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This paper aims to review the literature on 'Effective Microorganism (EM)' and 'Fertilizer' from the Scopus database and to discuss EMs using Halal-based sources for biofertilizer production from socio economic insights. Based on EM and fertilizer publications on the Scopus database, all the 17 papers reviewed provided no detailed information on the Halal-status of the biofertilizers inoculated with EM. The impacts of Halal-certified biofertilizers will trigger the Halal certification in food products by (a) catering for the increasing Halal food demand due to expectedly Muslim population expansion, (b) contributing to the sustainable buying behaviour of Halal products' consumers in the future, (c) catering for the increasing number of Muslim travellers around the world, (d) becoming a positive driver for higher production of more Halal foods that can enhance food safety, human health and well-being, and (e) creating a cost-effective and increasing food marketability. The later three points (c, d and e) play a very important role in a country's societal well-being and economic growth and development. Although Halal-status is not a must for the world's food marketing, Halal-certified biofertilizer for the Halal-status of food carries the greatest potential to enter the ever-expanding Muslim markets. Finally, it is postulated that the successful usage of EM using Halal-based sources for biofertilizer production will result in two major outcomes from the points of United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals # 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and # 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). Hence, the presented review provides a starting point for future research considering sustainability and innovation as priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a strong need to develop eco-sustainable agricultural techniques to improve crop yields while preserving biomolecule contents and reducing the adverse environmental impact of agro-chemicals. The use of microorganisms in agriculture represents an attractive and innovative solution. Herein, a chemical study on the nutritional and sensory qualities of San Marzano Cirio 3 (SMC3), Corbarino (CO) and Brandywine (BW) tomato varieties cultivated with and without effective microorganisms (EM) is reported. LC–MS analysis of the methanolic extracts allowed for the identification of 21 polyphenol derivatives. In different proportions among the studied varieties, the two main polyphenols were rutin and naringenin chalcone; the latter was isolated and chemically identified by complementary HR-ESIMS/MS and NMR methods. SMC3 and CO were richer in naringenin chalcone. Conversely, BW showed higher proportions of rutin; however, in all cases, the relative amounts of the two polyphenols considered together increased over the other minor components after the EM treatment. The qualitative and quantitative HPLC analyses of taste-active compounds (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, AMP and GMP) revealed a significant difference in aspartic and glutamic acids and ribonucleotide contents according to the cultivation condition (±EM), particularly in BW. This study provides chemical data in support of the use of EM green technology for the cultivation of edible agricultural products, such as tomato preserves, and may even improve nutritional and sensory qualities while safeguarding the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulosic waste materials are recalcitrant in nature due to their interconnected complex polymer. Hence, composting of this type of lignocellulosic waste material is time consuming. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of effective microorganisms (EM) and biocompost in enhancing the decomposition of coconut waste. A windrow heap of 3 x 2 x 1.5 m was prepared with alternate layers of coconut waste and cow dung. Two percent of effective microorganisms and biocompost were augment in each heap and the changes in the nutrient status of the compost across different composting time periods (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days) were studied. It was observed that augmentation of both effective microorganisms and biocompost significantly reduced the organic carbon, while the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased on successive days of composting. At the end of study period, application of effective microoganisms (EM) reduced the organic carbon by 30.97%; and recorded the highest total nitrogen (1.20±0.024%), phosphorus (0.21±0.003%) and potassium (1.21±0.016%) content. Furthermore, augmenting effective microorganisms was highly effective, and the compost maturity was attained on the 60th day with a CN ratio of 17.8:1. The compost maturity test also validated that the effective microorganisms were more effective than biocompost in improving the rate of degradation of coconut waste and in producing mature compost of good quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to review the literature on ‘Effective Microorganism (EM)’ and ‘Fertilizer’ from the Scopus database and to discuss EMs using Halal-based sources for biofertilizer production from socio economic insights. Based on EM and fertilizer publications on the Scopus database, all the 17 papers reviewed provided no detailed information on the Halal-status of the biofertilizers inoculated with EM. The impacts of Halal-certified biofertilizers will trigger the Halal certification in food products by (a) catering for the increasing Halal food demand due to expectedly Muslim population expansion, (b) contributing to the sustainable buying behaviour of Halal products’ consumers in the future, (c) catering for the increasing number of Muslim travellers around the world, (d) becoming a positive driver for higher production of more Halal foods that can enhance food safety, human health and well-being, and (e) creating a cost-effective and increasing food marketability. The later three points (c, d and e) play a very important role in a country’s societal well-being and economic growth and development. Although Halal-status is not a must for the world’s food marketing, Halal-certified biofertilizer for the Halal-status of food carries the greatest potential to enter the ever-expanding Muslim markets. Finally, it is postulated that the successful usage of EM using Halal-based sources for biofertilizer production will result in two major outcomes from the points of United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals # 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and # 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). Hence, the presented review provides a starting point for future research considering sustainability and innovation as priorities.

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Agricultura is the property of University of Technology & Life Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fifteen lactating Zaraibi does were assigned to study the effect of EM ability to prevent the probably toxicology effect of the residues of pesticides remained in tomato haulms (TH). Animals were fed ad libitum fresh TH (T1), TH silage (T2) and TH silage treated with EM (T3) and concentrate feed mixture (CFM). Treatment with EM (T3) was resulted in less concentrations of pesticides residues compared to T1 and T2. Higher milk yield, milk composition and 4% FCM were followed EM treatment; T1 had less milk fat content than T2 and T3. All pesticides concentrations residues in milk were higher in T1, but it had less degree in T2 and not detected for T3 Treatment TH with EM (T3) had higher concentrations of TVFA's, acetate, gas production, total count of cellulosic bacteria and less protozoa. T1 had higher concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, creatinine, AST, ALT and less glucose, albumin and globulin than those for T2 and T3. So, biological (EM) treatment could be advisable to overcome the harmful effect of feeding TH exposure to pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of three growing media types (peatmoss, peatmoss + sand and peatmoss + sand clay) and five fertilization treatments (control, mineral NPK, humic acid, EM and humic acid + EM) on growth and flowering of Gardenia jasminodies was investigated during two successive seasons of 2014 and 2015 under greenhouse conditions.. The peatmoss growing medium was superior to the other media types in increasing plant height, stem diameter, branch and leaf number/plant, leaves and roots dry weights/ plant, as well as, number and fresh weights of flowers/plant and in producing earlier flowering. In the second place came peatmoss + sand, while peatmoss + sand+ clay gave the least values of all these traits and produced the most delayed flowers of Gardenia. Concerning fertilization treatments, the combined treatment of humic acid plus EM produced the best vegetative and flowering characters. Like that of NPK treatment, while each of humic acid or EM alone gave less values. Moreover, the three tested treatments of humic acid and/or EM caused early flowering date while NPK produced late flowering in comparison with untreated plants. The overall best vegetative growth and flowering aspects in addition to early flowering date were given due to planting Gardenia jasminoides plants in peatmoss or peatmoss plus sand and fertilizing them with humic acid plus EM.

A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions at the Hort. Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt during the two successive seasons 2014 and 2015 to explore the possibility of using humic acid (H) and/or effective microorganisms (EM) instead of NPK chemical fertilization for producing Gardenia jasminoides pot plants. Obtained results indicated that NPK fertilization treatment, as well as, humic acid and/or EM treatments caused great and considerable enhancement in different vegetative growth characters, flowering parameters and chemical constituents in comparison with control treatment. Hence, both NPK and other stimulant treatments (H and/or EM) gave nearly similar values for growth and flowering traits. Therefore, it is advised, from the economical and environmental point of view, to use such stimulants (H and /or EM) in replacement of NPK chemical fertilizers for producing good quality pot plants of Gardenia jasminoides.

Integrated rice and aquaculture farming is a high-intensity agricultural model that efficiently utilizes soil and water resources. However, soil ecological issues caused by overexploitation of this model may jeopardize rice production and food security. Given the requirements of aquatic animal breeding circumstances, the application of biological agents has become the preferred choice for improving the environment in this model. In this study, the rice–crayfish cocropping (RC) model was used as the research object, and the widely used bio-fertilizer Effective Microorganisms (EM) was employed as a biological amendment. This study seeks to clarify the improvement effect of EM on the soil and water environment of the RC model as well as to explore its microbiological mechanism. The findings demonstrated that EM significantly improved the chemical properties of the model, for example, the dissolved oxygen in water increased by about 44%, and the redox potential in soil increased by about 150% over the entire rice growing period. Second, the use of EM reduced the soil microbial diversity while reconstructing a more compact and stable microbial cooccurrence network. The reconstructed community selectively enriched the functions related to photosynthesis and nitrogen transformation to cope with the environmental stresses of low dissolved oxygen or high nitrogen. Subsequently, 30 dominant-ASVs (ASV, Amplicon Sequence Variant) with high abundance, strong functionality, positive correlation with environmental factors, and good representation of the community were identified using correlation analysis, abundance comparison, and model prediction. This study not only verified the application effect of EM in a complex agricultural intensive system but also proved that the community induced by EM has a positive effect on ecosystem multifunctionality and identified the key dominant species. This provides strong evidence for us to understand the microbiological mechanisms of exogenous biological agents in environmental improvement and provides a reference for screening and optimizing functional microbial species in agricultural ecosystems. • Effective Microorganisms increased dissolved oxygen in rice–crayfish cocropping model. • Effective Microorganisms reduced soil microbial diversity in rice–crayfish cocropping model. • Effective Microorganisms reconstructed a more compact bacterial community network. • The dominant microbiome drove a microbial community with specific functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root morphology can be affected by many factors such as microorganisms. To determine the effect of effective microorganisms (EM) on the root morphology of sweet corn under salt stress, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Islamic Azad University of Sabzevar in 2013. Examined factors included application method of EM (soil application, foliar application and soil+foliar application) and intensity of salinity (0, 25, 50, 75 mM). Commercial solution of EM was applied at 30 liters per hectare for soil application and foliar application during five-leaf stage. The highest root dry weight, root density and membrane stability were observed in soil application while the highest root volume, root length, root and shoot dry weight occurred when soil and foliar application were performed together. With increasing intensity of salinity, all traits decreased and the highest traits were observed in the control treatment. Soil application of EM in comparison with other methods alleviates effects of salinity under saline conditions.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of Ag nanoparticles (nano-Ag) used in the paint covering feed tables or a multimicrobial preparation applied to feed tables on the microbiological composition of the feed table environment, the growth and mortality of snails, and selected parameters for assessing the quality of carcasses and snail shells. The research was carried out in a farm of Cornu aspersum (Müller) snails. In the control (K) group, paint without nano-Ag was used. In two other groups (N-Ag and N-Ag + effective microorganisms (EM)), the feed tables were covered with the same paint as in the control group but with the addition of 100 mg/L of nano-Ag it (N-Ag group). Additionally, multimicrobial preparation (EM Bokashi®) at a concentration of 10% was spread on the tables in the N-Ag + EM group. In the last group (EM), the feed tables were covered with paint without nano-Ag, and only multimicrobial preparation was applied at a concentration of 10%. During the tests, the body weight of snails was measured three times, and swab samples were taken from the feed tables for the examination of microbiological composition. At the end of the experiment, the snails were killed, and the weight of the carcass and the size of the shell were measured. The content of Ag and the degree of lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) in the carcasses were analyzed, and the content of Ca and the crushing strength of the shells were determined. In the N-Ag and N-Ag + EM groups, a significant reduction in the total number of bacteria, fecal streptococci, and Escherichia coli was found, while there was also a reduction in mold and fungi in the N-Ag + EM and EM groups. In the K and EM groups, the mortality of animals was higher than in the nano-Ag groups. In subsequent weight checks, the highest body weight was found in the EM group and the lowest in the N-Ag and N-Ag + EM groups. In addition, the carcass weight and shell size in the N-Ag group was significantly lower compared to the K and EM groups. In the N-Ag and N-Ag + EM groups, a higher Ag content in the carcasses and a greater degree of lipid peroxidation were found. The Ca content of the shells was the highest in the N-Ag group, and the hardness of shells was the highest in the N-Ag and N-Ag + EM groups.

Copyright of Progress in Plant Protection is the property of Institute of Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. As synthetic auxins are prohibited, it is necessary to conduct research to assess the suitability of other substances used for propagation of ornamental bushes to improve the rooting of cuttings and the growth of plants. The aim of the experiment was to compare the effectiveness of a mycorrhizal inoculum and effective microorganisms in the production of ninebark shrubs. Material and methods. Between 2010 and 2012 an experiment on Physocarpus opulifolius 'Diabolo' was conducted to assess how three different treatments applied to cuttings influenced their rooting and growth. Before hardwood cuttings were planted in a field, they had been treated with an endomycorrhizal inoculum, effective microorganisms and Ukorzeniacz AB Aqua. The diameter and length of the shoots were measured. The number of shoots was counted, the percentage of rooted cuttings was calculated and the fresh mass of the root system was weighed. Results. The mycorrhizal inoculum increased the percentage of rooted cuttings and gave the best results in the diameter and length of lateral shoots as well as the fresh mass of the root system of the bushes. The effective microorganisms (EM) resulted in the highest percentage of rooted cuttings and the largest number of lateral shoots. The EM preparation improved the diameter and fresh mass of the root system. The Ukorzeniacz AB Aqua improved the rooting of the cuttings and increased the diameter and fresh mass of the root system. Conclusions. The mycorrhizal inoculum improved the rooting of the cuttings and stimulated the growth of the shrubs. The effective microorganisms increased the percentage of rooted cuttings, as the Ukorzeniacz AB Aqua did and improved the growth of the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of applying Effective Microorganisms (EM), at a varied CRF (controlled release fertilizers) fertilization as starter fertilization, on macroelement contents in leaves and yielding of tomato grown in a peat substrate. Application of EM had significant effect – when applied either as seed inoculation or combined seed inoculation + spraying of plants on increase of total and commercial yields of tomato (35.8% and 40%; 44.6% and 35.9%, respectively). In contrast the application of CRF resulted in a significant increase in leaf contents of N (22.3–24.4%), K (13.6–16.6%) and Na (25%) at a simultaneous reduction of contents in case of Ca (9.9–15.7%) and Mg (21.9–23.9%) in comparison with the control combination. In view of environmental protection it is pointless to use starter fertilization in the form of slowrelease fertilizers in case of a cyclical use of fertigation in crop growing. Due to the advantageous effect of Effective Microorganisms on crop yielding it seems advisable to consider their application in commercial crop growing.

Abstract: The mechanical properties of concrete produced with effective microorganisms (EM)-based bioplasticizer are investigated by means of statistical nanoindentation, and compared to the nanomechanical properties of concrete produced with ordinary superplasticizer (SP). The resort to nanoindentation enables to survey the elasticity, hardness and long-term logarithmic relaxation behavior of calcium silicate hydrates (C–S–H) after few minutes only. For each material, a cluster analysis of the experimental results yields groupings of indents likely performed on C–S–H with distinct packing densities. It is found that the addition of EM-based bioplasticizer improves the strength of C–S–H by enhancing the cohesion and friction of solid nanograins, and decreases the absolute rate of long-term relaxation. The statistical analysis of indentation results also suggests that EM-based bioplasticizer inhibits the precipitation of C–S–H of higher density. The findings of this work corroborate the results of a previous study which attributed an increase of homogeneity and a refinement of the crystalline structure of silicate phases to the effect of a biomodifier similar to EM-based bioplasticizer. The improvement of strength properties of C–S–H is also shown to coincide with a gain of compressive strength measured at the macroscale of EM-based concrete. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An eleven years long-term field experiment for soil fertility and crop yield improvement had been conducted at China Agricultural University''s Qu-Zhou experiment station since 1993. The field experiment included three treatments: effective microorganisms (EM) compost treatment; traditional compost treatment; and unfertilized control. The results revealed that long-term application of EM compost gave the highest values for the measured parameters and the lowest values in the control plot. The application of EM in combination with compost significantly increased wheat straw biomass, grain yields, straw and grain nutrition compared with traditional compost and control treatment. Wheat straw biomass, grain yields, straw and grain nutrition were significantly higher in compost soils than in untreated soil. This study indicated that application of EM significantly increased the efficiency of organic nutrient sources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Field experiment was conducted during May to September, 2010 to study the influence of Effective Microorganisms (EM) on different organic wastes viz., pressmud, sewage sludge, poultry manure and FYM on growth and yield of rice. Significantly higher plant height, number of tillers/m2 and DMP was recorded in treatments applied with 25% N through EM inoculated poultry manure compost + 75% recommended dose of fertilizer N. It also recorded highest panicle number/m2.The same treatment recorded highest grain and straw yield of 5350 kg ha-1 and 6788 kg ha-1 and whereas the lowest yield was recorded in control (2170 kg ha-1 grain and 3472 kg ha-1 straw yield). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to apply loess balls containing effective microorganisms (EM) to the remediation of contaminated harbor sediments, and to thereby elucidate the functions of EM in remediation. Changes in physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological parameters were measured to monitor the remediation process at a laboratory scale. Treatment with high concentrations of EM stock culture and EM loess balls (4%), and a low concentration of EM loess balls (0.1%) that contained molasses (0.05%) contributed to more rapid removal of malodor. Acetic acid, propionic acid, valeric acid, caponic acid, and lactic acid were rapidly removed in the presence of molasses (0.05% w/w) as a carbon nutrient source, indicating enhanced EM activity by amendment with molasses. Fermentation of molasses by EM showed that more acetic acid was produced compared with other organic acids, and that the majority of organic acids were eventually converted to acetate via intermediate metabolites. Sediment bioremediation tests showed there was no significant difference in eubacterial density with the control and the treatments. However, the density of a Lactobacillus sp. in sediments treated with 0.1% and 4.0% EM loess balls was significantly higher than the control, which indicated the bioaugmentation effect of EM loess balls in the polluted sediments. Treatment with EM loess balls and an appropriate amount of molasses, or other nutrients, will facilitate the remediation of polluted marine sediments by malodor removal, via EM degradation or utilization of offensive organic acids. To our knowledge, this is the first study to remediate contaminated marine (harbor) sediments using EM loess balls and to understand EM function during the bioaugmentation process, both in terms of organic acid metabolism and the dynamics of the engineered microbial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective microorganisms (EM) is a commercial biofertilizer that contains a mixture of co-existing beneficial microorganisms collected from natural environments. Predominantly it consists of species of photosynthetic and lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and actinomycetes. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of EM application on growth, nodulation, yield, and nutrient uptake in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] var. NIAB Mung 98 under field conditions. Field soil was amended with farmyard manure at 20 t ha-1, Trifolium alexandrinum green manure at 20 t ha-1, and recommended (NPK) and half (1/2 NPK) doses of chemical fertilizers. EM was applied in the form of a dilute solution in water (1:1000) at fortnight intervals throughout the experiment. EM application significantly enhanced shoot biomass in farmyard manure, 1/2 NPK and NPK amendments. Similarly, EM significantly increased grain yield by 24% and 46% in farmyard manure and NPK fertilizers amendments, respectively. By contrast, in green manure amendment, EM application resulted in a significant decline of 23% in grain yield. In 1/2 NPK amendment, the effect of EM application on grain yield was insignificant. Nodulation in terms of number and biomass of nodules was significantly suppressed by EM application in farmyard manure and green manure amendments. In NPK amendment, a significant increase in nodule biomass was recorded due to EM application. EM significantly enhanced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrition of the test plant in farmyard manure amendment both at flowering stage and maturity. However, in NPK amended soil, EM application markedly enhanced plant nutrition at later growth stage only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrifying bacteria were selected from shrimp farm water and sediment ("natural" seed) in Thailand and from commercial seed cultures. The microbial consortia from each source giving the best ammonia removal during batch culture pre-enrichments were used as inocula for two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). Nitrifiers were cultivated in the SBRs with 100 mg NH4-N/l and artificial wastewater containing 25 ppt salinity. The two SBRs were operated at a 7 d hydraulic retention time (HRT) for 77 d after which the HRT was reduced to 3.5 d. The amounts of ammonia removed from the influent by microorganisms sourced from the natural seed were 85% and 92% for the 7 d HRT and the 3.5 d HRT, respectively. The ammonia removals of microbial consortia from the commercial seed were 71% and 83% for these HRTs respectively. The quantity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was determined in the SBRs using the most probable number (MPN) technique. Both AOB and NOB increased in number over the long-term operation of both SBRs. According to quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) probing, AOB from the natural seed and commercial seed comprised 21 ± 2% and 30 ± 2%, respectively of all bacteria. NOB could not be detected with currently-reported FISH probes, suggesting that novel NOB were enriched from both sources. Taken collectively, the results from this study provide an indication that the nitrifiers from shrimp farm sources are more effective at ammonia removal than those from commercial seed cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The farming of snails, unlike that of large farm animals, requires less space and financial resources, and snails are not as demanding. In field husbandry conditions, snails have access to green forage and are given concentrated mixtures on feed tables. In this maintenance system, it is important to carry out treatments stabilizing the microbiological balance of feed tables, where snail feces and feed refusals accumulate. This study analyzed the effect of paint with silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) or a multimicrobial preparation applied to feed tables on the microbiological composition of the feed table environment, the growth and mortality of snails, and parameters assessing the quality of carcasses and snail shells. Results showed that the use of nano-Ag paint reduced the growth of bacteria, while the multimicrobial preparation reduced mold and yeast. Spraying feed tables with the multimicrobial preparation had a better effect on the growth of snails, while the use of nano-Ag paint reduced the mortality of the animals. The factors used did not have a negative effect on the quality of shells. The snails that had contact with nano-Ag paint showed a higher content of Ag in the carcasses and a greater degree of lipid peroxidation. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of Ag nanoparticles (nano-Ag) used in the paint covering feed tables or a multimicrobial preparation applied to feed tables on the microbiological composition of the feed table environment, the growth and mortality of snails, and selected parameters for assessing the quality of carcasses and snail shells. The research was carried out in a farm of Cornu aspersum (Müller) snails. In the control (K) group, paint without nano-Ag was used. In two other groups (N-Ag and N-Ag + effective microorganisms (EM)), the feed tables were covered with the same paint as in the control group but with the addition of 100 mg/L of nano-Ag it (N-Ag group). Additionally, multimicrobial preparation (EM Bokashi®) at a concentration of 10% was spread on the tables in the N-Ag + EM group. In the last group (EM), the feed tables were covered with paint without nano-Ag, and only multimicrobial preparation was applied at a concentration of 10%. During the tests, the body weight of snails was measured three times, and swab samples were taken from the feed tables for the examination of microbiological composition. At the end of the experiment, the snails were killed, and the weight of the carcass and the size of the shell were measured. The content of Ag and the degree of lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) in the carcasses were analyzed, and the content of Ca and the crushing strength of the shells were determined. In the N-Ag and N-Ag + EM groups, a significant reduction in the total number of bacteria, fecal streptococci, and Escherichia coli was found, while there was also a reduction in mold and fungi in the N-Ag + EM and EM groups. In the K and EM groups, the mortality of animals was higher than in the nano-Ag groups. In subsequent weight checks, the highest body weight was found in the EM group and the lowest in the N-Ag and N-Ag + EM groups. In addition, the carcass weight and shell size in the N-Ag group was significantly lower compared to the K and EM groups. In the N-Ag and N-Ag + EM groups, a higher Ag content in the carcasses and a greater degree of lipid peroxidation were found. The Ca content of the shells was the highest in the N-Ag group, and the hardness of shells was the highest in the N-Ag and N-Ag + EM groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]