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This study delves into the comprehensive analysis of four conventional mixed refrigerant liquefaction processes, namely C3MR-Linde, C3MR-APCI, SMR-Linde, and SMR-APCI, emphasizing energy and exergy perspectives. According to the energy analysis, C3MR-Linde demonstrates a lower energy consumption than the other systems, at 0.271 kWh kg−1 liquefied natural gas, while SMR-Air Products achieves the highest coefficient of performance (COP) at 2.67 kWh kg−1. The exergy analysis provides insights into the exergy efficiency and destruction of components, highlighting the C3MR-Linde process as the most exergy-efficient process, attaining 47.55%. Notably, compressors are identified as the primary sources of exergy destruction, accounting for 52.11%, 52.51%, and 45.39% of the overall cycle exergy destruction in the C3MR-APCI, C3MR-Linde, and SMR-APCI cycles, respectively. Furthermore, this study investigates how certain operational factors affect the COP, specific energy consumption (SEC), and exergy indices. It is observed that each cycle exhibits an optimal pressure drop in the expansion valves, with deviations resulting in a decreased COP and increased SEC. Additionally, changes in the refrigerant molar flow rates demonstrate an inverse relationship between the exergy efficiency and COP, with the SEC being notably more sensitive to such variations than the COP within the studied parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the static and dynamic performance efficiencies of container terminals are analyzed and compared for the main container terminals in China and Korea. The static performance efficiency is calculated using the Super-SBM model based on slack variables at the micro-level. An analysis on the dynamic performance efficiency is conducted with the Malmquist index method. The factors of scale and technology of container terminals are mainly taken into account to explore the performance efficient improvement path of container ports. We obtained the following conclusions: (1) The container terminals in Korea show a similar performance efficiency level to the terminals in China, and their performance efficiency is an overall upward trend over the past five years. (2) The main reason for inefficiency in the container terminals in China and Korea is predominantly scale inefficiency. (3) Boosting the automation degree does not have a completely positive impact on the efficiency of the terminal. (4) In 2019–2023, the technical progress index of all container terminals in China and Korea showed a decreasing trend, leading to performance inefficiency of the container terminals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decarbonization potential of hydrogen offers increasing usage paths in the fight against climate change resulting in a growing demand for climate‐neutral hydrogen. This challenge is met by producing hydrogen microbially from renewable substrates as an alternative to 'green hydrogen' from water electrolysis. Initial results have shown that coupling dark fermentation and anaerobic digestion is not only possible but also advantageous. Specifically, by integrating dark fermentation in existing biogas plants, the overall physical efficiency of the process's substrate turnover can be increased by up to 50% through providing hydrogen in addition to biogas. The achieved test results are examined based on limit‐oriented physical efficiency evaluation to show the potential for optimization of the substrate turnover in biological concepts based on modeling. Finally an overview of a commissioned demonstration plant is given, which will provide further insights into the feasibility of the dark fermentation on an industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the existing scientific approaches to evaluating the efficiency of the activities of state financial control bodies. The content of the efficiency concept is disclosed, scientific views on the formation of the system of performance measurement indicators are examined. The lack of uniformity of approaches to the development of criteria and indicators for assessing the efficiency of the state financial control bodies’ activities is also revealed. The purpose of the study is to formulate unified, universal approaches to such an assessment. The author proposes original ways of evaluation using complex indicators. In the course of the study the methods of systematization, comparative, logical and statistical analysis were used. The results can be used by the bodies of state financial control for the development of efficiency assessment methodology.

This paper proposes a new fuzzy mathematical programming method that was originally proposed to solve problems that can be formulated as LP models using data envelopment analysis (DEA) models and Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions to evaluate the efficiency of fuzzy systems. KKT condition (also learned as the Kuhn-Tucker condition) is a first derivative trial (whilom called the first-order essential condition) for the optimal nonlinear programming solution. First, the DEA method based on the comparison of α -cut sets is modeled. Then, applying Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions, the model is developed to assess the efficiency of DMUs and α -levels. The novel produced model results in a new analytical view for the efficiency assessment and also eased the evaluation of a system efficiency condition. The final model is tested on a banking system in the US, over two years and according to this model, the efficiency of DMUs is evaluated. According to the given results, it can be comprehended that the presented method is very accurate and appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon market construction is a crucial tool in meeting sustainable development goals (SDGs). Based on data from prefecture-level cities in Fujian Province, China, between 2011 and 2020, the SBM model is employed to determine the carbon emission efficiency for each city. Additionally, the event analysis method is deployed to evaluate the influence of the carbon market construction on carbon emission efficiency in Fujian Province, and project carbon emission efficiencies for different scenarios. The findings reveal that: (1) The construction of the carbon market has led to an improvement in carbon emission efficiency in Fujian Province, the duration of this effect needs to be strengthened. (2) No significant difference has been observed in carbon emission efficiency between coastal and inland cities due to the carbon market construction. It is feasible to investigate the formation of a carbon market with distinct local features, ultimately achieving SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. A network structure is an organisational form where enterprises are networked together to share information, resources and expertise, thereby improving production efficiency and product competitiveness. In such a structure, each enterprise retains its autonomy but has access to the resources of other participants. However, the problem is to choose the right partner enterprises to create an effective association. Despite the fact that the mechanisms of formation of network structures are well enough worked out the available methodological apparatus for assessing the effectiveness of the formation of partner network structures is not sufficiently developed, which determines the relevance of this study. The aim of the study is to develop methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the partner network structure and approbation of it on the example of oil engineering enterprises. Materials and methods. In this paper, fuzzy logic and hierarchy analysis methods were used to combine qualitative description and quantitative analysis to determine the performance evaluation criteria, as well as to correctly evaluate the synergistic and individual effects that arise in ensuring the implementation of the principles of the partner network structure. Results. A methodology of integrated assessment of the efficiency of SAR functioning has been proposed and tested, which will allow taking into account not only financial indicators, but also other important aspects, such as company culture, employee and customer satisfaction, technological capabilities, etc. That is, to assess not individual aspects of the integration structure, but the network structure as a whole on the basis of sustainable development criteria. Conclusions. The testing of the proposed integrated model for assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of SSPs in the form of a consortium in comparison with successfully operating ones has shown the feasibility of choosing the described configuration of the partner network structure.

Efficiency is critical in allocating sustainable healthcare resources to ensure that hospitals can effectively care for patients while maintaining high-quality care delivery. Hence, it is necessary to monitor efficiency carefully. This study aims to assess hospital unit effectiveness through a novel comprehensive approach integrating Multiple-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The proposed MCDM-DEA framework involves allocating varying weights to distinct data categories. It harnesses the capabilities of the q-rung orthopair fuzzy (q-ROF) methodology to address the inherent uncertainties in healthcare performance assessment. The experimental results provide a comprehensively structured ranking system for specific hospital departments. This ranking system allows decision-makers to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each department, enabling them to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation and improvement strategies. Furthermore, the integration of MCDM-DEA provides a robust and objective assessment tool for monitoring and evaluating the performance of hospital departments over time. These rankings offer invaluable insights to decision-makers, equipping them with the strategic information needed to enhance the overall performance of hospital units.

This paper discusses one method of prevention of capillary water rising through the walls, i.e., making horizontal damp-proof courses by chemical injection. The aim of the tests was to find out which materials and groups of injection methods give the opportunity to create the most effective secondary horizontal damp proof course of underground parts of walls. The tests were carried out on large samples, i.e., walls built under ideal laboratory conditions of water capillary rise, i.e., with the repetitive properties of the materials used to build the test’s walls, without its additional salinity. The nine randomly selected injection products were tested as two product groups: silanes and silicates. Tested silanes and/or siloxanes products were in the form of cream or paste, silicates were in the form of emulsions or dispersions. They were injected into walls with both methods, i.e. gravity and low pressure. Visible effects of the action of the damp-proof courses usually occur after 90 days after injection of products into the wall. A faster increase in efficiency was found for single-row injection than for double-row injection but with higher values after the end of the study for double injection. According to the density of injection products, the highest efficiency was found for products with a density range of 0.92 kg/dm3 up to 0.96 kg/dm3, for silanes products and with a density less than 1.2 kg/dm3 for silicate products.

Standalone microgrids (MGs) and distributed generations (DGs) suffer power generation intermittencies. This leads to a frequent deficit in the supply to consumers. This is worsened by the further delay experienced in the transaction process of the generated energy. Critical loads face the greatest risk of the resulting power shortage. Using the blockchain-integrated data envelopment analysis (DEA), this paper proposes a customer-centered approach to minimizing these inherent issues. Consequently, generation capacity reliability is maximized while the energy supply latency is minimized. First, considering the varying generation reliabilities of standalone MGs, a simulation method is presented using the DEA algorithm for identifying and selecting the most reliable MG in real time for supply. That is, the microgrid with the maximum generation capacity. Next, to address MG’s energy supply latency, a blockchain-integrated energy trading platform is proposed (for prosumers’ DGs) to enhance the peer-to-peer electricity transaction experience. Thus, considering the inherent transaction delay in blockchain-integrated energy trading platforms, a DEA algorithm is proposed for determining and adopting the fastest blockchain transaction. Finally, an algorithm is developed to streamline the integration of the two-step enhancements. It was observed that, as the input data (efficiencies of MGs and blockchains) are changing, maximum power delivery and the fastest electricity transaction rate are achieved in the standalone generation arena at minimal cost. This addresses the characteristic supply deficits and delays, thus minimizing the risk of shedding critical loads.

The article was prepared on the subject of ensuring the sustainable development of the territories in the Arctic zone on the environmental basis. The aim of the study is to develop a conceptual approach to assess the efficiency of public administration in the field of environmental development of territories in the Arctic zone, as the variety and importance of modern environmental risks constantly increase. Special, universal and general scientific methods of scientific cognition were used in the work. The article presents problems, conceptual approach and proposals to assess the efficiency of public administration of environmentally-oriented territorial development in the Arctic zone and improve environmental performance and ecological and economic efficiency of activities in the Russian Arctic region. The key tasks, constituent elements, objects and criteria for assessing the efficiency of this activity are outlined.

The exclusive pedestrian (hereinafter P) phase with a diagonal crossing is routinely introduced to improve P safety at high-volume intersections. The article analyses and evaluates the feasibility of the exclusive P phase and diagonal crossing at single-level smaller intersections, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the exclusive P phase and diagonal crossing from the point of view of time losses. In the experimental part, traffic flow modelling is carried out. The traffic flow simulations show that an exclusive P phase is most beneficial in terms of time losses at an intersection with 2+2 lane intersecting streets and ≥ 900 P/hour with ≥ 1600 vehicles/hour (hereinafter V). In addition, an exclusive P phase can be implemented at the small intersections analysed in this paper, where the volume of V is low or medium, regardless of the number of P at the intersection.

In this study, the static and dynamic performance efficiencies of container terminals are analyzed and compared for the main container terminals in China and Korea. The static performance efficiency is calculated using the Super-SBM model based on slack variables at the micro-level. An analysis on the dynamic performance efficiency is conducted with the Malmquist index method. The factors of scale and technology of container terminals are mainly taken into account to explore the performance efficient improvement path of container ports. We obtained the following conclusions: (1) The container terminals in Korea show a similar performance efficiency level to the terminals in China, and their performance efficiency is an overall upward trend over the past five years. (2) The main reason for inefficiency in the container terminals in China and Korea is predominantly scale inefficiency. (3) Boosting the automation degree does not have a completely positive impact on the efficiency of the terminal. (4) In 2019–2023, the technical progress index of all container terminals in China and Korea showed a decreasing trend, leading to performance inefficiency of the container terminals.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of using conventional energy facilities based on renewable energy sources to provide energy to battery swapping stations and charging stations for electric vehicles in one of the selected countries. As part of the work, the following tasks are solved: •A mathematical model of charging stations or battery swapping stations, electrical installations based on renewable energy, and general energy facilities operating parallel to the electrical grid and autonomously is developed; •A methodology has been developed, verifying the structures and parameters of energy facilities based on renewable energy sources for charging batteries of electric vehicles; •The efficiency of using generation facilities based on renewable energy sources to battery charging stations in rural areas of such a large country is evaluated; •The number of hybrid energy facilities based on renewable energy sources and charging stations is evaluated. Design/methodology/approach: The examined power plant facilities serve electric vehicles in cities, recreation areas, industrial enterprises, and highways. Service types such as charging the battery and replacing discharged batteries of electric vehicles with pre-charged batteries are used at charging stations for electric vehicles. The efficiency of using conventional energy installations as part of charging stations is evaluated in regions with different climatic conditions. Findings: The results show an increase in profit when participating in the ancillary service market. Originality/value: In the following research paper were presented the optimization objective function that maximizes the profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a critical engine for national economic growth, mega urban agglomerations have significant scale effects and economic and environmental spillover effects. This paper aims to study the green and low-carbon coordinated development of mega urban agglomerations to evaluate the country’s level of ecological civilization and its green and low-carbon development. The traditional research on green and low-carbon urban development tends to homogenize the redistribution theme, leading to significant errors in spatial allocation. This results in a lower accuracy of spatial distribution calculations for green development. Additionally, the research is constrained by data precision and methodology, making it challenging to measure the spatial differences in green and low-carbon development within urban clusters at the block level. This limitation hinders the ability to conduct detailed studies on the efficiency variations of green and low-carbon development in urban clusters. To achieve this aim, the study adopts the DPSR framework of the economic, resource, social, and ecological environment complex system and focuses on the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in China. The study uses the entropy method, Gini coefficient method, and non-expected output super-efficiency SBM model to analyze the spatial effects and development efficiency of green and low-carbon development in this region from 2006 to 2020. The study results indicate that: (1) the overall level of green and low-carbon development in the Greater Bay Area is on the rise, with Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Foshan, and Zhuhai showing more stable development than other cities. Foreign direct investment and fixed asset investment in science and technology have significantly promoted green and low-carbon development. (2) The spatial differences in the region’s level of green and low-carbon development have narrowed trends, mainly due to differences between regions. However, well-developed cities such as Guangzhou and Shenzhen have taken the initiative to lead the development of other cities, fully leveraging their advantages in science and technology, geographical location, and other resources to promote the improvement of the external orientation of other cities. (3) The overall development efficiency of green and low-carbon in the Greater Bay Area is on the rise, with Guangzhou region showing overall stability, and Shenzhen region and Zhuhai region experiencing multiple ups and downs in their development. The three sub-regions show significant differences, but the balance and coordination of development have significantly improved. Finally, this study provides theoretical support for the future green and low-carbon development of urban clusters. It is advantageous for integrating the mainstream policy analysis framework of environmental economics with the complex adaptive systems of urban clusters. The research expands the boundaries of existing theoretical studies and offers new methodological approaches for interdisciplinary research. The study achieves a balance between the opportunity effects of green and low-carbon development and environmental policy constraints in super large urban clusters, effectively enhancing resource utilization efficiency in these clusters.

The article considers the concept of “investment in human capital”, presents a theoretical and instru-mental interpretation of the main components of human capital. The current assessment methods and indicators that characterize the effectiveness of investments in human capital are summarized. Also, a comprehensive and critical analysis of the current methodological aspects for assessing the effectiveness of investments in human capital was made. As the main structural component of human capital, a special place is given to education, which is considered as a property in the form of professional features and a self-increasing value based on an increase in the productivity of an employee, and, accordingly, is com-bined with an increase in wages. The creation of a methodology for assessing the economic efficiency of investments in education at the macroeconomic level is based on a comparison of public investment in education and the average salary in the country. The average salary is considered as a productive indica-tor of the effectiveness of investments in education. The money that is spent on educating the growing generation will in the foreseeable future determine the degree of education of the population of the state, and in turn, its competitive advantage in the world community. The proposed model for evaluating the effectiveness of investments in education is simple and convenient, it is able to link the efficiency of the company and the cost of human capital. The article shows the results of assessing the effectiveness of investments in the implementation of the State Program for the Development of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020 – 2025. The analysis of statistical data for Kazakhstan also shows the existence of a close relationship between the remuneration of employees and the volume of invest-ment in education.

With the agricultural industry being vital for regional food safety, the extreme conditions under which it operated in Ukraine during the first half of 2022 has offered a unique insight on vulnerabilities of supply chains as well as the necessity of ensuring transport and logistics support for grain supply chain using adaptive methods. During that time frame, existing infrastructure, logistics, and involved materials were at risk of being stolen or by being destroyed due to direct combat damage or resulting fires. Established food transportation routes suffered from blockades, destruction, or congestion. Switching modes of transport for crop grains proved difficult with the absence of required transport and logistics support. The switch to vegetable oil transport proved harder still. Meanwhile, the re-established naval transportation shed a spotlight on GIS instruments that became critical for the safety of regional food supply chain. This inspired the idea of implementing methods of assessing the safety of transport facilities with the direct participation of the user based on geographic information. These methods can be key in enabling new export routes as part of a stable grain supply chain, supporting logistics behind constructing pipelines for transportation of vegetable oils. As the food safety of the world depends on new export routes, ensuring their efficiency and security will always remain relevant.

The exclusive pedestrian (hereinafter P) phase with a diagonal crossing is routinely introduced to improve P safety at high-volume intersections. The article analyses and evaluates the feasibility of the exclusive P phase and diagonal crossing at single-level smaller intersections, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the exclusive P phase and diagonal crossing from the point of view of time losses. In the experimental part, traffic flow modelling is carried out. The traffic flow simulations show that an exclusive P phase is most beneficial in terms of time losses at an intersection with 2+2 lane intersecting streets and = 900 P/hour with = 1600 vehicles/hour (hereinafter V). In addition, an exclusive P phase can be implemented at the small intersections analysed in this paper, where the volume of V is low or medium, regardless of the number of P at the intersection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This research delves into the planning of advertising and public relations (PR) activities within the realm of children's recreation and tourism in Russia. Methods: The research methodology integrates data from multiple sources, including government reports, academic studies, and industry-specific data. It encompasses the analysis of market trends, qualitative and quantitative assessments of advertising and PR methods, and insights from sociological surveys and media analysis. Results: The study reveals the structure of the children's recreation and tourism industry in Russia, encompassing a variety of camp types. Despite the large market, the degree of saturation remains insufficient, and there is substantial untapped potential. Market analysis indicates that many parents opt for alternatives to children's camps, making them a potential target audience. However, only 64.6% of potential demand was satisfied in 2018. In terms of financing, parents bear the majority of the costs, while other funding sources include public funds and enterprise funds. Conclusion: The research underscores the underutilization of marketing, advertising, and PR tools in the children's recreation and tourism sector in Russia and its impact on policy and management decisions. It emphasizes the need for strategic planning of advertising and PR activities, starting with the development of corporate identity and an online presence. By optimizing communication strategies and aligning them with market trends, the industry can tap into its vast potential and better cater to the needs of children and parents in Russia, thus influencing policy and management directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers adaptation of the economy to the conditions of carbon neutrality, analyzes modern approaches to assessing efficiency of investment projects, and proposes a modification of the discounted cash flow method with adjustments for a carbon tax and pollution charges. The approach is tested on the example of PAO Rosneft. The forecast shows that investments in green energy allow reaching expected profitability levels only in the last year of project implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of German International Journal of Modern Science / Deutsche Internationale Zeitschrift für Zeitgenössische Wissenschaft is the property of Artmedia24 and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The efficiency of a new production process is assessed. Principles are outlined for evaluating the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity. The steps in the development and implementation of a financial strategy for the new process are considered. Having assessed the efficiency of the new production process, positive and negative trends in its development may be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been used for decades to investigate utility efficiency- and management-specific features. DEA has been extended in various industries with different models that consume different types of production variables to meet industry-specific efficiencies. However, the discernment of production variables and proper DEA models is still a problem in the water industry. Ratio information has been used in DEA for absolute data to assess utility efficiency- and management-specific features; using ratios in DEA for absolute data produces wrong efficiency results because the convexity axiom of DEA for absolute data is not satisfied. This study presents a collection of information and an assessment of DEA for absolute and ratio data to identify the strengths of the production variables and the DEA model that are appropriate for assessing utility efficiency- and management-specific features. The analysis shows that the use of ratio variables in DEA for ratios improves utility economics, the working environment, and the social trust dimension. HIGHLIGHTS DEA models and production variable selection.; Proper utility benchmarking and DEA model choices.; Efficient utility benchmarking.; Using performance indicators as production variables in DEA.; Efficiency comparison.;

Higher vocational education (HVE) aims to cultivate high-quality technical and skilled talents so that the educated have the professional ethics, scientific culture, professional knowledge, technical skills, and other comprehensive professional qualities and action abilities required for engaging in a specific profession to achieve sustainable career development. Two problems related to critical management strategies for sustainable development activated this study: Should HVE colleges conduct academic research? What types of research should HVE colleges do? This article attempts to empirically study the second question while affirming the answer to the first question. HVE colleges focus on talent cultivation, which does not mean they will never engage in academic research. The key is to decide and evaluate the research types for HVE colleges. First, a survey was conducted on the current status and practical needs of HVE colleges globally and especially in China, and it was found that there is a mutually beneficial relationship between teaching and research in HVE colleges. Then, the positioning of HVE colleges for academic research was analyzed from three aspects—research type, performance assessment, and combination comparison—and three types of research positioning were proposed, i.e., applied research type, educational research type, and comprehensive research type. Then, three assessment index systems of academic research positioning types were designed from two input and output levels, and a research performance assessment model was established using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Finally, taking 22 vocational colleges in Shanghai as examples, a comparative study was conducted on the assessment results of three research types to determine the research types of different HVE colleges. Based on their educational history and academic research resources, HVE colleges can choose their research types. The HVE management department can guide HVE colleges to conduct differentiated academic research and support teaching and talent cultivation through input–output analysis for sustainable educational and teacher development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-carbon development emphasizes companies' focus on protecting the environment while achieving economic benefits for their business. Ecologically managed efficiency refers to the introduction of ecological concepts in the business strategy of an enterprise. It guides the manufacturing process in a direction conducive to comprehensive resource utilization and ecological environmental protection and promotes a virtuous cycle among economic, social, and environmental systems. In order to evaluate the ecologically managed efficiency of manufacturing enterprises, this paper proposes an efficiency evaluation model combining the entropy method and DEA model, aiming to assess whether or the ecological management behaviors and strategies are effective. Specifically, this method first uses the DEA model to calculate the cross-efficiency evaluation matrix of the evaluated enterprises. Then, the information entropy and weights of the evaluation information by the entropy method. Next, the comprehensive evaluation value and ranking of ecologically managed efficiency can be obtained by aggregating the information entropy and weights. Finally, a case study is used to validate the proposed method, and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world is paying increasing attention to carbon reduction, this paper uses Chinese commercial banks' green credit and applies the DEA-Malmquist index method to construct an evaluation index system based on the panel data of the top 10 Chinese banks regarding green credit from 2015 to 2021. The results of the study show that: (1) the overall total factor productivity of the banking industry in mainland China from 2015 to 2021 is greater than 1 and shows a fluctuating upward trend except for 2015, with the mean value greater than 1 indicating a steady increase in the green credit operating efficiency of the banking industry; (2) Further analysis shows that the average value of the technical efficiency change index is greater than the average value of the technological progress index, which can be understood as the important reason for the rising operational performance of green credit business in the banking industry, and technological progress also provides a supporting role for the rising operational performance; (3) the average value of the scale efficiency change index from 2015 to 2021 is less than 1, and from 2017 onwards the value starts to be less than 1 and declining, it can be concluded that scale efficiency hinders the increase of technical efficiency index. (4) The magnitude of change in total factor productivity and the influencing factors of the 10 banks are all related to technical efficiency, indicating that the improvement of technical efficiency is the dominant factor in the improvement of green credit operational efficiency; (5) the pure technical efficiency of all 10 banks keeps increasing while the scale efficiency is decreasing, indicating that pure technical efficiency is the key factor in the improvement of banks' technical progress index, while scale efficiency inhibits the further improvement of technical progress index. The increase in the technical progress index has been inhibited by scale efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes modern methods for assessing the efficiency of use of leasingas a means of updating the fixed assets of an enterprise. It is noted that the use of a loan is generally more appropriate if the collateral that the borrower wants to own at the end of the term retains its value after the term of the transaction. Leasing should be used for property that depreciates rapidly, such as high-tech products, and does not retain its value at expiration. It is shown that in order to make economically sound decisions, it is advisable to analyze a leasing agreement as an investment project. It is argued that the most effective method for assessing the efficiency of a leasing agreement is an approach based on assessing the efficiency of leasing compared with an alternative tool for raising funds for the acquisition of property, for example, with a loan. It is shown that the efficiency of a leasing agreement can be determined by comparing the total amount that will be paid to the lessor with the price of the leased asset itself, which could be bought for cash or on credit. The necessity of taking into account tax and other benefits provided for leasing operations is noted. It is argued that the analysis of the efficiency of leasing operations should be carried out taking into account both NPV and IRR by using an integral indicator of the efficiency of investing funds in the acquisition of fixed assets. The key differences between leasing and credit are analyzed. It was shown, that the main methods for assessing the effectiveness of a leasing transaction, which are compared with the acquisition of property through a bank loan, include: comparison of the internal rate of return of a leasing and credit transaction, comparison of discounted cash flows for leasing and lending, comparison of the lease rate with bank interest, comparison of payback periods of both investments, comparison of profitability of leasing and credit agreements.

Continuous and rapid economic development has brought about excessive resource consumption and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is particularly essential to coordinate economic, resource, and environmental factors to achieve sustainable development. This paper develops a new data envelopment analysis (DEA) method that can be used for multi-level complex system evaluation (MCSE-DEA) to reveal the inter-provincial green development efficiency (GDE) in China from 2010 to 2018. Moreover, the Tobit model is applied to explore the influencing factors of GDE. We found that (i) the MCSE-DEA model tends to have lower efficiency scores than the traditional P-DEA (panel data envelopment analysis) model, and the top three provinces are Shanghai, Tianjin, and Fujian; (ii) the efficiency shows an increasing trend during the whole study period. The southeast region and the Middle Yangtze River region have the highest efficiency values, reaching 1.09, while the northwest region ranks last with an average efficiency value of 0.66. Shanghai performs the best, while Ningxia performs the worst, with efficiency values of 1.43 and 0.58, respectively; (iii) the provinces with lower efficiency values mainly come from economically underdeveloped remote regions, which can be attributed to issues of water consumption (WC) and energy consumption (EC). Moreover, there are much room for improvement in solid waste emissions (SW) and soot and industrial dust emissions (SD); (iv) the environmental investment, R&D investment, and economic development level can significantly improve GDE, while industrial structure, urbanization level, and energy consumption have inhibiting effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy systems are key elements of critically important infrastructures, as they provide the required quality of life for the population, as well as create the necessary conditions for the reliable functioning of various branches of the economy. One of the priorities is to ensure the safe functioning of such systems, and in recent years, considerable attention has been paid to proactive safety methods. Within the framework of these methods, the main efforts are aimed at early identification of violations and deviations in the operation or maintenance of the facility. The building and use of the safety pyramid is one of the areas of implementation of a proactive approach. The paper presents the analysis of statistical data on incidents and detected violations at Russian energy facilities. The analysis made it possible to build the corresponding safety pyramids, as well as to identify that the ratio between the levels of the pyramid significantly depends on the specific type of facility. The possibility of using the safety pyramid to assess expected prevented damage in case of elimination of detected violations is also shown. Examples of assessing the value of prevented damage for energy facilities are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economic Research & Business Administration is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The need to reduce the negative environmental impact of energetics with the growing energy demand in the world is the core objective of the industry for the upcoming decades. The global agenda in the field of environmental protection increases the requirements for evaluation of the energy investment projects, in particular for their environmental efficiency. Currently, much attention is paid to assessing the impact of the project on atmospheric air, water bodies and land resources, including the formation of industrial waste during the operational stage. The formation of production and consumption waste at other stages of the project life cycle is not considered either when generating cash flows or when conducting the assessment pf environmental efficiency. It might significantly reduce the reliability of assessment results. The purpose of this study is to develop a system of integrated accounting for all types of waste generated and the environmental costs incurred for handling them during the environmental and economic assessment of energy projects. The paper discusses modern waste management practices at energy enterprises, waste generation at various stages of investment projects implementation, and provides recommendations on waste accounting when assessing their environmental and economic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Gestão & Tecnologia is the property of Revista Gestao & Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the agricultural industry being vital for regional food safety, the extreme conditions under which it operated in Ukraine during the first half of 2022 has offered a unique insight on vulnerabilities of supply chains as well as the necessity of ensuring transport and logistics support for grain supply chain using adaptive methods. During that time frame, existing infrastructure, logistics, and involved materials were at risk of being stolen or by being destroyed due to direct combat damage or resulting fires. Established food transportation routes suffered from blockades, destruction, or congestion. Switching modes of transport for crop grains proved difficult with the absence of required transport and logistics support. The switch to vegetable oil transport proved harder still. Meanwhile, the reestablished naval transportation shed a spotlight on GIS instruments that became critical for the safety of regional food supply chain. This inspired the idea of implementing methods of assessing the safety of transport facilities with the direct participation of the user based on geographic information. These methods can be key in enabling new export routes as part of a stable grain supply chain, supporting logistics behind constructing pipelines for transportation of vegetable oils. As the food safety of the world depends on new export routes, ensuring their efficiency and security will always remain relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach and TOBIT model were used to measure the impact of urban economic structure on airport passenger efficiency under the influence of high-speed rail in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China, from 2008 to 2019. In the first stage, Banker-Charnes-Cooper(BCC) model was used to directly assess the impact of the input variables of urban economic structure on the efficiency of airport passenger transport integrated technology, pure technology and scale, the stochastic frontier approach(SFA) model was used to removal of the effect of high-speed rail environmental variables on input variables. In the third stage, the BCC model was employed again to calculate airport passenger efficiency based on adjusted input variables. The TOBIT model regression was used to analyze the relationship between the input variables and the modified airport passenger efficiency. The research shows that, except for the Capital Airport, most airports have insufficient passenger transport efficiency in most years. The passenger efficiency trends of each airport in different years are distinctive, for example, the overall trend of Binhai Airport is increasing, while Capital Airport repeatedly fluctuates towards balanced efficiency. After considering the impact of high-speed rail on civil aviation, each airport shows the same, increase, decrease, or remains slightly variable between the three efficiencies of passenger traffic in the first and third stage in different years, e. g., the Capital Airport remains unchanged from 2009 to 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the approach proposed by the authors to evaluate the effectiveness of image processing in detecting moving objects by an optoelectronic surveillance system. The variety of indicators currently used by researchers to assess the quality of image processing suggests that common approaches have not yet been developed. The application of specific indicators is determined by the features of the implemented approaches to the image processing, as well as the specifics of the task in the interests of which the processing is carried out. The problem considered by the authors, assessing the effectiveness of the developed image processing method in relation to the problem of detecting moving objects by an optoelectronic surveillance system, determines the need for its consideration in two directions. The first is from the point of view of the effectiveness of the implemented approaches to image processing in order to increase the peak signal-to-noise ratio. The second is, in terms of increasing the efficiency of the automatic detector, by reducing the level of its false alarm. At the same time, the need for additional determination of the probability of correct detection and the construction of detection curves is mandatory, since in their entirety they are generally accepted indicators of the quality of detection. The application of the proposed approach will allow further comparison of the quality of the developed image processing method with other similar methods, as well as evaluation of the work of newly developed ones.

Copyright of Journal of Surra Man Raa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the relevance of the issue of implementing a sustainable development strategy, which is becoming a key task for modern society and business, and there is a general awareness of the importance of sustainable development for ensuring the well-being of society and preserving natural resources for future generations. In this context, corporations play an important role, as their activities have a significant impact on the social and environmental environment. In order to achieve this goal, it is important to build an effective corporate governance system that would help achieve a balance between economic, social and environmental interests. The authors substantiate that corporate governance assessment is a key tool in implementing a sustainable development strategy. The authors propose a process for analyzing and evaluating the effectiveness of a corporation's management mechanism in order to ensure the achievement of strategic goals, including those related to sustainable development. In order to measure the compliance of corporate governance with the principles of sustainable development, the author develops directions and criteria for such an assessment. These may include economic, social and environmental indicators that reflect the corporation's balanced approach to its activities. The study emphasizes that the implementation of sustainable management allows corporations to achieve positive results in the economic, social and environmental spheres. This provides them with a competitive advantage, increases the trust of consumers and other stakeholders, and promotes sustainable growth. The corporate governance outline was developed in terms of ensuring the goals and principles of sustainable development. Assessing corporate governance in the context of implementing a sustainable development strategy is an important tool for achieving a balance between economic, social and environmental goals. Implementation of sustainable management helps corporations to become more responsible players in the market, ensuring a positive impact on society and the environment. Therefore, the relevance of corporate assessment in the context of compliance with the goals and principles of sustainable development is an integral part of a strategic approach to business that takes into account the interests and needs of current and future generations, as well as the global challenges facing the modern world. Further research is needed on the issues related to the development of assessment indicators that would be universal and at the same time could be adapted to the conditions of a particular assessment object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]