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Objective: Reduced hemispheric asymmetry has been identified as a potential risk factor for schizophrenia, characterized by diminished brain lateralization and a lack of dominance in the left hemisphere. Moreover, there is growing evidence of disrupted connectivity between various cortical regions. This study aimed to investigate gender differences in left-footedness as a potential biological marker for neuronal dysontogenesis in individuals with schizophrenia and control subjects. Materials and methods: A New Combined Foot Dominance Scale (14 foot tests), comprising a Modified Chapman & Chapman Subscale (10 foot tests) and a Complex Tasks Subscale (four foot tests) was administered as performance tasks in 180 subjects [98 schizophrenia patients with mean age 34.45  years (SD  =  15.67, range 23–79) for men and 42.20  years (SD  =  11.38, range 21–63) for women and 82 controls with a mean age 34.70  years (SD  =  16,82, range 18–79) for men and 44.50  years (SD  =  10.73, range 23–67)]. As our data are not continuous and lacks normal distribution, the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test was used for comparing categorical data. Results: The mean left-footedness, as assessed by the New Combined Foot Dominance Scale, is significantly higher in individuals with schizophrenia compared to control subjects. Our findings from inter-gender comparisons reveal that female schizophrenia patients exhibit a significantly greater average left-footedness than female control subjects, while in males no such a statistical significant difference is detected. Conclusion: Left foot dominance is higher in patients with schizophrenia than in control subjects and women contribute significantly more to this difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveReduced hemispheric asymmetry has been identified as a potential risk factor for schizophrenia, characterized by diminished brain lateralization and a lack of dominance in the left hemisphere. Moreover, there is growing evidence of disrupted connectivity between various cortical regions. This study aimed to investigate gender differences in left-footedness as a potential biological marker for neuronal dysontogenesis in individuals with schizophrenia and control subjects.Materials and methodsA New Combined Foot Dominance Scale (14 foot tests), comprising a Modified Chapman & Chapman Subscale (10 foot tests) and a Complex Tasks Subscale (four foot tests) was administered as performance tasks in 180 subjects [98 schizophrenia patients with mean age 34.45 years (SD = 15.67, range 23–79) for men and 42.20 years (SD = 11.38, range 21–63) for women and 82 controls with a mean age 34.70 years (SD = 16,82, range 18–79) for men and 44.50 years (SD = 10.73, range 23–67)]. As our data are not continuous and lacks normal distribution, the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test was used for comparing categorical data.ResultsThe mean left-footedness, as assessed by the New Combined Foot Dominance Scale, is significantly higher in individuals with schizophrenia compared to control subjects. Our findings from inter-gender comparisons reveal that female schizophrenia patients exhibit a significantly greater average left-footedness than female control subjects, while in males no such a statistical significant difference is detected.ConclusionLeft foot dominance is higher in patients with schizophrenia than in control subjects and women contribute significantly more to this difference.

Background: To investigate the frequency of left eye dominance and minor physical anomalies (MPAs) in schizophrenia patients and control subjects and determine the interrelations of these two biological markers of neuronal dysontogenesis in schizophrenia. Subjects and methods: Three tests for eye dominance were administered as performance tasks, not preference questionnaires. Seven MPAs were examined. The sample consisted of 180 (98 schizophrenia patients and 82 control subjects). Several statistical methods for examining the eye tests separately and together were used to assess the difference in left-eyedness between schizophrenia patients and control subjects. Results: Left eye dominance is significantly higher in schizophrenia subjects. Left-eyed subjects are more stigmatized with MPAs. There is a strong positive correlation between left-eyedness and stigmatization with MPAs in schizophrenia patients. Conclusion: As hand dominance is under cultural pressure, eye dominance is culturally independent and is useful and reliable indicator of altered hemispheric lateralization. The significant positive correlations between left-eyedness and MPAs and the high concurrence of these biological markers in schizophrenia patients are a potent indicator of underlying aberrant neurodevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundTo investigate the frequency of left eye dominance and minor physical anomalies (MPAs) in schizophrenia patients and control subjects and determine the interrelations of these two biological markers of neuronal dysontogenesis in schizophrenia.Subjects and methodsThree tests for eye dominance were administered as performance tasks, not preference questionnaires. Seven MPAs were examined. The sample consisted of 180 (98 schizophrenia patients and 82 control subjects). Several statistical methods for examining the eye tests separately and together were used to assess the difference in left-eyedness between schizophrenia patients and control subjects.ResultsLeft eye dominance is significantly higher in schizophrenia subjects. Left-eyed subjects are more stigmatized with MPAs. There is a strong positive correlation between left-eyedness and stigmatization with MPAs in schizophrenia patients.ConclusionAs hand dominance is under cultural pressure, eye dominance is culturally independent and is useful and reliable indicator of altered hemispheric lateralization. The significant positive correlations between left-eyedness and MPAs and the high concurrence of these biological markers in schizophrenia patients are a potent indicator of underlying aberrant neurodevelopment.

The article deals with the manifestations of personal immaturity in female juvenile offenders. The psychological conclusions of girls committing socially dangerous acts and underwent a comprehensive forensic psychological and psychiatric examination were analysed. The results of clinical diagnostics and expert assessment of the ability of minors to regulate arbitrarily their own activities are presented. The article describes the features of signs in girls with illegal behavior, typical for personal immaturity, and presents a comparison with a sample of male juvenile offenders. It was found that girls ' mental development delays are mainly partial in nature, and manifestations of personal immaturity are generally less pronounced compared to boys. In the study of the intellectual sphere, it was noted that girls ' intellectual deficits are less pronounced, observed mainly in combination with psychopathology of organic genesis.

согласно литературным данным, нарушения обмена фолатов ассоциированы с риском развития шизофрении, ее неблагоприятным прогнозом (выраженностью негативных и когнитивных симптомов), неблагоприятным ответом на лекарственное лечение, развитием у пациента метабо- лического синдрома. Этот биохимический фактор риска изучается при шизофрении как с позиций дизонтогенеза, так и с позиций нейродеге- нерации, обладает комплексным этиопатогенетическим влиянием на целый ряд органов и систем, что частично объясняет высокую коморбид- ность шизофрении с соматическими заболеваниями. В данной статье представлен клинический случай, который демонстрирует системность и мультимодальность воздействия нарушений одноуглеродного обмена, а также возможность и перспективность их коррекции даже у пациентов с длительным тяжелым резистентным течением заболевания.

The article is devoted to the problem of retarded mental development of juvenile offenders in forensic practice. The findings of male juvenile offenders (n = 30) who underwent a complex psychological and psychiatric expertise were analyzed. As a result of the study, a criminal-relevant pathopsychological symptom complex was identified in juvenile offenders with retarded mental development on organically imperfect soil. Violations manifest themselves in cognitive, emotional-volitional and personal spheres. They lead to a significant decrease in the level of arbitrary regulation, disrupting critical and prognostic functions, and deprive the minor during the time of the tort the ability to recognize and control the actual nature and public danger of his actions. In addition, partial retardation of mental development characteristic of juvenile defendants with personal immaturity without mental disorder is defined.

The article presents data on the psychological health characteristics of the first-graders of different groups, depending on the prevalence of the number of medical and biological risk factors in early ontogeny. 193 first-graders of Arkhangelsk schools were examined with a set of sixteen techniques that allow describe the characteristics of personal health at the physiological, psychophysiological, psychological, and socio-psychological levels. Statistical analysis carried out with the methods of descriptive statistics and stepwise discriminant analysis. Data processing performed using SPSS 22.00 software package. Based on the results obtained, the authors conclude that with an increase in the number of biomedical risk factors of dysontogenesis in a child’s anamnesis, there is an increase in the scope of their influence on the different levels and characteristics of the psychological health of the sampled schoolchildren. First-graders of the group with the least amount of biomedical risk factors are characterized by higher characteristics of personal health. A combination of biomedical risk factors in the early periods of ontogenetic development of first-graders can lead to disadaptation processes in the physiological, psychophysiological, cognitive, emotional, regulatory, communicative, spiritual and moral spheres, various somatic health disorders and school difficulties. The number of biomedical risk factors in early ontogeny is a barometer for predicting personal health impairments, which, in turn, requires timely prevention and correction.

A complex examination revealed the features of the development of higher cortical functions and sleep clinical features in preschool children with obstructive sleep apnea. Typical features were identified in the macrostructure of sleep and its cyclic organization in the children. Connective tissue dysplasia proved to act as a significant etiological factor in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children. The effect of OSAHS on the cognitive development of children was investigated. Ontogenetic features were identified in the formation of OSAHS in preschool children. Signs of multicomponent and multilevel dysontogenetic syndrome were observed, including distorted maturation of basic higher cortical functions and alterations of the macrostructure and cyclic organization of sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the speech function parameters in first-graders from the groups of low, moderate and high risk in terms of adverse biomedical factors in early ontogenesis. The study included 1162 first-graders living in Arkhangelsk. A comparative analysis showed that the number of biomedical risk factors in early development correlates positively with the risk of impaired speech development and verbal thinking. In the low-risk group, the speech development parameters were within normal range; in the high-risk group, the parameter values of both speech development and verbal thinking were low. The construction of regression models in the examined sample of children suggests that the most significant risk factor closely related to speech development is "prematurity." The parameters such as "maternal occupational hazards" and "maternal exposure to medications during pregnancy" also make a significant contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased interest of modern psychology in forecasting is explained by a variety of functions it performs in various spheres of life at different age stages. Forecasting is a very important mental action which helps people to mentally foresee a picture of upcoming events, to construct in a subjective form something which yet does not exist in reality. In this review, we discuss the current status of the issue of forecasting at a preschool age, review key terms and theories explaining the development of this skill in children with normogenesis, as well as scientific views on the specifics of the development of forecasting skills in preschoolers with developmental disorders. We have carried out a systematic review of studies exploring forecasting skills of children aged 4-6 years with normotypic and deviating development. A literature search was conducted using E-library, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar electronic databases (from 2000 to the present moment). We used the following search terms: "forecasting", "anticipation", "foresight"; "preschooler"; "deviations in development." We have also conducted the search for lists of scientific publications, reviews, and researchers' websites. Modern studies analyzing the issue of forecasting capability show the lack of terminological uniformity and identity of ideas about the mechanisms, conditions and factors of its development and correlation with positive socialization in dysontogenetic development. Addressing the problem of forecasting allows us to study this issue more carefully and to show that disabled children are capable not only to anticipate events, relationships with other people, but also to plan their future as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the presentation of the article the problem of motor and cognitive development of preschool children with motor alalia was highlighted, which has become a priority at the current stage of development of inclusive education in Ukraine and in the world. This is due to the increase in the number of children with various speech disorders that have a significant impact on the child’s learning. The article contains a detailed description of the defect structure in motor alalia, which is characterized by unevenness of verbal and nonverbal disorders, which makes the development of speech more complex, what kind of difficulties children with motor alalia overcome when acquiring basic skills in writing,learning spatial orientation. The article also focuses on various dysfunctions of self-organization that have a negative impact on the processes and outcomes of thinking. And, as a result - the need to focus on individualization of the learning process, taking into account the features of motor and cognitive development of a child with motor alalia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aberrant expression of Vangl1 is highly correlated with dysontogenesis, especially for neural tube defects. Therefore, the ultrasensitive detection of Vangl1 would provide a new approach for the specific early diagnostics in dysembryoplasia. However, no quantitative detection method is currently available. Herein, we describe the development of a new approach to fill this assay gap. We utilized C 60 -templated AuPt bimetallic nanoclusters for signal amplification because the promising C 60 nanomaterial provides a large surface area for the in site reduction of bimetallic nanocomposites as well as excellent conductivity. To further amplify the electrochemical signal, reduced graphene oxide-tetraethylene pentamine (rGO-TEPA) and a derivative of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylicdianhydride (PTC-NH 2 ) were selected for modification of the electrode to provide more amino groups for the immobilization of antibodies and to enhance the conductivity. The electrochemical signal was primarily derived from the catalysis of H 2 O 2 by C 60 –AuPt. Chronoamperometry was applied to record the electrochemical signals. Under optimal conditions, the prepared immunosensor exhibited a wide linear range from 0.1 pg mL −1 to 450 pg mL −1 and a low detection limit of 0.03 pg mL −1 . Moreover, the proposed method exhibited good stability and recovery, suggesting its potential for use in clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to investigate the role of smartphones in teaching the English language to a population of fifteen, visually-impaired Brazilian students. Classroom ethnography was chosen as the methodological design and data generated from classroom observations, didactic materials that were made and posted on apps, and two questionnaires were used. We resorted to descriptive and interpretive analyses as we intended to find linguistic and behavioral patterns regarding the use of information and communications technology (ICT), focusing on smartphones, for communication and learning English. Results show that, at the beginning of the course, students had little to no ability to use smartphones, including apps such as WhatsApp and Facebook mobile. After two years of formal language and smartphone instruction, all students learned how to use their mobile phones, and were able to post and listen to podcasts and written texts on WhatsApp and Facebook mobile in both their native language and in English. The students also engaged in real-life communication events with peers in Brazil and other parts of the world. Mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) helped these students enhance their social and cultural capital.

Objective: To identify developmental features, the presence of hereditary burden, social adaptation, the structure of early psychopathological disorders in pediatric patients with schizotypal disorder (STD) and their relationship with the age of manifestation and the clinical structure of the disease., Material and Methods: The study included 150 patients aged 7 to 16 years with a diagnosis of SD, of which 48 were female and 102 were male. Based on the age of onset of the first stable psychopathological disorders, at the stage preceding the diagnosis of SD, 5 groups of patients were identified: up to 3 years ( n =38), from 4 to 6 years ( n =36), from 7 to 10 years ( n =15), 11-13 ( n =41), 14-16 years old ( n =20). The study used clinical-psychopathological, clinical-catamnestic, with a retrospective analysis, neurological, pathopsychological, psychometric and statistical research methods., Results: A high frequency of deviations from normative parameters in early psychomotor development was found in 99 (65%) patients with STD. Mental retardation was observed in 23 (15%) patients, dissociation in mental development was detected in a significant number of patients - 62 (41%). At the same time, the most significantly more frequent and pronounced were violations in the two youngest groups with the onset of psychopathological disorders up to 6 years. In these groups, there was also more often a deficit in three areas at once - emotional, motivational and volitional (38%) compared with the 4 th group (13%). In groups 1 and 2, a deficit in intellectual development was also characteristic, which was reflected in academic indicators. High performance in the primary grades was observed in 16% of patients in the 1 st group versus 60% in the 5 th , and poor performance was found in 37% in the 1 st group and only 5% in the 5 th . The relationship of clinical variants of STD with the selected groups was revealed. The diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder was significantly more often (66%) diagnosed in patients from group 1 compared with groups 3 and 5. In group 2, this diagnosis was established in a third of cases. The diagnosis of the psychopathic variant of STD was predominant in patients with the onset of the disorder between 7 and 13 years of age. The neurosis-like variant had a clear tendency to become more frequent with older age, reaching statistically significant differences in group 5 compared to group 1., Conclusion: The age of onset and duration of persistence of psychopathological disorders determines the level of negative changes that have formed at the stage of the disease preceding the onset of distinct clinical symptoms of STD. Age at onset determines the predominant positive disorder.