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V magistrski nalogi smo raziskovali vpliv morebitne vpeljave e-mobilnosti oziroma e-avtomobilov na družbo kot primarno obliko transporta. Namen raziskave je bil predstaviti trenutno stanje infrastrukture v Sloveniji iz področja električnih polnilnic, zmogljivosti oziroma obremenjenosti električnega omrežja v primeru zamenjave vseh lahkih vozil z motorjem z notranjim izgorevanjem za vozila z električnim pogonom, proizvodnje električne energije glede na primarni energent ter porabe fosilnih goriv za pogon avtomobilov. Prav tako smo za Slovenijo pregledali dostopnost električnih polnilnic, trend električnih polnilnic ter trend električnih vozil. Poleg vpliva na okolje smo raziskovali tudi vpliv vpeljave električnih avtomobilov na družbo. Naredili smo analizo porabe električne energije v gospodinjstvih ter primerjali povprečne dohodke na gospodinjstvo s stroški letne porabe električne energije. Opravljena je bila tudi anketna raziskava, v kateri smo ugotavljali, kakšen odnos imajo ljudje do električnih vozil, ali se jim električna vozila zdijo okolju prijazna, katere lastnosti električnih avtomobilov se jim v nakupnem procesu zdijo najpomembnejše ter njihov vpliv na okolje. Nazadnje smo naredili še DEXi analizo štirih izbranih električnih avtomobilov ter ugotavljali njihovo primernost glede na ceno, doseg, moč baterije ter težo. Na ta način smo predstavili trenutno stanje e-mobilnosti v Sloveniji ter ugotovili potencial uvedbe e-avtomobilov kot primarne oblike transporta. Prav tako je bil podan predlog za izboljšave ter rešitve glede procesa vpeljave električnih avtomobilov kot primarne oblike transporta glede na trenutno stanje infrastrukture v Sloveniji ter glede na mnenja anketirancev. In the master's thesis, we investigated the impact of the possible introduction of e-mobility or e-cars on society as a primary form of transport. The purpose of the research was to present the current state of the infrastructure in Slovenia in the segment of electric charging stations, the capacity or the load on the electric grid in the event of the replacement of all light vehicles with an internal combustion engine for vehicles with an electric drive, the production of electricity in relation to the primary energy source and the consumption of fossil fuels for cars with ICE engine. In addition to the energy picture, we also examined the availability of electric charging stations, the trend of electric charging stations and the trend of electric vehicles for Slovenia. In addition to the impact on the environment, we also researched the impact of the introduction of electric cars on society. We made an analysis of electricity consumption in households and compared the average income per household with the cost of annual electricity consumption. A survey was also carried out, in which we were trying to find out what kind of attitude people have towards electric vehicles, whether they think electric vehicles are environmentally friendly, which features of electric cars they think are the most important in the purchasing process, and their impact on the environment. Finally, we did a DEXi analysis of four selected electric cars and determined their suitability in terms of price, range, battery power and weight. The purpose of the master's thesis is to present the current state of e-mobility in Slovenia and to determine the potential of introducing e-cars as the primary form of transport. The aim of the research is to provide proposals for improvements and solutions regarding the process of introducing electric cars as the primary form of transport, based on the current state of the infrastructure in Slovenia and based on the opinions of the respondents.

V magistrskem delu je bilo obdelano področje trajnostnega razvoja v povezavi s prometom. V prvem delu tega magistrskega dela je bil predstavljen vpliv prometa na okolje. Utemeljila sem, kako posamezni prometni načini onesnažujejo zrak, vodo in prst. Poglavje o onesnaževanju zraka govori o rabi končne energije v prometu ter o vplivu cestnega, železniškega, pomorskega in letalskega prometa na kakovost zraka. Poglavje o onesnaževanju vode opisuje različne vire onesnaževanja morja, v poglavju o onesnaževanju prsti pa so predstavljeni viri onesnaževanja tal. V drugem delu tega magistrskega dela je bil predstavljen nastanek koncepta trajnostnega razvoja, kjer sem podrobneje preučila trajnostni promet ter izzive pri načrtovanju trajnostnega prometa, še posebej v mestih. V nadaljevanju je bila predstavljena prometna politika EU in prometna politika Slovenije ter opredeljen pomen vrednotenja napredka pri trajnostnem prometu. Tema se je nato dotaknila tudi uporabe alternativnih goriv ter e-mobilnosti v mestih. Omembe so bili vredni tudi javni prevoz in nemotorizirani načini prevoza v mestih ob uporabi naprednih digitalnih tehnologij. Zgolj s pomočjo tehnologije zaenkrat še ni mogoče reševati vseh obstoječih težav v prometu, čeprav se temu čedalje bolj približujemo. Trenutno še ne poznamo razsežnosti tistih težav, ki jih bodo v prihodnosti pridelale obstoječe tehnologije, ki se zdaj vpeljujejo v prometu in so v sedanjosti portretirane kot rešitve. Pri e-mobilnosti se nekatere slabosti že kažejo v praksi, kot na primer negativni učinki električnih vozil na okolje zaradi odpadnih akumulatorjev ali negativni učinki na ranljivejše skupine ljudi, predvsem v mestnih jedrih. Spremljanje in vrednotenje napredka pri trajnostnem prometu je zelo pomembno, saj se tako lažje identificirajo vrzeli in pomanjkljivosti v praksi. Šele takrat, ko se nečesa zavedamo, lahko kaj storimo in s tem izboljšamo delovanje sistema. Odgovor glede trajnostne mobilnosti leži v ravnovesju med prilagodljivostjo ljudi in uporabo tehnologije. Poleg sprememb navad ljudi pa brez politike, ki podpira trajnostni prometni sistem in sodobne načine upravljanja prometa, trajnostni promet ni mogoč. The master's thesis processed the field of sustainable development in conjunction with transport. In the first part of this master's thesis, the impact of transport on the environment was presented. I substantiated how different traffic modes pollute the air, water and soil. The chapter on air pollution deals with the use of final energy in transport and the impact of road, rail, maritime and air transport on air quality. The chapter on water pollution describes various sources of marine pollution. In the chapter on soil pollution, the sources of soil pollution are presented. The second part of this master's thesis presented the development of the concept of sustainable development, where I examined in more detail sustainable transport and the challenge of planning sustainable transport, especially in cities. The EU transport policy and the transport policy of Slovenia were presented and the importance of evaluating progress in sustainable transport was defined. The topic also touched on the use of alternative fuels and e mobility in cities. Also worth mentioning were public transport and not motorized modes of transport in cities using advanced digital technologies. During my research, I came to the conclusion that it is not yet possible to solve all the existing traffic problems with the help of technology alone, although we are getting closer and closer to this. We do not yet know the extent of the problems that current existing technologies will produce in the future, which they are now introducing in transport and which are currently portrayed as solutions. In the case of e-mobility, some weaknesses are already apparent in practice, such as the negative effects of electric vehicles on the environment due to waste batteries or the negative effects on more vulnerable groups of people, especially in urban centers. Monitoring and evaluating progress in sustainable transport is very important, as it makes it easier to identify gaps and shortcomings in practice. Only when we are aware of something we can do something and thus improve the functioning of the system. The answer to sustainable mobility lies in the balance between people's adaptability and the use of technology. However, in addition to changing people's habits, sustainable transport is not possible without a policy that supports a sustainable transport system and modern ways of managing transport.

Analiza trenutnog stanja mobilnih usluga marina Jadranskog mora provedena je s ciljem procjene potrošnje energije i emisija CO2 povezanih s pilot lokacijama marina koje sudjeluju u Interreg projektu DEEP-SEA te je služila kao osnova za usmjeravanje razvoja investicijskih planova za svako pilot područje projekta. Temelji na metodologijama definiranim u dokumentu SECAP (Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans), priručniku za upravljanje mobilnošću SUMP (Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans) te EEA (European Environmental Agency) smjernicama za popisivanje svih onečišćivača zraka, za izračun prometnih i pomorskih tokova te povezanih emisija CO2. Analiza uključuje prostornu analizu marina Jadranskog mora temeljenu na cjelovitom okviru mobilnosti, broju putnika koji koriste vozila u marinama te obujmu aktivnosti nautičke mobilnosti na svakom pilot mjestu. Potrošnja energije generirana pomorskim i cestovnim prometom te posljedične emisije CO2 procjenjuju se korištenjem formula i tablica koje se odnose na najnovije pokazatelje prema EEA smjernicama (emisijski faktori za cestovni promet). Prikupljanje podataka potpomognuto je upitnicima i podatkovnim prilozima koji se dostavljaju djelatnicima marina i njihovim korisnicima.

Poznavanje profilov voženj električnih vozil je ključnega pomena pri določanju vpliva električnih vozil na elektroenergetski sistem. V magistrski nalogi je predstavljena metoda za generiranje dnevnih profilov voženj osebnih električnih vozil z markovskimi verigami. Zaradi pomanjkanja javno dostopnih podatkov o posameznih profilih voženj v Sloveniji, je najprej predstavljeno urejanje in pridobivanje ustreznih podatkov z metodo dvostopenjskega vzorčenja. Ta na podlagi porazdelitve dolžin poti v Sloveniji in dnevnih profilov voženj v ZDA izbere take dnevne profile voženj, katerih porazdelitev poti je enaka slovenski. Nato so predstavljene markovske verige ter njihova uporaba pri generiranju dnevnih profilov voženj na podlagi nabora profilov voženj, pridobljenega v dvostopenjskem vzorčenju. Metoda je dovolj splošna, da deluje za poljubno ustrezno urejeno množico podatkov. Analiza rezultatov na koncu pokaže, da je takšna metoda ustrezna za generiranje profilov voženj osebnih električnih vozil. Pridobljeni profili voženj so uporabljeni na enostavnem primeru izračuna dnevnega diagrama polnenja skupine električnih vozil v Sloveniji. Daily driving profiles of electric vehicles are the most important input parameter for evaluating the impact of electric vehicles on the power system. The aim of this thesis is to present a method for generation of such driving profiles. Since there is no publicly available data of individual driving profiles in Slovenia, first a representative driving profiles for Slovenia are obtained via two-step sampling method, which combines driving profiles from the USA and trip distances distribution from Slovenia. Then, a Markov chain based method for generating driving profiles is presented. The method is universal enough to be applied on any properly organised set. The analysis of the results shows that this method is appropriate for construction of daily driving profiles of electric vehicles. The generated profiles are used for calculation of daily load diagram for a group of electric vehicles in Slovenia.

Podnebne spremembe kot posledica uporabe fosilnih goriv so eden izmed najbolj perečih problemov današnjega časa. Možen nadomestek fosilnim gorivom so obnovljivi viri energije, ki so okolju neškodljivi. Možnost postavitve lastne sončne elektrarne je čedalje bolj razširjena, saj sta tehnološki razvoj in nižanje cen povečala dostopnost postavitve sončnih elektrarn. Prav tako so sončne elektrarne priljubljene z ekonomskega vidika zaradi ustvarjenih prihrankov. Namen magistrskega dela je raziskati tiste dejavnike, ki vplivajo na ekonomičnost izgradnje male sončne elektrarne kot ene izmed tehnologij obnovljivih virov energije. Na podlagi strokovne literature in informativne ponudbe podjetja GEN-I Sonce je v magistrskem delu predstavljena naložba v malo sončno elektrarno za povprečno štiričlansko gospodinjstvo. Opravljena raziskava se nanaša na priljubljenost obnovljivih virov energije pri posameznikih. Primarni del raziskave je bil opravljen s pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika, sekundarni del pa na podlagi strokovne literature. Zajema stopnjo poznavanja obnovljivih virov s poudarkom na naložbi v malo sončno elektrarno. Iz pridobljenih podatkov je bilo ugotovljeno, da je naložba v malo sončno elektrarno zelo priljubljena predvsem zaradi prihrankov, malo manj pa zaradi varovanja okolja, kar je predvsem posledica vedno večje informiranosti javnosti glede problematike podnebnih sprememb. Na podlagi ankete, preverbe cen in možnosti financiranja je bilo ugotovljeno, da naložba v malo sončno elektrarno ni pogojena z višjim premoženjskim statusom. Magistrsko delo je dobro izhodišče za pridobivanje podatkov o obnovljivih virih energije, naložbi v malo sončno elektrarno in ekonomskih koristih, povezanih z njo, ter hkrati tudi dobro izhodišče za prihodnje raziskave na področju naložb v sončne elektrarne. Climate changes as a consequence of the use of fossil fuels are today one of the most critical issues. Renewable energy sources, which are harmless to the environment, present a possible substitute for fossil fuels. The construction of an own solar power plant is becoming more widespread, since the technological development and price reduction have increased the accessibility of its construction. Solar power plants are also popular from the economic perspective due to the generated savings, which I discuss in the Master’s thesis. The purpose of the Master’s thesis is to research those factors that impact the economic efficiency of a small solar power plant as one of the technologies of renewable energy sources. The thesis presents an investment in a small solar power plant for an average household of 4 people based of professional literature and an informative offer of the company Gen-I sonce. The research in the Master’s thesis is referring to the popularity of renewable energy sources among individuals. The primary part of the research in conducted with a survey questionnaire and the secondary part based on professional literature. It includes the level of knowledge about renewable energy sources with emphasis on the investment in a small solar power plant. Based on the obtained data, I found that the investment in a small solar power plant is very popular particularly because of the generated savings, but a little less due to environmental protection, which is mostly due to increased public awareness regarding the issue of climate changes. Based on the survey, price check and possibilities of financing, I found that the investment in a small solar power plant is not conditioned with a higher financial status. The thesis is a good starting point to gain information about renewable energy sources, the investment in a small solar power plant and economic benefits, connected with it, and a good starting point for future researches in the field of investments in solar plants.

V diplomskem delu sem predstavil e-mobilnost kot panogo in naredil njen kratek pregled. Posebno pozornost sem namenil električnim avtomobilom, njihovim lastnostim in trgu. Pri tem sem se posebej osredotočil na baterije, ki jih uporabljajo, in njihove možnosti polnjenja. Na koncu sem predstavil še modele avtomobilov, ki so v Sloveniji, ter nekatere primere dobre prakse doma in na tujem. Vse sem zaokrožil v sklepu, kjer sem predstavil svoj pogled na to panogo. This thesis presents e-mobility as an industry and its short overview. I dedicated special attention to electric cars, their characteristics and market. In the process I focused on the batteries which electric cars use and their possibilities to charge. At the end I presented car models driven in Slovenia and some good practices, home and abroad. To sum up, I presented my overview on this industry.

Suvremeni energetski sustav velikim dijelom uvjetovan je intermitentnim obnovljivim izvorima energije. Obnovljivi izvori energije jedan su od ključnih čimbenika pri tranziciji energetskog sustava s fosilnih goriva na tzv. zelena i okolišno prihvatljivija goriva. Međutim, integracija većeg udjela obnovljivih izvora energije postavlja i određene dodatne zahtjeve pri upravljanju elektroenergetskim sustavom kako bi se osigurala stabilnost i pouzdanost opskrbe. Za ispunjenje tih zahtjeva pružaju se različite mogućnosti, kao što su primjerice konvencionalne elektroenergetske jedinice (na fosilna goriva ili biomasu) ili flota električnih automobila. Konvencionalne proizvodne elektroenergetske jedinice, kao i električna vozila, uspoređivana su u ekonomskom, društvenom i tehnološkom kontekstu. Pokazano je kako integracija električnih vozila i njihov utjecaj na energetski sustav može polučiti slične efekte kao i konvencionalna postrojenja s povoljnijim utjecajem na društvo.

V sodobni industriji, kjer je konkurenca močna in je treba biti v ospredju, je pogosto treba poseči po lastnih rešitvah. Magistrsko delo vsebuje prikaz načrtovanja samostojno razvitega senzorskega sistema za merjenje toka v aplikaciji e-vozil. V nalogi so predstavljeni koraki in opisi pomembnejših teoretičnih ozadij, ki so bili potrebni pri razvoju. Senzor je osnovan na tehnologiji, ki temelji na Hallovem efektu. Pri načrtovanju smo se držali načel kompaktnosti, univerzalnosti in ekonomski upravičenosti. In the modern industry where competition is fierce, searching and development of new products is inevitable. The master thesis presents required procedures in the development process of sensor system for measurements in e-mobility applications. It describes most important steps and theoretical backgrounds which are needed in the process. Sensor design is based on the Hall effect technology. We follow principles of compactness, physics, universality and econommic factors.

There are probably not many people that haven't heard of electric bikes. But certainly, they are numerous people for which the electric bikes that are directly supplied with electricity from the fuel cells are completely unknown. One should not too much wonder why is that so, because these bikes are rarity in the world. The project implemented in the Laboratory of Power Engineering of the Department of Power Engineering, Energy, and Environment of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture of the University of Zagreb confirms that Croatia doesn't lag behind the developed world. It is a hydrogen electric bicycle which is basically a standard electric bike on which the fuel cell system is upgraded. Its central part is 60 proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack, which produces the necessary power. There is also a metal hydride at a pressure of 30 bar where the stored hydrogen is used to run fuel cells, pressure regulators, control units with separated power supply, and voltage converter (with 60 V DC voltage which is produced in the fuel cell to the voltage required for starting the electric motor). The total weight of the bike is a little more then 30 kg and (theoretical) cruising range with the full storage tank of hydrogen is around 100 km. In the project so far is invested around 100, 000.00 HRK, and in the next stages of the project the system will be upgraded with the measuring equipment. An appropriate protective case will be designed as well. But that's not all, because project is only in the first phase of development of the first Croatian hydrogen car.

Svrha rada je upoznavanje s konceptom e- mobilnosti kao održivog načina prijevoza u urbanim sredinama. Temelj e-mobilnosti je električno vozilo koje za svoj pogon koristi isključivo električnu energiju. Ukoliko bi električna energija za pogon električnog vozila bila proizvedena iz obnovljivih izvora energije, električno vozilo bi bilo idealno vozilo. S time bi koncept e-mobilnosti bio jedini održivi način prijevoza u urbanim sredinama. U radu su prikazana dosadašnja istraživanja na temu e-mobilnosti i utjecaju električnih vozila. Provedena je anketa o stavovima i razmišljanjima vozača o električnim vozilima. Rezultati ankete su pokazali nedovoljnu upoznatost vozača s konceptom e- mobilnosti. Prema rezultatima ankete ponuđen je prijedlog mjera za povećanje upotrebe električnih vozila.

Električna vozila, radi konstrukcijskih i pogonskih specifičnosti, imaju ograničen kapacitet za pohranu energije, te je time korelacija između mogućeg raspona i stila vožnje u njima puno izraženija nego kod vozila koje pokreću klasični motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem. Radi toga je kod planskog i optimiziranog upravljanja korištenja električnih vozila važno što točnije predviđanje mogućeg raspona vozila, odnosno potrošnje energije. Različiti stilovi vožnje koreliraju s različitim grupama preferencije vozača te u sustavu optimiziranog korištenja električnih vozila služe kao ulazna varijabla (u obliku potrošnje energije ili ograničenja snage). U ovom radu opisan je skup parametara koji utječu na planiranje i optimiziranje korištenja električnih vozila u okviru MOBINCITY platforme, te su definirani različiti stilovi vožnje i njihove glavne karakteristike.