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The Russian Federation has a great number of land plots to be used for a particular purpose, which depends on the category and type of the land. Agricultural land plots are of particular importance for the regional economy because they are subject to the local tax, established by the municipalities, i.e., land tax makes up a significant share of local budget revenues. Prompt and correct accounting of agricultural land improves the local budget. The authors determined the area of agricultural land in the Kemerovo Region and calculated the budget effect from their use. They also identified the potential income to the regional budget. The appropriate land measurement and classification proved to have a positive impact on the budget of the Kemerovo Region. The article contains an assessment of potential tax fees to the budget of the Kemerovo Region, as well as the amount of fines for irrational or improper use of agricultural lands.

This paper is devoted to the assessment of the size and spatial distribution of economic effects caused by the introduction of sanctions on the export of Russian fuel and energy resources. Leontief’s intra-national balance model with a transparent system of assumptions and relatively low requirements for information support is used in the calculations. The factors of changes in the demand for Russian energy resources in the world markets in the perspective up to 2030 have been analyzed. The paper estimates the reaction of the Russian regional economies in the last year of the forecast period (2030) to a number of successive export restrictions of different nature - from compromise (when the terms of trade remain relatively favorable and the reduction of supplies in the western direction is largely compensated by the activation of supplies in the eastern direction) to extreme/radical (when the practice of trade barriers and sanctions is actively applied, blocking the potential for market maneuvers). It is shown that the spatial distribution of losses from export restrictions is uneven and depends significantly on the geography of new markets for fuel and energy resources. From the point of view of leveling the adverse effects of export restrictions, the following directions of structural transformation of the Russian fuel and energy complex that are currently under active discussion are evaluated: 1) development of the electricity system, 2) creation of new LNG production facilities, 3) modernization of oil refineries and 4) development of oil and gas chemistry. It is concluded that the available proposals allow to compensate for the losses of the national economy arising due to export restrictions, but in general do not change the inertial direction of its dynamics

Introduction. The review of existing ideas of artificial intelligence implementation in the construction industry is carried out. On the basis of the studied data the applicability of the technologies was analyzed and their economic efficiency was evaluated, as well as the feasibility of investment in potential projects was substantiated. Construction is a fundamental area of human life, in which the use of information technology innovations, especially artificial intelligence should be associated with a balanced decision and thorough testing. For this reason, it is required to choose the most appropriate method to evaluate the feasibility of implementation. By the chosen method it is possible to reveal the possibilities of a new project and to correlate it with all costs and risks.Materials and methods. Russian and foreign studies, Internet resources and conference materials were studied. As a result, the current trends of technologies of artificial intelligence application in construction were found. The integrated method allowed to consider technologies from the point of view of ideology, reality of embodiment, practical application and economic feasibility. The method of scoring of projects was applied and the list of technologies was compiled. This list includes technologies that are favourable for application and promising for development. Multilevel study of the selected projects was carried out according to the system modelling approach.Results. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are made about the best method for assessing the economic efficiency of innovative projects based on artificial intelligence, which are applicable to the construction industry. The theoretical model is aimed at considering the project as a process of cause-and-effect relationships. This project reveals the list of necessary steps and their sequence.Conclusions. This study on the effectiveness of the implementation of AI in construction of some ideas revealed an optimal and sufficiently informative method of assessing the economic efficiency of projects, as well as the degree of relevance and compliance with the interests and needs of the construction industry. A list of recommendations for the process of implementation of a new project with the use of artificial intelligence is presented. A vector for further research in the field of practical calculations of efficiency and forecasting is proposed.

Forests are both an irreplaceable natural resource and a vital economic asset for all humankind. Based on the data of counties in mainland China from 2007 to 2020, the article explores the direct impact and spatial spillover effects of the policy implementation on the economic growth of counties with the help of the forest city pilot policy and the policy evaluation model. The results reveal that policy implementation can have a positive economic growth effect on the pilot counties, which, in turn, can significantly increase the size of the county's GDP, the level of GDP per capita, and the total amount of nighttime lighting brightness. The implementation of forest city construction can bring about 2.74% of total GDP size, about 2.63% of per capita GDP development level, and about 7.25% of nighttime light brightness to the county on average. Cost–benefit analysis also indicates that forest city construction can bring about a comprehensive economic benefit of approximately CNY 686.453 million (approximately USD 96.82 million) to the counties. The rapid improvement in labor productivity, significant influx of high-end factors, and continuous expansion of market potential are important mechanisms through which policy implementation promotes economic growth in pilot counties. While promoting economic growth in the pilot counties, forest city construction can also have positive spatial spillover effects on neighboring areas in the pilot counties. Furthermore, when the deficits in atmospheric vapor pressure and annual evapotranspiration are used as instrumental variables for forest city construction, the empirical estimates are not significantly altered. In the process of building forest cities, county governments should be wary of issues such as the high cost of forest maintenance. This study provides a Chinese model and policy reference for other countries and regions in the world to deal with the relationship between forest city construction and county economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this paper is blockchain technology in the tracking system of grain supply chains. The current study considers the task of determining the impact of blockchain technology introduction on the tracking system of grain supply chains. The key problems in the system of grain supply chains have been identified and the tasks to solve them have been proposed. The characteristics of key technologies in the implementation of blockchain in the system of grain supply chains have been defined, such as smart contracts, the Internet of Things (IoT), interplanetary file system (IPFS), contactless tags (RFID), Ethereum platform (identified as the best for supply chain tracking). The influence of factors on the introduction of blockchain technologies into the grain supply chain tracking system was determined using a SWOT analysis. Strengths include transparency, increased trust, automation of processes and protection against falsification. Weaknesses include high implementation costs, difficulty scaling, and the need for staff training. Opportunities that open up through the use of blockchain include attracting new partners, increasing competitiveness, and developing new markets. Threats include legal difficulties, technical failures, high energy costs, and resistance from market participants. An assessment of the investment attractiveness of introducing blockchain technology into the grain supply chain tracking system was carried out by calculating such indicators as economic effect; net present value (NPV) of implementing blockchain technologies; payback period of investments. According to the results of analysis, the following data were obtained: NPV (150439 a.u.)>0, the payback period of investments is 2.8 years, which is acceptable for large agricultural holdings. Prospects for development have been determined, in particular, the unification of agricultural holdings for the joint implementation of blockchain technologies in the tracking system of grain supply chains, which would be a strategically beneficial solution for all participants in the supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The potato holds the distinction of being the world's largest non-cereal food crop and ensuring its sustainable production is imperative for global food security. Notably, China leads in both the planting area and output of potatoes globally, cementing its crucial role in the nation's agricultural economy. A scientific assessment of the effectiveness of organic fertilizers on potato cultivation can significantly contribute to the promotion of sustainable agriculture. Methods: This study utilizes a Propensity Score Matching (PSM) model and introduces a novel cost-efficiency approach to analyze and evaluate the production efficiency and economic impact of organic fertilizer application among 546 potato growers in Shandong. Results: The research findings reveal the following: Firstly, compared to the control group without organic fertilizer application, it is evident that the use of organic fertilizers enhances production technology efficiency, labor productivity, land productivity, and net profit per unit by 3.6%, 1588.47 kg/ person, 16346.77 kg/ha, and 16135.32 yuan/ha, respectively. Secondly, an examination of cost efficiency among growers with different production scales indicates that those with a planting scale of 0.667-1.333 hectares demonstrate relatively high production efficiency across multiple factors. Additionally, there is an observable inverted U-shaped trend in the relationship between planting scale and production efficiency. Thirdly, the continuous application of organic fertilizers proves advantageous in mitigating inefficiencies in investment techniques, leading to cost savings and efficiency improvements in potato cultivation. Discussion: Consequently, it is recommended that the government and relevant departments enhance technical support, elevate professional training programs, and optimize the allocation of input factors. These measures aim to encourage farmers to adopt organic fertilizers, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Reducing passenger journey duration at the current stage of transport development is a prerequisite for high-quality passenger service giving railways higher competitive advantage. In order to avoid significant investments, Russian Railways opted to develop mixed high-speed train traffic on the existing infrastructure. The author considered an existing double-track section of mainline railway transport with high-speed passenger train traffic. The research focuses on the effects of putting high-speed passenger trains into circulation on the existing railway infrastructure. The solution to the problem requires a formalised and adapted methodological toolkit for assessing the resulting effects from the introduction of high-speed passenger trains into circulation.Materials and methods. The effects of putting high-speed passenger trains into circulation were assessed using the theory of train traffic control, economic efficiency indicators and the calculation of a specific indicator expressing the ratio of the absolute economic criterion under consideration to the reduction in journey time. The researcher used formulas to calculate performance and cost metrics adapted to the challenges of high-speed passenger traffic on the existing railway infrastructure. Results. The author considered the conditional railway direction O–H chosen as the object of approbation of the developed toolkit and obtained the values of effects from the introduction of high-speed passenger trains for passengers, infrastructure owner and carriers.Discussion and conclusion. This toolkit, after some adaptation, may be used for calculations for railway lines with different equipment (single-track and multiple-track lines) under mixed traffic conditions (passenger and goods trains of different categories, as well as high-speed passenger trains). The results obtained for the O–H direction allow to assess and understand the multifaceted effects arising from the introduction of high-speed trains into circulation on the existing double-track railway infrastructure.

The article deals with the peculiarities of formation and implementation of the enter­prise development innovation strategy. The research substantiates the demand for adapting inno­vation processes to modern challenges, including the use of digital platforms and the transition to a corporate or open innovation model. The fundamental principles of an effective enterprise devel­opment strategy based on a new management paradigm are highlighted. A new understanding re­garding the essence of the category “innovation strategy” is proposed. The conditions for successful implementation of the enterprise innovation strategy are determined: defining the mission, goals and objectives of the enterprise innovation activity; breaking the process into stages and determin­ing the expected results; applying flexible models of the innovation process; developing indicators for objective evaluation of the innovation activity results; improving the innovation culture; identi­fying and developing creative talents; introducing and implementing innovative initiatives; main­taining customer feedback; inter-organizational cooperation. An algorithm for building inter-organ­izational cooperation in the innovation activities of enterprises is designed. The experience of devel­oping and applying innovative strategies is highlighted on the example of well-known innovative companies. It is proved that the success of their implementation depends on the concentration of financial, material, informational and intellectual resources in the context of innovation develop­ment priorities. It is emphasized that in the process of forming an innovative strategy for the devel­opment of enterprises, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors, such as the enter­prise’s market position, its technical and technological potential, management system, ethics and business culture, as well as research capabilities. A properly chosen and justified innovation strate­gy has shown itself to be the key to the successful development of an enterprise in the future. The authors’ research findings and practical recommendations contribute to the effective use of the enterprise’s innovation strategy for the sustainable development of business organizations and their network associations.

BACKGROUND: Digital three-dimensional reconstruction technology is gradually applied to orthopedic diseases with the advantages of visualization, accuracy and non-invasiveness, but there is less evidence-based support for its use in artificial hip hemiarthroplasty for intertrochanteric fractures of the femur in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the application value and economic effects of digital three-dimensional reconstruction techniques in artificial hip hemiarthroplasty of intertrochanteric fractures of the femur in the elderly. METHODS: One hundred and thirty elderly patients with intertrochanteric femur fractures admitted to Zunyi First People’s Hospital from January 2019 to December 2022 were selected and randomly divided into a control group (n=65) and an observation group (n=65). Artificial hip hemiarthroplasty was performed in both groups. The control group adopted the film template measurement method for manual preoperative planning while the observation group adopted a digital three-dimensional reconstruction technique. Preoperative planning and intraoperative actual application of prosthesis compliance rate, fibrinogen, D-dimer, bilateral femoral eccentric distance difference, bilateral lower limb length difference, Harris hip function score, visual analog scale score, excellent and good rate of hip function, complications, and hospitalization cost were observed in both groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The proportion of acetabular side and femoral side prosthesis in grade 0 (fully compliant) was higher in the observation group than that in the control group (P < 0.05). (2) Fibrinogen and D-dimer levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group 3 days after surgery (P < 0.05). (3) The difference in bilateral femoral eccentric distance and the difference in bilateral lower limb length in the observation group were smaller than those in the control group immediately after surgery (P<0.05). The differences in Harris and visual analog scale scores were not significantly different between the two groups preoperatively, 6 and 12 months postoperatively (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in excellent and good rate of hip function between the two groups 12 months postoperatively (P>0.05). (4) There was no significant difference in the complication rate between the two groups (P > 0.05). The hospitalization cost of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). (5) It is indicated that digital threedimensional reconstruction technology applied in artificial hip hemiarthroplasty of intertrochanteric femoral fracture in the elderly can not only accurately determine the prosthesis type before surgery, but also accurately reconstruct the bilateral lower limbs offline, but its hospitalization cost is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Coal, sawdust and their mixtures were combusted in the fluidized bed of catalyst. • Addition of biomass increase the burnout degree up to 99.9% at 750 °С. • Addition of biomass decrease the environmental impact of combustion. • Combustion at 750 °C with the highest amount of sawdust is the most profitable. • Presence of CaO and MgO prevents SOx emission and slagging of heat exchange surfaces. The work is devoted to the study of combustion of brown coal, pine sawdust, and their mixtures in a fluidized bed of catalyst at 600–750°С. It is shown that an increase in the content of sawdust in a mixture with brown coal leads to an increase in the burnout degree of solid fuel from 94.4% to 99.9%, while the emission of greenhouse gases in the form of CO 2 CO and NO x is reduced (CO 2 from the biomass is not included in the balance). The high content of alkaline earth metal oxides (CaO and MgO) in the mineral part of brown coal, sawdust, and their mixtures eliminates the emission of sulfur oxides and the slagging of heat-exchange surfaces during the combustion in a fluidized bed of catalyst. The optimal temperature, when the highest burnout degree of the above fuels is achieved in the combustion is 750°С. It is also shown that the increase in temperature and the content of sawdust in the composition of the fuel mixtures has a positive effect on the economic and environmental process indicators. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural producers are increasingly using plant-based feed additives in the diets of livestock and poultry as a way to increase animal productivity and stabilize the protective functions of the body. The purpose of the research was to study the effectiveness of using Astragalus cicer feed supplement in the diets of laying hens of the Lohmann Brown-Light cross at the age of 25-51 weeks. The composition of the compound feed included a phytoadditive made from Astragalus cicer in the volume: I experimental group – 3.60 %, II experimental – 7.20 % by the weight of the compound feed. The duration of the scientific and production experiment was 183 days. The analysis of the content of biologically active substances in the Astragalus cicer phytoadditive has revealed a high content of dihydroquercetin – 336.25 mg/100g of absolutely dry substance.image As the result of the research, it was found that laying hens of the II experimental group, which received 7.20 % of Astragalus cicer phytoadditive in the compound feed, had more intensive metabolic processes in the body, which contributed to obtaining a greater effect from them. Laying hens of the II experimental group compared with the control and I experimental groups had 2.19 and 2.18 % higher values of nitrogen utilization out of taken feed, egg production was higher by 2.81 and 1.10 %, the cost of compound feed decreased by 10 pcs. eggs, that was by 4.76 and 2.38 %, respectively. The profitability level of egg production in the II experimental group was higher compared with the control and I experimental groups by 3.83 and 5.16%, respectively.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the economic effect of foliar treatment with biostimulants: chitosan, vermicompost and vermicompost + nature-identical growth regulator on organic production of spring rape on organic production of spring rape. Two-years field trials were conducted using a block method with foliar treatment in 2 phenological phases (in rosette and flowering phase). The biological response of the culture at different doses of the biostimulators was investigated. The obtained primary results were used as input data for the construction of an economic-mathematical model for economic evaluation The treatment of spring rape with biostimulators has a positive effect on the yield of the crop. After that, a specific agricultural holding in the region is selected, which will serve as a model on which to construct the optimization model for evaluating the economic efficiency. In this farm, along with the intended crops in the production structure, spring canola is added - controls and treated with BS. The results are optimal after using chitosan in a dose of 500 mL daa-1 . The results of this research show the economic benefits of using biostimulants, which are extremely important for farmers. They are an alternative to the requirements of the European Union's Green Deal At the heart of the Green Deal is the Farm to Fork (F2F) and the ‘Biodiversity Strategy’ (BS) strategy, which was launched by the European Commission in May 2020 to achieve a fair, healthy and sustainable food system by 2030. Under the F2F strategy, there is a need to reduce reliance on pesticides and antimicrobials, reducing excess fertilization, increasing areas for organic farming, improving animal welfare and reducing biodiversity loss. With the announcement of the goals and intentions of the Green Deal and its manifestations in agriculture, preparations also began for preliminary assessments of the consequences and impact that it will have on the entire food chain and for its transposition into the Common Agricultural Policy. At the same time, science research on alternatives to traditional conventional technologies is increasing. The results of the studies also took into account a set of assumptions for simulations of farm incomes, production and product prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for electricity, driven by factors such as the shift to carbon neutrality and economic growth, is a challenge shared by South Korea and Japan. South Korea, a peninsula nation, and Japan, an island country, which are both heavily dependent on foreign energy sources and have manufacturing-based industrial structures, are actively working to secure stable power supplies for their economic development. This article carries out a quantitative analysis of the roles of the South Korean and Japanese electric power sectors (EPSs) in their respective economies, seeking to identify differences and generate actionable insights for decision making and policy formulation. Utilizing the input–output (IO) technique with the latest available data, the analysis includes a demand-side model, a supply-side model, and a price-side model to examine various effects of the EPSs. The key findings reveal differences in the production-inducing, value-added creation, and job-creation effects between the two countries, highlighting operational disparities in their electricity sectors. Additionally, South Korea exhibits higher wage-inducing, supply shortage, and price-side effects than Japan, because of its public enterprise-oriented high-wage structure and a substantial manufacturing sector. These quantitative results provide valuable reference material for future government decisions and policy development in the EPS and emphasize the significant role and impact of the power sector in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose technological principles for determining rational parameters of the supply chain in order to establish a balance between demand and supply for goods in the chain links under conditions of variable demand and optimisation of total costs for all cargo delivery participants, which will affect the final cost of goods to customers. For the experimental research of the supply chain functioning, the forecast values of demand were determined based on the study of demand trends. As a result of the research conducted using mathematical modelling, regularities of the influence of supply chain parameters on the total costs of delivery participants have been established and rational parameters of the supply chain for consumer goods customers in international connections have been determined, minimising additional costs and ensuring a minimum level of total costs. The positive results of the economic effect estimate demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.

This article discusses one of the ways to increase the economic efficiency of the Gazprom Transgaz Kazan Limited Liability Company (Gazprom Transgaz Kazan LLC) in the operation of gas heaters at a gas distribution station by replacing the gas heating unit. The advantages of the equipment «ISTOK-60» over PTPG-30 are described, the calculation of the economic effect from the introduction of new equipment is given. The object of the study is the process of operating gas heaters at the gas distribution station of OOO Gazprom Transgaz Kazan, the subject is a method for increasing the economic efficiency of gas heaters. As a result of the study, the expediency of replacing old equipment with new one is proved and the economic effect is calculated. The article also raises questions about the possibility of using the concept of «Lean production» in the process of gas distribution. One of the methods of lean manufacturing — SMED is proposed as the main one.

Production digitalisation is a significant factor in the development of mechanical engineering that triggers countries and regions’ economic growth. Implementing digital integration at industrial enterprises implies that production operations are linked through a corporate information system. The paper aims to develop and test a method for assessing the economic effect from digital integration at mechanical engineering enterprises. Methodologically, the study rests on the theories of production organisation and integration as well as the main postulates of the concept of industrial digitalisation. The study applies methods of econometric modelling. The evidence base is the information about the activities of one of the Ural macroregion’s largest mechanical engineering enterprise – Production Association “Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant named after E. S. Yalamov” (UOMZ). The paper systemitises ideas about the essence of the economic effect from digital integration. The case of the enterprise is used to identify the level of specific costs in this process and to forecast their changes depending on different factors using econometric modelling. The value of the findings consists in broadening the scientific and practical understanding of the economic effects brought about by industrial digitalisation.

In modern heavy-loaded friction units, various types of antifriction coatings are used on the surface of the bearing profile of the bearing sleeve to ensure high load-bearing capacity and increase the duration of the hydrodynamic regime, and consequently, the economic effect of sliding bearings. In the study, the creation and development of mathematical models of a radial sliding bearing with an antifriction polymer coating of the support surface containing a groove is carried out. The key role here is played by the method of analytical forecasting, which determines the mechanism of friction and the conditions for its transition from boundary to liquid. The aim of the study is to develop a mathematical model of a radial sliding bearing with a polymer coating of the bearing sleeve bearing surface containing an axial groove to predict the economic effect. The objective of the study is to develop new mathematical models and analyze the movement of lubricant in the working gap of a radial sliding bearing, taking into account design features to predict the economic effect. The difference from the existing models of tribosystems with antifriction coatings is the presence of a groove, which ensures stable ascent of the shaft on the hydrodynamic wedge and reduces wear during start-up and run-outs, hence increasing the service life of tribosystems. Using the lubricant motion equation and the continuity equation, new mathematical models are obtained that take into account the design features of the bearing sleeve surface – polymer coating, groove width, rheological properties of the lubricant used. Based on the results of an experimental study on the AI 5018 friction machine, the economic efficiency of net discounted income was calculated on samples in the form of partial inserts. As a result of the research, new mathematical models for engineering calculations have been developed that allow predicting the efficiency, reliability and duration of the hydrodynamic lubrication regime, as well as determining the main tribotechnical parameters. Net discounted income based on the results of theoretical and experimental research is estimated at 0.36 million rubles per year.

The article discusses the concept of efficiency in the context of assessment system solutions and the methods used to measure it. Efficiency is defined as the ability to produce effects and achieve results, while effectiveness is understood as the outcome of certain actions. Efficiency theory is based on operations research and decision-making methods using mathematical models such as probability theory and machine learning techniques. The results of performance measurements can be used to solve a variety of practical problems related to unmanned aerial vehicles, including comparing similar systems, conducting operational assessments, and optimizing requirements. The paper also discusses the modification of flight control and planning models, where stochastic parameters that affect mission quality need to be considered. Societal effects, such as flight normality and safety, can be measured by direct assessment methods and statistical metrics. More generalized metrics can be used to assess flight safety by comparing the number of accidents and workload. Suggested methods include the use of mathematical models and integration techniques to assess flight safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The winter and spring varieties of peas (Pisum sativum) require careful study of the entire range of technological measures, including seeding rates, as the basis for optimal sowing density and the formation of phytocenose crops. This issue has not been resolved to date, not only in the context of agrobiological justification but also in everyday practice in Ukraine. This research was carried out in a field experiment in a three-way factorial experiment: factor “A” was the type of development – winter and spring; factor “B” was the variety – spring peas (Svit and Darunok Stepu) and winter peas (Moroz, Enduro and Baltrapp); and factor “C” was the seeding rate. According to the field studies, differences in the physiological and biochemical parameters of the P. sativum test culture characterised the photosynthetic activity of the plants, considering the type of development and variety. The winter varieties of P. sativum were characterised by a higher chlorophyll content (by 35–40%) compared to the spring varieties, which had an economic effect with an increase in the yield of dry biomass of the experimental crop and a decrease in seeding rates, with the formation and increase in grain yield by 14–18%. The intensity of chlorophyll in the process was not a determining factor in the accumulation of organic biomass. The extensive nature of the integration complex was noted (the amount of chlorophyll – the amount of biomass). At the optimal seeding rate, a certain specificity was observed in different types of P. sativum: for spring varieties, the sufficient rate was 0.9 million seeds/ha, and for winter varieties, it was 0.7 million seeds/ha. For varieties with a low productivity level (spring – Svit and winter – Moroz), the optimum sowing rate was around 0.7 million seeds/ha. The increase in the seeding rate was accompanied by a decrease in the content of various chlorophyll fractions from 10–12% to 20–26%.

This paper presents an analysis of existing methods and models designed to solve the problem of planning the distribution of financial flows in the operational management cycle of the enterprise; it also offers tools for process management of enterprise financial flows based on the method of dynamic programming, which allows for determining the optimal combination of factors affecting the financial flow of the enterprise, taking into account existing restrictions on changes in the influencing parameters of the model. The current study develops an innovative model that maximizes the economic efficiency of investment in the sale of food products through retail chains and the practical implementation of the developed model based on the data from the financial reports of LLC "Kraft Heinz Vostok". The theoretical and methodological basis of the research includes the works of Russian and foreign experts in the fields of methodology of economic and mathematical modeling and decision-making, dynamic programming, system analysis, information approach to the analysis of systems, process management of enterprise financial flows, and human resource management. The author's methodology makes it possible to increase the company's profitability in key clients and categories in the range of 4 to 6 million dollars and to increase the return on investment by 10–17%. The scientifically innovative aim is to develop a toolkit for process management of enterprise financial flows, characterized by a systematic combination of methods of dynamic programming, social financial technologies, and economic evaluation of investments, which allows for the creation of mechanisms for managing the development of enterprises of all organizational and legal forms and the development of model projects of decision support systems with the prospects of their incorporation into existing information and analytical systems. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-03-017 Full Text: PDF

The livestock sector plays a crucial role in sustaining the livelihoods of millions of families across the world, especially in developing countries. However, farming households that rely on agriculture and livestock are particularly susceptible to the impacts of various infectious diseases and natural disasters. This study focuses on estimating the economic burden imposed on households by lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Pakistan and explores the effect of various socioeconomic factors on mortality ratio. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey from 406 farmers and were analyzed through descriptive statistics to calculate the monetary losses. In addition, the study employed fractional probit regression to identify factors affecting mortality ratio. The results demonstrate significant economic impacts of LSD on farm households in Pakistan, leading to direct and indirect losses and reduced milk productivity. Exotic cows were found to be more susceptible to mortality compared to indigenous cows. The study also found that farmers’ education, experience, household income per month, vaccination, domestic-commercial, commercial animals, and access to information were negatively associated with mortality. The findings of this study emphasize the need for preventative measures such as affordable vaccines, treatment, and improved livestock health and welfare to mitigate the negative effects of LSD on farmers’ income and the local economy.

With the growing problem of climate change, the sustainable growth of human society is confronting a more serious challenge. The carbon emission trading market is not only a typical practice of applying the Coase Theorem to solving the problem of environmental externalities, but also an important policy tool for China to address climate change and achieve its goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality. From the commencement of the carbon emission trading pilot project in 2011 to the launch of the national carbon market in 2021, policymakers and academics have been concerned about the policy impacts of China's carbon markets. This paper carries out a review of the latest literature on the evaluation of the policy effects of China's carbon markets from the dimensions of environment, economy, and innovation. This paper finds that: ① In terms of the environmental effect, China's carbon markets not only promote carbon emission reduction at the macro, meso, and micro levels, but also produce collaborative emission reduction effects on other pollutants such as haze. ② In terms of the economic effect, China's carbon markets exert a positive impact on green development, energy efficiency, and business performance, and play a positive role in promoting industrial structure upgrading, employment, and income distribution. ③ In terms of the innovation effect, China's carbon market can encourage enterprises to increase investment in innovation and promote the quantity and quality of green technological innovation. Finally, this paper summarizes the shortcomings of the existing research from three aspects: research perspective, research content, and research conclusion, and looks forward to the possible direction of future research. This paper believes that, based on the Chinese scenario, future research can expand the perspective to the welfare effects of carbon markets, pay more attention to the spillover effects of carbon markets between regions and industries, and clarify the intrinsic correlation between the institutional design and the policy effects of carbon markets in the context of the differentiated institutional design of China's carbon emission trading pilots, in order to provide guidelines for the institutional optimization of the national carbon market. Additionally, future research should standardize the research methodology of carbon market policy effect evaluation, so as to enhance the value of carbon market impact assessment research in the practice of constructing China's national carbon market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic effects of tourism industry during periods of crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have received significant attention in recent years. The future is likely to pose a range of new challenges and opportunities to sustainable tourism. This paper employs the Markov-switching vector autoregressions (MSVAR) model to investigate the sustainability of tourism's economic effects in Hong Kong, both during periods of crisis and in the absence of crises. The empirical results show that: (1) The MSVAR model is effective in capturing the nonlinear relationship between the economy and tourism and allows for the categorizing of this relationship into four regimes, for example, the "major event crises" regime and the "economic crises" regime; (2) The economic effects of tourism differ noticeably across the four different regimes, and sustainability varies depending on the presence and type of crisis; (3) The Hong Kong economy, and the tourism industry in particular, exhibits high levels of stability and sustainability. In short, economic growth in Hong Kong's tourism industry is capable of rapid recovery following major crisis events, and it has the capacity to rebound quickly into new periods of rapid growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the subject matter is conditioned by the existing difficulties of operating the wastewater treatment system of large modern cities and the need to make qualitative changes in the structure of their functioning. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the economic effect of restructuring the municipal wastewater treatment system in the city of San Francisco in the context of analysing the promising possibilities of applying this experience in Ukrainian realities. The basis of the methodological approach is a combination of methods of systematic analysis of the experience gained in San Francisco during the restructuring of the wastewater treatment system, with an analytical investigation of the factors influencing the assessment of the economic effect of the implementation of this event. The study revealed the need for comprehensive investment into the restructuring of the wastewater treatment system existing in a large modern city to obtain a sustainable economic effect from the implementation of such programmes and improve the quality of water use services provided to residents of modern Ukrainian cities. The results obtained and the conclusions formulated on their basis are of significant practical importance from the standpoint of prospects for improving the functioning of wastewater treatment facilities in large modern Ukrainian cities and stabilising the overall environmental situation in these cities, as well as obtaining a tangible economic effect from the modernisation of wastewater treatment systems to improve the quality of services provided to city residents

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the feasibility of an integrated approach to the implementation of measures for the restoration and modernization of housing stock and heat supply objects. On the conditional example of heat supply of a heated quarter (which means a small number of residential buildings to be heated, a local boiler room and local distribution heat networks), various modernization options are considered: separate thermal modernization of buildings, modernization of heating networks, modernization of the boiler room, and options for simultaneous modernization of all elements of the chain: production-supply-consumption of heat energy (complex modernization of the heated district). It is proved that precisely a comprehensive modernization, which involves a simultaneous production, coordinated in terms of time and volumes, supply and consumption of heat, is an effective instrument for improving efficiency in the sphere of heat supply and heat consumption. The complexity of modernization in this example involves thermal modernization of buildings in the heated district (with a decrease in heat consumption by 40%) with the simultaneous modernization of heat transmission networks (with a decrease in heat loss when supplied from 20% to 5%) and modernization of the boiler room (with an increase in the efficiency quotient of boiler equipment from 88% to 93%). The implementation of such a project is economically feasible for all participants: consumers reduce the cost of paying for heat supply services by 49%, and the supplier and producer of heat with a slight (up to 6%) increase in heating tariffs provide break-even activities and receive a larger investment resource in the form of a larger amount of depreciation. At the national level, the proposed mass complex modernization of heated districts can almost halve the consumption of natural gas by municipal heat and power engineering and to the same extent reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. In addition, it becomes possible to significantly reduce the amount of subsidies from the budget for the payment of housing and communal services by the population.

In modern conditions, cost minimisation for business entities is the main condition for existence in the market. One of the tools for such minimisation is outsourcing accounting. In addition to minimising costs, accounting outsourcing ensures the correctness of accounting, provides high-level advice, and protects against possible fines. The purpose of the study was to investigate accounting outsourcing as a tool for optimising the activities of entities in modern business conditions. The study applied methods of induction and deduction, cause-and-effect communication, tabular and graphic methods, description and concretisation, and logical generalisation. A single definition of the concept of accounting outsourcing was developed, which revealed the characteristic features of outsourcing. The SWOT analysis of accounting outsourcing services demonstrated accounting outsourcing as an effective tool for minimising costs. It is determined that all shortcomings and threats can be eliminated with careful selection of an outsourcer and signing a contract. The stages of accounting for accounting outsourcing consist in developing a document flow schedule that would ensure timely receipt of information for the customer and quality control of the services provided. A unified methodology for determining the economic effect of accounting outsourcing is proposed, which considers the disadvantages and advantages of existing methods, which would allow revealing the economic, organisational, and managerial aspects of outsourcing accounting. The main proposals received by the author based on the findings of the study can be used in accounting based on outsourcing. Further study of the problems of outsourcing as a tool for optimising the activities of enterprises in Ukraine should be directed to the development of laws and regulations to encourage companies to make managerial decisions regarding the use of accounting outsourcing

Introduction: Drought is one of the most important climate hazards that has social, economic and environmental effects. This phenomenon is a great threat to agriculture and development. Droughts occur every year in some parts of Iran and cause a lot of damage. As a result of the recent droughts, according to estimates, in Boyer Ahmad county, the area under water wheat cultivation in 2019 compared to 2012 has decreased by about 26%. Therefore, addressing the issue of drought seems inevitable. Materials and Methods: The purpose of this research is to know the effects of agricultural drought in the rural areas of Kabgian district of Boyer Ahmad county. The sample size was selected based on Bartlett's table of 180 people and data analysis was done by content analysis method and SPSS software and by factor analysis method. Findings: The results show that the factors of economic resilience, social resilience and infrastructural-management were identified as the most important and main factors of the economic, social and environmental effects of drought, respectively. Conclusion: The construction of small dams and floodgate is the main infrastructure factor in the opinion of the farmers of the study area to reduce the consequences of drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the problems of knowledge capitalization in the innovation economy paradigm. The modern globalized world is characterized by the commercialization of educational and scientific activities, the formation of educational ecosystems, as well as the capitalization of knowledge as a resource. The paper describes the theoretical basis of knowledge capitalization and defines the stages of the formation of academic capitalism. It is defined that the capitalization of knowledge is an increase, the maximization of the value of own and engaged intellectual assets, as a result of the increase in the influence of higher education institutions and scientific institutions on the scientific-technical and socio-economic development of society, and commercialization is the process of turning knowledge into a commodity. A system of statistical indicators of capitalization of knowledge within the economy has been established (expenditures on education; the number of patents; share of costs for scientific research and development; costs for innovative activities; share of innovative enterprises in the total number of enterprises; share of income from the sale of innovative products to the total volume of products sold ). The methodology for calculating the model of the change in GDP per capita has been developed, taking into account the indicators of knowledge capitalization, and the algorithm of necessary actions regarding its application has been described. The hypothesis about the impact of capitalization of knowledge on the economic development of the state, namely the change in macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP (gross domestic product) per capita, has been confirmed. The author’s formula for determining the coefficient of the economic effect from the capitalization of knowledge is proposed, which reflects the ratio of investments in knowledge-creating (innovative activity) to the income received from the implementation of an innovative product. Investments in knowledge-creating activities are the number of expenses for scientific research and development, so the innovative product is a patent, as a formalized unit of knowledge. The calculation of the coefficient of the economic effect of knowledge capitalization for Ukraine and the Republic of Poland was carried out, which clearly showed the expediency of implementing the knowledge capitalization experience of Poland and the need for a balanced internal policy to stimulate educational, scientific and innovative activities with the attraction of appropriate investments in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voucher markets where governments subsidise the consumers of public services to give them a free choice of service provider are implemented by public authorities as a means to reap the supposed benefits of competition and choice. Such voucher markets imply economic costs for the public authority in the form of transaction costs, e.g., for preparation of quality standards and information material as well as approval, coordination and supervision of providers. However, voucher markets may also affect the public authority's production costs through a competitive pressure for increased efficiency and/or by affecting the potential economies of scale for public service delivery. This article shows that in a voucher market without price competition voucher markets increase the public production costs of delivering home help services. Specifically, the larger the share of elderly persons who choose a private provider, the higher the public costs of delivering practical home help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the essence of Marxist consumer economy theory, this paper argues that the innovations of digital technology can effectively facilitate the integration of economies of scale, economies of scope, and long-tail economies. Through careful analysis of the practical case of Xiaomi's business ecosystem, this paper highlights the notion that data serve as both a key production factor and a critical consumption carrier within the context of digital consumption. We thoroughly investigated the influence of the digital economy on transforming consumption behavior among residents by analyzing a range of typical business cases and the latest data that triggered this transformation. Based on the analysis, this paper argues that such transformation can lead to the platform agglomeration effect, the inclusive diffusion effect, and the push-pull effect by highlighting the specific ways in which the digital economy disrupts the consumption-production model and contributes to the upgrading and transformation of traditional industries. Additionally, this paper demonstrates how the digital economy can expand and promote emerging business forms, providing insights into the ways in which digital innovation is reshaping the contemporary economic landscape. This study intends to provide several policy suggestions that can expand domestic demand, promote consumption, drive the high-quality and integrated development of China's digital and real economy, and position China as a strong cyber and consumer nation by using digitalized consumption as a starting point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading threat to the population health in the Russian Federation (RF), ranking first in the mortality structure. Demonstration of the economic impact of CVD is a rationale for investing in prevention and treatment. The economic damage caused by CVD in 2016 in the RF amounted to RUB 2,7 trillion, which is equivalent to 3,2% of gross domestic product (GDP). In the structure of damage by diseases, coronary artery disease occupies a leading position — RUB 1 trillion or 1,3% of GDP, while cerebrovascular diseases, stroke and myocardial infarction — RUB 560, 424 and 213,2 billion, respectively. Evaluation of cardiovascular prevention measures is not an easy task because the effect develops over a significant period of time. At the same time, various processes can affect the effect. The RF analysis showed that the potential economic effect from anti-tobacco and anti-alcohol measures, reducing salt consumption and increasing physical activity will be RUB 8,1 trillion in labor productivity increase over 15 years (equivalent to 7,8% of GDP in 2018), with most of the effect from the prevention of CVD deaths. Analyzing the economic impact of CVDs, preventive and curative measures provide a rationale for investment and is an important step in making informed decisions.

The article examines the problems of knowledge capitalization in the innovation economy paradigm. The modern globalized world is characterized by the commercialization of educational and scientific activities, the formation of educational ecosystems, as well as the capitalization of knowledge as a resource. The paper describes the theoretical basis of knowledge capitalization and defines the stages of the formation of academic capitalism. It is defined that the capitalization of knowledge is an increase, the maximization of the value of own and engaged intellectual assets, as a result of the increase in the influence of higher education institutions and scientific institutions on the scientific-technical and socio-economic development of society, and commercialization is the process of turning knowledge into a commodity. A system of statistical indicators of capitalization of knowledge within the economy has been established (expenditures on education; the number of patents; share of costs for scientific research and development; costs for innovative activities; share of innovative enterprises in the total number of enterprises; share of income from the sale of innovative products to the total volume of products sold ). The methodology for calculating the model of the change in GDP per capita has been developed, taking into account the indicators of knowledge capitalization, and the algorithm of necessary actions regarding its application has been described. The hypothesis about the impact of capitalization of knowledge on the economic development of the state, namely the change in macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP (gross domestic product) per capita, has been confirmed. The author’s formula for determining the coefficient of the economic effect from the capitalization of knowledge is proposed, which reflects the ratio of investments in knowledge-creating (innovative activity) to the income received from the implementation of an innovative product. Investments in knowledge-creating activities are the number of expenses for scientific research and development, so the innovative product is a patent, as a formalized unit of knowledge. The calculation of the coefficient of the economic effect of knowledge capitalization for Ukraine and the Republic of Poland was carried out, which clearly showed the expediency of implementing the knowledge capitalization experience of Poland and the need for a balanced internal policy to stimulate educational, scientific and innovative activities with the attraction of appropriate investments in Ukraine.