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Fruits with a high content of biologically active compounds are essential in preventing many diseases. Therefore, the interest in searching for and testing new plant sources for bioactive constituents remains strong. Although many publications on individual species exist, their results are difficult to compare directly due to varying methods and conditions of analysis. Only a few studies have investigated many different species in a single analysis. Therefore, we examined and compared 21 different genotypes, using various measurement methods for total phenolic content (TPC) (Folin–Ciocalteu, FBBB), total antioxidant capacity (ABTS, FRAP, DPPH), and the HPLC technique for the total ascorbate concentration in freshly harvested fruits. One-way ANOVA, Principal Component Analysis, and Pearson Correlation were used to analyse and compare the results. The tested samples showed significant differences in TPC, ascorbate content, and antioxidant capacity. The correlation between the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity depended on the analytical methods, with results obtained using the FRAP test being the most strongly correlated. Due to higher levels of polyphenols, ascorbate, and antioxidant potential, the most promising species for further evaluation appear to be Chaenomeles × californica, Actinidia kolomikta, Mespilus germanica, and ×Sorboaronia fallax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract [Objective] The purpose of the research was to explore the evolutionary pattern of chloroplast genome in Elaeagnaceae, and to provide a basis for species identification and resource exploitation of Elaeagnaceae. [Methods] This study assembled four chloroplast genomes from Hippophae and Shepherdia, and compared the gene composition, repeats, and structural properties with the published Elaeagnaceae genomes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on sequences from these chloroplast genomes. The promising sites for DNA barcoding of Elaeagnaceae were identified by examining the highly divergent regions. [Results] It was found that the chloroplast genomes of each genus of Elaeagnaceae exhibited a significant degree of similarity in terms of tetrad structure and gene number and organization. Moreover, it was found that both IR regions and repeats of Hippophae and Shepherdia species tended to expand and increase more than those of Elaeagnus species. The phylogenetic tree based on chloroplast genomes from eighteen species of Elaeagnaceae showed that all Elaeagnus plants were grouped into a branch that exhibited an early differentiation, and all plants from Hippophae and Shepherdia were classified into another branch with a most recent common ancestry. Three potential DNA barcoding regions were examined with the ycf1 gene had the best effect. [Conclusion] This study revealed that the chloroplast genome structure of the Elaeagnus family had a conservative pattern. The IR regions and repeated sequence of the chloroplast genome had been extended and increased with the evolution of Elaeagnaceae. The selected DNA barcode sequences could distinguish the relationships among the genera of the family Elaeagnus and among the species within the genus Elaeagnus.

Fruits with a high content of biologically active compounds are essential in preventing many diseases. Therefore, the interest in searching for and testing new plant sources for bioactive constituents remains strong. Although many publications on individual species exist, their results are difficult to compare directly due to varying methods and conditions of analysis. Only a few studies have investigated many different species in a single analysis. Therefore, we examined and compared 21 different genotypes, using various measurement methods for total phenolic content (TPC) (Folin–Ciocalteu, FBBB), total antioxidant capacity (ABTS, FRAP, DPPH), and the HPLC technique for the total ascorbate concentration in freshly harvested fruits. One-way ANOVA, Principal Component Analysis, and Pearson Correlation were used to analyse and compare the results. The tested samples showed significant differences in TPC, ascorbate content, and antioxidant capacity. The correlation between the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity depended on the analytical methods, with results obtained using the FRAP test being the most strongly correlated. Due to higher levels of polyphenols, ascorbate, and antioxidant potential, the most promising species for further evaluation appear to be Chaenomeles × californica, Actinidia kolomikta, Mespilus germanica, and ×Sorboaronia fallax.

Many dental procedures can induce gag reflex.So far, research aimed at reducing this reflex has shown limited effectiveness, required significant time, or involved invasive techniques. In previous studies, the effect of tanic acid and Elaeagnus angustifolia on the reduction of gag reflex has been confirmed. This study investigates the combined effect of synergistic tannic acid and Elaeagnus angustifolia in the form of a patch, along with psychological intervention, for reducing the gag reflex.Materials & Methods:In this clinicalstudy, 128 samples were selected in an easy improbable manner and were selected from Isfahan Dental School „patients. the subjects were divided into 4 groups: the mucosal patch group ,the psychological intervention group, the combined mucosal patch and psychological intervention group, and the control group receiving the placebo. Data were collected and analyzed by Chi-square and McNamara statistical tests.Results:The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a significant difference in the mean changes in gag reflex scores among the 4 groups (p value < 0.001). Further analysis using the Mann-Whitney test demonstrated a significant difference between the patch group and the psychology group.Conclusion:In the group receiving mucosal patch containing tannic acid andElaeagnaceaewith psychological intervention, the most effect was observed on the reduction of gag reflex

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a type of steatosis caused by excess lipids accumulating in the liver. The prevalence of NAFLD has increased annually due to modern lifestyles and a lack of adequate medical treatment. Thus, we were motivated to investigate the bioactive components of Formosan plants that could attenuate lipid droplet (LD) accumulation. In a series of screenings of 3000 methanolic extracts from the Formosan plant extract bank for anti-LD accumulation activity, the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Elaeagnus glabra Thunb. showed excellent anti-LD accumulation activity. E. glabra is an evergreen shrub on which only a few phytochemical and biological studies have been conducted. Here, one new flavonoid (1), two new triterpenoids (2 and 3), and 35 known compounds (4–38) were isolated from the ethyl acetate layer of aerial parts of E. glabra via a bioassay-guided fractionation process. Their structures were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, and MS data. Among the isolated compounds, methyl pheophorbide a (37) efficiently reduced the normalized LD content to 0.3% with a concentration of 20 μM in AML12 cell lines without significant cytotoxic effects. 3-O-(E)-Caffeoyloleanolic acid (13) and methyl pheophorbide a (37) showed inhibitory effects on superoxide anion generation or elastase release in fMLP/CB-treated human neutrophils (IC50 < 3.0 μM); they displayed effects similar to those of the positive control, namely, LY294002. These findings indicate that E. glabra can be used for developing a new botanical drug for managing LD accumulation and against inflammation-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Sea buckthorn (SBT) (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), a shrub rich with a huge variety of vitamins, antioxidants and other biologically active constituents with pharmacological and cosmaceutical applications. OBJECTIVE: The current review aims to compile the recent reported data on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, biological activities and cosmaceutical uses of SBT plant from different regions of the world. METHODS: A wide-ranging inquiry on SBT was done electronically on the basis of articles and abstracts published in peer-reviewed journals, issued in conference proceedings, government reports, books, Master's and Ph.D. theses, etc. The research was carried out in different international scientific databases like Academic Search, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS, BioOne Previews, CabDirect, Cochrane Library, Pubmed/Medline, GeoRef, Google Scholar, JSTOR, Journal Citation Reports, Mendeley, Publons, Researchgate, Scopus, SciELO, Springer Link, Science Direct, Web of Science, Taylor and Francis with particular keywords. RESULTS: A total of 185 published papers were assessed through the search approach and 162 papers were included published on SBT. It was evident from the literature search that the uses of SBT as traditional medicine so far against nearly 50 health related complications in more than 18 regions of the world are still a common practice where the decoction of leaves and juice/paste from berries/fruits of SBT were the common administration modes. Data on the phytochemical profile of SBT revealed more than 50 diverse reported groups of compounds with remarkable antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species (ROS) using DPPH, FRAP and ABTS as common methods. Moreover to-date, the reported antimicrobial activity of SBT uncovered that the extracts from SBT were examined in contradiction of 32 strains of bacteria and 15 strains of fungus with significant inhibitory actions against the bacterial and fungal strains. The SBT extracts actions reported so far on different viral disease categories displayed active inhibition of the growth of nearly 15 different viral strains. The reported anticancer activity of compounds in SBT extracts to date evidenced remarkable results against more than 20 different cancer cell lines/types. Moreover, SBT oil containing fatty acids, tocopherols and carotenoids is effectively used with cosmetic applications for skin care. CONCLUSIONS: Conclusively, SBT is rich with several remarkable phytochemicals that may have diverse biological actions and for that reason reassure the use of decoctions and/or infusions of SBT as folk traditional medicine around the world. Conversely, it is essential to explore the molecular mechanisms of compounds responsible for biological activities of SBT and to advance in the research of clinical uses and development of SBT based therapeutic and cosmetic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elaeagnus henryi Warb. ex Diels belongs to the Elaeagnaceae. Here, we reveal the complete chloroplast genome of Elaeagnus henryi. The complete chloroplast genome is 152,244 bp in length and contains a large single-copy (LSC) region of 82,235 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,279 bp and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,865 bp. There are 126 genes, including 81 protein-coding, 37 transfer RNA (tRNA), and eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The total GC content of the chloroplast genome sequence is 37.1%. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis indicated that E. henryi was sister to Elaeagnus pungens (MW145133). The result may be because the species are advanced and developed from the same ancestor.

Elaeagnus pungens is an evergreen shrub with high medicinal values. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of E. pungens was characterized. The chloroplast genome of E. pungens is 152,218 bp in length, consisting of two 25,876 bp inverted repeats, 18,231 bp small single copy region, and 82,235 bp large single copy region. The chloroplast genome contains 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Phylogenomic analysis revealed that E. pungens and species from Elaeagnus formed a monophyletic clade sister to the clade consisting of species from Hippophae.

The article presents the results of studies on the current status of populations and the safety of fruits of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson (E. rhamnoides) growing in Northern and Eastern Kazakhstan. During expeditions in 2017-2018, we identified environmental factors affecting natural phytocenoses of sea buckthorn in the surveyed areas. We have determined the population examined in Northern Kazakhstan (Kokshetau Upland) to be adventive and successfully established during the virgin land development period. The population is stable, intensively dispersing within new habitats. The Eastern Kazakhstan population is in a distressed state, while it is still unclear where the population originated from. The reason for the stress include strong damage of young shoots and leaves by fungal diseases, cattle grazing, and felling. In the areas where sea buckthorns grow, we examined the radiation gamma background within all study sites noted at a level of up to 0.17 μSv/h. The results of atomic absorption spectroscopy showed that the amount of toxicants of Class 1 (cadmium, arsenic, mercury, lead), Class 2 (cobalt, copper), or of weak toxicity (manganese) in sea buckthorn fruits does not exceed the maximum permissible concentration levels in all samples. Gamma-spectrometric analysis of the radionuclides concentration (11.3-14.1 Bq/kg for 90Sr, 3.5-4.7 Bq/kg for 137Cs) in sea buckthorn fruits showed levels below the threshold limit value. Monitoring of food safety of E. rhamnoides fruits in the Northern and Eastern Kazakhstan forests showed the levels of the toxicants studied to be below the maximum permissible levels. The results of the research conducted allow us to recommend sea buckthorn fruits for use in food, medicinal, and economic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a type of steatosis caused by excess lipids accumulating in the liver. The prevalence of NAFLD has increased annually due to modern lifestyles and a lack of adequate medical treatment. Thus, we were motivated to investigate the bioactive components of Formosan plants that could attenuate lipid droplet (LD) accumulation. In a series of screenings of 3000 methanolic extracts from the Formosan plant extract bank for anti-LD accumulation activity, the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Elaeagnus glabra Thunb. showed excellent anti-LD accumulation activity. E. glabra is an evergreen shrub on which only a few phytochemical and biological studies have been conducted. Here, one new flavonoid (1), two new triterpenoids (2 and 3), and 35 known compounds (4–38) were isolated from the ethyl acetate layer of aerial parts of E. glabra via a bioassay-guided fractionation process. Their structures were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, and MS data. Among the isolated compounds, methyl pheophorbide a (37) efficiently reduced the normalized LD content to 0.3% with a concentration of 20 μM in AML12 cell lines without significant cytotoxic effects. 3-O-(E)-Caffeoyloleanolic acid (13) and methyl pheophorbide a (37) showed inhibitory effects on superoxide anion generation or elastase release in fMLP/CB-treated human neutrophils (IC50 < 3.0 μM); they displayed effects similar to those of the positive control, namely, LY294002. These findings indicate that E. glabra can be used for developing a new botanical drug for managing LD accumulation and against inflammation-related diseases.

Multiple spectroscopic, chromatographic, and chemical reaction methods were combined to investigate the chemical components in the fruits of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. As results, thirty-two compounds were obtained from it as natural products. Six of them, elangphenosides A (1), B (2), C (3) and D (4), elangmegastigmanoside A (5), and elangorganic acid A 1 (6) were retrieved by Scifinder as previously undescribed ones. Additionally, a previously undescribed artificial product, elangorganic acid A 2 , as well as a known artificial one, (3 R) 5-ethoxy-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-hydroxy-5-oxopentanoic acid, were yielded. Following the phytochemical investigation, LC-MS analysis was employed to conduct a systematical characterization of the constituents from E. angustifolia fruits. Ultimately, fifty-six compounds, including seventeen phenols, one ionone, twenty-four triterpenes, and fourteen other ones, were unambiguously detected and identified. Moreover, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity screening of forty-four natural compounds presented in E. angustifolia fruits was performed by using the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell model. Twenty-six compounds, including phenols, organic acids, and other compounds, showed assignable activity. Furthermore, their structure-activity relationships were summarized. Combined with the previous research work in our lab, triterpenes, phenols, and organic acids were speculated to be key components during the E. angustifolia fruits exerting anti-inflammatory activity. In summary, this article fully explored the chemical composition of E. angustifolia fruits, assayed their in vitro NO production inhibitory effects, greatly expanding its material foundation and laying a solid foundation for further research and development. Six previously undescribed and twenty-six kown natural products, along with one novel and one known artificts were obtained from the fruits of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Based on that, a systematical characterization of the constituents from E. Angustifolia fruits was conducted. Twenty-six of them showed in vitro NO production inhibitory effects. [Display omitted] • 32 isolates were found from Elaeagnus angustifolia L., 6 ones were novel & natural. • 56 compounds were identified from E. angustifolia fruit by LC-MS analysis. • Triterpenes, phenols, organic acids were key anti-inflammatory active components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sexual satisfaction is a key factor in quality of life that depends on several factors including healthy, pleasant and painless sexual relations. Treatment of sexual dysfunction should be given special attention due to the impact on the relationship between couples and family stability. This study was performed with aim to determine the effect of inhalation of Elaeagnus angustifolia flower essence on dyspareunia and sexual satisfaction of women at reproductive age. Methods: This three-group randomized clinical trial study was performed on 99 women referring to health centers in Mashhad in 2019-2020. The study's units were assigned into three groups. The first group used the essence for 4 weeks, 3 times a day for 20 minutes each time and the second group once only 20 minutes before intercourse as inhalation and the third group did not receive any intervention. The Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was completed before the intervention and at the end of the 4th week after the intervention in all three groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and one-way analysis of variance, Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. P

Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) caudiglans (Schuster) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was collected from Hippophae salicifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae) leaves in Erzurum during the years 2015-2016. T. (A.) caudiglans is a predatory mite lives on ornamental plants. The samples were extracted by Berlese funnel and cleared in Lacto-phenol solution after that mounted in Hoyer solution. The samples were deposited in the mite collection at Ankara University and Atatürk University Plant Protection Department of Turkey.This is the first record of T. (A.) caudiglans for Phytoseiidae fauna of Turkey. Re-description and illustration of the new record is given.

Elaeagnus henryi Warb. ex Diels belongs to the Elaeagnaceae. Here, we reveal the complete chloroplast genome of Elaeagnus henryi. The complete chloroplast genome is 152,244 bp in length and contains a large single-copy (LSC) region of 82,235 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,279 bp and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,865 bp. There are 126 genes, including 81 protein-coding, 37 transfer RNA (tRNA), and eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The total GC content of the chloroplast genome sequence is 37.1%. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis indicated that E. henryi was sister to Elaeagnus pungens (MW145133). The result may be because the species are advanced and developed from the same ancestor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research progress in China shows that the tree species of rhizobia that have been found are mainly trees of 11 genera in Papilionaceae, Elaeagnaceae and Mimosaceae, and the rhizobia are mainly et-rhizobia, which come from multiple genera. Temperature, pH value, Nad content and antibiotics all affect the growth of tree rhizobia; and different species of rhizobia have different stress resistance, which is related to their living environment. Rhizobium inoculation can promote plant height, biomass, root-to-shoot ratio, and root architecture of trees. We discussed and analyzed the development history and application status of rhizobia research, and prospected their future development directions. In the future, tree rhizobia will surely be used as a means of production to promote efficient agricultural production and sustainable agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elaeagnus is a genus which consists about 70 species of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae, and its edible fruit is a natural product used as food and in traditional medicine. In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of four species, namely Elaeagnus umbellate Thunb., E. multiflora Thunb., E. macrophylla Thunb., and E. glabra Thunb., to study their phylogenetic relationships within the Elaeagnaceae. Total lengths of the chloroplast genome were 152,261 bp, 152,267 bp, 152,224 bp, and 152,227 bp, respectively. The four genomes had representative quadripartite structures, with an LSC region (82,207 bp, 82,191 bp, 82,136 bp, and 82,139 bp) and an SSC region (18,262 bp, 18,282 bp,and 18,278 bp for both species) separated by a pair of IRs (25,896 bp, 25,897 bp, and 25,905 bp for the latter two species), respectively. Moreover, they were composed of 136–137 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes, 40–41 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis indicated that E. umbellata was most closely related to E. multiflora, whereas E. macrophylla was close to E. glabra.

Elaeagnus pungens is an evergreen shrub with high medicinal values. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of E. pungens was characterized. The chloroplast genome of E. pungens is 152,218 bp in length, consisting of two 25,876 bp inverted repeats, 18,231 bp small single copy region, and 82,235 bp large single copy region. The chloroplast genome contains 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Phylogenomic analysis revealed that E. pungens and species from Elaeagnus formed a monophyletic clade sister to the clade consisting of species from Hippophae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Background and Purpose:Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease, it is treated by nonstroidal anti-inflamatory drugs. Using medicinal plants has lower dangers than chemical drugs.One of the plants used in the traditional medicine is Elaeagnus angustifolia. In the present study to confirm the anti-inflammatory property of the plant the effect of the extract of Elaeagnus angustifolia is examined on the expression of the iNOS and COX2 genes. METHODS: This experimental study was performed on 35 male wistar rats. 7 rats were considered as control group, and in the rest of rats rheumatoid arthritis was induced according to the CIA protocol with collagen type 2 injection.One group was not treated as the control group and three groups were treated orally for a period of 30 days by ibuprofen with the concentration 15 mg/kg and the aqueous extract of the Elaeagnus angustifolia with the concentration 350 mg/kg and their combination,then expression of the COX2 and iNOS genes were measured by real time PCR technique. FINDINGS: Treatment with ibuprofenand the aqueous extract reduced the genes expression. In other words, the expression of the iNOS gene decreased more in the ibuprofen group (6.34±0.49) than the Elaeagnus angustifolia (7.71±0.61; p

Seeds of Elaeagnus mollis (Elaeagnaceae) produce an edible oil and contain more vitamin E (Ve) than major oil-seed crops. Despite its economic value, there is no information on its genome sequence. Here, we used the Illumina platform to determine the seed transcriptome of E. mollis to identify the genes related to Ve biosynthesis and potential simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In total, 100,999 unigenes were obtained with an average length of 605 bp and N50 of 985 bp. Of these unigenes, 52,256 (51.7%) were annotated in at least one public database (NT, NR, PFAM, SwissProt, KOG, KO, and GO) in searches using blastn/x. The unigene annotation identified 15 unigenes encoding six enzymes (GGR, HPPD, HPT/VTE2, MPBQ-MT/VTE3, TC/VTE1, and γ-TMT/VTE4) putatively involved in Ve biosynthesis. In addition, 16,810 SSRs distributed in 14,057 unigenes were mined. Of these, 2820, 583, and 3423 SSRs were located in the 5′–UTR, coding sequence (CDS), and 3′–UTR regions, respectively, while the remaining 9984 SSRs had undetermined physical locations. The largest group of repeat motifs comprised mononucleotide repeats (70.76%), followed by dinucleotide (15.59%) and trinucleotide (12.10%) repeats. AG/CT (8.69%) and AAG/CTT (4.15%) were the main dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats, respectively. Furthermore, 9597 SSR-specific primer pairs were designed. Among 100 primer pairs selected randomly to determine their usefulness, 53 proved to be efficient. To the our best of knowledge, this work is the first study of the E. mollis transcriptome and constitutes valuable genomics data for future genetic engineering studies to alter the amount of Ve. The identified potential EST-SSR markers can be used for population genetics studies and assisted-breeding of E. mollis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) caudiglans (Schuster) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was collected from Hippophae salicifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae) leaves in Erzurum during the years 2015-2016. T. (A.) caudiglans is a predatory mite lives on ornamental plants. The samples were extracted by Berlese funnel and cleared in Lacto-phenol solution after that mounted in Hoyer solution. The samples were deposited in the mite collection at Ankara University and Atatürk University Plant Protection Department of Turkey. This is the first record of T. (A.) caudiglans for Phytoseiidae fauna of Turkey. Re-description and illustration of the new record is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae), commonly known as “Sea buckthorn” and “Vitamin tree”, is a spiny deciduous shrub whose fruit is known for its nutritional composition, such as vitamin C, and is consumed as a dietary supplement worldwide. As part of our ongoing efforts to identify structurally new and bioactive constituents from natural resources, the phytochemical investigation of the extract of H. rhamnoides fruits led to the isolation of one malate derivative (1), five citrate derivatives (2–6), and one quinate derivative (7). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data and high-resolution electrospray ionization (HR-ESI) liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) data. Three of the citrate derivatives were identified as new compounds: (S)-1-butyl-5-methyl citrate (3), (S)-1-butyl-1′-methyl citrate (4), and (S)-1-methyl-1′-butyl citrate (6), which turned out to be isolation artifacts. The absolute configurations of the new compounds were established by quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation, which is an informative tool for verifying the absolute configuration of organic acid derivatives. The isolated compounds 1–7 were evaluated for their stimulatory effects on osteogenesis. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 stimulated osteogenic differentiation up to 1.4 fold, compared to the negative control. These findings provide experimental evidence that active compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 induce the osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells and activate bone formation.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a plant belonging to the Elaeagnaceae family. It is widely distributed throughout Asia, and Europe, especially in colder regions. Generally, sea buckthorn species vary in their phytochemical composition, depending on the climate, and soils in which they grow. Sea buckthorn has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, due to its rich chemical composition. The leaves, fruits, and seeds of this plant are a rich source of bioactive compounds, such as vitamins (A, E, K, C, B1, B2), phenolic compounds (e.g gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, kaempferol), fatty acids (e.g linoleic acid, ·-linolenic acid, palmitoleic acid, vaccenic acid), amino acids (e.g glycine, isoleucine, cysteine, tyrosine, histidine, arginine), micro-, and macroelements. The presence of a large number of bioactive compounds results in a broad spectrum of biological activity. It has been shown that sea buckthorn has antioxidant, and antiñinflammatory properties, moreover it protects, and regulates cellular metabolism, has cardioprotective properties, and protective effect on skin cells. Research from recent years offers the hope that sea buckthorn preparations will be used in the treatment of, for example, skin burns, atopic dermatitis or abnormal cholesterol levels, but also as a support for the treatment of, for example, cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight undescribed isorhamnetin glycosides, acylated with isovaleric acid were isolated from the fruit of sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson). Structures of the purified compounds were determined using one and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and chemical methods. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of the phenolic-rich fraction of sea buckthorn fruit and its major flavonoids against colon cell lines, HT-29, HCT-116 and Caco-2, was determined. While the phenolic fraction was moderately active against HT-29 and HCT-116, all investigated purified flavonoids showed significantly weaker activity. This is most probably the first report about isorhamnetin glycosides acylated with isovaleric acid. Eight undescribed isorhamnetin glycosides acylated with isovaleric acid were isolated from the fruit of sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson). Image 1 • Eight undescribed acylated flavonoids were isolated from Elaeagnus rhamnoides. • All these compounds were isorhamnetin glycosides acylated with isovaleric acid. • Their structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the absorption properties of isorhamnetin (IS), quercetin (QU), and kaempferol (KA) in total flavones of Hippophaë rhamnoides L. (TFH) by an in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model. The results indicated that IS, QU, and KA in TFH were absorbed site-dependently, and both enterohepatic circulation and intestinal flora could participate in their absorption processes. The absorption mechanisms of IS, QU, and KA in TFH were involved in both passive diffusion and active transport, and the mediation of efflux transporter multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) should not be neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5S rDNA is organized as a cluster of tandemly repeated monomers that consist of the conservative 120 bp coding part and non-transcribed spacers (NTSs) with different lengths and sequences among different species. The polymorphism in the 5S rDNA NTSs of closely related species is interesting for phylogenetic and evolutional investigations, as well as for the development of molecular markers. In this study, the 5S rDNA NTSs were amplified with universal 5S1/5S2 primers in some species of the Elaeagnaceae Adans. family. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of five Elaeagnus species had similar lengths near 310 bp and were different from Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. and Sh. argentea (Pusch.) Nutt. samples (260 bp and 215 bp, respectively). The PCR products were cloned and sequenced. An analysis of the sequences revealed that intraspecific levels of NTS identity are high (approximately 95–96%) and similar in the Elaeagnus L. species. In Sh. argentea, this level was slightly lower due to the differences in the poly-T region. Moreover, the intergeneric and intervarietal NTS identity levels were studied and compared. Significant differences between species (except E. multiflora Thunb. and E. umbellata Thunb.) and genera were found. Herein, a range of the NTS features is discussed. This study is another step in the investigation of the molecular evolution of Elaeagnaceae and may be useful for the development of species-specific DNA markers in this family.

Elaeagnus glabra f. oxyphylla (Elaeagnaceae) is a small evergreen tree with narrow lanceolate leaves that is native to Korea. In this work, we studied the chemical composition of E. glabra f. oxyphylla branches (EGFOB) for the first time. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of the ethanol extract of EGFOB and each of its chemical components on key mediators of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), namely, amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation and oxidative stress. The ethanol extract of EGFOB decreased Aβ aggregation (IC50 = 32.01 µg/mL) and the levels of the oxidative free radicals 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50 = 11.35 and 12.32 µg/mL, respectively). Sixteen compounds were isolated from EGFOB. Among them, procyanidin B3 (8), procyanidin B4 (9), and helichrysoside (13) significantly inhibited Aβ aggregation (IC50 = 14.59, 32.64, and 44.45 μM, respectively), indicating their potential as bioactive compounds to control Aβ aggregation. Furthermore, these compounds markedly enhanced in vitro scavenging activity against ABTS (IC50 = 3.21–4.61 µM). In the DPPH test, they showed lower scavenging activity than in the ABTS test (IC50 ≥ 54.88 µM). Thus, these results suggest that EGFOB and specifically compounds 8, 9, and 13 may be beneficial in AD prevention and treatment through their antioxidant and anti-Aβ aggregation activities.

A new triterpenoid saponin, named terpengustifol A (1), and two new lignan glucosides, phengustifols A and B (2 and 3), were isolated from the flowers of Elaeagnus angustifolia. Their structures were determined by the extensive analysis of the spectroscopic data (including NMR and HRMS) and ECD calculations. Compound 1 possesses an unusual monoterpene (Z)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylocta-2,7-dienoyl unit at C-21. Compounds 2 and 3 are a pair of diastereoisomers, while their aglycones are a pair of enantiomers. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against A375 cell lines with IC50 values at 12.1 and 15.6 μM, respectively. This is firstly reported the triterpenoid saponin and lignans isolated from the Elaeagnus angustifolia flowers.

Elaeagnus conferta Roxb is a kind of fruit known for its oval shape, bright red colour, and sour and sweet taste. In this study, we assembled and characterized the complete chloroplast genome of E. conferta Roxb as a resource for future genetic studies. With a total length of 151,751 bp, the chloroplast genome has a total of 130 genes, consisting of 88 protein-coding genes, 34 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the position of E. conferta Roxb within the order Rosales.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of Elaeagnus Angustifolia extract (EA) on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) survival, migration, and wound healing-related genes., Methods: After preparing the hydroalcoholic extract of EA, MTT and scratch tests were used to determine the effect of EA on the viability and migration of HDFs. In addition, the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) was conducted to evaluate the impact of EA on the expression of wound healing-related genes in HDFs., Result: According to the MTT test, a nontoxic concentration of EA (100 µg/ml) was obtained for further investigations. The scratch test results demonstrated that EA improved HDFs' capacity to migrate when compared to the control group. Additionally, q-PCR results revealed that EA could significantly increase wound healing-related genes (VEGF-A, HLA-G5, and IL-6) in comparison with the control group., Conclusions: The EA could have a significant impact on the viability and migration of HDFs. Also, EA increased the expression of wound healing-related genes., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties such as total phenol (TP), total flavonoid (TF), total anthocyanin (TA), total antioxidant capacity based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Fe 2+ chelating assays in thirty-eight genotypes of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. grown in Iran. The results showed that the range of fruit and seed weight was 1.08–2.69 and 0.31–0.64 g, respectively. Also, the range of antioxidant capacity based on DPPH was 28.59–93.15 %. The highest TP content of peel and pulp of fruit was 1179 and 820.85 mg gallic acid (GAE) per 100 g fresh weight (FW) basis, respectively. The highest TF content of peel and pulp of fruit was observed in Mi2 and U2 genotypes, respectively. Genotype M4 had the highest TA content. According to the correlation, TP had a positive and significant correlation with the antioxidant capacity based on DPPH and FRAP assays, and TF content. The results of factor analysis showed that the five main factors were explained a total of 86.69% of the variance. Also based on cluster analysis, the thirty-eight genotypes were located in 4 main clusters and five locations were located in 2 main clusters. The present research reveals the potential of E. angustifolia L. genotypes studied for improvement of nutritional value through germplasm enhancement programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typification of three Linnaean names: Elaeagnus latifolia, E. spinosa, and Hippophaë rhamnoides is discussed. The designation of the nomenclatural types is based on an assessment of Linnaeus's original material. The name E. latifolia is lectotypified using a specimen from Hermann's Herbarium at BM, and E. spinosa using a specimen from Hasselquist's specimen at LINN. The name Hippophaë rhamnoides is lectotypified using a specimen preserved at UPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern pollen data from topsoils and surface lake sediments are commonly used as modern analogues and as climate calibration data for reconstructing vegetation and climate history from fossil pollen profiles. However, the potential differences and biases in pollen assemblages from these two sample types, as well as the processes of pollen sedimentation in lake basins, have received relatively little attention. Here we present the results of the analysis of modern pollen assemblages in 10 surface sediment samples and 25 topsoil samples from Xingyun Lake and its catchment, a shallow alpine lake site in the central Yunnan Plateau, southwest China. The modern pollen assemblages from both types of samples are mainly composed of Pinus , evergreen and deciduous oaks, Alnus , Poaceae, Artemisia , Brassicaceae and Amaranthaceae, and are consistent with the modern vegetation. Although the pollen assemblages of topsoil samples vary with the type of modern local vegetation, in general they are representative in term of the composition of the main pollen taxa, with some significant differences in the case of some vegetation types. With regard to the surface lake sediment samples, the pollen assemblages are relatively constant with no significant changes with sample location and water depth. The main pollen taxa are Pinus (around 40%), Alnus (around 18%) and Poaceae (around 11%), with relatively high percentages of evergreen and deciduous oaks, Betula (2–4%), and low percentages of Ulmus , Rosaceae, Corylus , Cupressaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrica and Elaeagnaceae. This composition is a good representation of the main types of catchment vegetation. The relative uniformity of the pollen assemblages from the lake surface samples may partly result from the effect of currents in redistributing the pollen input to the lake by rivers and wind. Therefore, we suggest that it is better to use pollen data from surface lake sediments, rather than from topsoils from the lake catchment, for interpreting fossil pollen assemblages of lake sediment cores. Our results indicate that the pollen assemblages in a sediment core from any part of Xingyun Lake are likely to provide a reliable record of the regional vegetation history and thus climatic change. Our modern pollen results, together with modern pollen data from other surface lake sediment samples along a large altitudinal gradient from Yunnan to southwest Sichuan Province, were used to reanalyze fossil pollen assemblages during the Last Glaciation period at Xingyun Lake. The results show that the vertical vegetation belts decreased in altitude from late Marine Isotope Stage 3 (late MIS3) to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and then increased during the Last Deglaciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most common types of cancer in women is breast cancer. There are numerous natural plant-based products, which exert anti-tumoral effects including Elaeagnus Angustifolia (EA). It modulates cell-cycle process, heat-shock proteins expression, anti-proliferative properties, apoptosis induction, blocking of angiogenesis, and cell invasion inhibition. The current study aimed to synthesize and evaluate the anticancer effects of hydroalcoholic EA extract (HEAE), Nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) and nHAp synthesized trough EA (nHA-EA) in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line., Methods: In the present study, HEAE preparation and green synthesis of nHA-EA was done and phase composition, functional groups, and crystallin phase of nHA-EA and nHAp were determined using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The characteristics of synthesized nanoparticles including structural and morphological parameters were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Then, by using MTT-assay (Dimethylthiazoldiphenyltetrazolium), the in vitro cytotoxic and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of EA extract, nHAp, and nHA-EA in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was evaluated. Next, we assessed the expression of apoptosis-related genes Bax, Bcl2 and p53 using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction (qRT-PCR) and migration of MCF-7 cells by scratch assay., Results: The FTIR results demonstrated formation of nHAp and its interaction with HEAE during synthesis process. The XRD results of the synthesized nanoparticles showed similar XRD pattern of nHA-EA and nHAp and purity of synthesized nanomaterials. The average IC 50 of HEAE, nHAp, and nHA-EA extract after treatment of cancer cells for 24 h was 400 µg/mL, 200 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. Our results revealed that nHA-EA significantly reduced the migration and invasion of the MCF-7 cells, in comparison to the nHAp and EA extract. Moreover, level of Bax/Bcl2 and p53 was significantly higher in the nHA-EA extract group in comparison to the EA extract and nHAp group., Conclusion: Taken together, our results demonstrated that bioactive constituents of EA medicinal plant in form of nHA-EA particles, can effectively exerts potential anticancer and chemo preventive effect against breast cancer growth and can be proposed as a promising beneficial candidate for BC therapy. However, further investigations are required to discover what bioactive compounds are responsible for the chemo preventive effect of this extract., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

In order to investigate the antioxidant activity of Elaeagnus umbellata polysaccharides, the physicochemical characteristics of purified Elaeagnus umbellata polysaccharides (EUP, consisting of two fractions, EUP1 and EUP2) were investigated using UV spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). This revealed that EUP1 and EUP2 were acidic polysaccharides with an average molecular weight (MW) of 63 and 38 kDa, respectively. EUP1 mainly consisted of L-rhamnose and D-galactose in a molar ratio of 2.05:1, and EUP2 consisted of D-mannose, L-rhamnose, D-galactose, and D-arabinose in a molar ratio of 2.06:1:2.78:1. Furthermore, EUP exhibited considerable antioxidant potential for scavenging hydroxyl, superoxide anion, DPPH, and ABTS radicals. Therefore, EUP can be developed as a potential antioxidant for the functional food or pharmaceutical field.