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Ureteroscope and pyeloscope were used for removing residual calculi following open operation of horseshoe kidney. Endoscopic nephrolithotomy is suitable for preventing complications of open operations.

It is reported on the successful surgical therapy of a male pseudohermaphrodit. The transformation to a woman was made in two stages. In the first session castration and penile amputation were performed and in the second operation a vaginal reconstruction using a small bowel segment has been done.

A total of 780 patients were operated on for lithiasis. Among them 97 presented multiple urolithiasis which was often associated with Schistosoma infection. Bilharziasis, in accord with theoretical considerations, plays a part in the formation of calculi, especially in that of multiple urolithiasis.

The case of a 7-year-old boy is reported in whom the Schistosoma haematobium infection manifested as the clinical picture of metastasizing testicular tumour. The correct diagnosis was established by the postoperative pathohistological examination. No similar observations was found in the literature studied.

Twenty renal parenchyma operations of the left kidney were performed in venous hypothermia. The hypothermic solution was perfused via the spermatic (ovarian) vein, outflow occurred through the vessels opened by the incision. The effectiveness of venous hypothermia was measured by the probe of an electrical thermometre inserted into the renal tissue. The temperature of the cooled kidney became constant between 20 and 23 degrees C by using a perfusion solution of 4-5 degrees C. The method can be used for its simplicity and safety also in extensive renal parenchyma operations, its only limitation is that it can be performed only on the left kidney.