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Introduction. This article examines the problem of differentiation of the economic space of Russia. This problem originates during the collapse of the Soviet Union, when, during the transition from a command economy to a market economy, the state was faced with an uneven distribution of natural, territorial, demographic and other resources across the country's regions. The destruction of industrial, financial and social ties of the regions occurred as a result of the policy pursued by Yeltsin B., who pursued a course of strengthening the sovereignty of the subjects of Russia. In the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 803 dated 06/03/1996 "On the main provisions of regional policy in the Russian Federation", the task was set to smooth out significant imbalances in the socio-economic development of the regions. In this paper, the question is considered: has the task regulated by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation been achieved? The purpose of the work is to assess the differences in the socio-economic development of Russian regions grouped into federal districts. Materials and methods. The information base of this study consists of the works of domestic authors and data from the State Statistics Service (Rosstat). The Thale index, its structural decomposition, and the Atkinson index were used to analyze the socio-economic inequality of the regions. Results. The article provides a structural analysis of the socio-economic development of Russia (at the level of macro-regions) from 2000-2020 using the above indices. The results of the study showed significant intergroup differences in the macro-regions of Russia, as well as increased regional inequality in most of the considered indicators. An analysis of the regions within the federal districts showed that the regions of the Central Federal District differ significantly in terms of socio-economic development. In other federal districts, there is a low level of regional inequality Conclusions. As a result of the study, proposals were developed to reduce the socio-economic differentiation of the regions. The conclusions of this work can be used to improve the state regional policy in the field of balanced development of territories.

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the current export potential of Kazakhstan, highlight its shortcomings, and implement solutions that will help to avoid them, form the poles of economic development, as well as explore ways to develop and improve them. This paper is aimed at the study of the economy of the border territories of Kazakhstan, it used the method of logical analysis, the method of comparative analysis, the method of analysis of scientific literature, the method of synthesis, the method of deduction, as well as the economic and statistical method. The result of this work is the definition and development of the theoretical and practical foundations of the activities of border territories, their impact on the economy of this region, as well as the creation of an algorithm and methods for the development of the poles of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to finding a solution to the problem of ensuring a balanced regional economic space along the city–rural line. The authors' methodological approach to assessing the balance of space, which is based on the integrated use of scoring methods and integral indicators, was proposed and tested using materials from the Vologda oblast. The method allows us to assess compliance in the region with the conditions of proportionality and consistency of development goals, as well as the connectivity of urban and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The current state of economic development is due to a long period of spatial infrastructure formation, which is the basis for the formation of a state policy actual concept in its priority areas. The socio-economic strategy of the Russian Federation is currently, for objective reasons, associated with the implementation of the import substitution program. The issue of creating a concept for the formation of technological sovereignty as the main driver of the development of the regional, sectoral economy and the economy of the country as a whole is outlined in the current agenda. Theoretical analysis. The unprecedented economic sanctions imposed against Russia were aimed at weakening Russia’s role on a global scale. The response was the announcement of an immediate course of state policy aimed at intensifying the technical and technological development of the country. Since 2005, the Russian Federation has formed not only import substitution mechanisms, but also created its own innovative infrastructure for the implementation of the spatial economic development strategy. Empirical analysis. Research in the field of the technological sovereignty concept formation has allowed us to formulate a number of global problems and challenges to be solved. The basis of the conceptual presentation were the strategic directions of scientific and technological development formulated by the President of Russia for the period up to 2030. The revitalization of the domestic system is the starting point for building internal potential and establishing stable foreign economic relations. Results. Having considered the existing forms and mechanisms of economic space formation, it became possible to identify the main sites on the basis of which priority strategic directions of development will be implemented. The key tasks in achieving technological sovereignty are to change the system of personnel training, the formation of technological and scientific potentials, the creation of an ecosystem of interaction of various representatives, the implementation of a cluster approach in industry and the creation of investment attractiveness in the regions. As a regulatory mechanism for achieving technological sovereignty, the formation of approaches to the definition of the concept of “technoeconomics” as a new sector in the economic space to achieve the fundamental stability of the Russian economy is proposed.

With a critical analysis of theoretical concepts, the article substantiates the essence, "generic" features, prerequisites, and conditions for ensuring spatial integration of the regional economy. It is shown that integration is often interpreted as a synonym for the convergence of territories; however, based on an analysis of the interaction between the municipalities of the Republic of Karelia and Finland, it has been proved that, in practice, it does not always ensure convergence. Considering integration as a process that develops over time and across spheres, using the law of one price, as well as the "flow" approach to assessment, the features of integration processes in the markets of goods and factors of production (labor) of the northern regions were studied. The institutional, legal, and infrastructural aspects of spatial integration are analyzed, as well as the barriers to and problems of its implementation at the intra- and interregional levels. The priorities of state policy to ensure unity of the country's economic space are substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Despite the fact that the problem of spatial integration is widely studied by scientists, science has not developed an unambiguous understanding of the factors that ensure it in practice. At the same time, the experience of developed countries indicates an increase in the role of non-economic (“soft”) factors, which include close social ties between territories. The purpose of the article is to study the social ties of the population of the northern regions of Russia from the standpoint of considering them as a “soft” factor in the integration of the socio-economic space. Materials and Methods. The object of research is the European North of Russia as an open regional socio-economic system. The theoretical part of the study is based on a critical analysis of the scientific literature on the issues of spatial integration and the study of social ties as a factor that ensures it. The analytical part is based on the use of a sound methodological approach to the study of social ties of territories, based on the results of a comprehensive analysis of the Big Data of the social network “VKontakteˮ, as well as sociological surveys of residents. Results. The role of social ties as a “soft” factor of spatial integration is substantiated. Using the developed methodological approach, the internal social ties of the northern territories, the trends towards their spatial transformation associated with the active centripetal vector of population migration to the large cities of the region, as well as St. Petersburg and Moscow, have been revealed. This leads both to the activation of agglomeration processes and to the rupture of ties with remote territories. Discussion and Conclusion. The hypothesis about the presence of closer ties between neighboring territories is confirmed, which is especially evident for the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions. However, in order to deepen integration processes, it is also important to support their production, economic, cultural, educational and other ties. The scientific significance of the work lies in the expansion of approaches to the study of spatial integration factors; substantiation of tools for a comprehensive assessment of the social ties of territories. The practical significance lies in identifying trends and directions for the spatial transformation of the social ties of the European North of Russia, which will serve as the basis for the development of effective management decisions in the field of coordinating the socio-economic development of the northern territories of Russia.

The article explores the theoretical approaches of Russian and foreign regionalists to the region, resources, potential, efficiency in the use of resource potential concepts definition. The authors note the versatility of the efficiency concept in the context of various aspects of the national economy. They conclude that the efficiency of using the region resource potential is understood as the rational use of the resources under management to achieve the goals set, to meet the existing demand. Further, it is determined that the structure of the resource potential remains a subject of discussion in the scientific community, there is no consensus on the constituent elements of its structure. The authors emphasize that the systematization of the structural elements of the resource potential of the region and approaches to its definition is especially relevant for the Russian economy, as it will allow determining the directions for using the resource component of the country’s economy. The economic space of most regions of the Russian Federation is characterized by uneven economic development and its weak diversification, at the same time they have significant natural resource potential. To ensure the competitiveness of resource-oriented regions in the national and world markets, to create import substitution programs and ensure the innovative content of their economy, it is necessary to transform the structure of the economy in favor of higher technological structures.

Behind the quality of economic space of traditional industrial regions, there are various factors at play, including the performance of municipalities, among which the impact of industrial municipalities is particularly noticeable. Most of the programmes presented in the Russian academic discourse and used to assess municipalities focus on revealing trends in their socioeconomic development. At the same time, regional economics lacks methodological approaches to assessing them in a spatial context. The research aims to develop an original method for analysing and evaluating the development of industrial municipalities in economic space of traditional industrial regions. Methodologically, the study rests on spatial and municipal economics, and the concept of functional complexity. The suggested programme for research consists of five blocks. The first four blocks include the assessment of the industrial municipalities’ participation in ensuring the saturation of regional economic space, forming region’s industrial potential and its municipal economic space, and processes of strengthening functional complexity of regional economic space. The fifth block includes the calculation and interpretation of composite indicators as well as building a typology of industrial municipalities. The practical significance of the developed programme for research is that it meets the need for the assessment of industrial municipalities as a system-forming element in the economic space of traditional industrial region.

At the current stage the provision of sustainable and balanced development is considered as the most important strategic priority of Russia in the medium-range and long-range prospects. The discussion concerning relationship between processes of polarization and evening up of social and economic development of regions is going on. Innovation vector fixed in documents of state strategic planning stipulates a new vision of economic processes and requires elaboration of an effective mechanism for upgrading the spatial structure of national economy. In these conditions the research demand for laws of spatial development, continuity and non-contradictoriness of fundamental concepts and new approaches in spatial economics becomes more and more acute. The article provides a review of foreign and home research dealing with theoretical and applied issues of spatial organization of economic activity. Classic and neo-classic theories of overseas academic schools in view of their essence and novelty are studied and advanced theories and models of spatial development are systematized. The author addresses to the academic stock and to advanced fundamental and empiric research carried out by Russian academic schools of spatial economics, such as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Siberia, Far East and Urals. The author’s wording of the definition ‘spatial localization’ is proposed in the context of complimentary spatial object interaction (authors, production systems, administrative and territorial units). A conclusion was drawn about the necessity of integral approach to methodology of spatial economics taking into account dissipation and inequality of today’s economic systems.

Objective. The article is devoted to the disclosure of theoretical issues, the development of guidelines for the structuring of the economic space of small businesses in the agro-industrial complex. Materials and methods. Based on the systemic, integrated and cluster approaches, theories of spatial distribution of production, institutionalism and state regulation, the systemic prerequisites for the need to structure the economic space are identified, taking into account the number of economic entities of small forms of agricultural production and its natural resource potential, the status of households, based on their role in the consumer market. Results. An organizational mechanism for the consolidation of small forms of economic management in the agricultural sector has been developed, based on an assessment of the potential of the resource base of the region’s macrodistricts, the specialization of peasant (farm) and personal subsidiary farms, the level of filling of the relevant food markets in the region and their potential capacity. Conclusion. Theoretical issues of developing methodological recommendations for structuring the economic space of small forms of doing business in the agro-industrial complex are disclosed.

Balancing out uneven regional development and territorial disparities is an urgent task. Solving it requires considering the geo-economic features of various parts of Russia’s spatially structured territory. This study aims to describe trends in the economic space transformation and structural changes in the economies of the North-Western Federal District. Exploring the economic space transformation, the paper draws on economic theory and geography, the concepts of cluster and power generation cycles, regional economics and other theories. It presents the results of the institutional and economic research of income capitalization and the role of the institutional factor, along with regional gross value added (GVA) analysis by activity types. The study investigates the movement of capital (rent) in the economic space. There are several noticeable trends: the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions, the Komi and Karelia Republics have diversified their economies by developing manufacturing and mining, while the Murmansk and Pskov regions did that by stimulating agriculture. Regional factors generating rent at significant transaction costs are found to be affected by institutional factors. The paper concludes that structural changes in the economy of the Russian north-west regions are wavelike in nature. The indexes of regional GVA and industrial market development point to the existence of a transition zone between the structural phases of the wave, with the transition mostly taking place in 2014. The trigger for the second phase of the wave, along with new structural changes, was international sanctions and growing confrontation reducing capital outflow and contributing to further structural changes in the regional economy.

Economic growth in traditional industrial regions occurs predominantly due to industrial municipalities located within its economic space. The studies of regional economic space mainly concentrate on the issues of the balanced spatial development, aspects of spatial polarisation and fragmentation. The paper aims to substantiate the properties of economic space of a traditional industrial region from the perspective of regional identity. Methodologically, the research relies on fundamental tenets of spatial economics, typology of regions, and the concept of regional identity. The authors use dialectical and structural logical methods, method of typology, instrumental analysis. Based on the typological attributes of the traditional industrial region, the authors identify and provide characteristics of the properties of its economic space: evolutionary nature; weak diversification of industry; stability of internal content; industrialism. The paper proves that in line with the concept of regional identity these properties can serve as identifiers of traditional industrial regions and their economic space. The research findings form a theoretical basis for further research of the processes of development of traditional industrial regions’ economic space.

Abstract—This article analyzes the positions of largest (with a population from 250 000 to 1 000 000 people) and large (with a population from 100 000 to 250 000 people) cities in the economic space of the regions of Russia based on the case of the Urals. The spatial significance of these cities is evaluated by the specific shares in the population, fixed capital expenditures, manufacturing output, retail turnover, and housing delivery. Imbalances are detected over all of the parameters, which is indicative of violations in the normal spatial pattern and deformations in the economic environment. The specific share of the largest and large cities of the Urals in retail turnover and housing delivery is lower than their share in the demographic figures. Traditional industries are the sole anchor to support the established settlement pattern structure. By 2017 the spatial significance of the largest and large cities of the Urals was generally lower than in 2007. Largest and large cities cease to function as trade and service centers for dwellers of nearby territories. The preservation of the situation that is now in evidence is fraught with the risks of growing imbalances in the national economic space and requires the encouragement of advanced development of the largest and large cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the strategic position of Kemerovo Oblast in the Russian economy and within the context of a new strategic planning framework. An assessment is given of the previous regional strategy, which extended through to 2025. Kemerovo Oblast is no longer a regional leader and faces strategic risks due to economic reversal and the reduction of human capital. The oblast must make fundamental, strategic decisions to achieve sustainable economic development. The article details the objectives of the "Strategy for the Socio-Economic Development of Kemerovo Oblast until 2035," and considers how it relates to the region's development goals and how it forecasts key socioeconomic indicators. Several development trajectories are evaluated, and the benefits and risks of the Strategy are assessed. A description is given of the key innovative drivers of the region's economic and social development, including new industrialization, international tourism, health care provision, and the use of digital technologies in the agro-industrial complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to summarize and present the differences between the regions of Ukraine on the level of development of the regional economic space from 2010 to 2020. The clustering of the regions is performed on the basis of the author's methodical approach to assessing the level of development of the economic space of the regions. Methodology. The methodological approach consists of five consecutive stages of assessing the state of the regional economic space on the basis of official statistical data. The k-means algorithm is used to cluster the regions. The implementation of the proposed methodological approach is carried out on the basis of statistical data of the regions of Ukraine for the period 2010-2020. Comparison of the array of statistical data for the period 2010-2020 for the regions of Ukraine is carried out by regions and territories for which statistical data are available. Due to the Russian invasion in 2014, there is no statistical information about the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and part of the temporarily occupied territories in Donetsk and Luhansk regions. The results of the study showed that the regions of Ukraine are divided into six separate clusters, depending on the level of development of the regional economic space, in particular, the intensity of processes in the economic space. Most regions of Ukraine change the cluster only once during the period 2010-2020. At the same time, for example, Donetsk region changed its position in the clusters six times during this period. Regions of Ukraine in 2010-2014 formed three clusters with more than three regions, then three years later there were two clusters with more than 5 regions, indicating a redistribution of regions between clusters. Practical implications. The division of regions into clusters allows to unify regional development policy in the context of regions with similar characteristics and at the same time does not imply the use of a single template for the development of all regions. The grouping of regions by groups of indicators allows to distinguish stable entities (such as Lviv, Odessa and Kharkiv regions), slowly changing regions (with processes of development or regression) and unstable regions (such as Donetsk). For each group it is necessary to develop a separate regional policy, depending on the characteristics of the cluster. The implementation of the developed methodology will improve the classification of Ukrainian regions by groups of indicators of regional economic space development for further improvement and unification of regional development policy. Value/originality. The proposed methodology provides an assessment on the basis of 67 indicators characterizing the level of development of the regional economic space and forming six groups of indicators, determining for the economic space intensity of economic processes; transparency; intensity of demographic processes; labor market functioning; business diversification; ecology and infrastructure condition.

The article is dedicated to describing the capabilities of the cooperative game theory for studying spatial distribution of economic activity. The paper discusses the features of cooperative games the spatial connotation of which drives from the fact that they formalize the conflict between the forces aimed at concentration of economic activity, and the forces aimed at its dispersion (hereinafter ‘the fundamental conflict’). The author proposes a classification of spatial cooperative games based on: 1) the method of specifying the set of players, 2) the type of solution to the fundamental conflict. The players in the models under consideration are the elements of the economic space with either a simple or a complex structure. The elements with a simple structure are economic agents with their objective functions deriving from their rational choices. The elements with a complex structure are aggregates, such as regions, economic areas, or countries. If we consider it possible to describe objective functions for such players, we should use the functions incorporating a great range of decisions made by different economic agents. The article pays special attention to justification of the usage of spatial cooperative games to model interactions between the elements of the economic space with a complex structure. In spatial cooperative games, the fundamental conflict is solved either by creating a spatial projection of economic interactions, and picking the player’s locations or by studying the delocalization of economic interactions and evaluating the coalition productivity of players. The author distinguishes four types of spatial cooperative games and for each class gives an example of a specific application of the game model. Within the given classification, the author studies game models of distribution networks, interregional interactions, service facilities location, spatial growth, and production planning for spatially concentrated firms. The conclusion is that even though spatial cooperative games are used for research on various levels of generalization, they are, first of all, useful as a means of researching the phenomena of economic activity delocalization. Thus, as far as the location theory is concerned, the games act rather as a tool that complements the optimization calculations with evaluations of stability of the obtained solutions to coalitional and migration threats. From the standpoint of the concept of interregional interactions it acts as an independent tool significant for assessing system effects and their distribution between different elements of the economic space. Furthermore, the author suggests that the future of cooperative games as a tool for research on spatial distribution of economic activity is associated with the search for statements that connect the results of analysis of economic space elements with a simple and complex structure

This paper describes fiqh mu’āmalah content in Friday sermons at the Great Mosque of Kauman Semarang to understand the dialectics between the mosque as a ritual space and the market as an economic space. This paper's data are in the form of 51 sermons delivered in 2015 from January 1 to December 31, 2015, and interviews with the foundation, ta’mīr, and the preachers. This paper shows that Friday sermons' characteristics at the mosque are reflected in their preachers' diversity, both in terms of educational background, scientific fields, organizational affiliations, and professions. This paper finds that fiqh mu’āmalah's content has not become the point of attention of the preachers. This finding is proven by the absence of a sermon theme on fiqh mu’āmalah (mu’āmalah madiyah). The topic that appeared in Friday's sermon was related to Islamic economics's ethical principles and business-related to mu’āmalah adabiyah. The minimal content of fiqh mu’āmalah or economic fiqh in the Friday sermon of the mosque reflects the low intensity of the mosque's dialectics as a ritual space with the market as an economic space. The Friday sermon at this mosque still does not pay more attention to the jamā’ah of Johar market seller as the essential segment.

The spatial approach to studying the development of small enterprises is one of the modern directions of the regional economy Consideration of the sector, which has traditionally been the object of state and municipal support, receives a new understanding, which remains relevant to this topic: an integral characteristic of small enterprises is the spatial potential, the implementation of which takes the form of a tool for managing the regional economy. The purpose of the research is to develop and test procedures for forming an optimized portfolio of promising specializations of small enterprises in the region at the stage of strategic goal setting. The objectives of the study are: analysis of the accepted portfolio of promising specializations of enterprises in the Samara region, formation of targets for the implementation of the spatial potential of small enterprises at the sub-regional level using the principles of “smart specialization”, justification of complementary activities within the optimized portfolio of promising specializations. General scientific research methods, methods of priority coordination, statistical analysis, and content analysis were used to solve the tasks set. In this paper, the strategic priorities for the development of small enterprises in the economic space of the region are justified on the principles of “smart specialization” within the framework of the methodology proposed by the authors for realizing their spatial potential. As an example, the Otradny sub-region of the Samara region is considered. Targets for the implementation of the spatial potential of small enterprises have been developed and an optimized portfolio of promising specializations has been formed. The scientific novelty of the research consists in substantiating the strategic goals of spatial development of small enterprises in the region using an optimized portfolio of promising types of their activities, obtained on the basis of the principles of “smart specialization”. The results of the study can be used to justify the strategic priorities of small business development in the formation of a spatial development strategy at the regional (subject of the Russian Federation) and sub-regional levels, as well as in the development of regional economic policy measures.

One of the key goals in the development of Russia, the largest country in the world, is the necessity to provide optimal and efficient usage of its huge territories. However, transformational market changes, which happened after the collapse of the USSR in the 1990s, led to a sharp decrease in the state’s role in the governance of spatial development. This policy had extremely negative economic and social implications: settlement contrast increased due to the production and population’s retraction into areas of concentration. Simultaneous “washing” of population out from deep regions also took place. At the same time, these problems are especially relevant for Russia’s northern territories, which are characterized by focal settlement, production’s placement, and for other territories, which experienced negative consequences of market transition. These factors justify the relevance of this research. The goal of the paper is to study the features and substantiate priority areas of perfecting governance of Russian European North (REN) regions’ spatial territorial development. Theoretical and methodological approaches toward understanding the essence of economic space and its development, the analysis of key trends and specifics of Russian European North’s spatial development in the post-soviet period were studied. Also, we prove that economic space of REN is currently linear-nodular with significant areas of economic periphery. The article shows the role of first- and second-class nods in preserving supporting carcass of territories of Russian European North. Also, it is shown that such settlement systems might be a basis for formation and development of polycentric model of region’s space organization. This model is aimed at the revival and development of sustainable socio-economic and technological connections through the system “large city–small town–village”

Russia in the past and today is a huge space where it is necessary to constantly broadcast the political interests of society, concentrated in the center of the country to remote regions that have political military economic significance for the state. For centuries, the direction to the east seemed to be one of the most important areas of Russia’s development, which was and remains due to its position between the West and the East. Conducting an effective transport policy in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century further created a serious safety margin that allowed the Russian Far East to survive the imminent tests of revolution, civil war, international intervention, to live and develop as part of a single Russian state.

Only the presence and intensive development of the transport infrastructure in the Russian Federation, including all existing modes of transport, including road, rail, air, inland water, sea, other modes of transport, can ensure the sustainable development of the country, primarily its economic system, guarantee unimpeded movement of people and goods across Russia.

Cadastral maps constitute the geographical basis of resource administration in most developed countries, including those in Scandinavia, where they function as a framework for organizing the economic utility of land and associated decision-making processes. The authors investigate the history of Danish cadastral cartography with a focus on its representation of landscape. They explore representations of landscape in maps of a study area in Denmark, produced between 1807 and 1942, and analyse them in the context of the general history of Danish cadastral cartography. Their results show that an initial landscape-oriented perspective on property changed to a focus primarily on legal boundaries. The limitations of that particularistic mode of representation were recognized in 1929 and subsequently several unsuccessful attempts were made to reintroduce a holistic representation of landscape. The authors conclude that the history of cadastral map-making is reflected in current mapping practices, which are characterized by a perspective in which economic aspects of a landscape are seen as separate from its ecological, physical and visual characteristics. Thus, further investigations of this mismatch between the cartographic representation of cadastral structures and the landscape are important in relation to understanding and mitigating many of today's environmental problems in the landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction. Adoption of the national strategy of spatial development in Russia has made it especially relevant to develop a scientifically grounded toolkit for managing spatial economic development at the municipal level. The objective of the study is to investigate the foreign best practices of spatial development and to assess their applicability when controlling the spatial economic development of the municipal districts of the Russian Federation, which are the principal type of municipalities in rural areas. Materials and Methods. The research was based on the comparative method, within the framework of which the best practices of foreign municipalities similar in some respects to the municipal districts of the Russian Federation were systematized. Empirical and theoretical studies, reports and guidance materials of international organizations, associations and foundations of the local level, as well as official websites of municipalities were used as materials for this research. Results. The systematized review of the best practices from the UK, Sweden, Germany, Italy and Slovenia has demonstrated that Russia’s municipal districts can use the following practices for their economic and spatial development: sharefarming, informal spatial planning, flexible transport solutions. Municipal districts can also involve digital technologies for conducting population surveys and collecting data about the municipality, design facilities that increase the attractiveness of the territory, as well use spatial planning to create decentralized concentration in suburbanized areas. The identified practices can be adopted to readjust the directions of the economic and spatial development of municipal districts, taking into account the level and trends of changes in such parameters of the economic space as saturation, coherence and physical basis. Discussion and Conclusion. The development of a municipality does not necessarily have to be aimed at increasing economic and other indicators through attracting investment and wealthy population, as well as through providing other incentives. The alternative objectives of spatial development can be: to maintain the current indicators and the territorial identity of the municipality, as well as to reduce its negative impact on the environmental situation. The results of the study can be used in the practical activities of regional and municipal authorities when developing and implementing strategic planning documents, as well as for further theoretical conceptualization of the process of economic and spatial development of municipalities.

In the article key provisions of Strategy of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation until 2025 are considered. Theoretical aspects, key scientific bases of the important government document are shown: the concept “the center — the periphery”, or the polarized development. Authors paid the main attention to questions of the spatial organization of resettlement. Authors suggest considering Strategy as the basic document, but not as a set of concrete recommendations about social and economic development of certain regions.

Purpose. Purpose of the article is to summarize theoretical foundations of the study of the nature and content of economic relations between participants of the agri-food market for livestock products, expanding and adding the classification of relationship types and justifying their modern transformation. Methodology / approach. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of knowledge of economic processes, the fundamental provisions of modern economic theory, scientific works domestic and foreign scientists on economic relations between participants of the agri-food market for livestock products. A systematic approach, methods of generalization, induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis and comparison were used to achieve this purpose. Results. As a result of the study knowledge about special aspects of transformation of economic relations under the influence of changing economic processes in a dynamic space was expanded. Such processes include as follows: development of integration of theory into practice, process of state regulation of the market, development of human capital, agrarian relations and integration processes. Transformation of economic relations, in its turn, has the opposite effect on the space change. Classification of economic relations by highlighting certain criteria was also generalized. Originality / scientific novelty. The scientific novelty consists in clarifying the categories «economic relations between participants of the market for livestock products» and «economic space». Under the first category we mean the interaction and interdependence of participants in these relations, arising in the process of manufacture, processing and sale of livestock products and aimed at meeting the needs of participants through satisfaction of their interests; under the second category we mean a set of economic processes and business entities connected by a single institutional structure and information field related to formation of the results of economic activity. Practical value / implications. Practical significance involves specification of offers to agricultural manufacturers, namely, regarding the staged actions related to state registration of households of population as subjects of self-employment. Then integrate them into the agriculture and food market. The purpose of the proposed organizational changes is the establishment of vertical, formal, long-term, regular (sustainable), mutually beneficial and reliable inter-industry relations, which are driven by the technological aspects of livestock products. Taking the proposed actions will help to change the direction of economic relations between the market participants.

Introduction. The study is of relevance due to the need to expand the theoretical developments in the field of spatial economics within the regional system in order to form adequate and flexible measures to stimulate and support the subjects of the intraregional environment. With regard to the state authorities’ growing interest in the tendencies of spatial development of territories, a careful analysis of the full diversity of processes and connections that take place within individual regions is necessary. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze these processes. Materials and Methods. The information and empirical base of the study included statistical data presented on the official website of the regional Department of Statistics in the Stavropol Territory and its municipal units. Fundamental methods of scientific knowledge were employed, the gravitational model was applied, and the tools of correlation and regression analysis were used to test hypotheses and calculated conclusions. Results. For the first time, analytical data were obtained on the level, strength and direction of the spatial gravitation between the center and the peripheral territories in an agro-industrial region – the Stavropol Territory. The gravitational model adapted for studying the spatial processes of interaction of the ‘center–periphery’ system was for the first time tested in the conditions of an agro-industrial region. On the basis of the theory of gravitational environments, conclusions were drawn about the presence of specific processes in the region in the form of establishment of ‘the second-order’ gravitation centers, which are ‘beacons’ for the periphery due to a higher level of socio-economic development and general territorial remoteness from the main regional center. Discussion and Conclusion. The implementation of the presented diagnostic approach made it possible to put forward a number of hypotheses about the presence and specificity of the spatial connections between the objects of the regional ‘center–periphery’ system. The force of gravitation, the direction and type of the spatial drift can have a direct impact on the level of socio-economic development of the periphery. The specified factors affect the overall ‘survival’ potential of the peripheral territories. The results of the study are of practical importance and can be used as the empirical justification for program projects aimed at stimulating development of regions.

Problem/Relevance - This paper presents new description of the business cycles that for decades remain as relevant and important economic problem. Research Objective/Questions - We propose that econometrics can provide sufficient data for assessments of risk ratings for almost all economic agents. We use risk ratings as coordinates of agents and show that the business cycles are consequences of collective change of risk coordinates of agents and their financial variables. Methodology - We aggregate similar financial variables of agents and define macro variables as functions on economic space. Economic and financial transactions between agents are the only tools that change their extensive variables. We aggregate similar transactions between agents with risk coordinates x and y and define macro transactions as functions of x and y. We derive economic equations that describe evolution of macro transactions and hence describe evolution of macro variables. Major Findings - As example we study simple model that describes interactions between Credits transactions from Creditors at x to Borrowers at y and Loan-Repayment transactions that describe refunds from Borrowers at y to Creditors at x. We show that collective motions of Creditors and Borrowers from safer to risky area and back on economic space induce frequencies of macroeconomic Credit cycles. Implications – Our model can improve forecasting of the business cycles and help increase economic sustainability and financial policy-making. That requires development of risk ratings methodologies and corporate accounting procedures that should correspond each other to enable risk assessments of economic agents.

The article is devoted to the formation and development of regional economy theory in Russia and abroad. From the standpoint of a systemic approach it the basic concept of the specialization of the regional economy and the most efficient allocation of production. Dana systematize the stages of development of regional economics.

This paper investigates the territorial capital endowments across European regions. Data are collected at NUTS 2 level for all European regions, for the most recent year available, for several indicators that measure different components of territorial capital. Our evidence reveals several patterns of regional economic development, with specific configurations of the territorial assets, which further shed light on the connection between location, competitiveness and development.

The article provides the solution to the heuristic problem of formation and practical approval of methodology for local immunity components' research within a complex diagnostics of peripheral territories of agro-industrial regions located in southern Russia. This sphere of scientific-methodological research is relevant due to the need for finding internal reserves for territorial development by applying opportunities associated with image, reputation, trust, and safety. The article presents the elements of methodological approach allowing to estimate local immunity within a complex of system diagnostics of peripheral territories' viability determining scientific novelty and authors' contribution to the methodology of spatial analysis. In shaping the research methodology, we relied on the content analysis techniques enabling to draw several conclusions regarding the impact of peripheral localization of territory on its overall socio-economic perception by the population acting as key economic agents. Furthermore, content analysis strengthens the heuristic capacity of sociometric empirical methods in diagnosing attribute indicators and parameters of territorial development. For these parameters, we highlighted the following: population motivations for migration, capacity for social sustainability of territories, population passivity and activity in the global network space, and nature of relations between the local population and the place of residence. The results of diagnosing empirically characterize "local immunity of peripheral territory" institution reflecting its capacity for future survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this article is to analyse the nature of imbalances in the economic space, as the problem of impact on the functioning of the financial mechanism of the enterprise is especially relevant for Ukraine, because the results of the domestic financial sector are unbalanced. At the same time, a significant impact is reflected in the functioning of the financial mechanism of the enterprise, expanding its functional load. The instability of economic conditions in Ukraine significantly affects the financial and economic activities of economic entities, which causes non-fulfilment of their planned tasks for the development of their own business. To ensure the successful operation, enterprises must assess the imbalances of the economic space, which are precursors to the development of crisis processes that can have a devastating effect. Methodology. In the course of the research it has been found that the financial mechanism of the enterprise is subject to influence both at the level of the enterprise itself and at the level of economic space. It is determined that the main source of information on the imbalance of the economic space is the balance of payments. Balance of payments is the ratio between the amount of cash received by the country from abroad and the amount of payments abroad during a certain period (year, quarter, month). The main component of the balance of payments is the current account, and the most important item is the balance of goods (trade balance). Its condition determines the state of the balance of payments as a whole, and its dynamics demonstrates the effectiveness of macroeconomic policy. The positive balance of trade indicates an increase in demand for goods and services of the country. The negative balance indicates the low competitiveness of the country’s goods abroad. In the case when the value of exports exceeds the value of imports, a trade surplus is formed. If the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, then there is a trade deficit. The financial account of the balance of payments reflects the sale and repayment of financial claims of one country to another. All financial transactions are classified into three groups: direct investment, portfolio investment, and other investments. The dynamics of the financial account during the study period is negative. This indicator was affected by the crisis in the economy, as well as imperfect legislative support for foreign investors in Ukraine. Results. Theoretical information and structure of the balance of payments are presented, balance of payments articles are analysed, the dynamics of the balance of payments of Ukraine is outlined. The main feature of 2015-2019 is the strengthening of globalization. The intensification of relations between the countries leads to a stronger integration of the whole economy, which in turn creates additional risks associated with the transmission of possible crises in the chain. Value/originality. It is established that the functioning of the financial mechanism of the enterprise is considered under the influence of many factors of the system, in particular economic space. The generation of these imbalances leads to an increase in the vulnerability of the financial mechanism, violating the stability, which is manifested in the inability to resist changes in the situation. By assessing the imbalances of the economic space on the basis of macroeconomic and monetary indicators obtained during the monitoring, economic entities will be able to counteract shocks in the event of a change in the situation.

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The current social and political processes of Assam in terms of demographic aspect and frontier area policies cannot be seen to be a development in isolation from British colonial policies. The entire system is linked to a historical process of ownership and inheritance. The British entry into the North-Eastern region of India, at the end of the Anglo-Burmese war, marked the beginning of colonial penetration with the consequence of unanticipated transformation of socio-economic and demographic profile in the region. The profound commercial significance of Assam explored by British colonialism led to the development of the Brahmaputra valley into a new economic space. Accordingly, the colonialists consolidated political interventions through the construction of frontier policies that created a divide between ‘Hills’ and ‘Plains’. The policies of social and cultural subjugation, followed by the colonialists, brought the neighbouring hill tribes under colonial control, and the entire region was being turned into a politico-economic jurisdiction of colonial subjects. Such policies envisaged by the British with a commercial motive, however, anguished the ethnic strife- the existing social landscape, the economic space and the political set-up of the region. The current problem of foreigners’ issue and the frontier issue is, in fact, the continuation of the colonial traditions. An understanding of the colonial pattern of exploitation of resources through social and political control would provide an apprehension of the past causes and present effect relationship. Hence, this study attempts to understand the implications of the colonial era political developments in Assam considering its economic potentiality that has given a whole new dimension to the entire regional set-up.

Development of the theorist – methodological provisions at a research of problems of functioning of peripheral territories assumes the profound review of the accumulated knowledge of the chosen spatial and economic subject. Studying of problems of social and economic development of peripheral territories, development of methodology of their system diagnostics and the detailed profound screening of separate aspects of their relationship with the center carries practical value because of special attention to them from public authorities within formation national and, in the subsequent the regional, strategic documents containing provisions of spatial policy. In this regard development of a conceptual framework of spatial policy for various elements of economic space and also development of new scientific approaches to establishment of semantic contents and connotive features of use of key categories of spatial economy to which “periphery” belongs is especially relevant. The available scientific reserve on a research of semantic features of “peripheral territories” contains the essential massif of the concepts similar in intrinsic filling and contextual application. Requirements of targeting, detail and selectivity of spatial policy assume differentiation of all set of adjacent concepts for the purpose of decrease in inaccuracies at conceptual operating by a conceptual framework. As a research object by us it is considered semantic a component of spatial and economic category “periphery”. In a research we have defined set of categories of the vernakulyarny and typological plan, adjacent to her, semantic demarcation on the basis of definition of the common and the unique personalized features of the considered concepts is carried out. It has allowed to create a unique array of information on operational use of category “periphery” with a possibility of further creation of “frame” model of the studied concept. The “frame” model includes all semantic variety of adjacent categories that enriches the system of scientific knowledge of elements of economic space of the region. On the practical level the received results are directed to decrease in terminological contradictions when using the categorial device in researches and when developing strategic documents of spatial planning and development.