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This work attempts to achieve the enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in acylglycerols as well as biodiesel production by investigating the performance of various lipases in ethanolysis. The ethanolysis activities of five immobilized lipases in decreasing order were as follows: Lipozyme TL IM, Novozym 40086/Lipozyme RM IM, Novozym 435 and Rhizopus oryzae lipase immobilized on polypropylene (RO PP). EPA could be enriched to a certain content by Lipozyme TL IM, Novozym 40086, Lipozyme RM IM, and RO PP. The enrichment of DHA was achieved well by those four sn‐1,3 regioselective lipases, and DHA contents in acylglycerols were the highest when Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 40086 were used, reaching 2.87‐fold and 2.81‐fold of the initial content. However, Novozym 435 could not enrich EPA and DHA effectively. Fatty acid ethyl esters produced in this work contained abundant palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid, which could be ideal biodiesel considering their chain length. The competitive factors of five lipases towards DHA were all significantly higher than those towards EPA. When Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 40086 achieved the maximum DHA contents, their DHA recoveries in acylglycerols reached 91.87% and 89.00%, respectively. The DHA recoveries were all significantly higher than the corresponding EPA recoveries in the reactions catalyzed by five lipases. Moreover, Lipozyme TL IM could be a potential lipase for the separation of EPA and DHA. This study may promote the full use of fish oil and broaden the application of lipases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of fatty acids in the muscle tissue of the unique Central Asian carp-like fish, Potanin Altai osman Oreoleuciscus potanini, was studied for the first time. The populations of these fish in the reservoirs of the semiarid zone (Durgun and Taishir) during the period of their formation are considered. It was shown that the content of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids in O. potanini corresponds to the median of this value in the order Cypriniformes. It was established that the basis of the food web of the herbivorous form of this species consists of microalgae (diatoms, Euglena and, possibly, chrysophytes), as well as bacteria. At the same time, the levels of bacterial biomarkers, 15-17BCFA and 17:0 were significantly higher in fish in the Durgun reservoir, whereas the level of EPA (diatom biomarker) in O. potanini was higher in the Taishir reservoir. The established higher values of the heavy nitrogen isotope content in the muscles of O. potanini from the Taishir reservoir are most likely associated with the yet unformed benthic communities and with the incomplete diversification of the riverine form of the Potanin Altai osman into lacustrine forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), are essential polyunsaturated fats primarily obtained from fatty fish and plant-based sources. Compelling evidence from preclinical and epidemiological studies consistently suggests beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs on bone health and healthy aging processes. However, clinical trials have yielded mixed results, with some failing to replicate these benefits seen in preclinical models. This contraindication is mainly due to challenges such as low bioavailability, potential adverse effects with higher doses, and susceptibility to oxidation of ω-3 fatty acids, hindering their clinical effectiveness. This review comprehensively discusses recent findings from a clinical perspective, along with preclinical and epidemiological studies, emphasizing the role of ω-3 PUFAs in promoting bone health and supporting healthy aging. Additionally, it explores strategies to improve ω-3 PUFA efficacy, including nanoparticle encapsulation and incorporation of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) derived from DHA and EPA, to mitigate oxidation and enhance solubility, thereby improving therapeutic potential. By consolidating evidence from various studies, this review underscores current insights and future directions in leveraging ω-3 PUFAs for therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total substitution of fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) with sustainable feed ingredients, while maintaining acceptable growth performances and fish composition, is a challenge. Mussels have a high protein content, with essential amino acid and fatty acid (FA) profiles similar to those of FM. This study aimed to assess the potential to rear gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) on a plant-based feed (without FM and FO) to which mussels were added. Subsequent effects on growth performance, protein content, and FA concentrations were studied. Juvenile gilthead seabream were reared for 46 days in water temperature of 21°C, in a recirculated aquaculture system composed of three fish tanks, each corresponding to one treatment: in the FMFO treatment, 342 fish were fed a commercial feed that contained FM and FO; in the plant-based feed (PBF) treatment, 345 fish were fed an experimental feed that contained only plant-based ingredients; in the mussel feed (MF) treatment, 342 fish were fed the feed from PBF supplemented with fresh mussel flesh from which the shells had been removed. Fish weighed a mean of 6.7 ± 1.3 g at stocking in each treatment. At harvest, the mean weight of fish from FMFO and MF were significantly different (23.1 ± 4.3 and 23.1 ± 5.2 g, respectively) than that from PBF (15.5 ± 3.6 g) (p < .05). Compared to the feed from FMFO, the feed from PBF decreased the percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and saturated FA (14:0, 16:0) in fish, but increased those of 18:1, 18:2 n-6 and 18:3 n-3 FA. Compared to the feed from PBF, the feed from MF increased the EPA+DHA concentration in fish by 21%. Thus, adding fresh mussels to a plant-based feed yielded similar growth performances and survival rate as a commercial feed. It also improved the FA composition of fish compared to that of fish fed a plant-based feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FA) in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) is an area of ongoing research. Some studies suggest that dietary supplementation with omega-3 FA can help manage symptoms of AD by reducing lesion severity, skin inflammation, dryness and itching, while others show no significant beneficial effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 FA from fish oil in combination with gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) from blackcurrant seed oil in children with AD. This is a longitudinal, prospective, randomized, triple blind, placebo-controlled parallel clinical trial. The study was conducted during the 2-year period throughout autumn, winter, and spring, avoiding the summer when AD usually improves. Children were randomized to receive the active study product (Mega Kid®) containing a specific blend of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids or placebo. The primary outcomes were changes in severity of AD measured using SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), patient-oriented SCORAD (PO-SCORAD) and the difference in topical corticosteroid (TCS) use. The secondary outcomes were changes in itch intensity, sleep quality and Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI). Data were analyzed for 52 children (26 in the intervention group and 26 in the placebo group). In children receiving the active product, intention-to-treat analysis showed that after 4 months of treatment, there was a significant decrease in the SCORAD index (from median 42 to 25, p < 0.001) and the use of topical corticosteroids (from median 30 to 10 mg/month, p < 0.001), but also significant improvements in itch, sleep quality, and overall quality of life. Omega-3 fatty acids in combination with GLA and vitamin D may decrease symptoms and were associated with an improvement clinical picture of AD in children. Therefore, we can conclude that supplementation with this specific combination could be considered a safe and effective intervention that may significantly reduce the severity of AD in pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have received considerable attention in the field of mental health, in particular regarding the treatment of depression. This review presents an overview of current research on the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders. The existing body of evidence demonstrates that omega-3 fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have antidepressant effects that can be attributed to their modulation of neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter function, and neuroplasticity. Nevertheless, clinical trials of omega-3 supplementation have yielded inconsistent results. Some studies have demonstrated significant reductions in depressive symptoms following omega-3 treatment, whereas others have shown minimal to no beneficial impact. A range of factors, encompassing dosage, the ratio of EPA to DHA, and baseline nutritional status, have been identified as having a potential impact on the noted results. Furthermore, it has been suggested that omega-3 fatty acids may act as an adjunctive treatment for those undergoing antidepressant treatment. Notwithstanding these encouraging findings, discrepancies in study designs and variability in individual responses underscore the necessity of further research in order to establish uniform, standardized guidelines for the use of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of depressive disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate and analyze the effects of a flushing diet containing Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from Lemuru (Sardinella sp) fish oil on the reproductive performance parameters of Garut ewes. Forty (n = 40) primiparous Garut ewes aged 12–14 months with an average body weight of 28.92 ± 4.94 kg were assigned into four experimental treatment groups. The experimental diets contained roughage: concentrate (30:70%) designated as control concentrate (CNT), flushing concentrate with 6% palm oil (PO), flushing concentrate with 3% palm oil mixed with 3% lemuru oil as DHA and EPA sources (PFO), and flushing concentrate with the addition of 6% lemuru oil (FO). Treatment animals were fed two weeks before and after conception and parturition (8 weeks of total flushing treatment). The addition of fish oil at either 3% (PFO) or 6% (FO) resulted in significantly higher reproductive performance of ewes by increasing the litter size, as reflected by the birth of multiple kids (P < 0.05) compared to CNT and PO. Adding fish oil (PFO and FO) also maintains gestation, resulting in increased lamb yield, especially in the FO treatment, which yields the highest lamb yield (0% single lamb birth). The lamb male ratio was also higher with fish oil supplementation (PFO and PO) (P < 0.05). This research revealed a positive effect of 6% Lemuru oil on decreasing embryo loss and increasing the proportion of twin births. These findings thus support the hypothesis that ration flushing with double the required DHA and EPA from 6% Lemuru fish oil (FO) resulted in significantly higher reproductive performance in Garut sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeThis cross-sectional study conducted in the general US population investigated the association between dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the prevalence of AMD.MethodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were utilized, including 4,842 participants aged 40 years and older. Dietary EPA and DHA intake data were collected through two 24-h dietary recall interviews and adjusted for weight. AMD was determined by a standardized grading system based on the presence of key features of AMD in color photographs of the macula. Multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models evaluated the associations between dietary EPA and DHA intake and AMD. Subgroup analysis and interaction analysis explored the influence of covariates.ResultsA total of 4,842 participants were included. In the multivariate-adjusted model 2, the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for AMD were 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) and 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) per unit increase in dietary EPA and DHA intake, respectively. Interaction testing revealed significant effect modification by age, education, and BMI on the EPA-AMD association, indicating these factors significantly impacted this inverse relationship (p-interaction < 0.05). Similarly, age, education, BMI, and cataract surgery history modified the inverse DHA-AMD association (p-interaction < 0.05). Dose-response analyses demonstrated a negative correlation between dietary EPA and DHA intake with AMD prevalence (p-nonlinearity = 0.184 and 0.548, respectively).ConclusionOur findings suggested that higher dietary EPA and DHA intake could be associated with lower AMD risk in older US adults. Age, education level, BMI, and history of cataract surgery may influence this inverse association.

Abstract Single-cell oils (SCO) produced by oleaginous yeast hold promise as a sustainable alternative for producing nutritionally and pharmaceutically valuable lipids. However, the accumulation of oils varies substantially between yeast spp. Consequently, identifying well-suited producers with a high innate capacity for lipids biosynthesis is paramount. Equally important is optimizing culturing and processing conditions to realize the total lipids production potential of selected strains. The marine Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Lodderomyces elongisporus yeast were investigated to explore their potential for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) production on high glucose media (HGM) using two-stage culture mode. Both strains accumulated > 20% (w/w) of their dry cell weight as lipids when grown on HGM using a two-stage culture system. Both yeast isolates exhibited a maximal lipid/biomass coefficient (YL/X) of 0.58–0.66 mg/mg at 7 °C and 0.49–0.53 mg/mg at 26 °C when grown on 8% glucose and produced monounsaturated and PUFAs similar to that of Menhaden and Salmon marine oils. For the first time, significant amounts of Eicosapentaenoic acid (19%) and Eicosadienoic acid (19.6%) were produced by L. elongisporus and R. mucilaginosa, respectively. Thus, the SCO derived from these wild strains possesses significant potential as a substitute source for the industrial-scale production of long-chain PUFAs, making them a promising contender in the market. Graphical Abstract

Migraine is a highly prevalent disease worldwide, imposing enormous clinical and economic burdens on individuals and societies. Current treatments exhibit limited efficacy and acceptability, highlighting the need for more effective and safety prophylactic approaches, including the use of nutraceuticals for migraine treatment. Migraine involves interactions within the central and peripheral nervous systems, with significant activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular system (TVS) in pain generation and transmission. The condition is influenced by genetic predispositions and environmental factors, leading to altered sensory processing. The neuroinflammatory response is increasingly recognized as a key event underpinning the pathophysiology of migraine, involving a complex neuroglio-vascular interplay. This interplay is partially mediated by neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene receptor peptide (CGRP), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and/or cortical spreading depression (CSD) and involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome formation, activated microglia, and reactive astrocytes. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), crucial for the nervous system, mediate various physiological functions. Omega-3 PUFAs offer cardiovascular, neurological, and psychiatric benefits due to their potent anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, antioxidant, and neuromodulatory properties, which modulate neuroinflammation, neurogenic inflammation, pain transmission, enhance mitochondrial stability, and mood regulation. Moreover, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), a class of PUFA-derived lipid mediators, regulate pro-inflammatory and resolution pathways, playing significant anti-inflammatory and neurological roles, which in turn may be beneficial in alleviating the symptomatology of migraine. Omega-3 PUFAs impact various neurobiological pathways and have demonstrated a lack of major adverse events, underscoring their multifaceted approach and safety in migraine management. Although not all omega-3 PUFAs trials have shown beneficial in reducing the symptomatology of migraine, further research is needed to fully establish their clinical efficacy and understand the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of omega-3 PUFAs and PUFAderived lipid mediators, SPMs on migraine pathophysiology and progression. This review highlights their potential in modulating brain functions, such as neuroimmunological effects, and suggests their promise as candidates for effective migraine prophylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The need for enhanced and better-tolerated approaches for effective migraine prevention remains strong. • Neuroinflammatory pathways with nutraceutical intervention may be promising targets for migraine. • High-dose EPA could be a promising prophylactic option for managing episodic migraine. • Patients receiving high-dose EPA showed significant improvements in psychological symptoms associated with episodic migraine. • The EPA treatment demonstrated a lack of major adverse events, underscoring its safety for use in patients with episodic migrain. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may benefit migraine improvement, though prior studies are inconclusive. This study evaluated the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on episodic migraine (EM) prevention. Seventy individuals with EM participated in a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial from March 2020 and May 2022. They were randomly assigned to either the EPA (N = 35, 2 g fish oil with 1.8 g of EPA as a stand-alone treatment daily), or the placebo group (N = 35, 2 g soybean oil daily). Migraine frequency and headache severity were assessed using the monthly migraine days, visual analog scale (VAS), Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Migraine-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (MSQ), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in comparison to baseline measurements. The EPA group significantly outperformed the placebo in reducing monthly migraine days (−4.4 ± 5.1 days vs. − 0.6 ± 3.5 days, p = 0.001), days using acute headache medication (−1.3 ± 3.0 days vs. 0.1 ± 2.3 days, p = 0.035), improving scores for headache severity (ΔVAS score: −1.3 ± 2.4 vs. 0.0 ± 2.2, p = 0.030), disability (ΔMIDAS score: −13.1 ± 16.2 vs. 2.6 ± 20.2, p = 0.001), anxiety and depression (ΔHADS score: −3.9 ± 9.4 vs. 1.1 ± 9.1, p = 0.025), and quality of life (ΔMSQ score: −11.4 ± 19.0 vs. 3.1 ± 24.6, p = 0.007). Notably, female particularly benefited from EPA, underscoring its potential in migraine management. In conclusion, high-dose EPA has significantly reduced migraine frequency and severity, improved psychological symptoms and quality of life in EM patients, and shown no major adverse events, suggesting its potential as a prophylactic for EM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-cell oils (SCO) produced by oleaginous yeast hold promise as a sustainable alternative for producing nutritionally and pharmaceutically valuable lipids. However, the accumulation of oils varies substantially between yeast spp. Consequently, identifying well-suited producers with a high innate capacity for lipids biosynthesis is paramount. Equally important is optimizing culturing and processing conditions to realize the total lipids production potential of selected strains. The marine Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Lodderomyces elongisporus yeast were investigated to explore their potential for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) production on high glucose media (HGM) using two-stage culture mode. Both strains accumulated > 20% (w/w) of their dry cell weight as lipids when grown on HGM using a two-stage culture system. Both yeast isolates exhibited a maximal lipid/biomass coefficient (YL/X) of 0.58–0.66 mg/mg at 7 °C and 0.49–0.53 mg/mg at 26 °C when grown on 8% glucose and produced monounsaturated and PUFAs similar to that of Menhaden and Salmon marine oils. For the first time, significant amounts of Eicosapentaenoic acid (19%) and Eicosadienoic acid (19.6%) were produced by L. elongisporus and R. mucilaginosa, respectively. Thus, the SCO derived from these wild strains possesses significant potential as a substitute source for the industrial-scale production of long-chain PUFAs, making them a promising contender in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Krill oil is extracted from krill, a small crustacean in the Antarctic Ocean. It has received growing attention because of krill oil's unique properties and diverse health benefits. Recent experimental and clinical studies suggest that it has potential therapeutic benefits in preventing the development of a range of chronic conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Krill oil is enriched with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, and the potent antioxidant astaxanthin, contributing to its therapeutic properties. The possible underlying mechanisms of krill oil's health benefits include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, maintaining intestinal barrier functions, and modulating gut microbiota. This review aims to provide an overview of the beneficial effects of krill oil and its bioactive components on intestinal inflammation and to discuss the findings on the molecular mechanisms associated with the role of krill oil in IBD prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal ready-to-use supplementary foods (M-RUSF) have been shown to improve birth outcomes among undernourished pregnant women. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and choline have been hypothesized to further improve gestational duration and cognitive development. The primary objective of this study was to determine the acceptability and feasibility of a new formulation of M-RUSF, referred to as MRUSF+, that included fish oil, containing about 400 to 500 mg DHA and EPA, and 550 mg choline among pregnant women in the Pujehun District of Sierra Leone. Both the control and the experimental supplementary foods contained 18 g of high quality protein and 580 kcal, with generous amounts of all essential micronutrients. The ration size was 100 g/d. Both intervention and control recipes were locally produced using peanut paste by the Project Peanut Butter Factory in Freetown, Sierra Leone. The fish oil was added to the M-RUSF+ after all the grinding had been accomplished to limit degardation. The study used a 2x2 crossover design to assess the acceptability of the M-RUSF and M-RUSF+ formulations. Pregnant women were assigned to one of two sequences of foods: either M-RUSF+ followed by M-RUSF, or M-RUSF followed by M-RUSF+. Each food was given for one week. Fifty-one pregnant women were enrolled (day 0), with data collection occurring on days 3, 7, 10 and 14 after enrollment. At each visit, women returned the packets, either empty or partially consumed. Acceptability was assessed at all follow-up visits based on overall consumption, likeability, and adverse events reported. Consumption of M-RUSF and M-RUSF+ averaged 99%. The likability scores averaged 4.8 and 4.9 out of 5 for M-RUSF and M-RUSF+, respectively. For 85/90 visits during which M-RUSF+ was being consumed and 77/83 visits during which M-RUSF was being consumed, the foods were rated with a likability score of 5. Adverse events, defined as diarrhea, vomiting or rash were infrequent (<7%) and showed no significant differences. These results suggest that both M-RUSF and M-RUSF+ are acceptable and feasible for use among pregnant women in the Pujehun District, Sierra Leone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a prevalent ocular condition characterized by insufficient tear production or excessive tear evaporation, leading to discomfort and visual disturbances. Omega-3 fatty acids have been proposed as a potential therapeutic intervention for DES due to their anti-inflammatory and lipid modulation properties. Materials and Methods: Cultured human corneal epithelial cells were exposed to various concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), for 72 h. Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, while inflammatory cytokine levels (interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8)) and lipid profile (measured by lipid staining) were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Untreated cells served as controls for comparison. Results: Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in cell viability compared to untreated cells. At optimal concentrations, EPA and DHA significantly enhanced cell viability by 30% and 35%, respectively (P < 0.05). Moreover, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation led to a significant reduction in inflammatory cytokine levels, with a 50% decrease in IL-6 and IL-8 secretion compared to untreated cells (P < 0.01). Additionally, lipid staining revealed improved lipid profile and organization in corneal epithelial cells following omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, indicative of enhanced tear film stability. Conclusion: In vitro findings suggest that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation exerts beneficial effects on cellular markers associated with DES.

The aim of this study was to improve the extraction efficiency of lipids from ten Atlantic salmon tissues (spleen, viscera, gall bladder, heart, pyloric caeca, liver, head, ovary, eggs, and muscle) using solvents with low toxicity. The nutritional potential of lipids was evaluated based on their fatty acid (FA) contents, which were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The FAs were derivatized with 10% H2SO4 in methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). A longer derivatization time led to a higher conversion efficiency of FAs to FAMEs. The contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 ω-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 ω-3, DHA) in all tissues ranged from 2.86 (0.15) to 92.2 (2.12) mg/g. The highest contents of both EPA and DHA were found in the ovary, followed by the eggs. The ratios of ω-6 to ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in all tissues were typically in the range of 0.27–2.23, indicating that salmon tissues were nutritionally beneficial. The proportions of ω-3 PUFA in the total lipids of all the by-products (except for the eggs) were lower than that in the muscle. However, the contents of ω-3 PUFAs in the liver, viscera, pyloric caeca, ovary, and eggs were two to five times higher than those in the muscle. The analysis showed the potential value of salmon by-products in providing ω-3 FAs.

ObjectiveThe association of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with the intake of high and low fatty acids (FAs), respectively, remains controversial. To this end, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of all the existing studies on the association of various intake levels of FA subtypes with AMD to determine these associations.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases was conducted from inception to September 2023. To compare the highest and lowest groups, odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was analyzed with a random-effects model/fixed-effects model.ResultsA high intake of omega-3 LCPUFAs (OR:0.67; 95%CI:[0.51, 0.88]; p = 0.004), DHA (OR:0.80; 95%CI:[0.70, 0.90]; p

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), are essential polyunsaturated fats primarily obtained from fatty fish and plant-based sources. Compelling evidence from preclinical and epidemiological studies consistently suggests beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs on bone health and healthy aging processes. However, clinical trials have yielded mixed results, with some failing to replicate these benefits seen in preclinical models. This contraindication is mainly due to challenges such as low bioavailability, potential adverse effects with higher doses, and susceptibility to oxidation of ω-3 fatty acids, hindering their clinical effectiveness. This review comprehensively discusses recent findings from a clinical perspective, along with preclinical and epidemiological studies, emphasizing the role of ω-3 PUFAs in promoting bone health and supporting healthy aging. Additionally, it explores strategies to improve ω-3 PUFA efficacy, including nanoparticle encapsulation and incorporation of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) derived from DHA and EPA, to mitigate oxidation and enhance solubility, thereby improving therapeutic potential. By consolidating evidence from various studies, this review underscores current insights and future directions in leveraging ω-3 PUFAs for therapeutic applications.

Weight loss is a major issue in Head and Neck cancer (HNC) patients undergoing curative radiotherapy. The principal objective of the study was to observe whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) containing protein supplement was effective in mitigating the weight loss during in hospitalized HNC undergoing curative radiotherapy. A retrospective study was performed based on clinical, treatment and nutritional data of 53 patients received EPA containing supplement during their curative radiotherapy from October 2014 to January 2015 and was compared with 88 historical control group of patients (October 2013 to June 2014) who had indigenous protein rich diet planned by the dietician in the period immediately before the implementation of providing EPA containing protein supplement to the patients. The data was stratified based on gender, age, weight, treatment modalities, stage and site of cancer and analysed using unpaired t test. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. The results indicate there was no significant difference in the patient tumor and clinical details. The results indicate that the percent change in weight loss was less in the EPA cohorts when calculated from weight (P < 0.006) and Body Mass Index (BMI) perspective (P < 0.003). Detail analysis suggested that beneficial effects were more in males (P < 0.01), people affected with oral cancer (P < 0.02), people below the age of 40 (P < 0.001), and in people with early stage cancer (P < 0.003). Cumulatively all these results suggest that administering EPA containing protein supplement was effective in arresting weight loss in HNC patients undergoing curative radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background and Objectives Promoting resolution of inflammation using new classes of lipids mediators has been proposed for the management of inflammatory disease. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the benefits of the use of omega‐3 fatty acids as an adjuvant in the nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis. Material and Methods The data search was conducted into three main databases: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. The search equation was built around the PICO framework in which the population was constituted by human adults suffering from chronic periodontitis that had to be treated with conventional SRP with the adjunction of omega‐3 fatty acids (I) or without the adjunction of omega‐3 fatty acids (C), with, as a first outcome the probing pocket depth reduction (PPD) and as a second outcome the clinical attachment loss reduction (CAL). Risk of bias within studies was evaluated for each included study using the Cochrane collaboration tool for randomized studies (RoB Tool). A meta‐analysis was performed using REVMAN 5.3. Results After a global search, 117 studies were selected but only seven of them were eligible for the systematic review and meta‐analysis. Six out of seven studies showed a significantly better PPD reduction in the omega‐3 fatty acids group compared to the control group and five out of seven studies showed a significantly better CAL reduction in the omega‐3 fatty acids group compared to the control group. The meta‐analysis showed a statistically significant difference for PPD reduction (SMD: −0.78 [95% CI: −1.02, −0.54, p

The inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids in our dietary intake is important for performance and recovery and may reduce the risk of various health issues. Studies have shown the omega-3 fatty acid status of US service members is low. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether offering fish and omega-3-enhanced foods would increase the Omega-3 Index (O3I). We hypothesize cadets will increase O3I with enhanced omega-3 options more than fish alone. Food service venues at 3 US service academies offered fish and other omega-3 foods to cadets for 12 weeks. Questionnaires were used to collect information on the dietary habits and omega-3 food intake of participants. The O3I of each participant was measured at baseline, mid- (6 weeks), and after data collection (12 weeks) time points. Following the 12 weeks, we found a significant increase in O3I. More specifically, the intake of other omega-3 foods, smoothies (3 per week) and toppings (3 per week), increased O3I in cadets. This study identified a strategy encouraging omega-3 food intake and improving O3I among cadets. These results help us understand how we can more effectively impact military service member nutrition for optimal health and performance. A 12-week cohort study was conducted with fish being offered twice per week for 6 weeks, followed by another 6 weeks of fish with omega-3 smoothies. The Omega-3 Index (O3I) was compared before and after data collection. The O3I only reached the desired O3I of 8% when omega-3–enhanced smoothies were offered in addition to fish. This indicates a benefit of this type of fish alternative to increased O3I over a short timeframe. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Krill oil is extracted from krill, a small crustacean in the Antarctic Ocean. It has received growing attention because of krill oil’s unique properties and diverse health benefits. Recent experimental and clinical studies suggest that it has potential therapeutic benefits in preventing the development of a range of chronic conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Krill oil is enriched with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, and the potent antioxidant astaxanthin, contributing to its therapeutic properties. The possible underlying mechanisms of krill oil’s health benefits include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, maintaining intestinal barrier functions, and modulating gut microbiota. This review aims to provide an overview of the beneficial effects of krill oil and its bioactive components on intestinal inflammation and to discuss the findings on the molecular mechanisms associated with the role of krill oil in IBD prevention and treatment.

Background and Objectives: Promoting resolution of inflammation using new classes of lipids mediators has been proposed for the management of inflammatory disease. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the benefits of the use of omega‐3 fatty acids as an adjuvant in the nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis. Material and Methods: The data search was conducted into three main databases: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. The search equation was built around the PICO framework in which the population was constituted by human adults suffering from chronic periodontitis that had to be treated with conventional SRP with the adjunction of omega‐3 fatty acids (I) or without the adjunction of omega‐3 fatty acids (C), with, as a first outcome the probing pocket depth reduction (PPD) and as a second outcome the clinical attachment loss reduction (CAL). Risk of bias within studies was evaluated for each included study using the Cochrane collaboration tool for randomized studies (RoB Tool). A meta‐analysis was performed using REVMAN 5.3. Results: After a global search, 117 studies were selected but only seven of them were eligible for the systematic review and meta‐analysis. Six out of seven studies showed a significantly better PPD reduction in the omega‐3 fatty acids group compared to the control group and five out of seven studies showed a significantly better CAL reduction in the omega‐3 fatty acids group compared to the control group. The meta‐analysis showed a statistically significant difference for PPD reduction (SMD: −0.78 [95% CI: −1.02, −0.54, p <.0001]) and CAL reduction (SMD: −0.80 [95% CI: −1.04, −0.56, p <.0001]) in favor of the test group. Conclusion: After scaling and root planning, PPD reduction and CAL reduction were observed in both control and test groups, but with statistically significant better values for the omega‐3 fatty acids group. Patients suffering from periodontitis could benefit from the use of omega‐3 fatty acids to increase the effectiveness of a nonsurgical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and its derivatives eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are "essential" fatty acids mainly obtained from diet sources comprising plant oils, marine blue fish, and commercially available fish oil supplements. Many epidemiological and retrospective studies suggested that ω-3 PUFA consumption decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease, but results of early intervention trials have not consistently confirmed this effect. In recent years, some large-scale randomized controlled trials have shed new light on the potential role of ω-3 PUFAs, particularly high-dose EPA-only formulations, in cardiovascular prevention, making them an attractive tool for the treatment of "residual" cardiovascular risk. ω-3 PUFAs' beneficial effects on cardiovascular outcomes go far beyond the reduction in triglyceride levels and are thought to be mediated by their broadly documented "pleiotropic" actions, most of which are directed to vascular protection. A considerable number of clinical studies and meta-analyses suggest the beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs in the regulation of blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. These effects occur mostly through regulation of the vascular tone that could be mediated by both endothelium-dependent and independent mechanisms. In this narrative review, we summarize the results of both experimental and clinical studies that evaluated the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on blood pressure, highlighting the mechanisms of their action on the vascular system and their possible impact on hypertension, hypertension-related vascular damage, and, ultimately, cardiovascular outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgal biomass is characterized by high protein, carbohydrates, and lipids concentrations. However, their qualitative and quantitative compositions depend not only on the cultivated species but also on the cultivation conditions. Focusing on the microalgae's ability to accumulate significant fatty acids (FAs) amounts, they can be valorized either as dietary supplements or for biofuel production, depending on the accumulated biomolecules. In this study, a local isolate (Nephroselmis sp.) was precultured under autotrophic conditions, while the Box–Behnken experimental design followed using the parameters of nitrogen (0–250 mg/L), salinity (30–70 ppt) and illuminance (40–260 μmol m−2 s−1) to evaluate the accumulated biomolecules, with an emphasis on the amount of FAs and its profile. Regardless of the cultivation conditions, the FAs of C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0 were found in all samples (up to 8% w/w in total), while the unsaturated C16:1 and C18:1 were also characterized by their high accumulations. Additionally, the polyunsaturated FAs, including the valuable C20:5n3 (EPA), had accumulated when the nitrogen concentration was sufficient, and the salinity levels remained low (30 ppt). Specifically, EPA approached 30% of the total FAs. Therefore, Nephroselmis sp. could be considered as an alternative EPA source compared to the already-known species used in food supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Marine microalgae have received much attention as a sustainable source of the two health beneficial omega-3-fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5). However, photoautotrophic monocultures of microalgae can only produce either DHA or EPA enriched biomass. An alternative may be the photoautotrophic co-cultivation of Tisochrysis lutea as DHA-producer with Microchloropsis salina for simultaneous EPA production to obtain EPA- and DHA-rich microalgae biomass in a nutritionally balanced ratio. Photoautotrophic co-cultivation processes of T. lutea and M. salina were studied, applying scalable and fully controlled lab-scale gas-lift flat-plate photobioreactors with LED illumination for dynamic climate simulation of a repeated sunny summer day in Australia [day–night cycles of incident light (PAR) and temperature]. Monocultures of both marine microalgae were used as reference batch processes. Differences in the autofluorescence of both microalgae enabled the individual measurement, of cell distributions in co-culture, by flow cytometry. The co-cultivation of T. lutea and M. salina in artificial sea water with an inoculation ratio of 1:3 resulted in a balanced biomass production of both microalgae simultaneously with a DHA:EPA ratio of almost 1:1 (26 mgDHA gCDW −1, and 23 mgEPA gCDW −1, respectively) at harvest after depletion of the initially added fertilizer. Surprisingly, more microalgae biomass was produced within 8 days in co-cultivation with an increase in the cell dry weight (CDW) concentration by 31%, compared to the monocultures with the same amount of light and fertilizer. What is more, DHA-content of the microalgae biomass was enhanced by 33% in the co-culture, whereas EPA-content remained unchanged compared to the monocultures. Graphical Abstract

EPA and DHA in fish oil were a kind of functional factors with high nutritional value, which had positive effects on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health, the development of brain, the improvement of vision, and anti-inflammatory effect, etc. Therefore, the preparation of high-purity EPA and DHA has gradually become one of the hot issues of many researchers. Enriching EPA and DHA in fish oil by urea inclusion method not only had low cost of raw material but also simple operation, but the quality of the enriched fish oil was not high. The molecular distillation method could better protect the activity of EPA and DHA and improve the purity of fish oil. The combination of the two methods had the advantages of mature process, low cost of raw materials, and simple operation, which was one of the best choices for the industrial production of high-quality EPA and DHA. Therefore, based on summarizing the methods of enriching and purifying EPA and DHA in fish oil, the research progress of enriching and purifying EPA and DHA in fish oil by urea inclusion method, molecular distillation method and the combination of the two methods was expounded in this paper, hoping to provide certain reference value for obtaining the high-quality EPA and DHA in the future industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) could be extracted from diatoms such as Amphora sp. present abundantly in the ecosystems. In view of the key environmental and nutritional factors governing the diatoms growth rate, culture conditions were optimized for the biomass yield, total lipid content, EPA yield, and fatty acid composition under two main cultivation regimes: photoautotrophic and heterotrophic. The fastest growth rate about 0.20 ± 0.02 g/L and the highest EPA yield about 9.19 ± 3.56 mg EPA/g biomass were obtained by adding 10 g/L glucose and sucrose, respectively. Under photoautotrophic culture conditions, Amphora sp. rendered higher EPA yield at 100 rpm and 16:8 light/dark cycle. Total fatty acids produced predominantly comprised of an approximate 40–70% of saturated fatty acids, followed by 10–27% of monounsaturated fatty acids and then 8–25% of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These findings were able to pave a way for huge‐scale microalgal biomass production in commercial EPA production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PCa) and associated treatments incur symptoms that may impact patients' quality of life. Studies have shown beneficial relationships between diet, especially omega-3 fatty acids, and these symptoms. Unfortunately, only few data describing the relationship between long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (LCn3) and PCa-related symptoms in patients are available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of LCn3 supplementation on PCa-specific quality of life in 130 men treated by radical prostatectomy. Men were randomized to receive a daily dose of either 3.75 g of fish oil or a placebo starting 7 weeks before surgery and for up to one-year post-surgery. Quality of life was assessed using the validated EPIC-26 and IPSS questionnaires at randomization, at surgery, and every 3 months following surgery. Between-group differences were assessed using linear mixed models. Intention-to-treat analyses showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, at 12-month follow-up, per-protocol analyses showed a significantly greater increase in the urinary irritation function score (better urinary function) (MD = 5.5, p = 0.03) for the LCn3 group compared to placebo. These results suggest that LCn3 supplementation may improve the urinary irritation function in men with PCa treated by radical prostatectomy and support to conduct of larger-scale studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we analyzed the eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) lipid composition of fish oil obtained through enzymatic treatment, fractional distillation and silica gel column purification, and further assessed EPA/DHA bioavailability. Lipid subclass composition information was obtained through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), and bioavailability tests were performed using the Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Results showed that enzymatic treatment improved the incorporation of EPA/DHA as diacylglycerol (DG) while silica gel column chromatography enriched the content of EPA/DHA as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (12.58%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (4.99%). Furthermore, increasing the purity of EPA/DHA could improve its bioavailability and after 24 incubation, binding forms of triglyceride (TG) was superior to ethyl ester (EE) (p < 0.05) at the same purity level. Those findings are helpful to provide research basis for exploring the bioactivity of fish oil.

The prevalence of hearing impairment in patients with diabetes was significantly higher, and the development of preventive methods is desirable. This study examined the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) administration on the prevention of early hearing loss in diabetic mice. Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes (TSOD) mice were used as a model of diabetes and Tsumura, Suzuki, Non Obesity (TSNO) mice were used as controls. The animals were divided into three groups: the TSNO group and the TSOD (EPA−) group (provided sunflower oil), and the TSOD (EPA+) group (provided EPA). Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were measured and the cochlea was evaluated histologically. The TSOD (EPA+) group showed a lower tendency to increase thresholds than the TSOD (EPA−) group. The TSOD (EPA+) group had a significantly lower ABR threshold than the TSOD (EPA−) group from 11 to 14 months of age at 4 kHz. Narrowing of the capillary lumens in the stria vascularis and thickening of the vessel wall in the modiolus were observed in the TSOD (EPA−) group. It was suggested that the suppression of cochlear vascular atherosclerosis by EPA administration in TSOD mice suppressed early age-related hearing loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine microalgae have received much attention as a sustainable source of the two health beneficial omega-3-fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5). However, photoautotrophic monocultures of microalgae can only produce either DHA or EPA enriched biomass. An alternative may be the photoautotrophic co-cultivation of Tisochrysis lutea as DHA-producer with Microchloropsis salina for simultaneous EPA production to obtain EPA- and DHA-rich microalgae biomass in a nutritionally balanced ratio. Photoautotrophic co-cultivation processes of T. lutea and M. salina were studied, applying scalable and fully controlled lab-scale gas-lift flat-plate photobioreactors with LED illumination for dynamic climate simulation of a repeated sunny summer day in Australia [day–night cycles of incident light (PAR) and temperature]. Monocultures of both marine microalgae were used as reference batch processes. Differences in the autofluorescence of both microalgae enabled the individual measurement, of cell distributions in co-culture, by flow cytometry. The co-cultivation of T. lutea and M. salina in artificial sea water with an inoculation ratio of 1:3 resulted in a balanced biomass production of both microalgae simultaneously with a DHA:EPA ratio of almost 1:1 (26 mgDHA gCDW−1, and 23 mgEPA gCDW−1, respectively) at harvest after depletion of the initially added fertilizer. Surprisingly, more microalgae biomass was produced within 8 days in co-cultivation with an increase in the cell dry weight (CDW) concentration by 31%, compared to the monocultures with the same amount of light and fertilizer. What is more, DHA-content of the microalgae biomass was enhanced by 33% in the co-culture, whereas EPA-content remained unchanged compared to the monocultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective • To investigate the dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and serum mercury levels in the pregnant women in Shanghai, and analyze whether n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and mercury exposure are risk factors of GDM. Methods • From January 2018 to January 2021, dietary survey, clinical data collection, and serum samples collection and testing were conducted among the pregnant women who sought prenatal care in Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Dietary and dietary supplements were investigated by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at 24±1 gestational week. The n-3 PUFA intake (dietary DHA and EPA, and DHA supplements) and serum mercury in control group were divided into tertiles. After adjusting the other known risk factors for GDM (BMI, age, family history of diabetes, and energy), the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the risk of GDM were calculated by Logistic regression. Partial correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between dietary DHA or EPA and serum mercury. Results • Among 519 pregnant women, there were 361 normal pregnant women and 158 pregnant women with GDM. The average intakes of DHA and EPA in the normal pregnant women were 29.78 mg/d and 23.90 mg/d, respectively and the average intakes of DHA and EPA in the pregnant women with GDM were 37.47 mg/d and 28.94 mg/d, respectively. All of them were far below the appropriate intake recommended by the Chinese Nutrition Society. The mean value of serum mercury was 0.31 pg/L in the normal pregnant women and 0.29 pg/L in the pregnant women with GDM. After adjusting the other risk factors, multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that dietary DHA intake (P trend=0.135), dietary + supplement DHA (P trend=0.371), EPA intake (P trend=0.106), dietary intake of n-3 PUFA (P trend=0.382) and serum mercury (P trend=0.514) were not significantly correlated with GDM. The partial correlation analysis found that dietary DHA and dietary EPA were not significantly correlated with serum mercury in the pregnant women (P=0.126, P=0.543). Conclusion • _ow level of n-3 PUFA intake and mercury exposure are not associated with GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the concentrations of EPA and DHA in the erythrocytes and breast milk of a group of lactating women in the municipality of Sonsón (Antioquia) before and after receiving supplementation with these fatty acids for three months. Design: In a quasi-experimental study, 11 lactating women were evaluated before and after EPA (100 mg) and DHA (250 mg) supplementation for three months. The consumption of omega-3 food sources was determined by simple frequency, anthropometry (weight, height) was performed, and the fatty acid profiles of erythrocytes and breast milk were determined with gas chromatography. Environment: Sonsón, Colombia. Participants: A group of lactating women in the municipality of Sonsón (Antioquia). Results: Low consumption of foods that are sources of omega-3 fatty acids was found, as was low EPA and DHA content in erythrocytes and breast milk at the beginning of the study period. After supplementation, there was no significant change for EPA, however, there was a significant increase in DHA in both erythrocytes and breast milk; in addition, there was a decrease in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio. Conclusions: Supplementation with 250 mg of DHA increased its concentration in the blood and breast milk to levels approaching the recommended average DHA of 0.3%, where benefits have been seen for the mother.

IntroductionThe majority of the population do not consume adequate omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), leading to global deficiencies, as evidenced by poor omega-3 status. An indicator of overall n-3 FA status, omega3-index (O3i) ≥8% has been associated with reduced risk of chronic disease, most notably cardiovascular disease. Thus, a synthesis of current research summarizing the effects of n-3 FA intake on O3i is warranted to develop and refine clinical recommendations. The purpose of this scoping review was to evaluate the effect of n-3 FA interventions and estimate sufficient n-3 FA intake to improve O3i to meet recommendations.MethodsSearch criteria were human studies published in English from 2004 to 2022 that assessed O3i at baseline and following an n-3 FA intervention.ResultsFifty-eight studies that met inclusion criteria were identified. Protocols included fish consumption, fortified foods, combined eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplements, supplements of single n-3 FA (alpha linolenic acid (ALA), EPA, DHA, etc.), and supplements providing multiple n-3 FA. Dietary supplements varied in chemical composition; the most common were triglycerides or ethyl esters. The lowest supplementation protocol was 100 mg/d, and the largest was 4,400 mg/d EPA and DHA. Supplementation time period ranged from 3 weeks to 1 year. At baseline, three study samples had mean O3i >8%, although many intervention protocols successfully increased O3i.DiscussionGenerally, the lowest doses shown to be effective in raising O3i to recommended levels were >1,000 mg/d of combination DHA plus EPA for 12 weeks or longer. Supplements composed of triglycerides were more bioavailable and thus more effective than other formulas. Based on the data evaluated, practical recommendations to improve O3i to ≥8% are consumption of 1,000–1,500 mg/d EPA plus DHA as triglycerides for at least 12 weeks.

Purpose: This cross-sectional study conducted in the general US population investigated the association between dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the prevalence of AMD., Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were utilized, including 4,842 participants aged 40 years and older. Dietary EPA and DHA intake data were collected through two 24-h dietary recall interviews and adjusted for weight. AMD was determined by a standardized grading system based on the presence of key features of AMD in color photographs of the macula. Multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models evaluated the associations between dietary EPA and DHA intake and AMD. Subgroup analysis and interaction analysis explored the influence of covariates., Results: A total of 4,842 participants were included. In the multivariate-adjusted model 2, the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for AMD were 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) and 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) per unit increase in dietary EPA and DHA intake, respectively. Interaction testing revealed significant effect modification by age, education, and BMI on the EPA-AMD association, indicating these factors significantly impacted this inverse relationship ( p -interaction < 0.05). Similarly, age, education, BMI, and cataract surgery history modified the inverse DHA-AMD association ( p -interaction < 0.05). Dose-response analyses demonstrated a negative correlation between dietary EPA and DHA intake with AMD prevalence ( p -nonlinearity = 0.184 and 0.548, respectively)., Conclusion: Our findings suggested that higher dietary EPA and DHA intake could be associated with lower AMD risk in older US adults. Age, education level, BMI, and history of cataract surgery may influence this inverse association., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Li, Liu, Li, Liu, Hu and He.)

Nitzschia laevis is a candidate microorganism for bioactive compounds (fucoxanthin and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) production. In this study, the impacts of glucose-induced trophic transition on biomass, photosynthesis, pigments, and lipid profiles were examined. The specific growth rate was increased under glucose addition, achieved at 0.47 day−1 (0.26 ± 0.01 day−1 for the group without glucose in medium). However, the photosynthetic parameters and pigments including chlorophylls, fucoxanthin, and diatoxanthin were reduced. The net yield of EPA doubled under glucose addition, reaching 20.36 ± 1.22 mg/L in 4 days. In addition, the alteration in detailed lipid molecular species was demonstrated with a focus on EPA-enriched lipids. The effects of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) indicated that glucose phosphorylation was involved in glucose-induced regulation. These findings provide novel data for guiding the application of this diatom strain in the functional food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgal biomass is characterized by high protein, carbohydrates, and lipids concentrations. However, their qualitative and quantitative compositions depend not only on the cultivated species but also on the cultivation conditions. Focusing on the microalgae’s ability to accumulate significant fatty acids (FAs) amounts, they can be valorized either as dietary supplements or for biofuel production, depending on the accumulated biomolecules. In this study, a local isolate (Nephroselmis sp.) was precultured under autotrophic conditions, while the Box–Behnken experimental design followed using the parameters of nitrogen (0–250 mg/L), salinity (30–70 ppt) and illuminance (40–260 μmol m−2 s−1) to evaluate the accumulated biomolecules, with an emphasis on the amount of FAs and its profile. Regardless of the cultivation conditions, the FAs of C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0 were found in all samples (up to 8% w/w in total), while the unsaturated C16:1 and C18:1 were also characterized by their high accumulations. Additionally, the polyunsaturated FAs, including the valuable C20:5n3 (EPA), had accumulated when the nitrogen concentration was sufficient, and the salinity levels remained low (30 ppt). Specifically, EPA approached 30% of the total FAs. Therefore, Nephroselmis sp. could be considered as an alternative EPA source compared to the already-known species used in food supplementation.

Benefits of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on a number of clinical disorders, including autoimmune diseases, are widely reported in the literature. One major dietary source of PUFA are fish, particularly the small oily fish, like anchovy, sardine, mackerel and others. Unfortunately, fish (particularly the large, top-predator fish like swordfish) are also a source of pollutants, including the heavy metals. One relevant heavy metal is mercury, a known environmental trigger of autoimmunity that is measurable inside the thyroid. There are a number of interactions between the omega-3 PUFA and thyroid hormones, even at the level of the thyroid hormone transport proteins. Concerning the mechanisms behind the protection from/amelioration of autoimmune diseases, including thyroiditis, that are caused by the omega-3 PUFA, one can be the decreased production of chemokines, a decrease that was reported in the literature for other nutraceuticals. Recent studies point also to the involvement of resolvins. The intracellular increase in resolvins is associated with the tissue protection from inflammation that was observed in experimental animals after coadministration of omega-3 PUFA and thyroid hormone. After having presented data on fish consumption at the beginning, we conclude our review by presenting data on the market of the dietary supplements/nutraceuticals. The global omega-3 products market was valued at USD 2.10 billion in 2020, and was projected to go up at a compound annual growth rate of 7.8% from 2020 to 2028. Among supplements, fish oils, which are derived mainly from anchovies, are considered the best and generally safest source of omega-3. Taking into account (i) the anti-autoimmunity and anti-cancer properties of the omega-3 PUFA, (ii) the increasing incidence of both autoimmune thyroiditis and thyroid cancer worldwide, (iii) the predisposing role for thyroid cancer exerted by autoimmune thyroiditis, and (iv) the risk for developing metabolic and cardiovascular disorders conferred by both elevated/trendwise elevated serum TSH levels and thyroid autoimmunity, then there is enough rationale for the omega-3 PUFA as measures to contrast the appearance and/or duration of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis as well as to correct the slightly elevated serum TSH levels of subclinical hypothyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the genus Tetraselmis have traditionally been used as a valuable nutritional source in aquaculture for their high fatty acid content (5–10% dry weight). Their use in nutraceutical production for humans is growing worldwide. Among them, Tetraselmis chui is generally reported as rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We evaluated the potential of three T. chui strains for the production of these nutraceuticals: the model strain CCAP 8/6, which is broadly used in the aquaculture industry due to its high PUFA content, and two strains (TCBG-1 and TCBG-2) isolated from Guanabara Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The two Brazilian strains grew faster than CCAP 8/6 with higher percentage of PUFAs (up to 70% of total FA at the exponential growth phase). They also produced unique fatty acids in significant quantities: TCBG-1 produced arachidonic acid (ARA) and EPA during the exponential phase (> 20% of total FA), while TCBG-2 produced these PUFAs in addition to DHA (> 18% of total FA) at the late exponential phase. A two-stage growth system using co-cultures of the two Brazilian strains is proposed as an optimal model for PUFA production, based on their simultaneous scaling cultivation in photobioreactors. Furthermore, both strains are suitable candidates for upscaling in open systems in tropical regions since they are adapted to the environmental conditions in Guanabara Bay, where they form massive blooms by outcompeting other microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project was a 2x2 factorial design executed for the evaluation of optimum lipid/protein level in pelleted diets for Labeo rohita (Initial weight; 2.87±0.01g). Four pelleted diets varying in their lipid/protein levels i.e. 7.5/25, 9.5/25, 7.5/30 and 9.5/30% were formulated and hand fed for 90 days to four groups of 10 fish each. Results of the present study showed that L. rohita attained significantly higher average wet weights, fork and total lengths of 4.79±0.04g, 66.63±0.04mm and 74.67±0.04mm, respectively due to 9.5/30% lipid/protein diet (D4). None of the dietary lipid/protein levels in pelleted diet had a significant impact on either the condition or the survival of fish. Significantly higher (p<0.05) specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) for L. rohita was also due to 9.5/30% lipid/protein diet (D4). The pelleted diets upon fatty acid analysis showed almost complete absence of linoleic acid, a-linolenic acid, ecosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA). However, these fatty acids were found to be present in the flesh of L. rohita at the end of the experiment. The sum of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was higher as compared to the sum of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in L. rohita flesh. Regardless of the feeding regimes there existed a higher proportion of n-3 fatty acids as compared to n-6 fatty acids in the flesh of L. rohita. Ratio of n-3/n-6 fatty acids in L. rohita flesh was significantly higher (p<0.05) due to 9.5/25% (D2) lipid/protein level in pelleted diet. Moisture contents of L. rohita varied significantly among the treatments, showing an inverse relationship with body fats. The feeding regime D4 (9.5/30% lipid/protein level) gave fish the highest flesh proteins i.e. 19.17±0.03%. The carcass lipid were generally higher in fish groups fed lower protein level whereas the fish groups fed higher protein level fetched comparatively lower body lipids. Body ash contents of L. rohita varied slightly among the treatments showing no obvious significant influence of varying lipid/protein levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Free fatty acid receptor 4 (Ffar4) is a G-protein-coupled receptor for endogenous medium-/long-chain fatty acids that attenuates metabolic disease and inflammation. However, the function of Ffar4 in the heart is unclear. Given its putative beneficial role, we hypothesized that Ffar4 would protect the heart from pathologic stress. Methods and results In mice lacking Ffar4 (Ffar4KO), we found that Ffar4 is required for an adaptive response to pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC), identifying a novel cardioprotective function for Ffar4. Following TAC, remodelling was worsened in Ffar4KO hearts, with greater hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction. Transcriptome analysis 3-day post-TAC identified transcriptional deficits in genes associated with cytoplasmic phospholipase A2α signalling and oxylipin synthesis and the reduction of oxidative stress in Ffar4KO myocytes. In cultured adult cardiac myocytes, Ffar4 induced the production of the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-derived, pro-resolving oxylipin 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE). Furthermore, the activation of Ffar4 attenuated cardiac myocyte death from oxidative stress, while 18-HEPE rescued Ffar4KO myocytes. Systemically, Ffar4 maintained pro-resolving oxylipins and attenuated autoxidation basally, and increased pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving oxylipins, including 18-HEPE, in high-density lipoproteins post-TAC. In humans, Ffar4 expression decreased in heart failure, while the signalling-deficient Ffar4 R270H polymorphism correlated with eccentric remodelling in a large clinical cohort paralleling changes observed in Ffar4KO mice post-TAC. Conclusion Our data indicate that Ffar4 in cardiac myocytes responds to endogenous fatty acids, reducing oxidative injury, and protecting the heart from pathologic stress, with significant translational implications for targeting Ffar4 in cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Offspring of parent(s) with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have a 45% lifetime risk of developing the disease. High foveal macular pigment optical density (MPOD) is protective, whereas individuals with a “foveal macular pigment dip” (FMPD) are at increased risk. Shortage of the dietary carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin as well as fish consumption are reported AMD risk factors. This Early Biomarkers of AMD (EBAMD) study evaluates serum factors that protect foveal MPOD architecture in Caucasian offspring of parent(s) with AMD. Methods N = 130 subjects [mean (SD) age 62.8 (8.6) years; 36/94 male/female] were recruited from Scripps Health/ Scripps Memorial Hospital/ Scripps Mericos Eye Institute between 2012 and 2017. Macula pigment 3D topography was evaluated using specular reflectance. Buccal genetic cheek swab, circulating serum dietary carotenoids and long-term RBC omega-3 fatty acid status, as well as common secondary clinical structural and vision function parameters were obtained. Results 41 % of offspring of AMD parent(s) presented with FMPD. These offspring were about 4 years younger than those without FMPD (controls; P = 0.012) and had thinner foveas (P = 0.010). There were no differences in gender, BMI, % body fat, visual acuity or contrast sensitivity between those with and without FMPD. % RBC membrane docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced in FMPD offspring vs. control offspring (P = 0.04). The Omega-3 Index was significantly decreased in the FMPD group (P = 0.03). Conclusions The percentage of FMPD in AMD offspring is nearly twice that reported for the general population in the scientific literature. Offspring presenting FMPD had similar AMD genetic risk, but significantly reduced % RBC membrane omega-3 fatty acids and thinner foveas compared with those without FMPD. Our data supports the importance of ‘essential fatty’ acids as an independent AMD risk factor.

Benefits of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on a number of clinical disorders, including autoimmune diseases, are widely reported in the literature. One major dietary source of PUFA are fish, particularly the small oily fish, like anchovy, sardine, mackerel and others. Unfortunately, fish (particularly the large, top-predator fish like swordfish) are also a source of pollutants, including the heavy metals. One relevant heavy metal is mercury, a known environmental trigger of autoimmunity that is measurable inside the thyroid. There are a number of interactions between the omega-3 PUFA and thyroid hormones, even at the level of the thyroid hormone transport proteins. Concerning the mechanisms behind the protection from/amelioration of autoimmune diseases, including thyroiditis, that are caused by the omega-3 PUFA, one can be the decreased production of chemokines, a decrease that was reported in the literature for other nutraceuticals. Recent studies point also to the involvement of resolvins. The intracellular increase in resolvins is associated with the tissue protection from inflammation that was observed in experimental animals after coadministration of omega-3 PUFA and thyroid hormone. After having presented data on fish consumption at the beginning, we conclude our review by presenting data on the market of the dietary supplements/nutraceuticals. The global omega-3 products market was valued at USD 2.10 billion in 2020, and was projected to go up at a compound annual growth rate of 7.8% from 2020 to 2028. Among supplements, fish oils, which are derived mainly from anchovies, are considered the best and generally safest source of omega-3. Taking into account (i) the anti-autoimmunity and anti-cancer properties of the omega-3 PUFA, (ii) the increasing incidence of both autoimmune thyroiditis and thyroid cancer worldwide, (iii) the predisposing role for thyroid cancer exerted by autoimmune thyroiditis, and (iv) the risk for developing metabolic and cardiovascular disorders conferred by both elevated/trendwise elevated serum TSH levels and thyroid autoimmunity, then there is enough rationale for the omega-3 PUFA as measures to contrast the appearance and/or duration of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis as well as to correct the slightly elevated serum TSH levels of subclinical hypothyroidism.