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Some Latine youth from rural migrant farmworker communities engage in farmwork to help support themselves and their families. Although research has documented their motives for working and some characteristics of their employment, knowledge about how these youth construct their work in the fields and how such experiences relate to their positive development is needed to depict their holistic experiences. Using mixed methods, we explored youths farmwork experiences and examined how these experiences relate to youths prosocial behaviors, civic responsibility, and ego-resiliency. Data are from a mixed-method study of Latine youth and parents in rural and agricultural families in the U.S. Midwest. The present study uses qualitative data from a subsample of 47 youth (Mage = 11.42, 48.8% boys) who participated in interviews and survey activities. Thematic coding of the interviews revealed sociocognitive, socioemotional, skilled-related, and physical experiences, as well as prosocial considerations that included perspective taking, moral reasoning, and empathetic concern. Integrating qualitative and quantitative data showed that these experiences were distinctively associated with higher other-oriented and lower self-oriented prosocial behaviors and higher ego-resiliency. Further, farmworker youth also showed significantly lower civic efficacy, indicating that farmwork may discourage some aspects of civic responsibility. The results can inform policy and program designs on promoting Latine youths positive development in the face of adversity, such as by highlighting character development and bridging youth engagement with civic spheres.

Previous research has suggested that math anxiety may contribute to poor math performance by interfering with working memory. However, only a limited number of studies investigated the mediating role of working memory in the math anxiety-math performance link in school-aged children. Unlike math anxiety, ego-resiliency is a personality resource that promotes the management of challenges and has been positively associated with math performance and negatively with anxiety. Nevertheless, there is still limited understanding regarding the specific role of ego-resiliency in math learning and how it relates to math anxiety. This study aimed to investigate conjunctly the interplay between primary school children's ego-resiliency, math anxiety, working memory, and performance on two different math tasks (i.e., arithmetic task and word problem-solving task), after controlling for general anxiety and age. The study involved 185 Italian children from grades 3 to 5. Serial multi-mediational analyses revealed that: (1) ego-resiliency has a positive indirect effect on math achievement through two paths - math anxiety, and math anxiety and working memory; (2) the study replicated previous findings showing that working memory partially mediated the relationship between math anxiety and math performance; (3) similar patterns of results were found for both math skills. The study identifies ego-resiliency as a possible protective factor in the development of math anxiety and suggests that ego-resiliency could be worth considering when designing interventions aimed at reducing negative emotions towards mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to confirm how self-esteem in childhood affects self-regulated learning in early adolescence. Additionally, we aimed to confirm the mediating effect of ego-resiliency in childhood and the dual mediating effect of academic motivation. Methods: Data from the Panel Study on Korean Children were used: self-esteem in the 4th grade of elementary school students in the 11th wave (2018), ego-resiliency and academic motivation in the 5th grade of elementary school students in the 12th wave (2019), and 1st grade of secondary school students in the 14th wave (2021). To explore the structural relationship between these variables, the measurement and structural model verifications were conducted using SPSS 26 and AMOS 26. Results: First, childhood self-esteem had a direct positive effect on self-regulated learning in early adolescence. Second, in the process of childhood self-esteem affecting self-regulated learning, a mediating effect of ego-resiliency appeared. Third, in the process of self-esteem in childhood affecting self-regulated learning afterwards, ego resiliency influenced academic motivation, resulting in a double mediating effect. Self-esteem did not directly affect academic motivation but through the complete mediation of egoresiliency. Conclusion: This study revealed the importance of increasing self-esteem, ego-resiliency, and academic motivation during childhood to improve the level of self-regulated learning in early adolescents. In particular, the importance of strengthening ego-resiliency was discussed in terms of its effect on self-regulated learning through the complete mediation of ego-resiliency in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Until now, there has been little work on the association of keratoconus with psychiatric disorders. None of these address the role of ego-resiliency, which may prove crucial in coping with chronic illness. Material and methods: 74 participants with keratoconus and 92 without this diagnosis participated in the study. The respondents were surveyed using a toolkit: the ER-89 questionnaire for ego-resiliency, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Inventory for Personality Disorders according to DSM-IV (IBZO-DSM-IV). Statistical analyses were performed using Statistica 13.3 software. Results: A statistically significant negative regression of optimal regulation (OR) as a component of ego-resiliency (ER) in light of avoidant personality, dependent personality, depression intensity on the HDRS, and both trait and anxiety status was evident in both the study and control groups. No statistically significant differences in ER intensity were evident between the study and control groups. Conclusions: Ego-resiliency reduces the intensity of anxiety and depression symptoms as well as the intensity of dependent and avoidant personality traits. Patients with keratoconus do not differ in the intensity of ego-resiliency from those without the condition.

This study estimated the (1) levels of alcohol use, drinking motives, ego‐resiliency, and social support; (2) effect of drinking motives on alcohol use; and (3) moderating effects of ego‐resiliency and social support. An online survey was conducted among undergraduate college students from a university in Hawaiʻi (n = 172). This study estimated moderating effects of ego‐resiliency and social support between drinking motives and alcohol use using SPSS 26.0 and PROCESS macro version 4.0. Four independent moderation analyses were performed for each drinking motive (social, coping, conformity, and enhancement). About one‐fourth of the sample had drinking problems (AUDIT score ≥ 8). The highest drinking motive was social, followed by enhancement, coping, and conformity motives. Ego‐resiliency significantly moderated the relationship between coping and enhancement motives with alcohol use. Social support did not have a significant moderating effect between drinking motives and alcohol use. The findings suggest that undergraduate college students who drink with coping and enhancement motives may have a reduced risk of drinking problems if they have a high level of ego‐resiliency. Future research and practice need to account for drinking motives and ego‐resiliency when working with college students to prevent and intervene in excessive alcohol use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the last decades, a large body of literature has explored the topic of perceived safety and fear of crime in urban environments. The effects of psychological factors on such feelings have been studied, but rarely using prospective studies, and never when these factors intercept a worldwide dramatic event like the pandemic. This research aimed to analyze the variations of the feelings of urban safety during the pandemic, the role of resiliency and the effect of psychological stressors such as anxiety, stress, and depression. Methods: During 2019 and 2022, before and after the pandemic, a face-to-face interview was administered to the same group of 195 participants. The PUSAS scale was used to measure unsafety, the ER89-R to assess for resiliency, the DASS-21 to collect data about the general distress (anxiety, stress and depression), and the CAS scale was used to evaluate the specific coronavirus anxiety. Structural equation models were applied to test a theoretical framework grounded on the relationships between these measures. Results: The research findings showed decreased feelings of unsafety across the pandemic, consistent with the literature. The positive effect of ego-resiliency was significant but only for its interaction with data collected before the pandemic, whilst stress and anxiety impacted unsafety in 2022 through different pathways. None of the symptoms of general distress influenced the concern about crime and sense of vulnerability, as the feelings of unsafety were found independent from the variations of the specific coronavirus anxiety. Discussion: Although the research findings did not confirm the impact of coronavirus, they presented some facets that disconfirm what the literature reported about the relationships between psychological distress and fear of crime. Implications about measurement issues are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notions of metacognition and ego-resiliency seem to commonly represent an ability to adaptively adjust self-control to fit the requirements of environments. The latter presents a general mechanism of adaptive adjustment while the former presents a specific example of learning activity. As ego-resiliency was almost fully indicated by the General Factor of Personality (GFP) as the literature suggested, the present study tested the relationship between the GFP and metacognition and then compared their influences on learning adaptation. As found, the GFP highly overlapped with overall metacognition (r = 0.69). Within the three dimensions of metacognition, metacognitive skills correlated with the GFP much higher than metacognitive knowledge and experience, suggesting that the GFP is more linked with the application of metacognition in learning. By comparison, the GFP displayed much higher correlations with metacognitive skills and experience as well as learning adaptation than any Big Five traits, showing its incremental power in correlation with those variables. More importantly, in the mediation model, the GFP was found to be the root reason for the outcomes of learning adaptation and accounted for most of the impact of metacognition on learning adaptation. With these findings, the limitations of the present study and suggestions for future studies were discussed.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between ego-resiliency and the intensity of health behaviors among Polish health sciences students. Methods The study involved 483 students from health-related faculties in southern Poland, consisting of 314 women (63.7%) and 179 men (36.3%). The average age of the participants was 21.7 ± 2.5 years. To assess resiliency (ER), the Ego-Resiliency Scale (ER89-R12) by Block and Kremen was used in its Polish adaptation. The intensity of health behaviors was examined using the Health Behavior Inventory (HBI) developed by Z. Juczyński. Results The results revealed a positive correlation between the intensity of health behaviors and ER (r = 0.43, p

Although emerging adults (i.e., individuals aged 18–29 years old) may be at a lesser risk of COVID-19 severe illness and mortality, studies have found that the negative impact of COVID-19 on mental health and well-being is higher among emerging adults when compared to other age groups. The current study aimed to identify profile(s) based on resilience resources, which could help emerging adults in managing the disruptions to their lives following the pandemic. A cross-national sample of 1,768 emerging adults from China, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Slovenia, and the US was utilized to identify profiles based on different resilience dimensions (ego-resiliency, positivity, religiosity, socioeconomic status, family support, peer support). Results of the Latent Profile Analysis suggest the presence of four different profiles: no resources, only peer, only family, and well-equipped. The association of these profiles with demographic variables, adulthood markers, self-perceived COVID-19 impact, present well-being, and future life perception was investigated. Implications for resilience theory as well as for future interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionIn the last decades, a large body of literature has explored the topic of perceived safety and fear of crime in urban environments. The effects of psychological factors on such feelings have been studied, but rarely using prospective studies, and never when these factors intercept a worldwide dramatic event like the pandemic. This research aimed to analyze the variations of the feelings of urban safety during the pandemic, the role of resiliency and the effect of psychological stressors such as anxiety, stress, and depression.MethodsDuring 2019 and 2022, before and after the pandemic, a face-to-face interview was administered to the same group of 195 participants. The PUSAS scale was used to measure unsafety, the ER89-R to assess for resiliency, the DASS-21 to collect data about the general distress (anxiety, stress and depression), and the CAS scale was used to evaluate the specific coronavirus anxiety. Structural equation models were applied to test a theoretical framework grounded on the relationships between these measures.ResultsThe research findings showed decreased feelings of unsafety across the pandemic, consistent with the literature. The positive effect of ego-resiliency was significant but only for its interaction with data collected before the pandemic, whilst stress and anxiety impacted unsafety in 2022 through different pathways. None of the symptoms of general distress influenced the concern about crime and sense of vulnerability, as the feelings of unsafety were found independent from the variations of the specific coronavirus anxiety.DiscussionAlthough the research findings did not confirm the impact of coronavirus, they presented some facets that disconfirm what the literature reported about the relationships between psychological distress and fear of crime. Implications about measurement issues are discussed.

Objectives The purpose of the present study was to investigate, through the lens of conservation of resources theory, the predictive role of 2 positive personality traits in the form of core self-evaluations (CSE) and ego-resiliency (ER) in resource losses and gains triggered by the COVID-19 crisis. Material and Methods The 2 personality traits, constituting positive person-related resources, were examined in relation to resource losses and gains in both general and distinct life domains: hedonistic and vital, spiritual, family, economic and political, and finally power and prestige. Results The findings from a nationwide sample of 1000 working adults (65% women; age M±SD 38.93±10.9 years) indicated that CSE negatively predicted resource losses, whereas ER served as a positive predictor of resource gains. The predictive role of personality traits was demonstrated both for resource losses and gains in general and in different life domains. Conclusions The results of this study highlight in particular the role of CSE as a protective factor of resource losses, and the role of ER as a promotive factor of resource gains, suggesting that both traits might evoke divergent resilience responses when facing prolonged stressful life events. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(4):551–62

Copyright of Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis is the property of Medical University of Silesia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study was focused on the relationship between the subjective assessment of physical health and satisfaction with life (SWL) in older adults. The relationship itself was found in previous studies, but we postulated that it is moderated by ego-resiliency (ER). To verify this hypothesis, 124 Polish participants aged between 60 and 89 (mean = 71.72, standard deviation = 7.08) were asked to complete questionnaire measures of: self-assessed health (SAH; measured with seven items from the World Health Organization Quality of Life WHOQOL-BREF assessment), SWL (measured with the Satisfaction with Life Scale) and ER (measured with the Ego-Resiliency Scale ER89). The results confirmed the moderating role of ER by showing that the relationship between SAH and SWL was statistically significant only when ER was high or moderate, while there was no relationship for participants with low ER. To interpret these results, we postulate that ego-resilient older adults are more accurate in the assessment of health, i.e. their SAH reflects the objective condition more closely, which strengthens the relationship between SAH and wellbeing. ER is thus conceived as an important psychological resource that promotes the accuracy of SAH and, consequently, makes it a more robust predictor of SWL. We hypothesise that this is based on the positive relationship between ER and wisdom in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The job demands–resources (JD-R) theory assumes that job demands can be balanced by resources, which ultimately leads to the development of engagement and prevent burnout. Research shows that human resources weaken the relationship between job demands/stress and employee health. However, some reports do not confirm this. The overriding goal of the research was to empirically verify the theory of the buffering role of personal resources in the JD-R model with a sample of public administration employees in Poland. Methods. The participants were 144 administrative employees. The study was carried out in a correlation scheme. Correlations between the variables of perceived stress at work, burnout and ego-resiliency were established. It was also checked whether ego-resiliency moderates the relationship between perceived stress at work and burnout. Results. As expected, burnout significantly correlated with perceived stress at work (positively) and ego-resiliency (negatively). However, there was no statistically significant relationship between ego-resiliency and perceived stress at work. Ego-resiliency did not moderate the relationship between stress and burnout. Conclusion. More research is required to test the role of different personal resources in the relationships between job demands and burnout, as well as between organizational resources and work engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate, through the lens of conservation of resources theory, the predictive role of 2 positive personality traits in the form of core self-evaluations (CSE) and ego-resiliency (ER) in resource losses and gains triggered by the COVID-19 crisis. Material and Methods: The 2 personality traits, constituting positive person-related resources, were examined in relation to resource losses and gains in both general and distinct life domains: hedonistic and vital, spiritual, family, economic and political, and finally power and prestige. Results: The findings from a nationwide sample of 1000 working adults (65% women; age M±SD 38.93±10.9 years) indicated that CSE negatively predicted resource losses, whereas ER served as a positive predictor of resource gains. The predictive role of personality traits was demonstrated both for resource losses and gains in general and in different life domains. Conclusions: The results of this study highlight in particular the role of CSE as a protective factor of resource losses, and the role of ER as a promotive factor of resource gains, suggesting that both traits might evoke divergent resilience responses when facing prolonged stressful life events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through reducing psychopathology, improving quality of life, and developing psychological skills (psychological flexibility, self-compassion, and ego-resiliency). The study was quasi-experimental in the form of a four-week ACT intervention; three measurements were obtained (baseline, one week after training, one month after training). It involved 60 participants divided into three groups: two criteria groups (ACT in the off-line form, N=20, ACT in the on-line form, N=20), and one control group (N=20). The results showed a significant improvement in the area of quality of life and the level of psychological skills among parents participating in the ACT training, and this improvement was maintained both a week and a month after the end of the training. The form of participation in the training did not differentiate the groups, which may indicate their equivalence. In addition, significant intergroup differences were shown between participants from the criterion groups and those from the control group, as the subjects who did not participate in the training were characterized by lower quality of life and lower level of psychological skills, and higher intensity of psychopathological symptoms. The results can be used both in designing further scientific research and in clinical practice, especially in the psychological care of families of persons diagnosed with ASD, with special focus on the area of developing psychological skills and the use of short-term therapeutic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Little is known about the role of protective factors in suicidal ideation among medical students. This study aimed to examine the association between suicidal ideation and protective (self-esteem/ego-resiliency/social support) and risk (depression/social anxiety) factors. Methods Data on sociodemographic factors, depression, social anxiety, self-esteem, ego-resiliency, social support, and current suicidal ideation were collected from 408 medical students. A logistic regression model was constructed to identify the independent impact of potential influencing factors on suicidal ideation. Potential moderating effects were also explored. Results Thirty-eight participants (9.3%) reported experiencing suicidal ideation. Younger age, higher levels of depression, social anxiety, and lower levels of self-esteem, ego-resiliency, and social support were found to be significantly correlated with suicidal ideation. In the final model, higher levels of depression and social anxiety were associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation, while higher levels of self-esteem and social support were associated with a decreased risk of suicidal ideation. Although the independent effect was not significant, the interactions of ego-resiliency with both depression and social anxiety on suicidal ideation were significant. Higher levels of ego-resiliency acted as a buffer against suicidal ideation among those with higher levels of depression or social anxiety. Conclusions In addition to risk factors, this study revealed the underlying protective and moderating factors of suicidal ideation among medical students. Mental health programs focusing on enhancing ego-resiliency, self-esteem, and social support may contribute to suicide prevention in medical students.

Following the dismantling of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, survivors of this totalitarian regime wrote down their stories about suffering and injustice. Their memoirs and autobiographical works have become representative of post-communist life writing, promoting debates on trauma, memory, and resistance strategies. However, life writing scholars have not explored the textual strategies employed by writers to construct their egoresilient Self, namely, their capacity to adjust to challenging circumstances. To instantiate the case, Romanian memoirs and transcribed interviews have been selected for the corpus given the highly repressive nature of the Romanian communist regime. The project pursues the following two research objectives: (a) to examine the textual strategies employed by narrators in their construction of ego-resiliency and (b) to analyse the historical specificities of Romanian communism while expanding knowledge on this totalitarian regime. To this end, the research combines Narrative Inquiry with Personality Psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the generalizability of the latent structure of the Polish version of the Ego-Resiliency Scale (ER89-R12), a brief self-report scale that measures egoresiliency. We investigated the measurement invariance, validity, and reliability of ER89-R12 among three groups of individuals who were facing various major, longterm, life-changing crises (N D 512): parents of children with Down's syndrome, women with breast cancer, and individuals after divorce. The analysis of the measurement invariance confirmed the two-factor structure of the questionnaire and the high reliability of this measure in those studied groups. A multigroup confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence of configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance across the three groups. Moreover, the correlation patterns were similar across the groups. Ego-resiliency was strongly and consistently positively correlated with mental health: psychological well-being, perceived social support, self-esteem, and post-traumatic growth, and negatively correlated with perceived stress. The presented results indicate the potential usefulness of the ER89-R12 tool in studies on people experiencing various crises in their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to determine the role of the sense of coherence and ego-resiliency as buffers for maladaptive coping among juveniles with different levels of delinquency. The study included 561 juveniles referred by a family court to youth education or probation centers throughout Poland. We used SEM to search for relations between variables and the critical ratio test for differences between groups. The results demonstrate that in both groups, the relationships between the components of the sense of coherence and the emotional style were negative. In both groups, the sense of comprehensibility was significantly associated with the search for social contacts. The impact of ego-resiliency on social-diversion coping was significantly stronger for the group with high compared with low demoralization. The study demonstrate that juveniles with a high degree of delinquency are more prone to emotion-oriented coping. Both groups of juveniles use two types of avoidance style to a similar extent. The results show that the stronger the sense of coherence, the less often juveniles cope with stress by reducing emotional tension and by escaping into substitute activities. Furthermore, our findings reveal the dark side of ego-resiliency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on psychological effects of exposure to political violence has focused mainly on the effect of environmental factors whereas the effect of individual differences is understudied. The present study offers an integrative model of the contribution of personality traits, ego-resiliency, and coping styles to post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptomatology of civilians exposed to chronic political violence. Three-hundred and thirty-two Israeli citizens living in the south region of Israel were asked to report their experience with different types of political violence incidents, their coping strategies, and PTS symptoms. The participants were also asked to complete the Big Five personality Inventory and Ego-Resiliency Scale. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis indicated that ego-resiliency and emotion-focused coping mediate the relationship between big five personality traits and levels of stress symptoms. It is suggested that neurotic people are more vulnerable to PTS due to low levels of ego-resiliency and a preference to use emotion-focused coping strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the generalizability of the latent structure of the Polish version of the Ego-Resiliency Scale (ER89-R12), a brief self-report scale that measures ego-resiliency. We investigated the measurement invariance, validity, and reliability of ER89-R12 among three groups of individuals who were facing various major, long-term, life-changing crises (N = 512): parents of children with Down’s syndrome, women with breast cancer, and individuals after divorce. The analysis of the measurement invariance confirmed the two-factor structure of the questionnaire and the high reliability of this measure in those studied groups. A multigroup confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence of configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance across the three groups. Moreover, the correlation patterns were similar across the groups. Ego-resiliency was strongly and consistently positively correlated with mental health: psychological well-being, perceived social support, self-esteem, and post-traumatic growth, and negatively correlated with perceived stress. The presented results indicate the potential usefulness of the ER89-R12 tool in studies on people experiencing various crises in their lives.

Background: Little is known about the role of protective factors in suicidal ideation among medical students. This study aimed to examine the association between suicidal ideation and protective (self-esteem/ego-resiliency/social support) and risk (depression/social anxiety) factors. Methods: Data on sociodemographic factors, depression, social anxiety, self-esteem, ego-resiliency, social support, and current suicidal ideation were collected from 408 medical students. A logistic regression model was constructed to identify the independent impact of potential influencing factors on suicidal ideation. Potential moderating effects were also explored. Results: Thirty-eight participants (9.3%) reported experiencing suicidal ideation. Younger age, higher levels of depression, social anxiety, and lower levels of self-esteem, ego-resiliency, and social support were found to be significantly correlated with suicidal ideation. In the final model, higher levels of depression and social anxiety were associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation, while higher levels of self-esteem and social support were associated with a decreased risk of suicidal ideation. Although the independent effect was not significant, the interactions of ego-resiliency with both depression and social anxiety on suicidal ideation were significant. Higher levels of ego-resiliency acted as a buffer against suicidal ideation among those with higher levels of depression or social anxiety. Conclusions: In addition to risk factors, this study revealed the underlying protective and moderating factors of suicidal ideation among medical students. Mental health programs focusing on enhancing ego-resiliency, self-esteem, and social support may contribute to suicide prevention in medical students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Tinnitus is a common and, in many cases, chronic condition. Coping with a chronic ailment is a long-term process, which also depends on the personality of the individual. One important personality resource is ego-resiliency, that is, how flexible the person is in adapting to the impulse to control their environment. Purpose The aim of the study was to determine whether ego-resiliency affects the perceived level of tinnitus annoyance. Research Design This was a questionnaire study combined with a retrospective analysis of medical data. Study Sample The study involved 176 people with diagnosed chronic tinnitus who volunteered to participate (53 men and 123 women aged 31–80 years). Data Collection and Analysis The following tools were used: Ego-Resiliency Scale to measure ego-resiliency, Tinnitus Functional Index to assess the impact of tinnitus on daily life, and a survey of sociodemographics and tinnitus history. Results The conducted research showed that men had higher ego-resiliency than women. Older subjects (older than 60 years) had higher ego-resiliency than younger ones. There was a negative correlation between ego-resiliency and the perceived annoyance of tinnitus. Regression analysis showed that a person's ability to cope and to tolerate negative emotions were the only factors of ego-resiliency that were a significant predictor of tinnitus annoyance. Conclusion People with a high level of personal ability to cope and to tolerate negative emotions are likely to experience decreased tinnitus annoyance. Ego-resiliency levels should be considered when diagnosing and planning interventions for people with tinnitus. In psychological intervention programs for people with tinnitus, it is worthwhile developing ego-resiliency, paying particular attention to positive emotions which are crucial in building it. Research should be continued on other personal resources affecting perceived tinnitus annoyance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to identify the level of stress, ego-resiliency (ER), and coping strategies of university students during the onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and examine the mediating role of ER in the relationship between stress and coping strategies (e.g., problem-solving, social support seeking, and avoidance). We analyzed responses from 160 university students and found that problem-solving was the most common coping strategy (26.02 ± 4.65), followed by social support-seeking (25.08 ± 5.23), and avoidance (19.21 ± 3.78). ER was negatively associated with stress and showed a mediating effect on the relationship between stress and social support, and stress and problem-solving coping strategies. These findings indicate that ER helps decrease stress caused by the pandemic among university students and should be considered a significant factor for developing adaptive stress coping strategies.

Most studies examining gene-environment effects on self-regulation focus on outcomes early childhood or adulthood. However, only a few studies investigate longitudinal effects during middle childhood and adolescence and compare two domains of early caregiving. In a longitudinal follow-up with a sample of N = 87, we studied the effects of differences in the DRD4 tandem repeat polymorphisms and two domains of early maternal caregiving quality on children's personality development using Block's California Child Q-Set (CCQ) at age six and age 12 and on problem behavior at ages six and seven. Early maternal regulation quality predicted later ego-resiliency and aggressiveness. In addition, significant gene-environment interactions revealed that children with the 7+ DRD4 tandem repeat polymorphism and poor maternal regulation quality in infancy showed lower scores in ego-resiliency and higher scores in ego-undercontrol and CCQ aggressiveness. In contrast, children who had experienced effective maternal regulation in infancy showed a comparable level in personality traits and problem behavior as the DRD4 7- group independent of the levels of maternal regulatory behavior. Similarly, longitudinal caregiving × DRD4 interactions were found for behavior problems in middle childhood, especially for oppositional-aggression, inattentive-hyperactivity, and social competence. Early caregiving effects were only found for maternal regulation quality, but not for maternal responsiveness. Effective early maternal regulation in infancy can moderate the negative effect of DRD4 7+ on children's self-regulation in middle childhood and adolescence. However, maternal responsiveness has no comparable effects. It seems relevant to consider several dimensions of early caregiving and to also measure the environment in more detail in gene-environment studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast and accurate screening for mental health problems in early childhood is a prerequisite for effective early intervention. The Early Childhood Screening Assessment (ECSA) is a valid and standardized screening tool for young children. The aims of the current study were to examine the psychometric properties, the factorial structure, and validity evidence for test score interpretation of the German version of the ECSA. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis support a two-factor solution differentiating externalizing and internalizing problems in early childhood. Concurrent validity was demonstrated by positive associations with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Accuracy of identifying children at risk in comparison to CBCL was good with appropriate sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, ECSA problem scores showed specific associations with low ego-resiliency and field-independence scores and high ego-undercontrol, aggression, and anxiety scores. ECSA caregiver depression scores were associated with children's ECSA problem scores. The German version of the ECSA is a short and accurate screening tool for mental health problems in early childhood. Highlights: The German ECSA is a short and accurate mental health screening tool for young children in German-speaking countries. Children's mental health problems are associated with low ego-resiliency and high ego-undercontrol. Maternal depression is associated with children's mental health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies examining gene-environment effects on self-regulation focus on outcomes early childhood or adulthood. However, only a few studies investigate longitudinal effects during middle childhood and adolescence and compare two domains of early caregiving. In a longitudinal follow-up with a sample of N = 87, we studied the effects of differences in the DRD4 tandem repeat polymorphisms and two domains of early maternal caregiving quality on children’s personality development using Block’s California Child Q-Set (CCQ) at age six and age 12 and on problem behavior at ages six and seven. Early maternal regulation quality predicted later ego-resiliency and aggressiveness. In addition, significant gene-environment interactions revealed that children with the 7+ DRD4 tandem repeat polymorphism and poor maternal regulation quality in infancy showed lower scores in ego-resiliency and higher scores in ego-undercontrol and CCQ aggressiveness. In contrast, children who had experienced effective maternal regulation in infancy showed a comparable level in personality traits and problem behavior as the DRD4 7- group independent of the levels of maternal regulatory behavior. Similarly, longitudinal caregiving × DRD4 interactions were found for behavior problems in middle childhood, especially for oppositional-aggression, inattentive-hyperactivity, and social competence. Early caregiving effects were only found for maternal regulation quality, but not for maternal responsiveness. Effective early maternal regulation in infancy can moderate the negative effect of DRD4 7+ on children’s self-regulation in middle childhood and adolescence. However, maternal responsiveness has no comparable effects. It seems relevant to consider several dimensions of early caregiving and to also measure the environment in more detail in gene-environment studies.

This study proposed protégé's ego-resiliency as a parsimonious predictor of perceived mentoring. Uncertainty-avoidance and collectivism orientations were hypothesized as boundary conditions of this relationship. An additive multiple moderation model was developed using conservation of resource theory. Data were collected from 193 employees of a large Southeast Asian commercial bank. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that protégé's ego-resiliency was positively related to perceived mentoring. This positive relation was stronger for protégés who held weaker uncertainty-avoidance orientations and was stronger for those who held collectivistic orientations. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background The literature shows a fairly coherent picture of the types of difficulties parents face. Adaptive both coping styles and resources, such as self-compassion and ego-resiliency, indicated as important predictors of the quality of life among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. The aim of the study was to determine the links between self-compassion and ego-resiliency, coping with stress and quality of life among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in a Polish sample (N = 76). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. The CISS, Self-Compassion Scale-Short, Ego-Resiliency Scale, and Quality of Life Questionnaire were used. Results Regression analysis was carried out to address the research question. It was confirmed that both resources studied exhibited negative relations with emotion-oriented coping, while ego-resiliency was also positively correlated with task- and avoidance-oriented strategies. The hierarchical multiple regression conducted in three steps indicated that ego-resiliency (18%) and emotion-oriented (14%) were the strongest predictors of quality of life among parents of children with ASD. Conclusions The obtained results proved that ego-resiliency and a task-oriented coping strategy were important indicators of the quality of life of parents of children with ASD.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental health condition associated with severe symptoms of distress and poor quality of life (QoL). Research outside the field of BPD suggests that ego‐resiliency is negatively associated with psychopathology and positively associated with a range of positive life outcomes. Thus, ego‐resiliency may be a valuable construct for furthering our understanding and treatment of BPD. However, the mechanisms linking ego‐resiliency to psychopathology and QoL in relation to BPD have not been examined and explored by research. This study has addressed this gap in the collective knowledge by evaluating whether within‐person associations between daily reports of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) mediated the relationship between ego‐resiliency, BPD symptom severity, and QoL. For 21 consecutive days, 72 women diagnosed with BPD completed end‐of‐day electronic assessments regarding ego‐resiliency, PA and NA, symptom severity, and QoL. Multilevel structural equation modelling established that PA and NA were parallel mediators linking ego‐resiliency with BPD symptom severity and QoL. As hypothesized, the path to QoL was stronger through PA than through NA. The mediation paths through NA and PA to BPD symptom severity were both significant, but their strength did not differ. Our findings align with the assertions of theories on emotion, thus suggesting a two‐factor approach to PA and NA. Future research can build on these findings by developing psychotherapeutic interventions designed not only to reduce symptom severity but also to enhance PA in individuals with BPD and determine whether an increase in PA is associated with improved QoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to investigate the relationship between ego-resiliency, organizational loyalty, organizational commitment, and emotional intelligence of hospital administrative staff and the effect of these factors on emotional intelligence. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between these factors and emotional intelligence and identified the convergence effect on emotional intelligence in hospital administrative staff. The subjects of the survey were randomly selected 212 administration staffs at 19 hospitals selected from the J area. The data collection was conducted for about a month from May 1 to 31, 2019. The form of the questionnaire used structured anonymous self-administered responses. Emotional intelligence showed a positive correlation between ego-resiliency, organizational loyalty, and organizational commitment. According to the analysis, efforts to enhance ego-resiliency, organizational loyalty, and organizational commitment are needed to increase the emotional intelligence of hospital administration staffs. The findings may be used as basic materials for hospital job management and industrial health education that will raise the emotional intelligence of hospital administration staffs. Future research needs to investigate additional factors related to emotional intelligence and various emotional factors of hospital administrative staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Life satisfaction is a potentially important health-promoting factor for individuals with alcohol dependence. Addictions are often associated with a decrease in the quality of life due to multiple dysfunctions in the dimensions of health, family and work. Ego-resiliency is believed to be one of factors that contribute to life satisfaction and, consequently, motivation to undergo therapy and resume satisfactory social roles. Aim: The aim of the study was to identify relationships between resiliency and life satisfaction in alcohol-dependent individuals, as well as to assess the determinants of satisfaction in the context of resiliency components. Materials and methods: A total of 100 adults participated in the study: 60 alcoholdependent patients (Cloninger's type II alcoholism) and 40 healthy controls. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) by Diener et al. was used to measure life satisfaction, and the Ego-Resiliency Scale, referred to as ER89-R12 (Block and Kremen), was used for resiliency. Pearson's r correlation coefficient, multiple regression and Student's t-test were used in the statistical analyses. Results: Ego-resiliency is positively correlated with life satisfaction (r = 0.333; p < 0.01). Optimal regulation (β = 0.452; p < 0.05), which is one of the components of resiliency, is particularly likely to have a beneficial effect on shaping like satisfaction in alcohol-dependent individuals. Conclusions: Ego-resiliency is positively correlated with life satisfaction. Increased ego-resiliency, optimal regulation in particular, is likely to translate into higher life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and convergence factors of hospital administrative staff. During the survey period from From May 1st to May 31st, 2019, anonymous self-administered responses to 212 administrative staffs of 19 hospitals randomly selected in J area were used as analysis data. According to hierarchical multiple regression analysis, the higher the ego-resiliency, the higher the organizational loyalty, and the higher the organizational commitment, the higher the emotional intelligence, and their explanatory power was 43.0%. Based on these analysis results, efforts are needed to increase ego-resiliency, increase organizational loyalty, and increase organizational commitment in order to increase the emotional intelligence of hospital administrative jobs. The above results are expected to be applied to industrial health education and job management in the future at hospitals to enhance emotional intelligence of hospital administrative staffs. Future research requires the establishment and analysis of a structural equation model that affects the emotional intelligence of hospital administrative staffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of emotional maturity, ego-resiliency andspiritual intelligence in prediction ofadjustment to college with control of cognitive flexibility on students. In a correlation study 277 students of shahidchamran university in Ahvaz city were selected via multistage cluster sampling method during the fall semester of the 2016-2017 academic year. The participants completed the items of Emotional Maturity Scale(Sing and Bahargava), Ego-Resiliency Scale(Block and Kreman), Spiritual Intelligence Scale(King), Adjustment to CollegeScale(Baker and Siryk) and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory(Dennis and Vander). To analysis the data, statistical methods of Pearson correlation coefficient and Analytical Hierrarchy Process were conducted. The results showed that emotional maturity, ego resiliency, spiritual intelligence and cognitive flexibility had a significant positive correlation with adjustment to college. Moreover Analytical Hierrarchy Process showed that emotional maturity, ego-resiliency and spiritual intelligencewith control of cognitive flexibility were able to predict 28./. variance of adjustment to college scors. Therefore emotional maturity and spiritual intelligence were important predictors of adjustment to college, so in education programs for increase adjustment to college , emotional maturity, ego-resiliency and spiritual intelligence requires more attention.

Performing as an illusionist requires having adequate internal and personality resources. These determine the success of stage performance and have an impact on how an individual perceives self, and influence the self-esteem. The aim of the article is to determine how egoresiliency, self-efficacy, and optimism influence the self-esteem of top-world magicians. A group of 50 top world magicians - world champions of magic - took part in the research. The participants were surveyed using the Self-Esteem Scale (SES), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Ego-Resiliency Scale (ER11), and the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Results showed positive, statistically significant correlations between self-esteem and: selfefficacy, ego-resiliency dimensions, and positive life orientation amongst the surveyed sample. Moreover, stepwise regression analysis allowed determining predictors of selfesteem, where the strongest one was optimism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gardner's multiple intelligences (MI) theory offers great opportunities to improve the diverse abilities potential in disabled learners. The current study investigated the effect of the MI teaching approach on physically disabled learners' MI and ego resiliency. Methods: The purposive sample included male and female participants aged 14 to 30 years at the Arseye-Talash Institute in Urmia, West Azerbaijan for students with disabilities. To gain a complete picture of the phenomenon, the study used self-report questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The study utilized an experimental design that included 30 participants overall, with 10 participants in a control group and 20 participants in two experimental groups according to the multiple intelligences-based instructions (MIBI) they received: first language (Persian)-oriented MIBIs & second language (English)-oriented MIBIs. For both experimental groups (n = 20), active and passive intelligences of the students were identified using a MI test. Then, the instruction was tailored to designing tasks to activate the passive intelligence for both groups. The control group (n = 10) received no training. The data were analyzed in SPSS software using ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc HSD test. Results: Findings indicated that the use of the MI-based teaching approach contributed to a significant improvement in the learners' MI (P < 0.01) and ego resiliency (P < 0.01). Furthermore, findings showed a positive impact of L2-oriented (English) MIBIs compared with L1-oriented (Persian) MIBI on physically disabled learners' ego resiliency (P < 0.01); however, no significant difference was found between the two languages' MIBIs (P > 0.01). Conclusion: The more diverse a learner's experience, the more effective their learning will be, and accordingly, the more successful they will be in a world of challenges. This holds especially true for physically disabled learners who have diverse experiences and hence diverse learning needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rigakuryoho Kagaku is the property of International Press Editing Center Incorporation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the study was to analyze the role of ego-resiliency in maintaining psychological well-being after divorce among the initiators and non-initiators of marital breakup. The sample consisted of 157 divorced individuals, 64.70% of whom were initiators, and 35.30% non-initiators. Our findings indicate that ego-resiliency mediated completely the relationship between the sense of loss and grief associated with divorce and the psychological well-being in the subgroup of divorce non-initiators. In the subgroup of divorce initiators, such mediation effect is statistically insignificant. The study confirms the importance of ego-resiliency for the psychological adjustment of people after divorce, especially for non-initiators of divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have shown by multiple regression analyses that partner support (as an external source of support) and ego-resiliency (as a personality trait and internal source of support) are significant factors contributing to pregnant women's satisfaction with many different domains of psychological well-being (PWB), such as positive relations with others, self-acceptance, and environmental mastery, facilitating better psychological adaptation to pregnancy and motherhood. Type of pregnancy (high-risk or low-risk) is important for two areas of PWB of pregnant women, namely positive relations with others and self-acceptance. The attitudes towards maternity and pregnancy are weaker predictor than ego-resiliency and partner support and they are significant only for one PWB dimension – autonomy. Positive or negative attitudes towards motherhood and the unborn child depend on the education level. They are less stable factors than ego-resiliency. Empirical evidence is found for the moderating role of the pregnancy type (low- vs. high-risk) in the relationships between support from partner and two dimensions of PWB: positive relations with others and purpose in life. The received partner support helps women in high-risk pregnancy with positive psychological functioning, especially in maintaining the belief that their life is purposeful and in sustaining quality relationships with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Ego-resiliency is attributed the status of a "meta resource" that is responsible for a flexible selection of coping strategies depending on the requirements of a specific difficult situation. A considerably burdensome critical life event is the development of a chronic illness such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Apart from coping with the symptoms, a fundamental task confronting patients is maintaining their quality of life. This raises the question of whether ego-resiliency serves as a mediator between coping strategies and quality of life.Materials and Methods: 210 RA patients were invited to participate in this study. They were requested to complete a questionnaire that included the Satisfaction with Life scale, the stress coping inventory Mini-COPE, and the Ego-Resiliency scale. The collected data were analyzed by a simple mediation procedure and estimation of simple correlation coefficients.Results: The analysis demonstrated that ego-resiliency (r = 0.46; p < 0.001) and emotion-focused coping (r = 0.39; p < 0.001) determined life satisfaction. Additionally, ego-resiliency mediated the relation between emotion-oriented coping strategies and life satisfaction. Partial mediation was observed (a = 0.45**; b = 0.36**; c = 0.39**; c' =0.22**; R2 = 0.24; F = 35.65; p < 0.001).Conclusion: Our observations partly support the assumption about a controlling role of ego-resiliency in the process of selecting coping strategies according to demands of situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The objective of the present study was to examine the role of perceived stress, ego-resiliency, and relational resources in maintaining psychological well-being in parents of children with Down syndrome, in particular in groups of mothers and fathers. Being a parent of a child with a disability is stressful, and it can be a burden. Despite these negative aspects of child-rearing, mothers and fathers are supported by their own resources and help from other people. Participants and procedure The study included 126 parents of children with Down syndrome (75 mothers and 51 fathers). All parents were married at the time of the study (i.e. the study did not involve single parents). The subjects completed questionnaires of psychological well-being, perceived stress, ego-resiliency, quality of marital relationship, and perceived social support. Results Perceived stress proved to be a negative predictor (β = –.35) of psychological well-being both in the group of all parents and in groups of mothers and fathers. Ego-resiliency, perceived social support, and quality of marital relationship were positive predictors in the group of all parents, whereas ego-resiliency was a positive predictor (β = .29) of psychological well-being of fathers; perceived social support constituted a positive predictor (β = .25) in the group of mothers. Conclusions The results of the present study show the factors that have a significant effect on parental well-being and may, thus, be unfavourable (e.g. perceived stress) or favourable (e.g. perceived social support for mothers, ego-resiliency for fathers) for adaptation of parents of children with Down syndrome and their mental health. Particularly interesting are the differences in groups of mothers and fathers with regard to factors positively affecting their psychological well-being: relational resources (social support) are factors important for mothers, whereas psychological inner resources (ego-resiliency) are important for fathers. Further research on the topic is needed.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the influence of acculturative stress and ego-resiliency on the relationship between peer victimization and school adjustment of children in multi-cultural families. Specifically, the mediating effect of acculturative stress and the moderating effect of egoresiliency were examined in the relationship between peer victimization and school adjustment. Methods: The research subjects for the first year panel survey conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute were 1,635 children of multi-cultural families completed self-report questionnaires designed to assess peer victimization, acculturative stress, ego-resiliency, and school adjustment. Data were analyzed for the moderated mediating effect between variables using PROCESS Macro methods. Results: First, acculturative stress partially mediated the relationship between peer victimization and school adjustment. Second, ego-resiliency significantly moderated the relationship between peer victimization and acculturative stress. Namely significantly suggested that peer victimization was more weakly associated with acculturative stress as ego-resiliency was strengthen. Lastly, the mediating effect of acculturative stress was moderated by ego-resiliency in the relation between peer victimization and school adjustment. Conclusion: Methods are suggested to improve school adjustment of children from multi-cultural families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between self-efficacy and ego-resiliency among students with visual impairment and normal students. The data was collected from 220 participants of Aligarh city. SPSS (version 22) software program was used to analyse the data by computing descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlation, linear regression, t-test and effect size. The findings provided evidence that self-efficacy was positively correlated to ego-resiliency; and self -efficacy is the significant positive predictor of ego-resiliency. These findings indicate the importance of self-efficacy beliefs in promoting ego-resiliency, thus, enabling individuals to withstand changing circumstances resourcefully. Thus, the findings of the present study suggest the development and implementation of intervention programs to enhance efficacious and resilient behaviour among individuals across societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ER89 (Block & Kremen, 1996) is a self-report scale measuring ego-resiliency in community contexts. The present study examined the psychometric properties of a brief version of the ER 89 (ER89-R: Alessandri, Vecchio, Steca, Caprara, & Caprara, 2007) in a Colombian high-vulnerable population. Participants were 947 young and adults (427 males, 520 females), ranging in age from 16 to 66 years (M = 32.4, SD = 11.6), living in fourteen town halls and beneficiaries of four programs for individuals in situations of extreme poverty or victims of violence. CFA supported the presence of the ER second-order factor and two first-order factors, named Optimal regulation (OR) and Openness to life experiences (OL). In addition, results showed full configural invariance of the scales across three age groups (16-25 years, 26-40 years and over 40 years) and partial strict invariance by gender. The construct validity of the ER89-R was further examined by zero-order correlations and multiple regression analyses: significant and positive association of ER, OR and OL with some relevant indicators of adjustment (self-esteem, optimism, and coping strategies) were found. Important implications for intervention programs aimed at people in disadvantaged contexts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this 8-year longitudinal study was to predict children's (n = 96) level of self-reported victimization at age 9 and their development of victimization from age 9 to 13 from parent-reported and teacher-reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors at age 5. We also examined whether ego-resiliency was a protective factor in these associations. Findings revealed that early childhood externalizing behavior was positively related to chronic experiences of peer victimization from age 9 to 13, especially among children with low levels of ego-resiliency. Internalizing behavior in early childhood was not related to peer victimization throughout middle childhood and adolescence. Suggestions for further research and practical implications for early prevention of peer victimization were discussed. • Early childhood externalizing behaviors were related to chronic high victimization. • Early childhood internalizing behaviors were not related to later peer victimization. • Ego-resiliency protected externalizing children against later victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children from Latino migrant farmworker (LMFW) families are one of the most educationally disenfranchised and marginalized populations of students in the United States. These children face similar disadvantages to other low‐income immigrant families, but often experience unique contextual stressors due to high mobility that places them at high risk for mental health problems, risk‐taking behaviors, and poor academic engagement. Despite these high vulnerabilities few researchers have focused their efforts on LMFW children specifically, or addressed resilience factors in particular. Ego‐resiliency is an enduring psychological construct reflecting how individuals overcome day‐to‐day challenges. We used a convergent mixed method cross‐sectional design to examine the effects of LMFW children's (N = 66, ages 6–18, Mage = 12.79) depressive and conduct problems on their academic efficacy/mastery, and whether ego‐resiliency counteracted these relations. Ego‐resiliency was negatively associated with depression and conduct problems, and positively related to academic efficacy/mastery. Conduct problems were negatively related to academic efficacy/mastery, but depression was not. Ego‐resiliency also moderated the relation of depression to academic efficacy/mastery. Qualitative results provided a deeper explanation of contributing factors to LMFW children's adjustment, how adjustment problems affected their academic success, and the coping mechanisms and resilience factors used by LMFW children to overcome difficult experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]