10,808 results on '"echinococcus granulosus"'
Search Results
2. Plasma circulating cell-free DNA facilitated the detection of an alveolar echinococcosis patient initially misdiagnosed as cystic echinococcosis: A case report
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Zhao, Yanping, Shi, Yiyang, Shen, Shu, Zhang, Yan, Wei, Gengfu, and Jin, Xin
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- 2024
3. Anthelmintic effect of cannabidiol against 'Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto'
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Albani, Clara Maria, Fuentes, Giselle, Ramirez, Cristina Lujan, Pensel, Patricia Eugenia, Gatti, Florencia, Albanese, Adriana, Nutter, Diego, Aguirre, Matias Ezequiel, Di Iorio, Yésica Dolores, and Elissondo, Maria Celina
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- 2024
4. Serological comparison of native antigen ELISAs with rapid ICT test kits for the diagnosis of human alveolar and cystic Eechinococcosis in China
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Yang, Shu-Kun, Wei, Zhang, Zhu, Na, McManus, Donald P, Gray, Darren J, Clements, Archie C A, Restrepo, Angela M Cadavid, Williams, Gail M, Zhang, Ting, Ma, Guo-Rong, Yang, Yan-Hui, and Yang, Yu-Rong
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- 2024
5. Very prolonged treatment with albendazole of a case of disseminated abdominal cystic echinococcosis
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Buscemi, Carola, Randazzo, Cristiana, Buscemi, Paolo, Caldarella, Rosalia, Lombardo, Martina, and Buscemi, Silvio
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- 2023
6. A novel designed sandwich ELISA for the detection of 'Echinococcus granulosus' antigen in camels for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis
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Toaleb, Nagwa I, Aboelsoued, Dina, Abdel Megeed, Kadria N, and Hekal, Sahar Hussein Abdalla
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- 2023
7. Effect of temperature and ionic substitutions on the tegumental potentials of protoscoleces of 'Echinococcus granulosus'
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Carabajal, Monica Patricia Antonella, Fernandez Salom, Maria Jose, Olivera, Santiago, and Cantiello, Horacio F
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- 2023
8. Propofol induces the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in 'Echinococcus granulosus' via the JNK and p38 pathway in vitro
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Luo, Guangyi, Ma, Bin, Jiang, Yufeng, and Lv, Hailong
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- 2023
9. Case report: a rare case of intradural and pleural wall cystic echinococcosis.
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Zhao, Jianchen, Xu, Lingping, Lin, Xiaozhou, He, Yonghao, Yang, Yong, Du, Xin, and Li, Chunliang
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SPINAL cord compression , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *ECHINOCOCCOSIS , *SURGICAL pathology , *LIVESTOCK farms - Abstract
Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is prevalent in livestock farming regions around the world. However, it remains relatively rare compared to other infectious diseases. CE typically affects the liver, lungs, brain, and kidneys. Spinal and pleural wall involvement is exceedingly rare. We report a unique case of intradural and pleural wall CE in a young male, successfully treated with surgery and postoperative medication. Case presentation: A 19-year-old Tibetan male from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was diagnosed with intradural and pleural wall CE through imaging, serology, and surgical pathology. According to the Dew/Braithwaite & Lees (BL) classification, his condition was an exceptionally rare form of spinal echinococcosis, compounded by an even rarer pleural wall involvement. Prompt surgical intervention and postoperative medication resulted in significant improvement in spinal cord compression symptoms. Conclusions: This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of rare CE locations. MRI proved superior to CT in diagnosing bony cystic echinococcosis. Early surgical intervention combined with medication facilitates spinal cord function recovery, providing valuable insights for managing similar cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Macrophage-mediated mechanisms of lung injury in the sensitization reaction to Echinococcus granulosus.
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Yu-qian Li, Chun-sheng Wang, Jing-ru Zhou, Jia-ling Wang, Subi Tailaiti, Jia-ying Lin, Batesurong Bayina, Li-wei Cao, and Jian-rong Ye
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ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus ,SALINE injections ,ECHINOCOCCOSIS ,ALLERGIES ,LUNG injuries ,MACROPHAGE inflammatory proteins - Abstract
Objective: In this study, the impact of inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway on lung oxidative damage induced by Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid was investigated.Methods: Twenty-four mice were randomly assigned to four groups. Three months after inoculation with hydatid cyst segments, mice in group A were treated with intraperitoneal and intratracheal saline injections; mice in group B were administered a caudal vein injection of a PI3K inhibitor, followed by cyst fluid sensitization; mice in group C received an AKT inhibitor via caudal vein, followed by cyst fluid sensitization; and mice in group D were subjected to cyst fluid sensitization without any inhibitor treatment. Cellular changes in lung tissues across all groups were evaluated, including pathological section analysis. Analysis of pulmonary tissue and serum from these mice included the assessment of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway proteins, inflammatory factors, and related mRNA levels.Results: Mice in groups B and C exhibited a higher proportion of M2-type macrophages and significantly lower levels of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway proteins, inflammatory factors (interleukin-6 [IL-6]/tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]), and oxidative markers in lung tissues compared to mice in group D (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Our results in this study indicate that activation of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway contributed to an increase in the M1 macrophage phenotype, leading to enhanced secretion of peroxidases and inflammatory factors. This mechanism plays a crucial role in the oxidative and inflammatory lung damage associated with allergic reactions to E. granulosus cyst fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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11. Repurposing of a library for high-content screening of inhibitors against Echinococcus granulosus.
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Zheng, Weinan, Lv, Gaofei, Li, Jun, Zhang, Yao, Qi, Wenjing, Yan, Mingzhi, Wu, Jinzhi, Chan, Chikin, Pan, Xiaoben, and Zhang, Wenbao
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DRUG discovery , *ZOONOSES , *HIGH throughput screening (Drug development) , *PARASITIC diseases , *SMALL molecules , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus - Abstract
Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus), with a worldwide distribution. The current treatment strategy for CE is insufficient. Limited drug screening models severely hamper the discovery of effective anti-echinococcosis drugs. Methods: In the present study, using high-content screening technology, we developed a novel high-throughput screening (HTS) assay by counting the ratio of propidium iodide-stained dead protoscoleces (PSCs) to the total number of PSCs. In vitro and ex vivo cyst viability assays were utilized to determine the effect of drugs on cyst viability. Results: Using the newly established HTS assay, we screened approximately 12,000 clinical-stage or The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved small molecules from the Repurposing, Focused Rescue, and Accelerated Medchem (ReFRAME) library, as well as the LOPAC1280 and SelleckChem libraries, as a strategic approach to facilitate the drug discovery process. Initial screening yielded 173 compounds with anti-echinococcal properties, 52 of which demonstrated dose–response efficacy against E. granulosus PSCs in vitro. Notably, two agents, omaveloxolone and niclosamide, showed complete inhibition upon further validation in cyst and microcyst viability assays in vitro after incubation for 3 days, and in an ex vivo cyst viability assay using cysts isolated from the livers of mice infected with E. granulosus, as determined by morphological assessment. Conclusions: Through the development of a novel HTS assay and by repurposing libraries, we identified omaveloxolone and niclosamide as potent inhibitors against E. granulosus. These compounds show promise as potential anti-echinococcal drugs, and our strategic approach has the potential to promote drug discovery for parasitic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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12. Hidatidosis pélvica primaria como presentación inhabitual. Reporte de un caso.
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Díaz G., Fatme, Andrés Mansilla, Juan, and Muñoz, Nelson
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Introduction: Hydatidosis, or cystic echinococcosis, is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the Echinococcus granulosus worm in the larval stage and is currently classified as the main endemic zoonosis in Chile. The most commonly affected organ is the liver (59-75% of the cases), with primary pelvic echinococcosis being extremely rare (< 1%). However, in endemic countries, it must be considered in the differential diagnoses of cystic lesions of the pelvis. Case Report: We present a clinical case of primary pelvic echinococcosis with extension to the left gluteal region. Complementary studies find no evidence of hydatidosis in the liver, lungs or other locations. Considering its rare incidence, its suspicion, diagnosis, and management will be discussed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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13. Prevalence and associated risk factors of hydatidosis in cattle slaughtered at Wolaita Sodo municipality abattoir.
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Endale, Habtamu and Mathewos, Mesfin
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ECHINOCOCCOSIS , *HEALTH of cattle , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *LIFE cycles (Biology) , *PRODUCTION losses - Abstract
Background: Hydatidosis, caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, affect cattle by forming hydatid cyst in thier lungs, livers and pose great financial loss in animal production and country's economy by both direct and indirect effect. Despite its great economic and health importance, there is an absence of current information on cystic echinococcosis in cattle slaughtered at Wolaita Sodo municipality abattoir in Ethiopia. Objectives: Current investigation determines the prevalence, organ distribution and fertility of hydatid cysts in cattle slaughtered at the Wolaita Sodo municipality abattoir in Ethiopia. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted from February, 2023, to October, 2023, at Wolaita Sodo municipality abattoir in southern Ethiopia, through regular meat examinations and cyst characterisation to determine the prevalence, organ distribution and fertility of hydatid cysts. Results: The overall prevalence of hydatidosis recorede in current study was 17.9% (69/384) and has shown a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with the body condition of cattle. However, there was no statistically significant association (p > 0.05) between the prevalence of hydatidosis and other risk factors such as sex, breed, production system and origin of animals. This study showed that the lungs and liver were the most affected organs in cattle, followed by the spleen and kidneys. On cyst characterisation, the majority of hydatid cysts were found sterile (55.4%) followed by fertile (38.8%) and calcified (8.7%) cysts. Out of 125 fertile hydatid cysts tested for survival, 18.8% (58/321) were viable and 20% (67/321) were nonviable. Conclusion: The finding of this study shows that cystic echinococcus was important health threat of the cattle and widespread in the internal organs of affected cattle causing significant economic loss by condemning edible organs that are not suitable for human consumption. Therefore, urgent and integreted preventive action is needed to disrupt the life cycle of cystic echinococcosis to tackle subsequent financial loss and risk of zoonosis to humans in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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14. Morphometrical and molecular identification of Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in wild canids in north of Iran.
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Darounkola, Moein Abolhasani, Ebrahimzadeh, Elahe, Borji, Hassan, and Khoshvaght, Mohammadreza
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ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *POLYMERASE chain reaction , *CANIDAE , *ECHINOCOCCUS , *PARASITIC diseases - Abstract
Background/Objective: The cestode Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic echinococcosis, a zoonotic parasitic infection that constitutes a significant public health risk. This parasite has been documented to have potential reservoirs and carriers among wild canids, namely wolves, foxes and jackals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of E. granulosus sensu lato species/genotypes among wild canids in three northern, northeastern and north‐western Iran regions. Methods: From 2019 to 2022, 93 wild canid carcasses (69 jackals), (22 foxes) and (2 wolves) were collected that were killed in car accidents or illnesses. Analyses of morphology and morphometry were performed to verify the presence of E. granulosus. To determine E. granulosus s.l. species/genotypes, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐RFLP (ITS1) was performed utilizing the Bsh1236I (BstUI) restriction enzyme. COX1, NADH1 and ITS1 gene sequencing were also performed to confirm the PCR‐RFLP results. Results: During this study, 93 wild canids were examined, and 3.2% (95% CI: 0%–7%) of the 93 were infected with Echinococcus. The north‐western region of Iran showed two out of 30 jackals (6.6%) infected with adult Echinococcus compared to one out of 35 jackals (2.8%) in the northern region. DNA from Echinococcus was detected in these individuals by PCR. Based on PCR‐RFLP analysis of the ITS1 gene and sequencing of COX1, NADH1 and ITS1 gene, E. granulosus sensu stricto genotype was confirmed in the jackals that had been infected. Conclusion: Evidence shows that E. granulosus occurs in jackals in Iran, with the E. granulosus s.s. genotype being the most common. This parasite has been identified as a zoonotic parasite with a genotype that can be transmitted to livestock and humans. Establishing effective control measures to prevent the spread of echinococcosis and ensure public health is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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15. TOXICITY OF GERANIUM OIL, GERANIOL AND THEIR NANOEMULSIONS ON PROTOSCOLECES OF HYDATID CYST UNDER IN VITRO CONDITIONS.
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CHAFGIRI, P. ASSADI, FARAHMAND HABIBI, M. H., TABARI, M. A., SHAHAVI, M. H., and YOUSSEFI, M. R.
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ECHINOCOCCOSIS , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *GERANIUMS , *SCANNING electron microscopy , *LIGHT scattering , *HEPATIC echinococcosis - Abstract
Surgery is the main efficacious treatment for many cases of cystic echinococcosis by removing Echinococcus granulosus cysts. However, to reduce risk of cyst spillage and insemination of the content, using a scolicidal agent is crucial. Considering side effects of available scolicidals, and growing nanotechnological approaches in novel pharmaceuticals, the present study aimed to find out the scolicidal activity of geraniol (GL), geranium oil (GM), and their developed nanoemulsions (Nano-GL and Nano-GM) on the protoscoleces of E. granulosus. Nanoemulsions were developed by ultrasonication emulsification and characterised by dynamic light scattering method (DLS). The scolicidal effect of GL, GM, Nano-GL, and Nano-GM at different concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50 µg/mL were determined after 0.5, 1, and 2 hours of incubation. Mortality rates were measured by eosin exclusion test. The average droplet size for Nano-GM and Nano-GL were 124.8 and 88.59 nm, respectively. After one hour of exposure, all tested concentrations of GL and Nano-GL resulted in higher than 90% mortality rates, while GM and Nano-GM killed 70.66% and 90.33% of protoscoleces, respectively. Based on 50% lethal concentration, Nano-GL was significantly more potent than Nano-GM (LC50: 4.52 vs 102.95 µg/mL). Results of scanning electron microscopy revealed tegumental disruption in the treated protoscoleces. This study described an easily applicable and eco-friendly procedure of nano-formulating functional phytochemicals, showing promising scolicidal activity in vitro. The developed formulations, especially Nano-GL, showed the characteristics of an ideal scolicidal agent. Further studies are needed to assess in vivo efficacy and safety of this formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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16. Complete characterization of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene in human hydatid cysts.
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Mozan AL-Asadi, Sarmad Awad and Awad, Abdul-Hussien Habash
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NADH dehydrogenase ,ECHINOCOCCOSIS ,HUMAN genes ,ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus ,STRUCTURAL models - Abstract
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- 2024
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17. Thyroid involvement in cystic echinococcosis: a systematic review.
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Aledavoud, Ali, Mohammadi, Mohammad, Ataei, Ali, Shahesmaeilinejad, Armita, and Harandi, Majid Fasihi
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NEEDLE biopsy , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *ECHINOCOCCOSIS , *SCIENCE databases , *SERODIAGNOSIS , *HOARSENESS - Abstract
Background: Thyroid Hydatid Cyst (THC), a pathological state induced by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus, represents a multifaceted clinical entity with nonspecific symptoms, making both diagnosis and treatment intricate. The current understanding of THC's attributes is somewhat limited. To gain a broader perspective on the disease's clinical and epidemiological characteristics, we have systematically reviewed the existing literature. Methods: We performed an extensive review of articles on THC across four key scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Our study encompassed all patients diagnosed with THC through post-surgical pathology or Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) examinations, extracting clinical, epidemiological, and therapeutic data of THC patients from publications up to October 2023. Results: From 770 articles, 57 met our criteria, detailing 75 THC patients. The gender ratio was 2.36 females per one male. The patients averaged 36.1 years old, with common symptoms including neck mass, hoarseness, shortness of breath, and dysphagia. The left lobe was involved in most patients, and only 21.3% had extrathyroidal involvement. Cysts averaged 36.4 mm in diameter, with cystic nodules being the most frequent imaging finding (91.2%). Serological tests were performed for 42.6% of cases, of which 62.5% were positive. Surgery was undertaken in 71 patients (94.6%). Conclusion: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) of the thyroid should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis in patients with cervicofacial mass, especially in endemic countries. The present study provides reliable data to improve our understanding of the features of the disease for a better diagnosis and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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18. Optimizing sheep B-cell epitopes in Echinococcus granulosus recombinant antigen P29 for vaccine development.
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Jihui Yang, Yongxue Lv, Yazhou Zhu, Jiahui Song, Mingxing Zhu, Changyou Wu, Yong Fu, Wei Zhao, and Yinqi Zhao
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PEPTIDE vaccines ,ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus ,LIVESTOCK development ,ANIMAL health ,B cells - Abstract
Background: Echinococcus granulosus is a widespread zoonotic parasitic disease, significantly impacting human health and livestock development; however, no vaccine is currently available for humans. Our preliminary studies indicate that recombinant antigen P29 (rEg.P29) is a promising candidate for vaccine. Methods: Sheep were immunized with rEg.P29, and venous blood was collected at various time points. Serumwas isolated, and the presence of specific antibodieswas detected using ELISA. We designed and synthesized a total of 45 B cell monopeptides covering rEg.P29 using the overlap method. ELISA was employed to assess the serum antibodies of the immunized sheep for recognition of these overlapping peptides, leading to the preliminary identification of B cell epitopes. Utilizing these identified epitopes, new single peptides were designed, synthesized, and used to optimize and confirm B-cell epitopes. Results: rEg.P29 effectively induces a sustained antibody response in sheep, particularly characterized by high and stable levels of IgG. Eight B-cell epitopes of were identified, which were mainly distributed in three regions of rEg.P29. Finally, three B cell epitopes were identified and optimized: rEg.P29
71-90 , rEg.P29151-175 , and rEg.P29211-235 . These optimized epitopes were well recognized by antibodies in sheep and mice, and the efficacy of these three epitopes significantly increased when they were linked in tandem. Conclusion: Three B-cell epitopes were identified and optimized, and the efficacy of these epitopes was significantly enhanced by tandem connection, which indicated the feasibility of tandem peptide vaccine research. This laid a solid foundation for the development of epitope peptide vaccine for Echinococcus granulosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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19. Enhancing the therapeutic potential of P29 protein-targeted monoclonal antibodies in the management of alveolar echinococcosis through CDC-mediated mechanisms.
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Zhang, Cuiying, Li, Tao, Hou, Siyu, Tang, Jing, Wen, Rou, Wang, Chan, Yuan, Shiqin, Li, Zihua, and Zhao, Wei
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TAPEWORM infections , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *ECHINOCOCCUS multilocularis , *HELMINTHIASIS , *THERAPEUTICS , *IMMUNOGLOBULINS - Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a highly lethal helminth infection. Current chemotherapeutic strategies for AE primarily involve the use of benzimidazoles (BZs) such as mebendazole (MDZ) and albendazole (ABZ), which exhibit limited efficacy. In a previous study, the vaccine of recombinant Echinococcus granulosus P29 (rEgP29) showed significant immunoprotection against E. granulosus in both mice and sheep. In the current study, we utilized hybridoma technology to generate five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against P29, among which 4G10F4 mAb exhibited the highest antigen-specific binding capacity. This mAb was selected for further investigation of anti-AE therapy, both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro, 4G10F4 inhibited a noteworthy inhibition of E. multilocularis protoscoleces and primary cells viability through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) mechanism. In vivo, two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, mice were intraperitoneally injected with Em protoscoleces, and subsequently treated with 4G10F4 mAb (2.5/5/10 mg/kg) at 12 weeks postinfection once per week for 8 times via tail vein injection. Mice that were treated with 4G10F4 mAb only in dosage of 5mg/kg exhibited a significant lower mean parasite burden (0.89±0.97 g) compared to isotype mAb treated control mice (2.21±1.30 g). In the second experiment, mice were infected through hepatic portal vein and treated with 4G10F4 mAb (5mg/kg) at one week after surgery once per week for 8 times. The numbers of hepatic metacestode lesions of the 4G10F4 treatment group were significantly lower in comparison to the isotype control group. Pathological analysis revealed severe disruption of the inner structure of the metacestode in both experiments, particularly affecting the germinal and laminated layers, resulting in the transformation into infertile vesicles after treatment with 4G10F4. In addition, the safety of 4G10F4 for AE treatment was confirmed through assessment of mouse weight and evaluation of liver and kidney function. This study presents antigen-specific monoclonal antibody immunotherapy as a promising therapeutic approach against E. multilocularis induced AE. Author summary: Echinococcosis encompasses two significant zoonotic tapeworm diseases, cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively. AE is widely acknowledged as the most fatal helminth infection, with a mortality rate exceeding 90% within 10–15 years of diagnosis if left untreated or inadequately treated. Two benzimidazole carbamates, albendazole and mebendazole, are the only anti-infective drugs that are clinically efficient in interrupting the larval growth of Echinococcus spp. However, due to their toxicity and limited efficacy, there is a pressing need to explore novel therapeutic strategies for AE. In this study, a therapeutic antibody named 4G10F4 was produced against hydatid P29 using hybridoma technology. This candidate antibody significantly inhibited E. multilocularis both in vitro and in vivo, representing a potentially efficacious and safe antigen-specific monoclonal antibody immunotherapy for the treatment of AE. Additionally, it has been identified as a promising antibody drug and molecular target for the development of anti-AE therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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20. Investigation and genetic polymorphism analysis of rodents infected with Echinococcus in Ili Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
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Bingjie Wang, Li Zhao, Wanli Ban, Xu Zhang, Chenxi Quan, Munila Teliewuhan, Lixiong He, Zhaoyang Chen, and Zhuangzhi Zhang
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POPULATION differentiation ,ECHINOCOCCUS multilocularis ,DOMESTIC animals ,GENETIC polymorphisms ,HAPLOTYPES ,ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus - Abstract
Introduction: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a life-threatening disease in humans caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. Domestic animals, dogs, foxes, and small mammals constitute the circular chain of AE. To evaluate the infection, distribution, and genetic polymorphism of AE in the Ili Prefecture (Nilka, Xinyuan and Zhaosu), we conducted this survey. Methods: In June and July 2018, 267 small mammals were captured using waterinfusion and mousetrap methods. Combined pathogenic and molecular biological methods were used to observe the histopathology of Echinococcus carried by rodents, amplify the mitochondrial nad1 gene of the pathogen, and investigate the genotype and haplotype diversity of Echinococcus in rodents in Ili Prefecture. Results: Morphological identification revealed that these captured small mammals belonged to three species, with Microtus gregalis being the dominant species (183/267). Pathological and molecular biological results confirmed that E. multilocularis was the pathogen of echinococcosis in small mammals, with an infection rate of 15.73% (42/267). Among the three areas sampled, the highest infection rate of rodents was 25.45% (14/55) in Nilka County. However, there was no significant difference in the infection rates between regions (χ² = 5.119, p > 0.05). Of the three captured rodent species, M. gregalis had the highest infection rate of 17.49% (32/183), but there was no significant difference in infection rates between the rodent species (χ² = 1.364, p > 0.05). Phylogenetic analyses showed that the nad1 gene sequences obtained in this study clustered in the same clade as isolates from China. These isolates contained 21 haplotypes (Hap_1-21); Hap_2 was the most common haplotype (9/42). Furthermore, haplotype diversity (0.925 ± 0.027) and nucleotide diversity (0.01139 ± 0.00119) were higher in the Ili Prefecture than in other regions, indicating that population differentiation was high. Tajima's D and Fu's Fs tests were negative (p > 0.10), indicating that the population had expanded. The low fixation index (Fst) ranged from 0.00000 to 0.16945, indicating that the degree of genetic differentiation was different among different populations. Discussion: In summary, Ili Prefecture is a high incidence area of AE, and Microtus spp. may play an important role in the transmission of AE in this area. The results of this study provide basic data for further study of the molecular epidemiology, genetic differences, and control of E. multilocularis in the Ili Prefecture, Xinjiang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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21. Identification and comparison of intestinal microbial diversity in patients at different stages of hepatic cystic echinococcosis.
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Akhlaghi, Elham, Salari, Elham, Mansouri, Mehdi, Shafiei, Mohammad, Kalantar-Neyestanaki, Davood, Aghassi, Hossein, and Fasihi Harandi, Majid
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GUT microbiome , *HEPATIC echinococcosis , *METAGENOMICS , *MICROBIAL diversity , *ECHINOCOCCOSIS , *PARASITIC diseases , *INTESTINES - Abstract
There is a significant focus on the role of the host microbiome in different outcomes of human parasitic diseases, including cystic echinococcosis (CE). This study was conducted to identify the intestinal microbiome of patients with CE at different stages of hydatid cyst compared to healthy individuals. Stool samples from CE patients as well as healthy individuals were collected. The samples were divided into three groups representing various stages of hepatic hydatid cyst: active (CE1 and CE2), transitional (CE3), and inactive (CE4 and CE5). One family member from each group was selected to serve as a control. The gut microbiome of patients with different stages of hydatid cysts was investigated using metagenomic next-generation amplicon sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. In this study, we identified 4862 Operational Taxonomic Units from three stages of hydatid cysts in CE patients and healthy individuals with a combined frequency of 2,955,291. The most abundant genera observed in all the subjects were Blautia, Agathobacter, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Prevotella. The highest microbial frequency was related to inactive forms of CE, and the lowest frequency was observed in the group with active forms. However, the lowest OTU diversity was found in patients with inactive cysts compared with those with active and transitional cyst stages. The genus Agatobacter had the highest OTU frequency. Pseudomonas, Gemella, and Ligilactobacillus showed significant differences among the patients with different stages of hydatid cysts. Additionally, Anaerostipes and Candidatus showed significantly different reads in CE patients compared to healthy individuals. Our findings indicate that several bacterial genera can play a role in the fate of hydatid cysts in patients at different stages of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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22. Efficacy and mechanism of energy metabolism dual-regulated nanoparticles (atovaquone-albendazole nanoparticles) against cystic echinococcosis.
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Gong, Yuehong, Zhou, Tianjiao, Ma, Ruijia, Yang, Jianhua, Zhao, Yicong, Pan, Meichi, Huang, Zhangjian, Wen, Hao, Jiang, Hulin, and Wang, Jianhua
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PYRUVIC acid , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *NANOPARTICLE size , *LACTATE dehydrogenase , *ENERGY metabolism - Abstract
Background: Albendazole (ABZ) and atovaquone (ATO) achieve killing efficacy on Echinococcus granulosus (Egs) by inhibiting energy metabolism, but their utilization rate is low. This study aims to analyze the killing efficacy of ABZ-ATO loading nanoparticles (ABZ-ATO NPs) on Egs. Methods: Physicochemical properties of NPs were evaluated by ultraviolet spectroscopy and nanoparticle size potentiometer. In vitro experiments exmianed the efficacy of ATO, ABZ, or ATO-ABZ NPs on protoscolex activity, drug toxicity on liver cell LO2, ROS production, and energy metabolism indexes (lactic dehydrogenase, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and ATP). In vivo of Egs-infected mouse model exmianed the efficacy of ATO, ABZ, or ATO-ABZ NPs on vesicle growth and organ toxicity. Results: Drug NPs are characterized by uniform particle size, stability, high drug loading, and − 21.6mV of zeta potential. ABZ or ATO NPs are more potent than free drugs in inhibiting protoscolex activity. The protoscolex-killing effect of ATO-ABZ NPs was stronger than that of free drugs. In vivo Egs-infected mice experiment showed that ATO-ABZ NPs reduced vesicle size and could protect various organs. The results of energy metabolism showed that ATO-ABZ NPs significantly increased the ROS level and pyruvic acid content, and decreased lactate dehydrogenase, lactic acid content, and ATP production in the larvae. In addition, ATO-ABZ NPs promoted a decrease in DHODH protein expression in protoscolexes. Conclusion: ATO-ABZ NPs exhibits anti-CE in vitro and in vivo, possibly by inhibiting energy production and promoting pyruvic acid aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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23. A rare presentation of cardiac and hepatic hydatid cysts in a young female: a case report.
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Khuanbai, Yerkhanat, Alataev, Bagdat, Kuatbayev, Yermagambet, and Bikhanov, Nurzhan
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ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *ECHINOCOCCUS multilocularis , *ECHINOCOCCOSIS , *ENDEMIC diseases , *ORGANS (Anatomy) - Abstract
Hydatid disease is an endemic parasitic infection caused by the larval stages of the tapeworm Echinococcus. It is highly endemic in Kazakhstan, with both Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis widely distributed throughout the country. Hydatid disease can affect almost any organ in the body, with the liver and lung being the most common sites, while cardiac involvement is rare. We report a case of a young female presenting with a 1-year history of stabbing precordial pain, shortness of breath, and weakness. She had a hydatid cyst involving the myocardium of the left ventricle and the left lobe of the liver. The patient underwent surgical resection and received albendazole medication as part of the treatment regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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24. Association of IL-9 Cytokines with Hepatic Injury in Echinococcus granulosus Infection.
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Zhou, Tanfang, Xu, Xinlu, Zhu, Jiang, Aizezi, Mayire, Aierken, Aili, Meng, Menggen, He, Rongdong, Aimulajiang, Kalibixiati, and Wen, Hao
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ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *LIVER cells , *HEPATIC fibrosis , *ZOONOSES , *CELLULAR signal transduction - Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), which can lead to the formation of liver lesions. Research indicates that E. granulosus releases both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Interleukin-9 (IL-9), which can potentially impair the body's innate immune defenses and compromise the liver's ability to fight against diseases. To investigate the role of TLR2 and IL-9 in liver damage caused by E. granulosus infection, samples were initially collected from individuals diagnosed with CE. Subsequently, BALB/c mice were infected with E. granulosus at multiple time points (4 weeks, 12 weeks, 32 weeks) and the expression levels of these markers was then assessed at each of these phases. Furthermore, a BALB/c mouse model was generated and administered anti-IL-9 antibody via intraperitoneal injection. The subsequent analysis focused on the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and the expression of IL-9 in E. granulosus was examined. A co-culture experiment was conducted using mouse mononuclear macrophage cells (RAW264.7) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the presence of E. granulosus Protein (EgP). The findings indicated elevated levels of IL-9 and TLR2 in patients with CE, with the activation of the signaling pathway significantly increased as the duration of infection progressed. Administration of anti-IL-9 in mice reduced the activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, exacerbating liver injury. Moreover, EgP stimulates the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in the synthesis of α-SMA and Collagen I. The data suggest that infection with E. granulosus may stimulate the production of IL-9 through the activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, which is mediated by TLR2. This activation stimulates RAW264.7 and HSCs, exacerbating liver injury and fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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25. Human and camel cystic echinococcosis – a polyclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA for its serodiagnosis with molecular identification.
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Maher, A., Toaleb, N. I., Shaapan, R. M., Aboelsoued, D., Salman, M. B., and Zaky, S.
- Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an emergent neglected disease affecting human and animals in Egypt with a wide distribution and incidence. This study aimed to evaluate the use of a polyclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA in the detection of Echinococcus granulosus antigen in human and camel sera. Hydatid cyst protoscoleces antigen (PsAg) was isolated from hydatid cysts collected from naturally infected camel livers and lungs. PsAg was used for immunization of rabbits to raise IgG polyclonal antibodies (IgG PsAb). IgG PsAb were then precipitated, purified using Protein-A Sepharose gel and labeled with horseradish peroxidase enzyme. We assayed the purity of the IgG PsAb, and the two prepared E. granulosus antigens CPsAg from camel cysts and HPsAg from human cysts by Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The resulted protein bands of the prepared CPsAg appeared at different molecular weights: 180, 90, 68, 54, 42 and 22 kDa while, HPsAg shared with it in 4 common bands at 68, 54, 42, and 22 kDa. The purified IgG PsAb had been resolved at two bands at 52 kDa and at 32 kDa. Sandwich ELISA were performed for the detection of circulating E. granulosus antigens in sera of human (n = 183) and camels (n = 190). The purified IgG PsAb showed strong reactivity against E. granulosus infected human and camel samples and no cross reactivity neither with free-healthy negative sera nor with others parasitic diseases (Schistosomiasis, Fascioliasis, Toxoplasmosis, Ancylostomiasis for human samples and Fascioliasis, ticks' infestation, Eimeriosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Nasal myiasis, Toxoplasmosis for camel samples). The sensitivity of the assay was 98.25% (56/57) and 96.9% (31/32) against human and camel samples, respectively. Specificity was 100% in both human and camel samples. Sandwich ELISA detected CE in 33.3% (24/72) and 55.6% (50/90) random human and camel samples, respectively. Indirect ELISA, using CPsAg, was used for detection of antibodies in positive human and camels' sera and detected 96.5% (55/57) and 93.8% (30/32) of human and camel samples, respectively. In our study, Genomic DNA was extracted from protoscoleces fluid of human liver hydatid cysts to identify the Echinococcus sp. isolate based on NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (NAD1) gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the isolate (GenBank: OP785689.1) were identified as E. granulosus sensu lato genotype. In conclusion, Sandwich ELISA technique was found to be a potent and sensitive assay for detection of hydatid antigen in both human and camel samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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26. Negative binomial approach: A useful application for the study of <italic>Echinococcus granulosus</italic>.
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Ahmed, Haroon, Sohail, Ayesha, Celik, Figen, and Simsek, Sami
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NEGATIVE binomial distribution , *MAMMAL populations , *ANIMAL populations , *POPULATION dynamics , *STOCHASTIC analysis , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus - Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by the larvae of
Echinococcus granulosus . The transmission ofE. granulosus is affected by environmental changes and anthropogenic factors, which are in turn influenced by changes in the spatial and population dynamics of animals. The deterministic model can be extended stochastically to address the low prevalence rate, which is often observed in small mammal host populations, and to account for complex processes that reflect the highly widespread disease reservoirs and non-random mixing, such as the heterogeneous contact patterns of susceptible hosts with infectious materials. In this study, a mathematical model based on a set of differential equations that define the continuous transition between different classes was used is not regulated by host. The findings indicate that each protoscolex has an equal chance of developing into a worm and creating a dispersed population. Empirical modeling can be used to represent the frequency distribution of the number of parasites in each host using the negative binomial distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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27. Histopathological assessment of the viability of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.
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Robers, Selina, Reinehr, Michael, Haibach, Lillemor, Furrer, Eva, Cincera, Annina, Kronenberg, Philipp Andreas, Eichenberger, Ramon Marc, Deplazes, Peter, Deibel, Ansgar, Müllhaupt, Beat, and Weber, Achim
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HEPATIC echinococcosis , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *ECHINOCOCCUS multilocularis , *HISTOPATHOLOGY , *ECHINOCOCCUS , *DISEASE progression - Abstract
Aims Methods and results Conclusions Infections by the larval stage of the tape worms Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus s.l. are potentially fatal zoonoses affecting humans as dead‐end hosts. Histopathological evaluation of hepatic echinococcosis is an integral part of patient management, including the distinction between alveolar (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE), which are associated with different disease courses and treatments. To improve histopathological assessment of Echinococcus lesions, we aimed to develop robust criteria to evaluate their viability and decay.Histomorphological criteria for determining parasitic viability based on the morphology of parasite structures and different stages of their decay were defined based on a clinically and molecularly defined cohort comprising 138 specimens from 112 patients (59 AE and 53 CE); 618 AE lesions were assessed for histopathological viability comparing haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining with mAbEm18 and mAbEm2G11 immunostaining. Moreover, parasite viability was systematically mapped in cross‐sections of five additional AE lesions. Protoscoleces in CE and AE displayed variable states of degeneration. Albendazole had no significant effect on the morphology of parasite structures. Viability assessment revealed high agreement between H&E and mAbEm18, but not mAbEm2G11 staining, suggesting mAbEm18 staining as reliable for parasite viability assessment. H&E and mAbEm18 staining displayed a central–peripheral gradient of parasite viability and decay across parasitic lesions, with decayed cystic lesions located more towards the lesion centre while the most viable cystic lesions were located more peripherally.Histopathological criteria corroborated by mAbEm18 staining provide a simple and reliable tool to assess the viability of AE lesions, knowledge of which is a valuable decision‐making tool for further treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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28. Prevalence and geographic distribution of Echinococcus genus in wild canids in southern Québec, Canada.
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Lavallée-Bourget, Ève-Marie, Fernandez-Prada, Christopher, Massé, Ariane, Turgeon, Patricia, and Arsenault, Julie
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ECHINOCOCCUS , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *RED fox , *CANIDAE , *ECHINOCOCCUS multilocularis , *COYOTE , *DOMESTIC animals - Abstract
Echinococcus spp. is an emerging zoonotic parasite of high concern. In Canada, an increase in the number of human and animal cases diagnosed has been reported, but information regarding the parasite's distribution in wildlife reservoir remains limited. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of wild canids infected with Echinococcus spp. and Echinococcus multilocularis in areas surrounding populated zones in Québec (Canada); to investigate the presence of areas at higher risk of infection; to evaluate potential risk factors of the infection; and as a secondary objective, to compare coproscopy and RT-PCR diagnostic tests for Taenia spp. and Echinococcus identification. From October 2020 to March 2021, fecal samples were collected from 423 coyotes (Canis latrans) and 284 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) trapped in 12 administrative regions. Real-time PCR for molecular detection of genus Echinococcus spp. and species-specific Echinococcus multilocularis were performed. A total of 38 positive cases of Echinococcus spp., of which 25 were identified as E. multilocularis, were detected. Two high-risk areas of infection were identified. The prevalence of Echinococcus spp. was 22.7% (95% CI 11.5–37.8%) in the Montérégie centered high-risk area, 26.5% (95% CI 12.9–44.4%) in the Bas-St-Laurent high-risk area, and 3.0% (95%CI 1.8–4.7%) outside those areas. For E. multilocularis, a prevalence of 20.5% (95% CI 9.8–35.3%) was estimated in the high-risk area centered in Montérégie compared to 2.4% (95% CI 1.4–3.9%) outside. Logistic regression did not show any association of infection status with species, sex, or geolocation of capture (p > 0.05). This study shows the circulation of Echinococcus in a wildlife cycle in 9/12 administrative regions of Québec. Author summary: Echinococcus spp., including E. multilocularis, are zoonotic parasites spread by wild canids that exhibit spatial expansion and emergence in North America. Given their ability to cause severe lesions and mortality in the absence of treatment, the recent detection of the first human case of E. multilocularis in Québec in 2018 raised significant public health concerns. In this study, we estimated the prevalence and described the spatial distribution of infection with parasites of the genus Echinococcus in coyotes (Canis latrans) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) near populated areas in southern Québec. A total of 707 carcasses of coyotes and red foxes were collected from 12 administrative regions. Fecal samples from each carcass were analyzed using microscopy-based and molecular methods. We detected Echinococcus spp. and E. multilocularis in 8/12 of the studied areas. We found two high-risk areas of infection. Our results demonstrate that Echinococcus spp. is circulating in Québec and highlight the importance of implementing preventive measures to limit human and domestic animal infections and of raising awareness among at risk animal populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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29. A rare case of hepatic hydatid cyst in Somalia: a case report.
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Mohamud, Mohamed Adam, Omar, Abdirahman Ahmed, Adam, Mohamed Hussein, Elaagip, Arwa, and İbrahim, Ismail Gedi
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ECHINOCOCCOSIS , *HEPATIC echinococcosis , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *DISEASE progression , *COMPUTED tomography , *PATHOLOGISTS - Abstract
Background: Echinococcosis, or hydatid disease, is caused by the larval forms of taeniid cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus. Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis are the primary species responsible for human echinococcosis, and mostly they affect the liver. The disease course is typically slow, and the patients tend to remain asymptomatic for many years. Case presentation: A case of 19-year-old male Somali from Medina, Saudi Arabia, was presented to the Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital with the complaint of right upper quadrant abdominal pain and dysuria for 1 month. A thorough physical examination, laboratory examination, and imaging investigations, including abdominal sonography and computed tomography (CT), were conducted. Both ultrasound and CT scans revealed a cystic lesion in the right lobe of the liver, confirming the diagnosis of a hydatid cyst. Consequently, the patient underwent exploratory laparotomy. It was successfully managed surgically, and the definitive diagnosis was provided by the pathologist, confirming degenerated echinococcal cysts that contain abundant debris. Additionally, the patient received oral albendazole both before and after the surgery and after 7 months and is currently symptom-free. Conclusions: Hydatid disease in the liver may persist without symptoms and often goes undiagnosed due to the slow growth of the cysts. The diagnosis needs careful history reporting, physical examination, and appropriate imaging investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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30. An unexpected case of an adnexal hydatid cyst in a pregnant woman: a case report.
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Brezeanu, Ana-Maria, Brezeanu, Dragoș, and Tica, Vlad-Iustin
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ECHINOCOCCOSIS , *PELVIC pain , *ADNEXAL diseases , *GENITALIA , *URINARY tract infections , *FETAL distress , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus - Abstract
Background: Cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease, is a chronic and endemic illness caused by infection with a parasite called Echinococcus granulosus. In Romania, this disease has an incidence rate of 5.6 per 100,000 individuals, which is the highest in the Dobrogea region. The liver is the most affected site, accounting for 68.8% of cases, followed by the lungs at 17.2%. While cases of hydatid disease in the genital organs are rare, occurring at an incidence rate of only 0.5%, it is worth noting that cases of this disease in pregnancy worldwide are also rare, occurring at an incidence rate of 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 30,000 pregnancies. Case report: A 15-year-old Eastern-European woman who was 12 weeks pregnant presented to the emergency room with acute pelvic pain, dysuria, and frequent urination. Her laboratory tests showed that she had a urinary tract infection, and pelvic ultrasound revealed that she had a mass on her right adnexa. Despite receiving treatment, her symptoms did not improve, and she had to undergo surgery to remove the mass, which turned out to be a hydatic cyst. She also had to undergo a cesarean section to deliver her baby owing to fetal distress during labor. Conclusions: This medical case report provides a detailed description of a pelvic hydatid cyst that was discovered during pregnancy. What makes this case particularly noteworthy is the cyst's unusual location—it was found at the level of the right broad ligament of the uterus. Despite the complexity of the situation, the patient was able to receive effective treatment and the cyst was successfully managed with great outcomes for both the patient and the newborn. We hope that this report serves as a valuable example of how medical professionals can navigate challenging cases and provide optimal care for their patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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31. Genetic Characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus from Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples in Human Isolates Based on the High-Resolution Melting Point Analysis in Sabzevar, Northeast Iran.
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Elyasi, Hossein, Farbodnia, Tahmine, and Javaheri, Ehsan
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ORGANS (Anatomy) , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *ECHINOCOCCOSIS , *PARASITE life cycles , *MELTING points - Abstract
Background: There are ten genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus with different intermediate and final hosts affecting the parasite's life cycle and its transmission to humans. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the genotype of isolated hydatid cysts using the simple and fast high-resolution melting point analysis (HRM) method. Methods: The paraffin tissue samples of patients who underwent surgery were obtained from the pathology sample bank of Vasei and Emdad Hospitals in Sabzevar, Iran during 2010-2020. The DNA content of the samples was extracted after collecting and determining the characteristics using the DNA extraction kit. PCR was performed on the samples and the presence of the hydatid cyst genome was confirmed using the special Master Kit. Mix PCR of Solis Biodyne Company and Real-Time device (Bio-Rad) were used, and the genetic identity of hydatid cysts were determined. Results: Out of 33 paraffin samples, 21 samples contained hydatid cyst DNA, two of which were from the brain and 19 from the liver tissues; 12 samples did not contain hydatid cyst DNAs. All liver samples were from sheep species (G1), and the brain samples were from buffalo species (G3). Therefore, 9.53% of the Echinococcus species collected were buffalo (G3), and 90.47% were sheep (G1) strain. Conclusion: Based on previous patterns, HRM methods can be used for easy and quick identification of Echinococcus strains. The G1 strain was the dominant strain causing hydatid cyst in different human organs, including the liver and brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
32. Epizootiological monitoring of wolf helminths in Northern and Central Kazakhstan.
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Uakhit, Rabiga, Smagulova, Ainura, Lider, Lyudmila, Leontyev, Sergey, and Kiyan, Vladimir
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HELMINTHIASIS , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *DEAD animals , *POLYMERASE chain reaction , *UNGULATES , *HELMINTHS , *WOLVES - Abstract
Background and Aim: Wolves (Canis lupus) play a role in nature, including the regulation of the number of ungulates and the use of dead animals. In addition, wolves are a natural link and carrier for the spread of many parasitic invasions. Hence, the main task in preventing the spread of parasitic invasions is to regulate the wolf population. This study aimed to monitor the endoparasitological fauna of wild wolves inhabiting Northern and Central Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: Overall, 81 wolves were investigated for parasitic worms using the K. I. Scriabin method. Wolf intestinal materials were collected from the following six regions: North Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, Kostanay, Akmola, Ulytau, and Karaganda. The genetic diversity of the parasites was identified using a polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. After data collection, a comprehensive statistical analysis was performed. Results: Several helminth types were identified in wolves, including Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena, Mesocestoides spp., Toxascaris leonina, Trichinella nativa, Alaria alata, and Dirofilaria repens. Based on the results of this study, young male wolves aged 1-4 years were the most vulnerable to helminthiasis. Wolves living in steppe and semi-desert regions are often exposed to helminth infections. The prevalence of T. nativa in the wolves was 20.4%. This study also revealed the presence of echinococcosis among wolf populations in Karaganda and Kostanay, with prevalence rates of 4.1% and 4.7%, respectively. The overall prevalence of tapeworms in wolves was 54.3%. Conclusion: This study highlights the significance of understanding the potential risks associated with helminth infections in wild carnivores because helminths can act as disease reservoirs and pose a threat to humans, livestock, and other wild carnivores. These results can contribute to the development of effective control and management strategies for helminth infections in wolves, which can infect humans and livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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33. Primary pancreatic hydatid cyst: A rare case report and diagnostic challenges.
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Zahir, Shokouh Taghipour, Rafiee, Amirhossein, and Kargar, Saeed
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ECHINOCOCCOSIS , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *PANCREATIC cysts , *SERODIAGNOSIS , *TUMOR markers , *LIVER enzymes - Abstract
Key Clinical Message: In cystic lesions of the pancreas, hydatid cyst should be considered in the differential diagnoses and its presence should be ruled out before any invasive interventions. Serological tests along with imaging studies related to hydatid cyst diagnostic indicators should be performed in people who live in Echinococcus granulosus endemic areas and suffer from cystic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Primary pancreatic hydatid cysts, caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, represent a rare occurrence often challenging to diagnose due to their similarity to other pancreatic conditions. This case report outlines a 67‐year‐old male presenting with jaundice and cholestasis but lacking typical symptoms associated with pancreatic hydatid cysts. Laboratory findings revealed elevated bilirubin levels, liver enzyme abnormalities, and tumor markers, prompting imaging studies that indicated a cystic mass near the pancreatic head. Misdiagnosed initially as a mucinous cystic neoplasm, the patient underwent Whipple surgery, unveiling a large cystic lesion upon examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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34. Morphometrical and Molecular Identification of Echinococcus granulosus Genotypes in peri-urban wild dogs from an endemic focus in Northwest of Iran.
- Author
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Darounkola, M. Abolhasani, Ebrahimzadeh, E., and Borji, H.
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WILD dogs ,PARASITE life cycles ,ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus ,GENETIC variation ,TRAFFIC accidents ,GENOTYPES - Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is a zoonotic parasite responsible for causing cystic echinococcosis in humans and animals. Cystic echinococcosis is recognized as a major public health problem in Iran, with numerous endemic areas spread throughout the country. Wild dogs (Canis familiaris) have been identified as the primary definitive hosts for E.granulosus and are known to play a vital role in the transmission and sustainability of the parasite's life cycle. Understanding the genetic diversity and distribution of E. granulosus genotypes in these wild dogs is important for effective control and prevention strategies. Between 2019 and 2022, a total of 68 peri-urban wild dogs, consisting of 47 males and 21 females, were captured, with unfortunate deaths due to car accidents or disease. Morphological and molecular investigation was performed to determine the presence of E. granulosus. The identification of E. granulosus genotypes was carried out by sequencing the COX1 and NADH1 genes. Of the 68 peri-urban wild dogs examined, 8 (11.7%) were positive for E. granulosus by morphological and molecular analysis. By performing PCR it was determined that the peri-urban wild dogs infected with E. granulosus carried the sheep strain (G1) genotype. This study successfully identified the presence of E. granulosus in peri-urban wild dogs, specifically with the G1 genotype. This finding highlights the potential risk that these dogs pose as carriers of this zoonotic parasite, which can be transmitted to humans and other animals. Further research and surveillance are essential to better understand the epidemiology of E. granulosus and to develop effective strategies for its control and eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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35. Discordance Therapeutic Protocol of Cystic Echinococcosis With WHO Guideline: A Descriptive Study Based on Liver Ultra‐Sonographic Data in North Khorasan Province, Northeastern of Iran.
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Shafiei, Reza, Mohajerzadeh, Mina Sadat, Masomi, Hajar Farah Abad, Tavakoli, Maryam, Turki, Habibollah, and Firouzeh, Nima
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ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus ,ECHINOCOCCOSIS ,THERAPEUTICS ,HOSPITAL admission & discharge ,PROVINCES ,CYSTS (Pathology) ,LIVER - Abstract
Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a helminth‐associated zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus, poses a significant public health problem, particularly in pastoral‐rearing regions. The lack of uniform guidelines led to variations in CE management. Based on ultrasound data, the World Health Organization Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (WHO‐IWGE) classification system categorizes cysts into active, transitional, and inactive groups. This study assesses whether the therapeutic approach from liver human operation cases in North Khorasan province aligns with the WHO‐IWGE reference based on ultrasound data. Methods: The research is based on ultrasound data from liver CE human operation cases collected between 2018 and 2022. This retrospective study investigates the therapeutic protocol for (CE) in North Khorasan Province, Iran, comparing it with the WHO‐IWGE guidelines. We collect data from previously registered patients' medical information from our studied area's main CE surgical hospital. Moreover, as the first hospitalized survey in Iran, this study reveals insights into patient demographics, cyst stage prevalence, and treatment modalities. Results: Notably, more than half of the patients were treated for CE1 stage cysts, and CE4 cases, which generally do not require surgery, underwent open surgery. The results suggest a need for adherence to the "watch‐and‐wait" approach in specific cases. All patients underwent successful surgeries, but we do not have access to follow‐up data from patients after discharge. Conclusions: This descriptive study contributes to understanding the implementation of WHO guidelines in a regional context, shedding light on the challenges and variations in CE management. It seems, retraining courses for surgeons are required to update their knowledge of standard CE diagnostic and treatment methods. Access the CME test here and search by article title. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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36. Host specificity and zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in wild rodents from the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region and Liaoning Province of China.
- Author
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Wei Zhao, Lijie Sun, Li Liu, Aiying Jiang, Qiang Xiao, and Feng Tan
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ENTEROCYTOZOON bieneusi ,RODENTS ,GENOTYPES ,MICE ,ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus ,CYTOCHROME b - Abstract
Introduction: Wild rodents can serve as reservoirs or carriers of E. bieneusi, thereby enabling parasite transmission to domestic animals and humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of E. bieneusi in wild rodents from the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region and Liaoning Province of China. Moreover, to evaluate the potential for zoonotic transmission at the genotype level, a genetic analysis of the isolates was performed. Methods: A total of 486 wild rodents were captured from two provinces in China. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify the vertebrate cytochrome b (cytb) gene in the fecal DNA of the rodents to detect their species. The genotype of E. bieneusi was determined via PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA. The examination of genetic characteristics and zoonotic potential requires the application of similarity and phylogenetic analysis. Results: The infection rates of E. bieneusi in the four identified rodent species were 5.2% for Apodemus agrarius (n = 89), 4.5% for Cricetulus barabensis (n = 96), 11.3% for Mus musculus (n = 106), and 38.5% for Rattus norvegicus (n = 195). Infection was detected at an average rate of 17.4% among 486 rodents. Of the 11 identified genotypes, nine were known: SHR1 (detected in 32 samples), D (30 samples), EbpA (9 samples), PigEbITS7 (8 samples), HNR-IV (6 samples), Type IV (5 samples), HNR-VII (2 samples), HNH7 (1 sample), and HNPL-V (1 sample). Two novel genotypes were also discovered, NMR-I and NMR-II, each comprising one sample. The genotypes were classified into group 1 and group 13 via phylogenetic analysis. Discussion: Based on the initial report, E. bieneusi is highly prevalent and genetically diverse in wild rodents residing in the respective province and region. This indicates that these animals are crucial for the dissemination of E. bieneusi. Zoonotic E. bieneusi-carrying animals present a significant hazard to local inhabitants. Therefore, it is necessary to increase awareness regarding the dangers presented by these rodents and reduce their population to prevent environmental contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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37. Repurposing of a library for high-content screening of inhibitors against Echinococcus granulosus
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Weinan Zheng, Gaofei Lv, Jun Li, Yao Zhang, Wenjing Qi, Mingzhi Yan, Jinzhi Wu, Chikin Chan, Xiaoben Pan, and Wenbao Zhang
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Cystic echinococcosis ,Echinococcus granulosus ,Protoscolex ,Cyst ,Omaveloxolone ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus), with a worldwide distribution. The current treatment strategy for CE is insufficient. Limited drug screening models severely hamper the discovery of effective anti-echinococcosis drugs. Methods In the present study, using high-content screening technology, we developed a novel high-throughput screening (HTS) assay by counting the ratio of propidium iodide-stained dead protoscoleces (PSCs) to the total number of PSCs. In vitro and ex vivo cyst viability assays were utilized to determine the effect of drugs on cyst viability. Results Using the newly established HTS assay, we screened approximately 12,000 clinical-stage or The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved small molecules from the Repurposing, Focused Rescue, and Accelerated Medchem (ReFRAME) library, as well as the LOPAC1280 and SelleckChem libraries, as a strategic approach to facilitate the drug discovery process. Initial screening yielded 173 compounds with anti-echinococcal properties, 52 of which demonstrated dose–response efficacy against E. granulosus PSCs in vitro. Notably, two agents, omaveloxolone and niclosamide, showed complete inhibition upon further validation in cyst and microcyst viability assays in vitro after incubation for 3 days, and in an ex vivo cyst viability assay using cysts isolated from the livers of mice infected with E. granulosus, as determined by morphological assessment. Conclusions Through the development of a novel HTS assay and by repurposing libraries, we identified omaveloxolone and niclosamide as potent inhibitors against E. granulosus. These compounds show promise as potential anti-echinococcal drugs, and our strategic approach has the potential to promote drug discovery for parasitic infections. Graphical Abstract
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- 2024
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38. Identification and comparison of intestinal microbial diversity in patients at different stages of hepatic cystic echinococcosis
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Elham Akhlaghi, Elham Salari, Mehdi Mansouri, Mohammad Shafiei, Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki, Hossein Aghassi, and Majid Fasihi Harandi
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Echinococcus granulosus ,Hydatid disease ,Gut microbiome ,Natural history ,Cyst stage ,Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract There is a significant focus on the role of the host microbiome in different outcomes of human parasitic diseases, including cystic echinococcosis (CE). This study was conducted to identify the intestinal microbiome of patients with CE at different stages of hydatid cyst compared to healthy individuals. Stool samples from CE patients as well as healthy individuals were collected. The samples were divided into three groups representing various stages of hepatic hydatid cyst: active (CE1 and CE2), transitional (CE3), and inactive (CE4 and CE5). One family member from each group was selected to serve as a control. The gut microbiome of patients with different stages of hydatid cysts was investigated using metagenomic next-generation amplicon sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. In this study, we identified 4862 Operational Taxonomic Units from three stages of hydatid cysts in CE patients and healthy individuals with a combined frequency of 2,955,291. The most abundant genera observed in all the subjects were Blautia, Agathobacter, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Prevotella. The highest microbial frequency was related to inactive forms of CE, and the lowest frequency was observed in the group with active forms. However, the lowest OTU diversity was found in patients with inactive cysts compared with those with active and transitional cyst stages. The genus Agatobacter had the highest OTU frequency. Pseudomonas, Gemella, and Ligilactobacillus showed significant differences among the patients with different stages of hydatid cysts. Additionally, Anaerostipes and Candidatus showed significantly different reads in CE patients compared to healthy individuals. Our findings indicate that several bacterial genera can play a role in the fate of hydatid cysts in patients at different stages of the disease.
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- 2024
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39. Efficacy and mechanism of energy metabolism dual-regulated nanoparticles (atovaquone-albendazole nanoparticles) against cystic echinococcosis
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Yuehong Gong, Tianjiao Zhou, Ruijia Ma, Jianhua Yang, Yicong Zhao, Meichi Pan, Zhangjian Huang, Hao Wen, Hulin Jiang, and Jianhua Wang
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Atovaquone-albendazole ,Echinococcus Granulosus ,Protoscolex ,Nanoparticles ,Cystic echinococcosis ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Albendazole (ABZ) and atovaquone (ATO) achieve killing efficacy on Echinococcus granulosus (Egs) by inhibiting energy metabolism, but their utilization rate is low. This study aims to analyze the killing efficacy of ABZ-ATO loading nanoparticles (ABZ-ATO NPs) on Egs. Methods Physicochemical properties of NPs were evaluated by ultraviolet spectroscopy and nanoparticle size potentiometer. In vitro experiments exmianed the efficacy of ATO, ABZ, or ATO-ABZ NPs on protoscolex activity, drug toxicity on liver cell LO2, ROS production, and energy metabolism indexes (lactic dehydrogenase, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and ATP). In vivo of Egs-infected mouse model exmianed the efficacy of ATO, ABZ, or ATO-ABZ NPs on vesicle growth and organ toxicity. Results Drug NPs are characterized by uniform particle size, stability, high drug loading, and − 21.6mV of zeta potential. ABZ or ATO NPs are more potent than free drugs in inhibiting protoscolex activity. The protoscolex-killing effect of ATO-ABZ NPs was stronger than that of free drugs. In vivo Egs-infected mice experiment showed that ATO-ABZ NPs reduced vesicle size and could protect various organs. The results of energy metabolism showed that ATO-ABZ NPs significantly increased the ROS level and pyruvic acid content, and decreased lactate dehydrogenase, lactic acid content, and ATP production in the larvae. In addition, ATO-ABZ NPs promoted a decrease in DHODH protein expression in protoscolexes. Conclusion ATO-ABZ NPs exhibits anti-CE in vitro and in vivo, possibly by inhibiting energy production and promoting pyruvic acid aggregation.
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- 2024
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40. Pericardial hydatid cyst: A comprehensive case report on diagnosis and multidisciplinary intervention in a young patient
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Sundar Suwal, MD, Shailendra Katwal, MD, Suman Lamichhane, MD, Dinesh Chataut, MD, Amrit Bhusal, MBBS, and Aakriti Sharma, MCH
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Pericardial hydatid cyst ,Echinococcus granulosus ,Albendazole therapy ,Parasitic infection ,Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine ,R895-920 - Abstract
Pericardial hydatid cysts, although rare, present unique diagnostic challenges and require a multidisciplinary approach for effective management. This parasitic infection, caused by Echinococcus granulosus larvae, typically affects the liver and lungs but can manifest in the pericardium, leading to potentially life-threatening complications if untreated. The 22-year-old female's escalating dyspnea posed diagnostic challenges despite inconclusive echocardiography. Employing a multidisciplinary strategy, including preoperative albendazole therapy and surgical excision, effectively managed the condition. This case highlights the intricate diagnostic nature of pericardial hydatid cysts, emphasizing the importance of heightened clinical awareness, especially in endemic regions. The detailed clinical trajectory, imaging methodologies, and therapeutic interventions contribute significant insights to the medical community. The study aims to deepen comprehension and guide clinicians in refined diagnostic and treatment approaches for pericardial hydatid cysts, ultimately improving patient outcomes. It underscores the imperative for continued research in this niche to enhance medical understanding and optimize clinical practices.
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- 2024
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41. Cytotoxic Effects of Purified Carbohydrates from the Hyaline Layer, Fluid, and Protoscolices of Hydatid Cysts on the Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line (LS174T)
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Zahra Jafari, Mohamad Hossein Razi Jalali, Sara Larki, and Mohamad Khosravi
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colorectal neoplasms ,hydatid cyst ,echinococcus granulosus ,carbohydrates ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Background and Objective: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and the second most common in women. The use of parasites or parasite antigens is one of the newest therapeutic approaches for cancer, although it has not yet been used or approved in human trials. This study aimed to determine the cytotoxic effects of purified carbohydrates from the hyaline layer, fluid, and protoscolices of hydatid cysts on the human colorectal cancer cell line (LS174T). Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on two sheep and two cow livers infected with hydatid cysts, and the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (LS174T) purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran during 2022. Cyst fluid, protoscolices, and the hyaline layer were isolated from the hydatid cyst-infected livers, and glycoproteins and glycolipids from different parts of the cyst were extracted using the chloroform-methanol method. Carbohydrates were purified using the beta-elimination method and their presence was confirmed using the phenol-sulfuric acid method. The cytotoxicity of purified carbohydrates on the LS174T cell line was evaluated using the methyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay for 24 hours. Results: Concentrations of 0.5 and 0.25 of purified carbohydrates from glycoproteins and glycolipids of hydatid cysts significantly inhibited the growth of LS174T cells (P
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- 2024
42. Hydatid cyst of the humerus presenting as a suspicious lesion: A rare case report and review of literature
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Chaymae Faraj, MD, Khadija Laasri, MD, Sara Essetti, MD, Yahya El Harras, MD, Nazik Allali, PhD, Siham El Haddad, PhD, Latifa Chat, PhD, Loubna Aqqaoui, PhD, Sarah Hosni, PhD, and Fouad Ettayebi, PhD
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Bone ,Echinococcus granulosus ,Hydatid cyst ,Humerus ,Lytic lesion ,Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine ,R895-920 - Abstract
Hydatidosis is a parasitic disease caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus. Echinococcus Granulosus is the most common cause of hydatid disease in humans. Bone involvement is rare, accounting for only 0.9% to 2.5% of all cases. We report the case of an 8-year-old child admitted with right arm pain, revealing a hydatid cyst on the humerus. Lesion assessment revealed a hydatid cyst of the humerus with extension to the adjacent soft tissues. The surgical procedure involved the excision of the cyst along with drainage. In this case report, we review the epidemiological, clinical, and paraclinical aspects of the disease, as well as the treatment modalities. Bone hydatid disease is infiltrative, diffuse, slow, and progressive, making diagnosis late, and compromising the quality of treatment.
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- 2024
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43. Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis in Central Europe: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prophylaxis
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Hotz, Julian Frederic, Lötsch, Felix, Staudacher, Moritz, Leutzendorff, Amelie, Auer, Herbert, Waneck, Fredrik, Kaczirek, Klaus, Stremitzer, Stefan, Lagler, Heimo, Mehlhorn, Heinz, Series Editor, Li, Jian, editor, and Wang, Wei, editor
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- 2024
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44. Novel Chemotherapeutical Approaches Against Echinococcosis: A Swiss Perspective
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Lundström-Stadelmann, Britta, Preza, Matías, Kaethner, Marc, Hemphill, Andrew, Mehlhorn, Heinz, Series Editor, Li, Jian, editor, and Wang, Wei, editor
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- 2024
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45. اثر سمیت سلولی کربوهیدراتهای تخلیص شده از لایه هیالن مایع و پروتواسکولکس کیست هیداتید بر رده سلولی سرطان کولورکتال انسانی (LS174T).
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زهراجعفری, دکتر محمد حسین را, دکتر سارا الرکی, and دکتر محمد . خسروی
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Background and Objective: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and the second most common in women. The use of parasites or parasite antigens is one of the newest therapeutic approaches for cancer, although it has not yet been used or approved in human trials. This study aimed to determine the cytotoxic effects of purified carbohydrates from the hyaline layer, fluid, and protoscolices of hydatid cysts on the human colorectal cancer cell line (LS174T). Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on two sheep and two cow livers infected with hydatid cysts, and the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (LS174T) purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran during 2022. Cyst fluid, protoscolices, and the hyaline layer were isolated from the hydatid cyst-infected livers, and glycoproteins and glycolipids from different parts of the cyst were extracted using the chloroform-methanol method. Carbohydrates were purified using the beta-elimination method and their presence was confirmed using the phenol-sulfuric acid method. The cytotoxicity of purified carbohydrates on the LS174T cell line was evaluated using the methyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay for 24 hours. Results: Concentrations of 0.5 and 0.25 of purified carbohydrates from glycoproteins and glycolipids of hydatid cysts significantly inhibited the growth of LS174T cells (P<0.05). Initial cytotoxicity evaluation showed that purified carbohydrates from glycoproteins of sheep cyst fluid (38.60±1.33%), glycoproteins of cow cyst hyaline layer (36.61±1.76%), glycolipids of cow cyst hyaline layer (38.94±2.99%), glycoproteins of cow cyst protoscolices (40.27±3.66%), and glycolipids of sheep cyst protoscolices (37.94±1.99%) had significantly more pronounced inhibitory effects (P<0.05). Subsequent screening with the MTT assay revealed that purified carbohydrates from glycoproteins isolated from sheep hydatid cyst fluid (52.35±10.24%), glycolipids isolated from cow hydatid cyst hyaline layer (53.40±7.88%), and glycolipids isolated from sheep hydatid cyst protoscolices (53.05±5.06%) had significantly more pronounced inhibitory effects on the growth of LS174T cancer cells (P<0.05). Conclusion: Carbohydrates isolated from glycoproteins and glycolipids of the hyaline layer, fluid, and protoscolices of hydatid cysts have significant anticancer effects on the LS174T colorectal cancer cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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46. Diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of a large primary retroperitoneal hydatid cyst: report of a sporadic case
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Saleh Abdelkerim Nedjim, Youssef Bencherki, Yassine Daghdagh, Abdellah Nachid, Anas Tmiri, Mouad El Badr, Amine Moataz, Mohamed Dakir, Debbagh Adil, and Rachid Aboutaieb
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Echinococcus granulosus ,Hydatid cyst ,Retroperitoneum ,Surgery ,Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology ,RC870-923 - Abstract
Abstract Background Hydatid cysts, a parasite caused by infestation with Echinococcosis granulose, are rarely found in isolation in the retroperitoneum. Diagnosis is based on clinical and paraclinical criteria, and the symptoms are often aspecific. In large, symptomatic forms, surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment. However, a multidisciplinary approach, including infectious diseases specialists, can improve results and reduce the risk of recurrence. Case presentation We report the case of a 38-year-old woman presenting with a large primary retroperitoneal hydatid cyst. After 13 years of asymptomatic evolution, she developed lumbar pain and a sensation of heaviness. The diagnosis was confirmed by a battery of biological and radiological tests. Due to the size of the cyst, open surgery was performed. Follow-up revealed no clinical complaints or recurrences. Conclusion Considered a rare condition, hydatid cyst requires special attention when evaluating lumbar masses or cystic masses, particularly in endemic areas. In addition to surgery, it is essential to take into account the risk of contamination of other sites during surgery. Collaboration with specialists in infectious diseases is therefore essential.
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- 2024
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47. In vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal effect of poly(amidoamine) nanoemulsion against Echinococcus granulosus
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Dina Aboelsoued, Nagwa I. Toaleb, Sally Ibrahim, and Saber Ibrahim
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Poly(amidoamine) ,PAMAM ,Echinococcus granulosus ,Cystic echinococcosis ,Protoscolices ,SEM ,Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Hydatidosis causes a serious health hazard to humans and animals leading to significant economic and veterinary and public health concern worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal effects of synthesized poly(amidoamine), PAMAM, nanoemulsion. In this study, PAMAM was characterized through dynamic light scattering technique to investigate the particle size and zeta potential of nanoemulsified polymer. For the in vitro and ex vivo assays, we used eosin dye exclusion test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to evaluate the effects of the prepared and characterized PAMAM nanoemulsion against protoscoleces from Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato G6 (GenBank: OQ443068.1) isolated from livers of naturally infected camels. Various concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/mL) of PAMAM nanoemulsion at different exposure times (5, 10, 20 and 30 min) were tested against protoscolices. Our findings showed that PAMAM nanoemulsion had considerable concentration- and time-dependent protoscolicidal effect at both in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Regarding in vitro assay, PAMAM nanoemulsion had a potent protoscolicidal effect when compared with the control group with a highest protoscolicidal activity observed at the concentration of 2 mg/mL at all exposure times, such that 100% of protoscolices were killed after 20 min of exposure. Also, the mortality of protoscolices was 100% after 30 min of exposure to 1 and 1.5 mg/mL of PAMAM nanoemulsion, in vitro. Concerning ex vivo assay PAMAM nanoemulsion recorded the highest mortality rates at the concentration of 2 mg/mL (55, 99.4 and 100% at 10, 20, 30 min, respectively). Ultrastructure examination of examined protoscolices after 20 min of exposure to PAMAM nanoemulsion showed a complete loss of rostellar hooks, disruption of suckers with disorganization of hooks with partial or complete loss of them, and damage of protoscolices tegument with loss of their integrity in the form of holes and contraction of the soma region were observed in 1.5 and 2 mg/mL of PAMAM, in vitro and ex vivo, showing more damage in the in vitro conditions. It can be concluded that PAMAM nanoemulsion is a promising protoscolicidal agent offering a high protoscolicidal effect at a short exposure time. Further in vivo studies and preclinical animal trials are required to evaluate its efficacy and clinical applications against hydatid cysts.
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- 2024
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48. Ultrasonography screening of hepatic cystic echinococcosis in sheep flocks used for evaluating control progress in a remote mountain area of Hejing County, Xinjiang
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Xinwei Qi, Tao Song, Zhao Li, Tao Jiang, Zhuangzhi Zhang, Chuanchuan Wu, Gang Guo, Jian Dong, Wubulitalifu Dawuti, Jingrui Dou, Jun Li, Hao Wen, and Wenbao Zhang
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Ultrasonography ,Cystic echinococcosis ,Echinococcus granulosus ,Sheep flocks ,Active cysts ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Abstract Background Although ultrasonography (US) has been widely used in the diagnosis of human diseases to monitor the progress of cystic echinococcosis (CE) control, the screening method for hepatic CE in sheep flocks requires adjustment. In this study, we used a US scanner to screen sheep flocks and evaluated the efficacy of dosing dogs once a year with praziquantel for 7 years from 2014 to 2021. Methods All sheep in the three flocks were screened using an ultrasound scanner in 2014 and compared with the prevalence of infection in 2021 in Bayinbuluke, Xinjiang, China. Sheep age was determined using incisor teeth. Cyst activity and calcification were determined using US images. The dogs were dewormed with praziquantel once a year to control echinococcosis in the community. Results Three flocks had 968 sheep in 2014, with 13.22%, 22.62%, 18.7%, 27.27%, 11.88%, and 6.3% of sheep aged 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and ≥ 6 years old, respectively. US scanning revealed that the overall CE prevalence was 38.43% (372/968), with active cysts and calcified cysts present in 9.40% (91/968) and 29.02% (281/968) of the sheep, respectively. For the young sheep aged 1 and 2 years, the prevalence of active and calcified cysts was: 1.56% and 0.91%, and 10.94% and 18.72%, respectively. Approximately 15.15% and 16.52% of the 4- and 5-year-old sheep, respectively, harbored active cysts. There was no significant difference in the infection rates of sheep between 2014 and 2021 (P > 0.05). Conclusions US is a practical tool for the field screening of CE in sheep flocks. One-third of the sheep population in the flocks was 1–2 years old, and these sheep played a very limited role in CE transmission, as most of the cysts were calcified. Old sheep, especially culled aged sheep, play a key role in the transmission of CE. Dosing dogs once a year did not affect echinococcosis control.
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- 2024
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49. Echinococcus granulosus ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2D2 and E2N) promote the formation of liver fibrosis in TGFβ1-induced LX-2 cells
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Xiaodi Du, Ruiqi Hua, Xue He, Wei Hou, Shengqiong Li, Aiguo Yang, and Guangyou Yang
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Echinococcus granulosus ,E2D2 ,E2N ,Liver fibrosis ,LX-2 cells ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread zoonosis caused by the infection with Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.). CE cysts mainly develop in the liver of intermediate hosts, characterized by the fibrotic tissue that separates host organ from parasite. However, precise mechanism underlying the formation of fibrotic tissue in CE remains unclear. Methods To investigate the potential impact of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes on liver fibrosis formation in CE, two members of ubiquitin-conjugating (UBC) enzyme of Echinococcus granulosus (EgE2D2 and EgE2N) were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and analyzed for bioinformatics, immunogenicity, localization, and enzyme activity. In addition, the secretory pathway and their effects on the formation of liver fibrosis were also explored. Results Both rEgE2D2 and rEgE2N possess intact UBC domains and active sites, exhibiting classical ubiquitin binding activity and strong immunoreactivity. Additionally, EgE2D2 and EgE2N were widely distributed in protoscoleces and germinal layer, with differences observed in their distribution in 25-day strobilated worms. Further, these two enzymes were secreted to the hydatid fluid and CE-infected sheep liver tissues via a non-classical secretory pathway. Notably, TGFβ1-induced LX-2 cells exposed to rEgE2D2 and rEgE2N resulted in increasing expression of fibrosis-related genes, enhancing cell proliferation, and facilitating cell migration. Conclusions Our findings suggest that EgE2D2 and EgE2N could secrete into the liver and may interact with hepatic stellate cells, thereby promoting the formation of liver fibrosis. Graphical Abstract
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- 2024
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50. Genetic diversity and haplotype analysis of cattle hydatid cyst isolates using mitochondrial markers in Kazakhstan
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Rabiga Uakhit, Sofiya Yalysheva, Aida Abdybekova, Ainura Smagulova, Lyudmila Lider, Karina Jazina, Aidana Tautanova, and Vladimir Kiyan
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cattle ,cystic echinococcosis ,echinococcus granulosus ,genotypes ,haplotype ,kazakhstan ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Background and Aim: In Kazakhstan, the study of Echinococcus infection among farm animals is crucial to monitor the invasion among livestock and map the data obtained. Unfortunately, there are only partial data on the study of Echinococcus among cattle's in Kazakhstan, which makes it difficult to conduct a comparative analysis of the epidemiological situation among livestock animals. The present study aimed to molecularly identify the species and haplotypes of the E. granulosus complex infecting cattle in Kazakhstan and investigate their genetic variation relative to mitochondrial (mt) targets. Materials and Methods: Individual cyst isolates (n = 700) were collected from infected cattle lungs and livers after slaughter from the slaughterhouse. Total DNA was extracted from the germinal layers of the cyst from each isolate. This DNA sequenced partial mt genes of cytochrome c oxidase 1 (450 bp) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (1200 bp). Results: We determined that all the sequences were detected as E. granulosus s.s., of which 69 (94.5%) samples belonged to G1, and only 4 (5.4%) samples belonged to the G3 genotype. After bioinformatic analysis, 38 haplotypes were identified. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the G1 genotype of E. granulosus s.s. is the predominant cattle genotype in Kazakhstan. However, only one region showed the presence of two genotypes G1 and G3, in the sequence, which suggests that further research is needed to investigate the epidemiology of Echinococcus infection in cattle in Kazakhstan.
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- 2024
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