the content of elastane are the main factors determining fabric structural characteristics. 100% cotton fabrics have a higher intensity of warm/cool feeling since they have higher air permeability than elastane containing fabrics. The air permeability and water vapor resistance of elastane containing fabrics decreased after the wet processes, whereby the bleached knitted fabrics showed higher air permeability and lower water vapor resistance than dyed. Decreased air permeability and increased water vapor resistance of softened elastane containing fabrics are governed by the cationic softener pick-up mechanism. Namely, the cationic softener is deposited on the yarns' surfaces; its hydrophobic carbon ends repel from each other. This acts as a barrier for air which contributes to an increase in the fabric water vapor resistance. The softened dyed knitted fabrics have lower air permeability and slightly higher water vapor resistance than softened bleached fabrics which may be attributed to the interaction between reactive dyestuff and cationic softener. The comfort properties quality of finished knitted fabrics decreased with elastane incorporation and with softening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide yarn diversity in terms of structure and properties has increased in recent years. Especially composite yarns produced by multiple components have become very preferable in both weaving and knitting sectors. Among these yarns, core and dual core-spun yarn are more prominent in some areas due to their particular performance. In this study, the structure and properties of plain, elastane cored, and elastane + filament cored composite yarns, which were spun by using cotton as sheath fibers, are comparatively investigated. With a constant Ne 16/1 linear density, a carded yarn production line with modified ring-spinning system was used to produce the composite samples using 5.56% elastane ratio for both and 13.79% polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) ratio for dual core. It was observed that the strength of the composite yarns decreased, while the elongation values at the time of breaking tended to increase. There was some deterioration in transition from plain yarn to dual core composite yarn in terms of unevenness and yarn defects, while some improvement was observed in terms of yarn hairiness. In order to dwell on the causes of this situation, the surface and cross-sectional images of the yarns were also studied.

Elastane, also known as spandex, is a synthetic polymer fibre based on polyurethane, which is present in low amounts in numerous textile products. It is used frequently particularly in sportswear and underwear, because of its stretchability and body-shaping properties. The currently commonly-used standardized elastane quantification method has many outstanding disadvantages, however ongoing production processes as well as upcoming recycling processes rely on it. This study presents a faster, more reliable and more eco-friendly tool to detect and quantify elastane in textiles using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). An elastane quantification tool (EQT) was developed by studying eleven different elastane samples available on the textile market. The fundament of the EQT is a polymer specific phenomenon, which is investigated in detail by spectroscopic (ATR-FTIR) and thermal (thermogravimetric analysis, DSC) analyses. Ten different textile waste samples from the manufacturing industry and waste collection were selected to test the EQT. Obtained results are very promising, as the elastane contents could be determined quickly and accurately. The EQT has the potential to become a widely used method in the textile production chain, particularly in the upcoming recycling sector.

Elastic knitted fabrics find numerous applications in the industry for compression stockings, sports and leisure wear, swimwear, ballet wear, etc. During its use, knitwear is subjected to dynamic loading due to body movements. The loading and unloading of the knitted fabric affect the size of the elastic region in which unrecovered deformation completely disappears. This paper deals with the influence of the elastane percentage in the knitted fabric on the elastic properties of the knitted fabric under dynamic loading. For this experiment, three types of yarn were used in different combinations: polyamide (PA), wrapped elastane yarn and bare elastane. The mentioned yarns were used to knit three different groups of plated weft-knitted fabrics (two yarns in a knitted fabric row): without elastane, knitted fabric with a percentage of wrapped elastane, and knitted fabric with a percentage of bare elastane. The percentage of elastane ranged between 0% and 43%. First, standard uniaxial tensile tests were performed on knitted fabric samples until breakage under static load. The force–elongation diagrams obtained are used to determine the elastic limit up to which Hook's law applies. All knitted fabrics were cyclically tested to the elastic limit. From the obtained loading and unloading curves, unrecovered deformation (unrecovered elongation), elastic elongation and hysteresis index were determined and calculated. The results showed that the percentage of elastane significantly affects the size of the elastic region of the knitted fabric and has no effect on the hysteresis index. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the elastane percentage for different knitted fabric designs to achieve the best dynamic recovery of the knitted fabric and to design a more stretchable knitted garment that fits the body as well as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-core yarn structures, one of the hybrid yarn types preferred in denim fabric structures recently, make it possible to improve the stretch properties of fabrics and to profit from the features of two or more materials simultaneously. In this study, innovative dual-core yarn structures containing elastane and wool yarn cores and cotton fiber as sheath fibers were developed by changing production parameters (twist, cores draft ratio). It is thought that innovative, relatively more natural denim fabrics with increased thermal insulation can produce with dual-core yarns containing wool fiber. The yarn type that meets the expectations of denim manufacturers among the 27 yarn types was selected with Multi-Objective Optimization on the Basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) from multi-criteria decision-making methods, and production parameters were determined. According to the MULTIMOORA method and expert opinion, 16 coded dual-core yarn sample (670 T/m, 1.05 wool draft ratio, and 3.3 elastane draft ratio) was the best alternative, and eight coded dual-core yarn sample (585 T/m, 3.5 elastane draft ratio, and 1.05 wool draft ratio) was the worst alternative found for denim fabric production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quest for highly stretchable fabrics with good aesthetic and functional properties has led researchers to constantly involve in mingling of natural and synthetic fibers. Elastane-cotton core yarns have an increasing demand due to their wear comfort and stretch-to-fit properties; therefore, efforts are still going on to optimize the yarn properties to meet the requirements for diversified applications. With a view to enhancing the appearance and performance characteristics of elastane-cotton core yarns, the present work was undertaken to manufacture them by exploiting the most modern and versatile pneumatic compacting mechanism, namely Suessen's EliTe compact spinning system. Elastane-cotton core yarns of different counts (20 tex, 30 tex and 60 tex) were produced with compact and conventional ring spinning system. The difference in morphology and physical properties of two types of yarns were compared after a thorough investigation by scanning electron microscope, evenness tester and strength tester. The results exhibited a noticeable decrease in hairiness, hairiness variation and neps values, especially seed-coat neps, for elastane-cotton compact core yarn. Unevenness & imperfection of compact core yarns were also found to be decreased that were reflected to the proportional enhancements in tenacity & elongation values. The overall observation reveals the potential of pneumatic compacting mechanism in obtaining elastane-cotton core yarn with superior structure and improved mechanical properties.

The dual-core yarn structures, which make possible using of second core in the center of yarn has been the focus of attention for denim manufacturers in recent times. It is tried to gain different properties such as durability and flexibility to denim fabrics by using dual-core yarns. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of twist, elastane, and wool draft ratio on the fatigue properties of dual core-spun yarns with two core materials as wool staple yarn and elastane filament. To know fatigue behavior of the yarns forming the fabric after repeated dynamic loads that is important to determine the permanent elongation that will occur in the fabric during its usage. Experimental results show that twist is a more effective parameter on elongation (before and after cyclic loading), tensile strength (before and after cyclic loading), dynamic modulus, and dynamic strain values. When core draft ratio parameters are observed, wool draft ratio is statistically significant on tensile strength after cyclic loading, elongation before cyclic loading, dynamic modulus. and dynamic strain values. Elastane draft ratio is statistically significant on the only dynamic modulus values.

Worldwide yarn diversity in terms of structure and properties has increased in recent years. Especially composite yarns produced by multiple components have become very preferable in both weaving and knitting sectors. Among these yarns, core and dual core-spun yarn are more prominent in some areas due to their particular performance. In this study, the structure and properties of plain, elastane cored, and elastane + filament cored composite yarns, which were spun by using cotton as sheath fibers, are comparatively investigated. With a constant Ne 16/1 linear density, a carded yarn production line with modified ring-spinning system was used to produce the composite samples using 5.56% elastane ratio for both and 13.79% polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) ratio for dual core. It was observed that the strength of the composite yarns decreased, while the elongation values at the time of breaking tended to increase. There was some deterioration in transition from plain yarn to dual core composite yarn in terms of unevenness and yarn defects, while some improvement was observed in terms of yarn hairiness. In order to dwell on the causes of this situation, the surface and cross-sectional images of the yarns were also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method to enhance antibacterial activity, thermophysiological comfort properties of highly elastane polyamide 66 fabrics by calcium chloride pad-dry-cure method was proposed. For this purpose, three different calcium chloride solutions were prepared and applied by pad-dry-cure method to the polyamide tricot (locknit) warp knitted fabrics. The effects of this method on polyamide fabrics were investigated by antibacterial activity, thermophysiological properties, physical performance tests and characterization analyses, namely, SEM, EDX and FTIR-ATR. Results indicate that calcium chloride agent procedure significantly affected antibacterial activity and thermal comfort properties. The calcium chloride agent procedure was found to be favorable for polyamide/elastane fabrics since it provided antibacterial activity and thermophysiological effect under mild conditions with good stiffness, handle and whiteness properties by means of calcium chloride ionic bonds onto polyamide/elastane fabrics. Most notably, calcium chloride treated fabrics were evaluated as good antibacterial, extremely breathable and comfortable at a higher level of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Denim is one of the most popular casual apparel all over the globe due to a variety of available looks, comfort, and convenience. Comfort and performance properties of stretched denim fabrics depend on the elastane content, which can be controlled through the linear density of elastane and draft-ratio in the core of the cotton yarn. Optimization of both of linear density and draft-ratio of elastane for the better performance of denim fabric were focused upon in this study. The results indicated that the elastane content inside the core of yarn affects the dimensional and mechanical properties of denim fabrics. Regression analysis indicated that elastane linear-density and draft-ratio had an almost equal significance on contraction after washing, stretchability, stiffness, skewness, and bow of fabric. However, the elastic properties of fabric were mainly dependent on the elastane draft-ratio. This study will be an endeavor for industry personnel to achieve more durable and dimensionally stable denim fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different types of elastane weft yarn with different levels of elastane content on the tensile properties of the stretch denim fabric has been studied. The wear comfort of stretch denim fabric depends on the tensile load developed at lower extension levels generated by the movement of the body, while the durability of the fabric can be assessed by its ultimate tensile properties. Three types of elastane yarn i.e. cotton staple core spun, polyester staple core spun and polyester multifilament air covered yarn with elastane as core are used as weft to produce the stretch denim fabric samples. These yarns were further produced having different levels of elastane content. It is observed that for the same level of elastane content, the type of yarn structure and composition has a significant effect on the tensile properties of the fabric. In general, the tensile load developed at lower extension level decreases as the elastane content increases thus improving the wear comfort of the stretch denim fabric. The fabric with polyester staple core spun and polyester multifilament air covered elastane yarn as weft showed better wear comfort as compared to the fabric having cotton staple core-spun elastane yarn as weft. As the elastane content in the fabric is increased, it is found that the improvement in wear comfort is higher during the initial increase in elastane level. Generally, the breaking strength of the stretch denim fabrics decreases as the elastane content increases. There is no such drop in breaking strength of the fabric with polyester multifilament air covered elastane yarn with an increasing level of elastane content. The breaking elongation of all the fabric samples with different types of elastane weft yarn increases as the elastane content increases. For the same level of elastane content, breaking strength and elongation of the fabric having polyester multifilament air covered elastane yarn was highest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the performance properties of plain knitted fabrics made from open end recycled and virgin acrylic yarns are comparatively investigated, together with the effects of added covered and PBT elastic yarns. The previous studies about the recycling of textile wastes and their usage were mainly focussed on waste type including cotton fibre. Although acrylic textile wastes constitute one of the most common recycled waste types after cotton wastes, there have been no studies on the usage of this type of waste as a fabric form in the literature. The recycled acrylic yarn is spun from 100 % acrylic fibre wastes subjected to mechanical recycling process of garneting. Covered and PBT elastic yarns are incorporated to give an added value to the recycled acrylic fabrics. The experimental and statistical results reveal that the fibre type (acrylic waste fibre and virgin acrylic fibre) and the elastic yarn state (addition and type) parameters affect all the performance properties of the fabrics significantly. The recycled acrylic fabrics exhibit higher thickness, pilling tendency, abrasion resistance and coursewise extension results and lower bursting strength results than the corresponding virgin acrylic fabrics. As far as the elastic yarn state is considered, it is observed that the fabrics with the covered yarn reveal the highest stitch density, mass, thickness and walewise extension results, followed by the fabrics with the PBT yarn. The highest bursting strength and the lowest pilling tendency results are obtained for the fabrics with the PBT yarn. Addition of the elastic yarn improves the abrasion resistance of the recycled and virgin acrylic fabrics. No statistically significant difference is found between the abrasion results of the recycled acrylic fabrics with the covered yarn and the PBT yarn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of compressibility and foot pressure on the consumption behaviour of sewing threads in case of single and doublelayered denim fabrics has been investigated. Experiments involve fabric thickness of three different denim samples (cotton, and 90/8.5/1.5% & 92/6.5/1.5% cotton/polyester/elastane) and their compression properties measurement using Kawabata device. A relationship between compressional energy and consumed sewing thread values using lock stitch type 301 has been investigated. Based on this, accuracy of the coefficient of regression (close to 1) has been observed, indicating the positive relationship between compressibility property and sewing thread consumption behaviour. Implementation of software can help the industries to minimize their consumption errors and approximations. Nevertheless, under the same pressure value applied by the foot pressure, the thickness values of sewed layers can decrease differently as a function of their compressional resilience. Thus, it is obvious that thicker fabrics display lower compressional resilience and vice versa, which encourages more consumption of sewing thread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of single-core elastic spun cotton yarns is well established in textiles and denim industry but interest in the use of dual-core-spun yarns has started to grow only recently. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of polyester and elastane linear density on the physical and mechanical properties of dual-core-spun cotton yarns. Yarn samples were prepared on industrial-scale spinning machines using cotton as the sheath fibers and two different linear densities of polyester and three different linear densities of elastane filaments in the core. Statistical analysis of the results revealed that yarn tenacity, elongation, uniformity, and hairiness are significantly affected by the linear densities of both the polyester and elastane filaments in the core, with statistically significant interaction between them. Yarn imperfections (IPI), however, are affected mainly by the polyester denier, while the elastane linear density did not show statistically significant effect on the IPI. Regression equations for different yarn properties were also developed which showed fairly high values of coefficient of determination (R-sq).

In recent years, a kind of yarn called as core-spun developed to give different properties to textile products. Core-spun yarns are widely preferred in the production of denim fabrics with high stretching or stretch properties, as well as textile products where high strength, conductivity and strength are required. Core-spun yarns consist of covering continuous core filaments such as elastane, PES, PA etc. with staple natural/synthetic sheath fibers. In recent years, a new type of core-spun yarn called as dual-core has been developed to eliminate a number of problems arising from the high recovery property of elastane and to improve the recovery behavior of denim fabrics. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effect of yarn count, weft density parameters and the interaction of these parameters with the various performance characteristics of the fabrics obtained from these yarns after dyeing and finishing processes. In present study, woven fabrics with three different weft densities were obtained by using T400/elastane dual-core yarns having three different yarn counts and various properties of the fabrics related to mechanical (breaking, tearing and seam strength), performance (fabric elasticity, permanent elongation, abrasion and pilling resistance, dimensional stability) and comfort (air permeability and bending resistance) were determined. The results of the woven fabrics showed that production variables of the dual-core yarns and woven fabrics had considerable influence on these fabric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, garments made of fabrics with elastane are highly preferred. A garment made of fabric with elastane is able to stretch by about 10-30% and recovery immediately after release. In the apparel industry, sewing should not prevent the fabric from stretching in the garments made from woven fabrics with elastane. The elasticity of the seams of the garments consisting of elastic fabrics is very important. In this study, it is aimed to examine the stretch and permanent elongation properties of different stitch types of garments made of elastane woven fabrics. For this purpose, 5 different stitch types were selected as lockstitch, zig zag stitch, two thread chain stitch, three thread overlock stitch and five thread overlock stitch, and these stitches were sewn at different stitch densities (3 - 4 and 5 stitches / cm), with different sewing threads (spun polyester, core spun (poly / poly), nylon and elastic sewing thread) with different ticket numbers (80 and 120). The stretch and permanent elongation values of the sewn fabric samples were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastic knitted fabrics find numerous applications in the industry for compression stockings, sports and leisure wear, swimwear, ballet wear, etc. During its use, knitwear is subjected to dynamic loading due to body movements. The loading and unloading of the knitted fabric affect the size of the elastic region in which unrecovered deformation completely disappears. This paper deals with the influence of the elastane percentage in the knitted fabric on the elastic properties of the knitted fabric under dynamic loading. For this experiment, three types of yarn were used in different combinations: polyamide (PA), wrapped elastane yarn and bare elastane. The mentioned yarns were used to knit three different groups of plated weft-knitted fabrics (two yarns in a knitted fabric row): without elastane, knitted fabric with a percentage of wrapped elastane, and knitted fabric with a percentage of bare elastane. The percentage of elastane ranged between 0% and 43%. First, standard uniaxial tensile tests were performed on knitted fabric samples until breakage under static load. The force–elongation diagrams obtained are used to determine the elastic limit up to which Hook’s law applies. All knitted fabrics were cyclically tested to the elastic limit. From the obtained loading and unloading curves, unrecovered deformation (unrecovered elongation), elastic elongation and hysteresis index were determined and calculated. The results showed that the percentage of elastane significantly affects the size of the elastic region of the knitted fabric and has no effect on the hysteresis index. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the elastane percentage for different knitted fabric designs to achieve the best dynamic recovery of the knitted fabric and to design a more stretchable knitted garment that fits the body as well as possible.

It was aimed to investigate the influence of washing cycle and fabric type on stretching (%), unrecovered elongation (%) and elastic recovery properties of plain knitted fabrics made of different ground yarn types having the same elastane ratio (%). For the plain knitted fabrics; Elastane ratio was kept constant as 5% for all fabric types whereas the ground yarns were selected as 70% polyester 30% cotton vortex yarn, 70% polyester 30%viscon ring yarn, 70% polyester 30%cotton ring yarn, 100%viscon vortex and 100% cotton ring spun yarns respectively. Knitted samples were objected to repeated laundering and flat dried after each washing cycle. Fabric weight (g/m2) after the washing cycles of 1, 5 and 10 were premeasured. Fryma fabric extensometer device was used for determining the stretching ratios (%), unrecovered elongation (%) and elastic recovery (%) of the samples both in wale and course way. Two-Way ANOVA was performed in order to investigate the influence of washing cycle and fabric type on stretching (%) and unrecovered elongation (%) properties of the elastane knitted fabrics.

Bu çalışmada, iplik üretim endüstrisinde kullanım şartlarını dikkate alarak üretilen elastan özlü pamuk ipliği örneklerinin objektif yöntemlerle değerlendirilmesi ve kalite özelliklerinin incelenerek bu ipliklerinin performanslarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında kontrollü üretim şartlarında kompakt eğirme makinasının modifiye edilmesiyle dört farklı iplik numarasında ve iki farklı büküm katsayısında toplam sekiz adet elastan özlü pamuk ipliği üretilmiştir. Üretilmiş olan ipliklerin kopma mukavemeti, kopma uzaması, düzgünsüzlük ve tüylülük özellikleri ölçülerek elastan özlü pamuk ipliklerine ait kalite değerleri belirlenmiş, sonuçlar ipliklerin lineer yoğunluğu ve büküm seviyesi değişimine göre değerlendirilmiştir.

The dual-core yarn structures, which make possible using of second core in the center of yarn has been the focus of attention for denim manufacturers in recent times. It is tried to gain different properties such as durability and flexibility to denim fabrics by using dual-core yarns. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of twist, elastane, and wool draft ratio on the fatigue properties of dual core-spun yarns with two core materials as wool staple yarn and elastane filament. To know fatigue behavior of the yarns forming the fabric after repeated dynamic loads that is important to determine the permanent elongation that will occur in the fabric during its usage. Experimental results show that twist is a more effective parameter on elongation (before and after cyclic loading), tensile strength (before and after cyclic loading), dynamic modulus, and dynamic strain values. When core draft ratio parameters are observed, wool draft ratio is statistically significant on tensile strength after cyclic loading, elongation before cyclic loading, dynamic modulus. and dynamic strain values. Elastane draft ratio is statistically significant on the only dynamic modulus values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabric deformation properties considerably depend on its structure. Garment elasticity is an important factor that allows a garment wearer to move freely. Fabric deformation depends on the structure parameters of yarrn and fabric. It has been known that elongation at break of fabric with elastane yarn is higher than of ordinary fabric. The aim of this work was to analyse elongation at break parameters of the and warp and weft yarn in fabrics. Ten commercially produced samples of woven fabrics were used in the experiment. Some samples were with elastan yarn in the warp and weft directions or only in the weft direction. Elongation at break was measured applying a standard method. The results showed that elongation at break of the main elastic component or another component may occur simultaneously when an elastic component or elastane yarn may reach fabric ultimate elongation.

The need for innovative fabrics has rapidly increased in recent years, owing to their cost effective with good aesthetic and comfort properties. Seersucker fabrics are cost effective fabric structure with good aesthetic and comfort properties produced by modification in material or in fabric structures. The main purpose of this research work is to develop seersucker fabric on interlock machine through using different yarns and stripes height. Puckering effect on knitted fabric obtained using elastane covered yarn with simple cotton yarn and relaxation of elastane made the cotton yarn produce a puckering effect. Different seersucker fabrics were produced by changing tube size with the help of change in stripe height and using different yarn combinations on the back side (i.e. cotton covered elastane, spun polyester, and cotton) of the fabric. The seersucker knitted fabric were subjected to different tests such as mechanical testing that is fabric stretch, tactile comfort and thermophysiological comfort, that is, thermal resistance and air permeability test. The test results concluded that the seersucker interlock knitted fabric gives good comfort and aesthetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper lays out standards of compression stockings and their classification into classes. The analysis of knitted fabric structure parameters, elongation and compression of moderate- and high-compression stockings was conducted. Stocking compression on specific parts of the stocking leg was measured on three sizes of a wooden leg model. For moderate-compression stockings, compression above the ankle was 32 hPa. For high-compression stockings, compression above the ankle was 60 hPa. Both groups of the analyzed compression stockings were made on modern one-cylinder hosiery automats. The legs of the stockings were made in single inlaid jersey 1 + 1. Both yarns were elastane covered. The finer yarn formed loops and its knitting into a course was significantly larger than in the other yarn, which was much coarser and does not form loops but “lay the weft in a bent way”. The smallest elongation of knitted fabric was above the ankle, where the highest compression was achieved, while the largest elongation was under the crotch, where the stocking leg exerted the smallest compression on the surface. The leg of the compression stocking acted as a casing that imposed compression on the leg and often reinforced it to be able to sustain compression loads.

Because of wearing and washing the knit rib fabrics are highly vulnerable to lose their dimensional stability. The work investigated the physical properties of lxl knit rib fabrics with or without elastane. The fabrics made from 100% cotton yarn were compared with the fabrics made from cotton/elastane (95%/5%) blended yarns by Lisky circular knitting machine. Pilling, shrinkage, spirality, and bursting strength were tested by the ICI pilling test box, Wascator, and TruBurst machine to demonstrate the effect of elastane on fabric properties. Experimental results showed that elastane has a noteworthy impact on the physical properties of 1 x 1 knit rib fabrics which can make the fabrics more durable and dimensionally stable in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of single-core elastic spun cotton yarns is well established in textiles and denim industry but interest in the use of dual-core-spun yarns has started to grow only recently. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of polyester and elastane linear density on the physical and mechanical properties of dual-core-spun cotton yarns. Yarn samples were prepared on industrial-scale spinning machines using cotton as the sheath fibers and two different linear densities of polyester and three different linear densities of elastane filaments in the core. Statistical analysis of the results revealed that yarn tenacity, elongation, uniformity, and hairiness are significantly affected by the linear densities of both the polyester and elastane filaments in the core, with statistically significant interaction between them. Yarn imperfections (IPI), however, are affected mainly by the polyester denier, while the elastane linear density did not show statistically significant effect on the IPI. Regression equations for different yarn properties were also developed which showed fairly high values of coefficient of determination (R-sq). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for innovative fabrics has rapidly increased in recent years, owing to their cost effective with good aesthetic and comfort properties. Seersucker fabrics are cost effective fabric structure with good aesthetic and comfort properties produced by modification in material or in fabric structures. The main purpose of this research work is to develop seersucker fabric on interlock machine through using different yarns and stripes height. Puckering effect on knitted fabric obtained using elastane covered yarn with simple cotton yarn and relaxation of elastane made the cotton yarn produce a puckering effect. Different seersucker fabrics were produced by changing tube size with the help of change in stripe height and using different yarn combinations on the back side (i.e. cotton covered elastane, spun polyester, and cotton) of the fabric. The seersucker knitted fabric were subjected to different tests such as mechanical testing that is fabric stretch, tactile comfort and thermophysiological comfort, that is, thermal resistance and air permeability test. The test results concluded that the seersucker interlock knitted fabric gives good comfort and aesthetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry faces significant challenges in recycling of fibres from clothes due to the complex blends of natural and synthetic polymers that are used in their production. One of the challenges is the inclusion of elastane, that is added in textile constructions to provide stretch and comfort. It is generally present in small proportions, but even in such low amounts it interferes in recycling of the other polymer types in clothing. Thus, the elastane needs to be removed from textile blends to improve fibre recycling rates. The typical solvents for elastane, dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylacetamide (DMAc), are toxic and not environment friendly, which makes it difficult to handle them in large quantities. This study focuses on the selective separation of elastane from clothing by dissolution/precipitation method. It will be shown that elastane can be separated at room temperature, by mixing two solvents at a specific ratio. • Facile selective dissolution and recovery of elastane at room temperature. • Solvent blends with comparable or higher solubility for elastane than DMF. • Process applicable for elastane blends with polyester and cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretchable piezoresistive transducers for strain sensing have been widely developed due to their remarkable sensitivity, elasticity, and cyclability. In this work, commercial elastane yarn (Lycra® 1880 dtex) is functionalized by a conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with a dip-coating method. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) is used as a beneficial additive to improve the affinity between the elastic substrate and the conductive layer. Indicating a small modification of the yarn's mechanical properties, Young's modulus of 3.5 MPa is observed for the transducer. An initial resistance of 3487 Ω is measured for a length of 50 mm. After a training stage involving 100 stretching/releasing cycles to stabilize the electromechanical properties related to morphological structure, the transducer exhibits an average gauge factor of 25 for the interest strain range (0 – 5 %). Furthermore, the cyclability of the yarn is demonstrated by 10,000 deformation cycles with only a slight modification of the relative resistance variation. [Display omitted] • A piezoresistive textile yarn transducer is developed with highly stretchable Lycra® and PEDOT:PSS as conductive material. • Polyethylene glycol diacrylate was added as beneficial additive to improve the adhesion and properties of coating. • An innovative training stage of transducer enables to enhance the electromechanical properties. • High sensitivity (GF = 25) and high durability (10,000 cycles) are demonstrated for strain range of 0–5 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]