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Objective: Dental implants are a considerable financial burden for elderly people and their caregivers. This study aimed to calculate the estimated economic costs of dental implants on the Korean older population. Materials and Methods: The economic costs of dental implants for adults aged 75 years and older were estimated from a societal perspective, considering both direct and indirect expenditures. We used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service for the period 2015–2018 to estimate the medical costs. Noninsured medical costs were estimated from research on medical expenses by the National Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Indirect costs related to transportation fees and time loss were obtained. The Cochran Armitage trend test was performed to examine the trend of the economic burden of dental implants. Results: The estimated economic costs showed from 2015 to 2018 (total costs: $26.54–55.66 million, total costs after discount: $17.11–39.56 million). Direct costs, including insured and noninsured medical costs, represented from $25.81 to $47.03 million. Indirect costs, including transportation and time costs, ranged from $0.73 to $1.63 million. The impact of the total dental implant costs was 0.0018%–0.0034% of the Korean annual gross domestic product and 1.03%–1.59% of the annual total costs of dental care benefits. Conclusions: The estimated economic burden of dental implants significantly increased from 2015 to 2018 in older South Korean adults. These results will provide a foundation and guidance for further health economic studies on the burden of dental implants in the elderly population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aviation communication is significant for the safe, efficient, and orderly operation of air traffic. The aviation industry relies on a sophisticated network to maintain air‐ground communications. However, space weather events can disrupt the ionosphere conditions and damage satellites, leading to High‐Frequency (HF) communication blackouts and satellite communication failures. These disruptions can jeopardize flight safety, especially for flights over polar regions. In response, strategies such as cancellations, rescheduling, or rerouting to lower latitudes may be necessary, despite the low flight efficiency and substantial financial losses. With the background of the anticipated solar maximum in 2025 and a growing number of polar flights, it is indispensable to have a comprehensive understanding of the space weather effects on aviation communication and develop constructive strategies from an Air Traffic Management (ATM) perspective. Hence, we simulate scenarios with different durations of communication failures and assess the corresponding economic losses. Based on the data derived from historical polar flights in 2019, there are daily 18 polar flights with trajectories crossing the north polar region higher than 82°N. Simulation results show that the economic losses associated with these polar flights can range from €0.03 million to €1.32 million, depending on both the duration of communication failures and the adopted air traffic management strategies. We believe that this study can shed light on the effects of space weather‐induced communication failures on polar flight operations and provide guidance for mitigating these effects in the aviation industry. Plain Language Summary: Effective communication is compulsory in aviation operations, with Very High Frequency (VHF) being the primary mode of communication between aircraft and ground stations. High Frequency (HF) communication and satellite communications come into play when aircraft traverse in the north polar region higher than 82°N. However, both forms of communication may experience failures due to changes in ionospheric conditions and degraded satellite performances caused by space weather. As a result, the routine operations of polar flights will be disrupted. To mitigate this, we propose targeted Air Traffic Management (ATM) strategies such as flight cancellations, rescheduling, and rerouting. In 2019, an average of 18 polar flights per day crossed the North Polar region at latitudes exceeding 82°N. Based on simulations of communication failure durations, the economic losses associated with these polar flights would vary from €0.03 million to €1.32 million. We hope this study can be a foundational reference for the aviation industry making decisions in response to communication failures caused by space weather. Key Points: Simulations are conducted to explore the impact of space weather‐caused communication failures on polar flightsAir traffic management strategies are proposed in response to communication failures north of 82°Economic losses from communication failures on polar flights are estimated according to different air traffic management strategies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of statistical acceptance control of reliability of complex space technology systems in a two-level hierarchical structure is considered: in the production of space technology products that make up the hierarchical system of space technology, and in the production of the system as a whole. A mathematical model and algorithm for determining optimal reliability control plans in this structure have been developed. Control plans are interrelated and optimal in terms of minimizing the target functions of the economic costs of control and losses associated with the risks of making erroneous decisions, which are truncated. The model and algorithm make it possible to take into account the results of reliability control of the products that make up the system when planning optimal reliability control of the system as a whole, which will reduce the economic costs of control and losses when confirming the high requirements for reliability of complex space technology systems in conditions of lack of statistical information.

Not only is gender-based violence (GBV) pervasive in South Africa, but it is also acknowledged as a worldwide scourge that impacts people of all ages and genders. Nonetheless, data and most GBV cases show that women and children are particularly susceptible compared to males and boys. In addition to violating the basic rights and dignity of victims, GBV puts their lives in danger and puts a financial strain on the South African economy. This led to this literature evaluation to investigate the costs related to GBV as well as the costs of response and prevention in South Africa. The study procured secondary data from numerous sources retrieved from academic databases (such as Google Scholar, Researchgate, etc.) and employed qualitative content analysis to scrutinise the data gathered from the collection of literature. Notably, the paper used qualitative approaches to support or refute claims and arguments made by many experts about GBV and the economy. The findings revealed that GBV depletes women’s energy, jeopardises their emotional and physical well-being, and undermines their sense of self recommend. The study further revealed that, in addition to the physical, sexual and mental impairment caused by GBV, there is also an economic loss owing to GBV that needs to be explored by relevant bodies and scholars. The study recommended strategies to lower the rising financial losses caused by GBV. The study further suggests reducing existing spending in response to GBV. The study also recommended more investment in preventative measures than reactive spending. This study contributes to the literature on the impact of GBV on the economy of South Africa.

This paper examines the short- and potential long-term economic costs and benefits to Israel from its war with Hamas and Hezbollah that began in October 2023. As of October 2024, Israel’s economy has not returned to its pre-war level of output, and Israel’s government’s debt is increasing to pay for the war. The long run effect of the war will depend on its outcome, but there is potential for a very negative economic effect since the war might cause or contribute to a brain drain of young and talented Israelis. Israel is very vulnerable to a brain drain since it has many high-tech workers who have a comparatively easier time in re-locating to new countries than other workers since with their skills, they should be able to find well-paying jobs in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Musculoskeletal injuries are noticeably high among the nursing fraternity, with lower back pain (LBP) being the most prevalent. Therefore, this study aimed to map evidence on the burden of occupational musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) among nurses in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods: This scoping review was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's framework. We conducted a comprehensive literature search with no date limit from the following databases: Science Direct, PubMed, Sabinet (SA ePublications), EBSCOhost platform, World Health Organization (WHO) Library, Google Scholar, SCOPUS, Taylor and Francis, and WorldCat Academic Search with full text for published studies. The search took place from May 2022 to December 2022. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used for reporting the search results, and a thematic content analysis was used to present the emerging themes from the included studies. Results: A total of 16,714 studies were identified after the database search. Only 29 studies met the inclusion criteria after full-article screening and were included for data extraction. The studies reported a total of 6343 participants from different regions in SSA. The 29 included studies showed evidence on the prevalence of MSD, associated risk factors of MSD and LBP among nurses in SSA with some recommendations on how to reduce the prevalence of MSD among nurses. Conclusion: The study findings reveal that there is a high prevalence of MSD among nurses, especially LBP. The etiology of MSD among nurses is multifactorial, and multifaceted strategies to address MSD are recommended. Further research is recommended to explore strategies that can be used to curb the high prevalence of MSD among nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The change in prevalence and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) led to changes in outcomes and costs. We aimed to assess current clinical outcomes, resource utilisation, and costs in COPD. Methods: Retrospective, observational study of a cohort of consecutive COPD patients who visited the emergency department (ED) of a large tertiary hospital in 2018. The study measured baseline characteristics, 30-day and 1-year mortality, readmission, re-ED visit rates, and costs using the Clinical Outcomes, HEalthcare REsource utilisatioN, and relaTed costs (COHERENT) model, validated for heart failure. This model, featuring a colour graphic system, tracks time spent in different clinical situations (home, ED, hospital), considering vital status, healthcare resource use, and related costs. Results: In 2018, 2,384 patients with a primary COPD diagnosis visited the ED. The average age was 76 years, with 40% women. Observed mortality rates were 7.6% in-hospital, 8.5% at 30 days, and 23.4% at 1 year. The readmission rates were 9.9% and 36.1%, respectively. The cohort’s 1-year cost was approximately EUR 14.6 million (USD 15.95 million), with a median cost per patient of EUR 3,298 (USD 3,603.96). Hospitalisation incurred the highest costs, with initial hospitalisation and readmissions accounting for 44.7% and 42.6% of expenditures, respectively. Conclusion: One-year mortality and readmission rates for patients with COPD visiting the ED remain high with a significant economic impact on the health system. This burden justifies special programs to improve their care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the financial costs and savings of a community-based intergenerational volunteer program (i.e. Snow-buddies) that pairs youth with older adults for snow removal. From March 2020 to May 2023, Snow-buddies completed 106 volunteer-matches and 486 snow removal events. Using a sequential exploratory mixed-method design, 14 semi-structured interviews were conducted with youth volunteers and older adults. The majority of participants revealed minimal out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses and time/productivity losses for snow removal. Increased mobility, fall prevention, and social connections were perceived benefits of the program. A survey (n = 55, 52% of matched participants) reported an average CAD$123 OOP spending per snow removal event. Applying the rate of fall injuries among older adults due to snow, an estimated 1.12 fall injuries per 486 person-events were prevented translating into a total of $81,398 financial savings from averted hospitalization (i.e. a benefit–cost ratio of ~$662 for every dollar spent on snow removal). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aviation communication is significant for the safe, efficient, and orderly operation of air traffic. The aviation industry relies on a sophisticated network to maintain air‐ground communications. However, space weather events can disrupt the ionosphere conditions and damage satellites, leading to High‐Frequency (HF) communication blackouts and satellite communication failures. These disruptions can jeopardize flight safety, especially for flights over polar regions. In response, strategies such as cancellations, rescheduling, or rerouting to lower latitudes may be necessary, despite the low flight efficiency and substantial financial losses. With the background of the anticipated solar maximum in 2025 and a growing number of polar flights, it is indispensable to have a comprehensive understanding of the space weather effects on aviation communication and develop constructive strategies from an Air Traffic Management (ATM) perspective. Hence, we simulate scenarios with different durations of communication failures and assess the corresponding economic losses. Based on the data derived from historical polar flights in 2019, there are daily 18 polar flights with trajectories crossing the north polar region higher than 82°N. Simulation results show that the economic losses associated with these polar flights can range from €0.03 million to €1.32 million, depending on both the duration of communication failures and the adopted air traffic management strategies. We believe that this study can shed light on the effects of space weather‐induced communication failures on polar flight operations and provide guidance for mitigating these effects in the aviation industry.

Objective: Currently, there is a paucity of up-to-date estimates of the economic burden caused by mental disorders. Such information could provide vital insight into one of the most serious and costly—yet to some extent preventable—health challenges facing the world today. Method: Data from a national psychiatric-epidemiological cohort study (NEMESIS-2, N = 6506) were used to provide reliable, relevant, and up-to-date cost estimates (in 2019 Euro) regarding healthcare costs, productivity losses, and patient and family costs associated with DSM-IV mental disorders both at individual level, but also in the general population and in the workforce of the Netherlands (per 1 million population). Results: In the general population, the costs of mood disorders, specifically depression, are substantial and rank above those from the anxiety disorders, whilst costs of anxiety disorders are more substantial than those stemming from substance use disorders, even when the per-person costs of drug abuse appear highest of all. In the workforce, specific and social phobias are leading causes of excess costs. The workforce has lower healthcare costs but higher productivity costs than general population. Discussion: The findings suggest that (preventive) healthcare interventions targeting the workforce are likely to become cost-effective and underscore the importance for employers to create healthy work environments. Overall, the results highlight the need to strengthen the role of mental health promotion and prevention of mental disorders in the social domain before people require treatment to reduce the staggering and costly burden caused by mental disorders to individuals and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celiac disease (CeD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of global relevance, with the potential for acute and long-term complications. However, the economic burden of CeD is rarely considered and largely thought of as limited to the cost of gluten-free food. Fortunately, recent research has shed light on the various societal costs of CeD across the health care continuum. This article summarizes the current evidence on the economic impacts of CeD, which suggest that the societal economic burden of CeD stretches beyond the cost of gluten-free food. This review provides ample evidence of larger but hidden costs related to excess health care use for complications and comorbidities, as well as reduced productivity. Although significant advances are expected in the management of CeD, their effect on the economic burden of CeD remain uncertain. The aim of this review was to inform stakeholders across society and contribute to improved policies to support patients with CeD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant increase in the number of mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and PTSD, leading to higher treatment costs and placing a burden on social insurance systems. The aim of this literature review was to examine the economic costs of the pandemic related to mental health and assess its impact on social insurance systems. The review also analyzed the growing demand for mental health services during different phases of the pandemic. The methodology included an analysis of scientific literature from 2020-2023, with sources from databases like PubMed, Scopus, and JSTOR. The focus was on studies that provided a detailed examination of the economic aspects of the pandemic in the context of mental health, including both direct costs (consultations, medications) and indirect costs (reduced productivity, work absences). The findings indicate significant economic burdens for both healthcare and social insurance systems. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the cost of treating mental health disorders globally. Both WHO and OECD highlight that global indirect costs related to lost productivity amount to approximately $1 trillion annually. Additionally, the pandemic exposed weaknesses in social insurance systems, which need to be reformed to address new health challenges. Key conclusions emphasize the need for further investment in mental health care, particularly in prevention and early intervention. Such investments could lead to significant economic savings by reducing treatment costs and improving productivity. Reforming social insurance systems is also recommended to better accommodate the needs of individuals suffering from mental health disorders.

This editorial discusses the issue of air pollution and its impact on public health and economic costs. The World Health Organization recognizes air pollution as a major environmental health risk, causing millions of premature deaths each year. The editorial highlights 17 articles that provide valuable insights into the interdisciplinary aspects of air pollution and offer innovative research and findings. The research emphasizes the importance of understanding the sources and impacts of air pollution to develop effective strategies for mitigation and improve public health and well-being. It also explores the relationship between economic growth, industrial pollution, and environmental degradation, particularly in China. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of air pollution and provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners. The document concludes by discussing the health consequences of air pollution, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and the need for region-specific considerations in air quality management. Additionally, the article summarizes various studies on the impact of air pollution on human health, including its association with metabolic syndrome, negative effects on semen quality, and liver cancer risk. It also discusses the economic and welfare costs of air pollution and the effectiveness of air quality improvement strategies. The research emphasizes the need for effective policies to mitigate the adverse health effects of air pollution and the importance of incorporating health risks into environmental policies. [Extracted from the article]

Biological invasions have profound impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and services, resulting in substantial economic and health costs estimated in the trillions of dollars. Preventing and managing biological invasions are vital for sustainable development, aligning with the goals of the United Nations Biodiversity Conference. However, some invasive species also offer occasional benefits, leading to divergent perceptions among stakeholders and sectors. Claims that invasion science overlooks positive contributions threaten to hinder proper impact assessment and undermine management. Quantitatively balancing benefits and costs is misleading, because they coexist without offsetting each other. Any benefits also come at a price, affecting communities and regions differently over time. An integrated approach considering both costs and benefits is necessary for understanding and effective management of biological invasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the costs of using banana peel (BP) and sweet potato vine (SPV) in rabbit diets. BP and SPV were chosen to replace maize and alfalfa hay, because, in addition to the ingredients having similar nutritional characteristics, they are among the most expensive ingredients in rabbit diets. Data were obtained through a biological assay carried out in the Cuniculture Laboratory of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Fifty New Zealand white rabbits, weaned at 35 days of age, were fed during the growth phase (35 to 84 days) with increasing levels of BP and SPV, replacing maize and alfalfa hay (T0, T25, T50, T75 and T100% replacement). A diet containing 100% replacement (T100) had the lowest cost per kilogram, which was R$ 1.18/kg, while the controlled diet was 57% more expensive, costing R$ 2.08/kg. The total operating cost to produce a rabbit with control treatment was R$10.93/head and at T100, it was R$6.51/head. The animal income for a live rabbit was R$ 24.08 and R$ 23.95 in treatments T0 and T100, respectively. Regarding the gain margin per animal (GMA), in TO it was R$ 13.16 while in T100 it was R$ 17.44, therefore the GMA was 32.55% higher when using the T100 diet. In conclusion, it is more economical and feasible to feed rabbits with diets containing 100% BP and SPV, replacing maize and alfalfa hay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In any industry related to the construction of buildings and structures we have heard about the need to assess the technical condition of various objects to assess and analyze the risks associated with the possible collapse of buildings (structures), loss of life and high costs to eliminate these consequences. Since many objects fail over time, and in general to determine the wear and tear and the possible term of further safe operation, it is necessary to conduct a technical survey. The article describes the principle of operation of thermal imaging devices for determining the reliability of building structures in residential premises, and also raises problems, the solution of which can simplify the use of thermal imaging devices in the inspection of buildings and structures and reduce the economic costs of damage compensation in case of timely detection and elimination of any defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives/Methods: Atopic dermatitis (AD) impacts various aspects of patients’ lives including personal life, psychological aspects/disturbances (e.g., depression, anxiety, or even suicidal thoughts), school, and work-related activities, including career advancement. The aim of this narrative review is to present the latest information available on how to best approach AD patient management, as well as decisions regarding standard/advanced systemic therapy, by gathering evidence from the relevant medical literature (PubMed and other prominent medical databases). Results: Thus, AD patient management and decisions regarding advanced/systemic therapy are complex, requiring the consideration of multiple disease-related factors: age; disease severity; patient medical history and comorbidities; previous topical therapy use and any adverse reactions; treatment efficacy concerns; patient preferences, expectations and fears; pregnancy planning; ability and willingness to adhere to the treatment regimen; impact on related risks; and any associated psychological or psychiatric issues. Current guidelines and systematic reviews support the safety and efficacy of systemic therapy including conventional drugs (cyclosporine, methotrexate, and azathioprine), biologics (dupilumab and tralokinumab), and JAK inhibitors (baricitinib, upadacitinib, and abrocitinib) recommended for treating moderate and severe AD. Recently, additional biologics have been evaluated in clinical trials, including lebrikizumab, nemolizumab, eblasakimab, and OX40/OX40L, among others. Conclusions: The most recently suggested approach to treating AD patients suggests focusing on therapy that targets and achieves minimal disease activity (MDA), where therapy decisions are informed by both the patient and the clinician. Available data also indicate the importance of a personalized, stepwise, and multidisciplinary approach. This type of approach promotes patient compliance, satisfaction with therapy, and increased engagement, which all lead to better patient outcomes.

The alcohol hangover is defined as the combination of negative mental and physical symptoms that can be experienced after a single episode of alcohol consumption, starting when the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) approaches zero. Alcohol hangover symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, and headache can negatively affect daily activities, including work performance. The alcohol hangover can therefore be a cause of both absenteeism (not going to work) and presenteeism (going to work while hungover). An online survey among a convenience sample of n = 347 Dutch adults examined the number of days of absenteeism and presenteeism associated with having a hangover as well as the loss of productivity when going to work when hungover during the year 2019. In the Dutch sample, 8.1% of employees reported one or more days of absenteeism due to hangover in 2019, and 33.4% reported one or more days of presenteeism. The analyses revealed that alcohol hangover was associated with 0.2 days of absenteeism and 8.3 days of presenteeism and a productivity loss of 24.9% on days worked with a hangover. The estimated associated costs for the Dutch economy in 2019 of absenteeism (EUR 234,538,460) and presenteeism (EUR 2,423,603,184) total EUR 2,658,141,644. In conclusion, the alcohol hangover is associated with absenteeism, presenteeism, and reduced performance at work while hungover. As such, the annual costs of the alcohol hangover have a significant impact on the Dutch economy. However, these first findings on the economic costs of the alcohol hangover should be considered a rough estimate. They should be verified in a longitudinal study to minimize recall bias, including a nationally representative sample of sufficient sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present real-world analysis aims to compare the drug utilization, hospitalizations and direct healthcare costs related to the use of single-pill combination (SPC) or free-equivalent combination (FEC) of perindopril and bisoprolol (PER/BIS) in a large Italian population. Methods: This observational retrospective analysis was based on administrative databases covering approximately 7 million subjects across Italy. All adult subjects receiving PER/BIS as SPC or FEC between January 2017–June 2020 were included. Subjects were followed for 1 year after the first prescription of PER/BIS as FEC (± 1 month) or SPC. Before comparing the SPC and FEC cohorts, propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to balance the baseline characteristics. Drug utilization was investigated as adherence (defined by the proportion of days covered, PDC) and persistence (evaluated by Kaplan-Meier curves). Hospitalizations and mean annual direct healthcare costs (due to drug prescriptions, hospitalizations and use of outpatient services) were analyzed during follow-up. Results: The original cohort included 11,440 and 6521 patients taking the SPC and FEC PER/BIS combination, respectively. After PSM, two balanced SPC and FEC cohorts of 4688 patients were obtained (mean age 70 years, approximately 50% male, 24% in secondary prevention). The proportion of adherent patients (PDC ≥ 80%) was higher for those on SPC (45.5%) than those on FEC (38.6%), p < 0.001. The PER/BIS combination was discontinued by 35.8% of patients in the SPC cohort and 41.7% in the FEC cohort (p < 0.001). The SPC cohort had fewer cardiovascular (CV) hospitalizations (5.3%) than the free-combination cohort (7.4%), p < 0.001. Mean annual total healthcare costs were lower in the SPC (1999€) than in the FEC (2359€) cohort (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In a real-world setting, patients treated with PER/BIS SPC showed higher adherence, lower risk of drug discontinuation, reduced risk of CV hospitalization, and lower healthcare costs than those on FEC of the same drugs. Plain Language Summary: Patients with cardiovascular conditions often need to take many pills. This may result in patients not taking their pills as prescribed (i.e., low adherence) and compromise the potential benefits derived from prescription of cardiovascular protective drugs. Simplifying treatment by combining drugs into a single pill can improve adherence and, consequently, patient outcomes. In this analysis using data from real clinical practice, we explored whether using a single pill of perindopril and bisoprolol is associated with higher levels of adherence, lower proportion of patients with hospitalizations and lower economic costs than using the same drugs prescribed as free-equivalent combination in a large sample of the Italian population of approximately 7 million people. We identified two groups of patients taking single pill or free-equivalent combination of perindopril and bisoprolol (4688 patients in each cohort). Over 1-year follow-up, patients taking single pill were more likely to be adherent and were less likely to stop taking their treatment. They also had fewer cardiovascular hospitalizations with shorter hospital admission and had lower healthcare direct costs. In conclusion, simplifying treatment by combining perindopril and bisoprolol in a single pill instead of two may have a positive effect on adherence, outcomes and healthcare costs already after 1 year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe dementia experience is not a monolithic phenomenon-and while core elements of dementia are considered universal-people living with dementia experience the disorder differently. Understanding the patterning of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) in the population with regards to incidence, risk factors, impacts on dementia care, and economic costs associated with ADRD can provide clues to target risk and protective factors for all populations as well as addressing health disparities.MethodsWe discuss information presented at the 2020 National Research Summit on Care, Services, and Supports for Persons with Dementia and Their Caregivers, Theme 1: Impact of Dementia. In this article, we describe select population trends, care interventions, and economic impacts, health disparities and implications for future research from the perspective of our diverse panel comprised of academic stakeholders, and persons living with dementia, and care partners.ResultsDementia incidence is decreasing yet the advances in population health are uneven. Studies examining the educational, geographic and race/ethnic distribution of ADRD have identified clear disparities. Disparities in health and healthcare may be amplified by significant gaps in the evidence base for pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The economic costs for persons living with dementia and the value of family care partners' time are high, and may persist into future generations.ConclusionsSignificant research gaps remain. Ensuring that ADRD healthcare services and long-term care services and supports are accessible, affordable, and effective for all segments of our population is essential for health equity. Policy-level interventions are in short supply to redress broad unmet needs and systemic sources of disparities. Whole of society challenges demand research producing whole of society solutions. The urgency, complexity, and scale merit a "whole of government" approach involving collaboration across numerous federal agencies.

Abstract Background Few studies have examined the economic costs of outpatient care for eating disorders in Japan. This study aimed to clarify the reimbursement for outpatient treatment of eating disorders and compare the costs between the departments of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychiatry in Japan. Method A multicenter, prospective, observational study of patients with an eating disorder was conducted in the Psychosomatic Medicine departments of three centers and the Psychiatry departments of another three centers in Japan. We analyzed medical reimbursement for an outpatient revisit, time of clinical interviews, and the treatment outcome measured by the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) global scores and body mass index (BMI) at 3 months. Multivariate linear regression models were performed to adjust for covariates. Results This study included 188 patients in the Psychosomatic Medicine departments and 68 in the Psychiatry departments. The average reimbursement cost for an outpatient revisit was 4670 yen. Even after controlling for covariates, the Psychosomatic Medicine departments had lower reimbursement points per minute of interviews than the Psychiatry departments (coefficient = − 23.86; 95% confidence interval = − 32.09 to − 15.63; P

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the health impacts and economic costs of implementing the scenarios of decommissioning end-of-life cars and motorcycles and equipping buses with soot filters in Tehran, one of the largest cities in the Middle East, over a period of ten years (2017-2026) using the AIRQ+ model. Materials and methods: To start, the emission weights of Particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from the vehicles mentioned in the scenarios were extracted from the Comprehensive National Action Plan for Reducing Air Pollution. Then the concentrations of PM2.5 were calculated using AERMOD. Finally, the AIRQ+ model was used to calculate the health effects of the scenarios over ten years. Results: The results indicated that implementing the total of three scenarios during ten years led to a reduction in mortality rates due to all causes, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), lung cancer, Acute Lower Respiratory tract Infection (ALRI), Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), and stroke by 14.89%, 6.16%, 31.51%, 19.5%, 16.5%, and 17.38%, respectively. In addition, decommissioning end-oflife cars and motorcycles separately led to a 6.75% and 6.53% reduction in deaths from all causes, 2.54% and 2.46% from COPD, 18.40% and 18.01% from lung cancer, 11.16% and 11% from ALRI, 12.82% and 12.69% from IHD, and 12.12% and 12.96% from stroke. Conclusion: The results indicate that the implementation of these scenarios during ten years has positive effects on reducing deaths attributed by PM2.5 particles, but due to population growth, it has no effect on reducing economic costs.

Background and Aims: This study aimed to update the epidemiology, clinical, and economic outcomes of patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection in Taiwan. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study using claims data from the National Health Insurance Research Database. Cases were identified between 2010 and 2019 using CHB diagnosis codes and claims for alanine aminotransferase laboratory tests or CHB treatment within one year of the first CHB diagnosis. Patient characteristics, epidemiology, clinical, and economic outcomes were described. Results: A total of 730 154 CHB‐diagnosed cases were identified. The prevalence of diagnosed CHB increased from 1.13% in 2010 to 2.43% in 2019, with the highest occurring among those aged 55–64 years (4.76%) and 45–54 years (4.37%) and being higher in men (2.98%) than in women (2.21%). The majority of newly diagnosed CHB patients were 35 years of age or older (86.6%), with a median age of 49 years. After a median follow‐up period of 6.42 years, 12.5%, 7.9%, 2.8%, and 0.35% were diagnosed with cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver transplantation respectively. Among 456 706 incident CHB‐diagnosed patients, 17.4% had received at least one CHB medication, with the majority taking entecavir (67.9%). Patients with increasing disease severity had higher healthcare resource utilization, and inpatient costs accounted for 48.9%–65.5% of the overall medical cost in different health states. Conclusion: Despite the decreasing incidence of newly diagnosed CHB, the prevalence of diagnosed CHB remains high and poses a significant healthcare challenge owing to the high economic burden associated with the complications of CHB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women and girls is recognized as a human rights problem with little understanding of its ripple effects on the workplace. While the literature has attempted to understand the impacts of IPV on the workplace in high-income countries, relatively, literature on low and middle-income countries is very scant. Using primary survey data collected from 16,921 workers in 257 businesses in Ghana, South Sudan, Bolivia, and Paraguay, this is the largest ever study of its kind that highlights the invisible costs businesses incur due to IPV experienced by female employees. IPV's economic impact on labor productivity is based on tardiness, absenteeism, and presenteeism. Unlike the common perception that violence affects only the survivors, this study also estimates the effects on perpetrators. The results show that IPV exists in all the businesses surveyed, leading to enormous productivity losses due to both the experience and perpetration of IPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, most fire-related deaths and injuries occur in residential areas. The aim of this systematic review is to report on the economic costs of residential fires from a societal perspective. Five databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, EconLit, CINAHL, and Scopus) and grey literature were searched to identify studies that report economic or societal costs of residential fires with data from 1978 to 2021. There were no restrictions on study design. A narrative synthesis was undertaken based on the societal and economic costs reported for each included study. Seven studies from the United States, Canada, Australia, and Kuwait reported costs of residential fires. The costs of injuries and deaths were between USD 12 million and USD 5 billion, and between USD 75 million and USD 26 billion, respectively. The costs of treatment ranged from USD 0.3 million to USD 551 million, lost productivity from USD 12 million to USD 4 billion, and property damage from USD 8 million to USD 10 billion. This systematic review provides the most comprehensive evidence to date on the economic costs of residential fires. This study would offer insights into the effects of residential fires on diverse economic agents and aid in community fire prevention messaging and incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has one of the fastest growing adult populations with diabetes mellitus (DM). In 2018, approximately 1.4 million people in the UAE had DM, posing a significant societal cost burden. Owing to a lack in published research on the disease, the true extent of its effects may be unknown. Our study seeks to contribute to the DM literature by estimating its 2018 direct costs in the UAE. Methods: We used random sampling to estimate direct costs. A survey of 400 adults with types 1 and 2 DM captured patients' demographic data and history of medical services received. Direct complication costs were analyzed through a second survey involving 38 of the original 400 participants who experienced DM complications. We accompanied this qualitatively with structured interviews alongside medical consultants from Al Qassimi Hospital, Sharjah. Results: Direct types 1 and 2 DM costs amounted to approximately USD 4.16 billion, representing 23.25% of the UAE's total health expenditure and 1% of its gross domestic product in 2018. Total annual average direct costs per person amounted to USD 2968.98, 35.75% of which were related to hospitalization and complications, 23.26% to consultation, 16.11% to oral drugs, 9.94% to insulin drugs, 5.94% to DM devices, and 9.00% to other factors. Additionally, the average direct cost for type 1 DM (USD 7136.70) was almost 2.85 times higher than that of type 2 DM (USD 2505.90). Conclusion: Our findings can help address the economic implications of DM prevention and treatment in the UAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Economic analyses of healthcare interventions are an important consideration in evidence-based policymaking. A key component of such analyses is the costs of interventions, for which most are familiar with using budgets and expenditures. However, economic theory states that the true value of a good/service is the value of the next best alternative forgone as a result of using the resource and therefore observed prices or charges do not necessarily reflect the true economic value of resources. To address this, economic costs are a fundamental concept within (health) economics. Crucially, they are intended to reflect the resources’ opportunity costs (the forgone opportunity to use those resources for another purpose) and they are based on the value of the resource's next-best alternative use that has been forgone. This is a broader conceptualization of a resource’s value than its financial cost and recognizes that resources can have a value that may not be fully captured by their market price and that by using a resource it makes it unavailable for productive use elsewhere. Importantly, economic costs are preferred over financial costs for any health economic analyses aimed at informing decisions regarding the optimum allocation of the limited/competing resources available for healthcare (such as health economic evaluations), and they are also important when considering the replicability and sustainability of healthcare interventions. However, despite this, economic costs and the reasons why they are used is an area that can be misunderstood by professionals without an economic background. In this paper, we outline to a broader audience the principles behind economic costs and when and why they should be used within health economic analyses. We highlight that the difference between financial and economic costs and what adjustments are needed within cost calculations will be influenced by the context of the study, the perspective, and the objective.

Understanding mitigation ambitions of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) should include both the equity of supporting the Paris Agreement goals and the costs of achieving the proposed mitigation targets. This study presents a new framework that combines equity and economic costs to compare and analyze mitigation ambitions of Parties' updated NDCs. Under representative 2 °C and 1.5 °C pathways, this framework uses multiple equity-principled allocations to derive the alignment of the updated NDCs with the Paris Agreement goals, and further applies a computable general equilibrium model to assess the economic costs of implementing the updated NDCs. The results show that global 2030 emissions may meet the selected global 2 °C pathway if all Parties achieve their most ambitious mitigation efforts, but there is still an emissions gap of 10–15 GtCO2 to follow the selected 1.5 °C pathway. From the perspective of equity, the updated NDCs of the USA, the EU (including the UK in this study), and Japan lack ambition with respect to ‘equal cumulative per capita emissions’ under 2 °C and do not align with any equity principles under 1.5 °C. The updated NDCs of China, India, Brazil and South Africa reflect their claims to ‘equity’ and ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’. From the perspective of economic costs, the GDP and welfare losses of China, Brazil and South Africa incurred by achieving the updated NDCs are not lower than those of the three developed Parties. China's GDP loss is estimated at 0.43%–0.55% in 2030, which is higher than that of the USA (0.30%–0.38%) and the EU (0.25%–0.28%). This study suggests that developed Parties take the lead in further ratcheting up the NDCs and strengthen financial and technological support to developing countries so that the world could close the gap to 1.5 °C.

Abstract Background Emerging evidence suggests that structured and progressive exercise underpinned by a cognitive behavioural approach can improve functional outcomes in patients with neurogenic claudication (NC). However, evidence surrounding its economic benefits is lacking. Objectives To estimate the economic costs, health-related quality of life outcomes and cost-effectiveness of a physical and psychological group intervention (BOOST programme) versus best practice advice (BPA) in older adults with NC. Methods An economic evaluation was conducted based on data from a pragmatic, multicentre, superiority, randomised controlled trial. The base-case economic evaluation took the form of an intention-to-treat analysis conducted from a UK National Health Service (NHS) and personal social services (PSS) perspective and separately from a societal perspective. Costs (£ 2018–2019 prices) were collected prospectively over a 12 month follow-up period. A bivariate regression of costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), with multiple imputation of missing data, was conducted to estimate the incremental cost per QALY gained and the incremental net monetary benefit (INMB) of the BOOST programme in comparison to BPA. Sensitivity and pre-specified subgroup analyses explored uncertainty and heterogeneity in cost-effectiveness estimates. Results Participants (N = 435) were randomised to the BOOST programme (n = 292) or BPA (n = 143). Mean (standard error [SE]) NHS and PSS costs over 12 months were £1,974 (£118) in the BOOST arm versus £1,827 (£169) in the BPA arm (p = 0.474). Mean (SE) QALY estimates were 0.620 (0.009) versus 0.599 (0.006), respectively (p = 0.093). The probability that the BOOST programme is cost-effective ranged between 67 and 83% (NHS and PSS perspective) and 79–89% (societal perspective) at cost-effectiveness thresholds between £15,000 and £30,000 per QALY gained. INMBs ranged between £145 and £464 at similar cost-effectiveness thresholds. The cost-effectiveness results remained robust to sensitivity analyses. Conclusions The BOOST programme resulted in modest QALY gains over the 12 month follow-up period. Future studies with longer intervention and follow-up periods are needed to address uncertainty around the health-related quality of life impacts and cost-effectiveness of such programmes. Trial registration This study has been registered in the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number registry, reference number ISRCTN12698674. Registered on 10 November 2015.

Background: Integration of HIV care into family planning (FP) services would help in reducing unintended pregnancies among women living with HIV. Objectives: This study focuses on determining the health system cost for providing the linked HIV-FP services per beneficiary for the year 2019–2020. Materials and Methods: Using mixed micro-costing approach costs were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Maharashtra, India. The economic costs collected from gynaecology department and anti-retroviral treatment center were combined and added with package, program, and intervention costs to obtain health-system costs. We conducted probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Results: The unit cost and annual per-capita cost for providing HIV care (without considering cost of drugs and investigations) per beneficiary were INR 1033.8 (USD 13.6) and INR 9304.2 (USD 122.7), respectively. The unit cost was least for the outpatient services INR 197.5 (USD 2.6), followed by inpatient services INR 2735.92 (USD 36.21) and operation theater INR 4410 (USD 58.2). Cost was highest for dual-permanent (INR 13866.8 [USD 182.9]) followed by dual-reversible user (INR 2104.8 [USD 24.8]). It was the least for a person who only used condoms at INR 1674.1 (USD 22.1). In pregnancy-related services, cost for ante-natal services was least (INR 2043.6 [USD 27.96]), followed by vaginal delivery (INR 7120.5 [USD 93.93]), abortion (INR 11530.5 [USD 152.097]), and C-section (INR 18703.8 [USD 246.7]). Conclusion: We found no staggeringly additional costs for providing FP and pregnancy-related services to HIV-affected population, in comparison to general population. The findings could improve programs and insurance with a focus on this vulnerable population.

Introduction Infection is a devastating complication of joint replacement surgery and is associated with significant medical costs of treatment and rehabilitation. This review is based on the analysis of modern domestic and foreign literature and demonstrates the problem of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and surgical treatment options for PJI, as well as economic costs in different countries. Currently, two-stage revision arthroplasty is the most used treatment method in the world. At the same time, the number of publications on the effectiveness of one-stage revision arthroplasty in PJI has been increasing every year. Purpose Analysis of the clinical and economic efficiency of one- and two-stage revision arthroplasty interventions for suppression of the purulent inflammatory process and their medical costs Materials and methods The literature search was carried out in open electronic databases of scientific literature PubMed, eLIBRARY and Scopus. The search depth was 22 years. Sixteen articles were selected for economic analysis in which the expenditures on PJI management in developed and developing countries were reported. Also, there were 15 studies on evaluating the effectiveness of two-stage revisions and 26 articles on evaluating the effectiveness of one-stage revisions and 15 articles on analyzing the functional state of the affected limb according to the Harris Hip Score. The following inclusion criteria were used: systematic reviews, literature reviews, cohort studies on the topic of periprosthetic infection. Results The rate of PJI arrest with one-stage method was 89.5 % (Me-88.6; Q1-86 Q3-94) and the average mortality was 2.23 ± 2.24 (Me-1.2 Q1-0.8 Q3 -2.7). The rate of PJI suppression by two-stage method averaged 91.4 % (Me-93;Q1-88.2 Q3-96) with an average mortality rate of 3.2 %. The functional HHS after onestage replacement averaged 81.8 points, and after two-stage revision arthroplasty it was 77.4 points. The economic cost of treating one patient with PJI, according to various authors, varies from 6,500 to 150,000 dollars. Conclusions One-stage revision is cost-effective, has better functional parameters and lower mortality with comparable results in PJI arrest if strict adherence to indications is followed.

Background: Few studies have examined the economic costs of outpatient care for eating disorders in Japan. This study aimed to clarify the reimbursement for outpatient treatment of eating disorders and compare the costs between the departments of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychiatry in Japan. Method: A multicenter, prospective, observational study of patients with an eating disorder was conducted in the Psychosomatic Medicine departments of three centers and the Psychiatry departments of another three centers in Japan. We analyzed medical reimbursement for an outpatient revisit, time of clinical interviews, and the treatment outcome measured by the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) global scores and body mass index (BMI) at 3 months. Multivariate linear regression models were performed to adjust for covariates. Results: This study included 188 patients in the Psychosomatic Medicine departments and 68 in the Psychiatry departments. The average reimbursement cost for an outpatient revisit was 4670 yen. Even after controlling for covariates, the Psychosomatic Medicine departments had lower reimbursement points per minute of interviews than the Psychiatry departments (coefficient = − 23.86; 95% confidence interval = − 32.09 to − 15.63; P < 0.001). In contrast, EDE-Q global scores and BMI at 3 months were not significantly different between these departments. Conclusions: This study clarifies the economic costs of treating outpatients with eating disorders in Japan. The medical reimbursement points per interview minute were lower in Psychosomatic Medicine departments than in Psychiatry departments, while there were no apparent differences in the treatment outcomes. Addressing this issue is necessary to provide an adequate healthcare system for patients with eating disorders in Japan. Plain English summary: This study examined the cost of outpatient care for eating disorders in Japan, comparing treatment costs between the Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychiatry departments. The actual cost of outpatient care for eating disorders in Japan was clarified. The results indicate that Psychosomatic Medicine departments have lower reimbursement points per interview time compared to the Psychiatry departments, but there were no noticeable differences in treatment outcomes between the two. This highlights the need to address this cost difference to improve the healthcare system for patients with eating disorders in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]