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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Dyslipidemia is a critical modifiable risk factor for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Dyslipidemia affects a large population of women and is especially pervasive within racial/ethnic minorities. RECENT FINDINGS: Dyslipidemia in pregnancy leads to worse outcomes for patients and creates increased cardiovascular risk for women at an older age. However, women remain underscreened and undertreated compared to men. Females also comprise a small portion of clinical trial participants for lipid lowering agents with increased disease prevalence compared to trial representation. However, recent lipid trials have shown different efficacies of therapies such as ezetimibe, inclisiran, and bempedoic acid with a greater relative benefit for women. SUMMARY: Pathophysiology of dyslipidemia varies between men and women and across a womans lifetime. While increased lipid levels or lipid imbalances are more common in postmenopausal women over age 50, conditions such as PCOS and FH produce higher cardiovascular risk for young women.Best practices for management of women with dyslipidemia include early screening with lifestyle intervention and pharmacotherapy with statin and non-statin agents to achieve guideline directed LDL-C thresholds.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder that affects more than 20 million people in the United States. DM-related complications affect multiple organ systems and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among people with DM. Of the numerous acute and chronic complications, atherosclerosis due to diabetic dyslipidemia is a condition that can lead to many life-threatening diseases, such as stroke, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. The nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway is an emerging antioxidative pathway and a promising target for the treatment of DM and its complications. This review aims to explore the Nrf2 pathways role in combating diabetic dyslipidemia. We will explore risk factors for diabetic dyslipidemia at a cellular level and aim to elucidate how the Nrf2 pathway becomes a potential therapeutic target for DM-related atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: According to the Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report, limited evidence is available on sedentary behaviors (screen time) and their joint associations with physical activity (steps) for cardiovascular health in adolescence. The objective of this study was to identify joint associations of screen time and physical activity categories with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, cholesterol) in adolescence. METHODS: This study analyzed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, comprising a diverse sample of 4,718 U.S. adolescents aged 10-15 years between 2018 and 2021. Steps were measured by a Fitbit wearable device and levels were categorized as low (1,000-6,000), medium (> 6,000-12,000), and high (> 12,000) averaged daily step counts. Self-reported recreational screen time hours per day were classified as low (0-4), medium (> 4-8), and high (> 8) hours per day. CVD risk factors including blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, and cholesterol (total and HDL) were measured. RESULTS: The analytical sample averaged 6.6 h of screen time per day and 9,722 steps per day. In models including both screen time and steps, the high screen time category was associated with a 4.27 higher diastolic blood pressure percentile (95% CI 1.83-6.73) and lower HDL cholesterol (B= -2.85, 95% CI -4.77 to -0.94 mg/dL) compared to the low screen time category. Medium (B = 3.68, 95% CI 1.24-6.11) and low (B = 7.64, 95% CI 4.07-11.20) step categories were associated with higher diastolic blood pressure percentile compared to the high step category. The medium step category was associated with lower HDL cholesterol (B= -1.99, 95% CI -3.80 to -0.19 mg/dL) compared to the high step category. Findings were similar when screen time and step counts were analyzed as continuous variables; higher continuous step count was additionally associated with lower total cholesterol (mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS: Combinations of low screen time and high steps were generally associated with favorable cardiovascular health markers including lower diastolic blood pressure and higher HDL cholesterol, which can inform future adolescent health guidelines.

Background: The benefits of physical activity in health outcomes are well established. However, recent evidence suggests that benefits may differ by domain and population. Thus, we aimed to investigate the prospective association of occupational (OPA) and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: In 1982, the maternity hospitals of Pelotas were visited daily; those live births whose families lived in urban areas were evaluated, and their mothers were later interviewed (n = 5914). In the 2004/5 follow-up (23 y old), both OPA and LTPA were measured in 4295 participants using their respective sections of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. In the 2012 follow-up (30 y old), the following cardiovascular risk factors were collected: high-density lipoprotein (in milligrams per deciliter), low-density lipoprotein (in milligrams per deciliter), triglycerides (in milligrams per deciliter), glucose (in milligrams per deciliter), and blood pressure (in millimeters of mercury). Multivariable linear regressions were performed to evaluate associations between OPA and LTPA with these specific cardiovascular risk factors. Results: In total, 3241 participants were analyzed. Our main findings suggest that there was no association between OPA and LTPA with high- and low-density lipoprotein. There were inverse associations between OPA and lower levels of triglycerides among males (β = −0.002; 95% confidence interval, −0.003 to −0.000) and positive associations between LTPA and higher levels of diastolic blood pressure among females (β = 0.111; 95% confidence interval, 0.005–0.216). Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings suggest that there was no association, or association with limited clinical relevance, of OPA and LTPA with cardiovascular risk factors in early adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia is among the leading risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), with an increasing global burden, especially in developing countries. We investigated the prevalence of dyslipidemia and abnormal lipid profiles in Tehran. METHODS: We used data from 8072 individuals aged≥35 from the Tehran Cohort Study (TeCS) recruitment phase. Fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride were measured. Dyslipidemia was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, and high LDL/HDL was defined as a ratio>2.5. The age-sex standardized prevalence rates were calculated based on the 2016 national census. Furthermore, the geographical distribution of dyslipidemia and lipid abnormalities was investigated across Tehrans zip code districts. RESULTS: The age-sex standardized prevalence was 82.7% (95% CI: 80.1%, 85.0%) for dyslipidemia, 36.9% (95% CI: 33.8%, 40.1%) for hypertriglyceridemia, 22.5% (95% CI: 19.9%, 25.4%) for hypercholesterolemia, 29.0% (95% CI: 26.1%, 32.1%) for high LDL-C, 55.9% (95% CI: 52.6%, 59.2%) for low HDL-C, and 54.1% (95% CI: 50.9%, 57.3%) for high LDL/HDL ratio in the Tehran adult population. The prevalence of dyslipidemia, low HDL-C, and high LDL/HDL ratio was higher in the northern regions, hypercholesterolemia was higher in the southern half, and high LDL-C was more prevalent in the middle-northern and southern areas of Tehran. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of dyslipidemia, mainly high LDL/HDL in the Tehran adult population. This dyslipidemia profiling provides important information for public health policy to improve preventive interventions and reduce dyslipidemiarelated morbidity and mortality in the future.

Summary: Introduction: Loss‐of‐control (LOC) eating, or the subjective experience of being unable to stop eating, is a hallmark feature of binge‐eating episodes, which are also characterized by consuming an unusually large amount of food. However, regardless of the size of eating episode, LOC‐eating may be a risk factor for adverse health outcomes. This systematic review and meta‐analysis comprehensively examine the relationship of LOC‐eating with cardiometabolic health components and inflammatory markers. Methods: Search procedures were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines in six electronic databases. Studies of adult or youth samples published in English from the year 2000 onward were included. Given heterogeneity in age groups and adjustment for body mass index across studies, these factors were included as meta‐regression moderators. Results: Fifty‐eight studies were identified through the literature search. Among individuals with (versus without) LOC‐eating, relative risk ratios provided evidence of a greater relative risk for metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and dyslipidemia; standardized mean differences also provided evidence of higher waist circumference and impaired levels of fasting plasma glucose, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol, and triglycerides, but not blood pressure. Age group did not impact cardiometabolic health components. Body mass index differences moderated the effect on waist circumference. A narrative review of inflammatory markers revealed mixed findings linking inflammatory markers to LOC‐eating. Discussion: Overall, evidence for the relationship between LOC‐eating and impaired cardiometabolic health underscores LOC‐eating as an important early intervention target for prevention of serious adverse health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, studies on the formation mechanism for the enlargement of arachnoid granulation (AG) are lacking. The impact of dyslipidemia on the formation of multiple large arachnoid granulations (LAGs) was studied in this research. Methods: The study included patients diagnosed with cerebral venous sinus stenosis (CVSS) related to LAG. The number of LAGs was assessed via high-resolution black blood magnetic resonance imaging. The relationships between blood lipids and multiple LAGs were explored to evaluate the effects of dyslipidemia on the formation of multiple LAGs. Results: A total of 163 participants with a diagnosis of LAG were included. The levels of total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0.004) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (P = 0.01) in the multiple LAGs group were greater than those in the non-multiple LAGs group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that TC (odds ratio (OR), 2.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.26–3.80; P = 0.006) and LDL-c (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.16–4.07; P = 0.02) were independently associated with multiple LAGs. Conclusions: TC and LDL-c are independently related to multiple LAGs, indicating that dyslipidemia may be a potential cause of CVSS. Therefore, monitoring blood lipids may be necessary for patients with LAGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of metabolic balance, influencing the genes associated with MetS. Although the prevalence of insulin resistance is rising, leading to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its vascular complications, there is still a notable gap in understanding the role of lncRNAs in the context of clinical diabetes. Among lncRNAs, lung adenocarcinoma metastasis‐associated transcript 1 (MALAT1) has been identified as a significant regulator of metabolism‐related disorders, including T2DM and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review explores the mechanism of lncRNA MALAT1 and suggests that targeting it could offer a promising strategy to combat MetS, thereby enhancing the prognosis of MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality and a significant contributor to temporary and permanent disabilities worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the burden of primary and residual cardiometabolic risk factors in a sample of young adults in the Russian city of Kazan. Methods: This case-control study used the Cardiometabolic Disease Staging (CMDS) classification system, which has been validated in several countries. The study included 191 individuals aged 25–44 years who met the inclusion criteria but did not meet any exclusion criteria. Data collection involved a patient card with questions from the World Health Organization's STEPS instrument, face-to-face patient interviews, and a physical examination. Anthropometric assessments included height, weight, and waist circumference measurements. Body composition was evaluated using bioelectrical impedance measurements. Patients also underwent in-depth laboratory biochemical analyses. Results: The study cohort was comprised of 97 females (50.8%) and 94 males (49.2%). The median age of participants was 35.00 years [IQR: 30.00–39.00]. The study cohort showed an increase in all anthropometric parameters, with abdominal obesity and overweight reaching 100% in the CMDS 3. Apart from atherogenic lipids and raised blood pressure, other risk factors that precipitate residual risk and were not part of CMDS, such as insulin levels, insulin resistance, leptin values, and hyperuricemia, increased as CMDS levels increased. Conclusions: The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors was high in young adults in Kazan. This study highlights the need for the early identification and management of cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults to prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remnant cholesterol (RC), a key indicator of dyslipidemia, has been validated as a contributing factor to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, both of which are closely associated with kidney stones (KS). This study aimed to investigate the association between RC and the risk of KS in Chinese adults. A total of 8,576 KS cases (mean age 55.87, 69.37% male) and 137,523 controls (mean age 54.57, 51.62% male) were included in this case-control study. RC was calculated using the formula: RC = TC-HDL-LDL. KS was ascertained with ultrasound by well-trained physicians. Multivariable logistic and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were applied to investigate the relationship between RC and KS. A total of 146,099 subjects (weighted mean age 54.64 years and 52.66% male) were included with mean RC = 0.8 for controls and RC = 0.72 for KS cases (P < 0.001). The multivariable-adjusted OR for KS occurrence across consecutive quartiles was 1.00 (reference), 1.05 (0.98–1.12), 1.15 (1.07–1.22), and 1.44 (1.35–1.53), respectively. Moreover, each standard deviation increment of RC was associated with a 15% (OR:1.15, 95% CI: 1.12–1.19) higher risk of KS occurrence. RCS showed significant and linear dose-response relationships between RC and KS occurrence (P-overall < 0.001, P-nonlinear = 0.270). The positive associations between RC and KS risk persisted in sensitivity analyses, suggesting the robustness of the results. In this case-control study of Chinese adults, elevated RC was associated with the occurrence of KS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence is critical for an individual's physical and mental health. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in Bangladesh and are closely associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) and dyslipidemia. This study aims to determine the level of adherence to the MD among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and identify any association between poor adherence to the MD and dyslipidemia. Methods: This facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital from March to May 2021. A total of 251 T2DM patients were interviewed. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out using a logistic regression model with SPSS 23 statistical package software. Results: The prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 83% among T2DM patients. There was a high prevalence of hypertension (61%), overweight or obesity (57%), cardiovascular problems (30%), kidney disease (19%), and sleep problems (28%). Low adherence to MD was highly prevalent (49%) among participants, and another 28% had medium adherence. Patients with poor MD adherence had higher odds of developing dyslipidaemia (AOR: 2.8, 95% CI 1.18–6.63). Normal-weighted patients had lower odds of developing dyslipidaemia (AOR: 0.40, 95% CI 0.18–0.89) compared to overweight or obese individuals. Conclusions: There was a relatively low adherence to MD among T2DM patients, which is a significant predictor of dyslipidemia. Therefore, T2DM patients should be more conscious of their dietary habits to control dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emerging studies reveal a shared pathophysiological underpinning for metabolic problems and mental illnesses. The present study aimed to determine the association between atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: 7,951 subjects of US adults were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018. MDD was evaluated through the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Multivariate logistic regression, sensitivity analysis, and spline smoothing plot method were used to identify the relationship between AIP and MDD. The cut-off point was calculated using recursive partitioning analysis when segmenting effects emerged. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow test were conducted to evaluate the performance of AIP in identifying MDD. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were used to explore whether the association was stable in different populations. Results: A positive correlation between AIP and PHQ-9 score and MDD was both observed in 7,951 subjects included in the study, with a significant threshold of -0.42 determined using recursive partitioning analysis. In the fully adjusted model, a positive association between AIP and PHQ-9 score and MDD was observed (b=0.46, 95% CI 0.14~0.78; OR=1.42, 95% CI 1.04~1.93). Individuals in the highest AIP quartile had a 0.39-unit higher PHQ-9 score (b=0.39, 95% CI 0.12~0.66) and a significantly 33% greater risk of MDD than those in the lowest AIP quartile (OR=1.33, 95% CI 1.02~1.73). Spline smoothing plot analysis further confirmed the positive and non-linear association between AIP and PHQ-9 and MDD. ROC analysis (AUC=0.771) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (c2 = 14.239, P=0.076) suggested an excellent performance and goodness-of-fit of the relatively optimal model. DCA and CIC analysis also revealed a favorable overall net benefit and clinical impact of the model. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests revealed that the association between AIP and PHQ-9 score and MDD remained consistent across different subgroups and was not modified by other covariates, and this positive correlation was more pronounced in those with diabetes or hypertension. Results: A positive correlation between AIP and PHQ-9 score and MDD was both observed in 7,951 subjects included in the study, with a significant threshold of -0.42 determined using recursive partitioning analysis. In the fully adjusted model, a positive association between AIP and PHQ-9 score and MDD was observed (b=0.46, 95% CI 0.14~0.78; OR=1.42, 95% CI 1.04~1.93). Individuals in the highest AIP quartile had a 0.39-unit higher PHQ-9 score (b=0.39, 95% CI 0.12~0.66) and a significantly 33% greater risk of MDD than those in the lowest AIP quartile (OR=1.33, 95% CI 1.02~1.73). Spline smoothing plot analysis further confirmed the positive and non-linear association between AIP and PHQ-9 and MDD. ROC analysis (AUC=0.771) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (c2 = 14.239, P=0.076) suggested an excellent performance and goodness-of-fit of the relatively optimal model. DCA and CIC analysis also revealed a favorable overall net benefit and clinical impact of the model. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests revealed that the association between AIP and PHQ-9 score and MDD remained consistent across different subgroups and was not modified by other covariates, and this positive correlation was more pronounced in those with diabetes or hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is one of the main factors leading to infertility in women of reproductive age, which is often accompanied by metabolic changes such as obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation. Chronic inflammation may play an important role in the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the relationship between abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation in PCOS patients. This study aims to analyze the correlation between systemic immune-inflammatory(SII) markers and dyslipidemia in patients with PCOS and their value in early diagnosis. Methods: A total of 617 PCOS patients aged 20–35 years (according to the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria) who visited the Reproductive Center of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University from January 2020 to December 2022 were included. According to the presence or absence of dyslipidemia, the patients were divided into normal lipid metabolism group and abnormal lipid metabolism group. The clinical data of the patients were collected and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: There were 454 patients with normal lipid metabolism and 163 patients with abnormal lipid metabolism. The SII level of the abnormal lipid metabolism group was higher than that of the normal group. As the SII quartile increased, TC, TG and LDL increased, while HDL decreased accordingly. The SII level was positively correlated with TC, TG and LDL, and negatively correlated with HDL (all P < 0.05). Among them, SII had the best predictive efficiency for dyslipidemia of polycyctic ovary syndrome at 489.375 (AUC: 0.718, 95%CI: 0.672–0.764), and SII was still associated with the increased occurrence of PCOS dyslipidemia after excluding confounding factors (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The high level of SII has a correlation with the occurrence of dyslipidemia in PCOS patients, and it has a value in the early diagnosis of PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Methods Results Conclusions Although nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are associated with cardiovascular diseases, existing data on Lp(a) in NAFLD are conflicting. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to summarize and compare data on circulating Lp(a) between NAFLD patients and non‐NAFLD controls.A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. This meta‐analysis included 18 studies containing data on 74 691 individuals (20 220 patients with NAFLD and 54 471 controls).Circulating Lp(a) was similar between patients with NAFLD and controls (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.09; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] −0.21, 0.38). The heterogeneity among studies was high (I2 = 100%); no publication bias was detected (Egger's test P = 0.941). However, in subgroup analysis, Lp(a) was lower in NAFLD patients than controls, when Lp(a) was measured with nephelometry (SMD ‐0.26; 95% CI ‐0.46, −0.06), but not turbidimetry; this analysis also resulted in mild reduction of heterogeneity within the subgroup of nephelometry (I2 = 87%). The sensitivity analyses, based on the exclusion of studies with Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale score ≤6 (n = 5), studies in which liver biopsy was used for NAFLD diagnosis (n = 4) or studies that adopted the criteria of metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (n = 2), and meta‐regression analysis did not explain the high heterogeneity among studies.Overall, circulating Lp(a) was similar between NAFLD patients and non‐NAFLD controls; however, patients with NAFLD had lower circulating Lp(a) compared with controls, when Lp(a) was measured with nephelometry. These results should be cautiously interpreted, because of the high heterogeneity among studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, is rising. While pharmacological treatments for dyslipidemia and associated CVDs exist, not all individuals can afford them, and those who do often experience adverse side effects. Preclinical studies have indicated the potential benefits of Abelmoschus esculentus and its active phytochemicals in addressing dyslipidemia in rodent models of diabetes. However, there is limited clinical evidence on lipid parameters. Thus, this study aimed to assess the potential impact of Abelmoschus esculentus on dyslipidemia. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library for relevant trials published from inception until 11 August 2024. Data analysis was performed using Jamovi software version 2.4.8 and Review Manager (version 5.4), with effect estimates reported as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The evidence from eight studies with nine treatment arms showed that Abelmoschus esculentus reduces total cholesterol (TC), SMD = −0.53 (95% CI: −1.00 to −0.07), p = 0.025), compared to placebo. Additionally, triglyceride (TG) was reduced in Abelmoschus esculentus compared to placebo, SMD = −0.24 (95% CI: −0.46 to −0.02), p = 0.035. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was also reduced, SMD = −0.35 (95% CI: −0.59 to −0.11), p = 0.004 in Abelmoschus esculentus versus placebo. This remedy substantially increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL), SMD = 0.34 (95% CI: 0.07 to 0.61), p = 0.014). Abelmoschus esculentus substantially improved lipid profile in prediabetes, T2D, obesity, and diabetic nephropathy. While the evidence confirms the potential benefits of Abelmoschus esculentus in reducing dyslipidemia, it is important for future clinical studies to standardize the effective dosage for more reliable results. Therefore, future trials should focus on these markers in well-designed trials with sufficient sample sizes. Furthermore, Abelmoschus esculentus can be supplemented to the diet of the relevant populations to alleviate dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension is one component of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Here, the study evaluated hypertension‐associated metabolites in relation to other MetS components. Fasting plasma samples were collected from 22 hypertensive and 63 normotensive subjects for non‐targeted metabolomics. Compared with normotensive subjects, hypertensive patients were more diabetic (6.3% vs. 36.4%) and had dyslipidemia (27.0% vs. 63.6%) (both p < .05). By non‐targeted metabolomics, 758 metabolites in 22 classes were identified and 56 were differentially regulated between hypertensive and normotensive groups. Amongst these 56 metabolites, receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that 14 had an area under the curve above 0.6. Multivariate‐adjusted logistic regression analysis demonstrated that per one‐fold increase of L‐glutmatic acid, L‐cystine, (9S,10E,12Z,15Z)‐9‐Hydroxy‐10,12,15‐octadecatrienoic acid, deoxyribose 5‐phosphate, and falcarinolone, the odds ratios were 3.64, 4.61, 0.26, 0.26, and 0.37 for having the risk of hypertension, respectively. Of five metabolites, by Spearman's correlation analysis, only L‐glutmatic acid and L‐cystine levels were positively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (all p < .05). Spearman's correlation analysis further revealed that L‐glutmatic acid levels were positively correlated with to body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose, and serum triglyceride but negatively associated with HDL‐c (all p < .05) whereas L‐cystine levels were not related to any of these components (p ≥ .13). Multivariate‐adjusted linear regression analysis confirmed the positive correlation between L‐cystine levels and systolic or diastolic blood pressure (β = 2.66 for SBP; β = 2.50 for DBP; both p < .05). In conclusion, L‐cystine could be a potent metabolite for increased risk of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer patients have an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease and for many patients, adjuvant therapy causes an altered lipid profile, insulin resistance and inflammation. Previous follow-up studies are inconclusive regarding the duration of therapy-induced inflammation. We examined the acute and persistent changes of adjuvant chemotherapy on inflammatory and metabolic health markers in breast cancer patients. Methods: Plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and metabolic health parameters were analyzed before, shortly after and every six months up to two years after adjuvant chemotherapy treatment in 51 postmenopausal early breast cancer (EBC) patients, as well as in 41 healthy age- and BMI-matched controls. A target-specific multiplex assay was applied for cytokine measurements. Results: Before initiation of adjuvant therapy, plasma IL-8 levels were higher in EBC patients (31%, p = 0.0001). Also, a larger proportion of the patients had a hsCRP level above 2 mg/L (41%) compared to the controls (17%, Χ2 = 5.15, p = 0.023). Plasma levels of all five cytokines, but not hsCRP, were significantly increased after compared to before adjuvant chemotherapy (15–48% increase; all p ≤ 0.05). Already six months after ending chemotherapy treatment, all plasma cytokine levels were significantly reduced and close to pre-chemotherapy levels. Adjuvant chemotherapy caused a worsened lipid profile (increased triglycerides, lower HDL levels), insulin resistance and increased plasma insulin levels that remained high during the first year after chemotherapy. Conclusion: Postmenopausal women with EBC have temporarily increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines after adjuvant chemotherapy. Although transient, the therapy-induced increase in plasma cytokine levels, together with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, may contribute to cardiometabolic risk in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Trial registration: The clinical trial (registration number NCT03784651) was registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov on 24 December 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose: The article deals with the problem of obesity, which significantly increases the number of cases among children, adolescents and adults all over the world, leading to the occurrence of systemic disorders. A noticeable increase in the incidence of atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome and diabetes leads to a reduction in life expectancy. The main aim of the work is to emphasize the seriousness of the contemporary problem, which causes impairment of the functioning of many systems. A secondary goal is to indicate the current standards of obesity treatment and how to deal with overweight. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Obesity is a disease that affects nearly 800 million people around the world and affects every fourth Pole. Uncontrolled weight gain is caused; lifestyle changes, consumption of highly processed foods, and genetic and endocrine factors. It is a chronic disease with a tendency to relapse, with serious consequences and in need of diagnostics, personalized treatment, and often associated with psychological support. Material and methods: The article analyzes the research to date and the latest treatment methods, which show that a person struggling with obesity is at risk of over 200 complications, including, for example, fatty liver, stroke, type 2 diabetes or cancer. Results and conclusion: According to our analysis, obesity is a pathological condition that is truly life-threatening. Despite the society's downplay of the problem, people affected by this disease struggle with many comorbidities that worsen their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glucomannan has been studied for various health benefits, but its effects on lipid profile in adults are not well understood. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the impact of glucomannan supplementation on serum/plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Apo B1, Apo A1, APO-B/ A1 ratio, and LDL-C/ HDL-C in adults. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from inception to June 2024 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing glucomannan supplementation on lipid profile in adults. Data were extracted and analyzed using random effects model to determine the standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each biomarker. Results: Glucomannan supplementation significantly decreased TC (SMD: -3.299; 95% CI: -4.955, -1.664, P < 0.001; I2 = 95.41%, P-heterogeneity < 0.001), LDL-C (SMD: -2.993; 95% CI: -4.958, -1.028; P = 0.006; I2 = 95.49%, P-heterogeneity < 0.001), and Apo B1 (SMD: -2.2; 95% CI: -3.58, -0.82; P = 0.01). However, glucomannan did not alter the levels of TG (SMD: -0.119; 95% CI: -1.076, 0.837, P = 0.789; I2 = 91.63%, P-heterogeneity < 0.001), Apo A1 (SMD: -0.48; 95% CI: -6.27, 5.32; P = 0.76), APO-B/ A1 ratio (SMD: -1.15; 95% CI: -2.91, 0.61; P = 0.11), and LDL-C/ HDL-C ratio (SMD: -2.2; 95% CI: -7.28, 2.87; P = 0.2). Conclusions: Glucomannan supplementation has a beneficial effect on the level of TC and LDL-C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the implementation of preventive measures to counteract the obesity epidemics, the prevalence of childhood obesity is still alarming all over the world. Childhood obesity is the most common risk factor for both cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In fact, an earlier onset of obesity can cause a greater risk of adiposity tracking across the lifespan and consequently a longer exposure to cardiometabolic risk factors. Accumulating evidence provided by prospective and intervention studies demonstrated the link between pediatric obesity and selected subclinical signs of cardiovascular damage (atherosclerosis and left ventricular hypertrophy), or fatal and not fatal cardiovascular events as early as 40 years of age. The numerous guidelines and scientific documents published in the last years demonstrate the relevance of assessing cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with OB. This Position paper, released by experts of the "Childhood Obesity study group" within the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, aims to review the assessment of cardiometabolic risk factors and comorbidities in children and adolescents with OW/OB on the light of the most recent scientific evidence. The main recommendations are: (a) early detection of comorbidities, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, prediabetes/type 2 diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, inactivity, obstructive sleep apnea and decline in kidney function; (b) weight loss treatment, which is associated with a reduction of all cardiometabolic risk factors; (c) specific treatment of comorbidities, through lifestyle modifications or pharmacological treatment added to lifestyle for suitable individuals; d). monitoring comorbidities for mitigating future morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, is associated with several metabolic derangements. Considering insulin resistance, evidence has shown higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MeS) in CKD. The aim of this study was to investigate association between the CKD and MeS. In this cross-sectional study, 450 individuals were included. Required clinical and laboratory data were recorded in questionnaires. MeS and CKD were defined according to NHLBI/AHA and KDIGO 2022 guidelines respectively. Increasing or decreasing trend for MeS among the means across quartiles of glomerular filtration rate was determined. Two-hundred twenty women and 230 men with mean age of 46.6 years were entered in this study. Patients with CKD were younger (42 years old versus 52, P < 0.001) and more active (1459.5 metabolic equivalence/min/week versus 1113.0). There was an increase in trend for MeS with decreasing GFR (PTrend = 0.002), which remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, HOMA-IR, and physical activity (PTrend = 0.049). MeS is more prevalent in patients with CKD which can additionally affect their general health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent condition among aging men, and recent research suggests it may be influenced by high cholesterol levels, especially oxidized LDL (OxLDL). However, how this happens is still not fully understood. This study aimed to explore how elevated OxLDL levels affect prostate cell growth and the release of small particles called extracellular vesicles (EVs), which cells use to communicate. By studying mice on a high-fat diet and human prostate cells exposed to OxLDL, we found that these conditions led to increased cell growth, potentially worsening BPH. We also discovered that OxLDL stimulated the production of EVs, further promoting cell proliferation. However, the drug metformin, commonly used to treat diabetes, was able to reduce this harmful growth. These findings provide new insights into how OxLDL may drive BPH progression and suggest that metformin could be a promising treatment to delay its development, potentially benefiting many men worldwide. Background: Clinical and experimental evidence has linked Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) with dyslipidemic and hypercholesterolemic conditions, though the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates the impact of dyslipidemia, specifically oxidized LDL (OxLDL), on prostatic stromal cell proliferation and the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Methods: Mice were fed a high-fat diet, and human prostatic stromal cells (HPSCs) were treated with OxLDL. Proliferation assays and EV characterization were performed to assess the role of EVs in BPH progression. Results: Pro-atherogenic conditions significantly increased cell proliferation in both murine prostatic cells and HPSCs. Treatment with metformin effectively inhibited OxLDL-induced proliferation. Additionally, OxLDL stimulated the production and release of pro-proliferative EVs by HPSCs, which further promoted cellular proliferation. Conclusions: The findings suggest that dyslipidemia drives prostatic stromal cell proliferation and EV secretion, contributing to BPH progression. Metformin demonstrates potential as a therapeutic agent to mitigate these effects, offering insight into novel strategies for BPH management. This study highlights the complex interaction between dyslipidemia, cell proliferation, and extracellular communication in the context of BPH pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Dyslipidemia is frequently linked to various disorders, and its clinical relevance is now recognized. The role of inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) in dyslipidemia has been acknowledged. This study assessed the potential of arbutin (ARB) to prevent dyslipidemia and its associated OS and inflammation in rats with acute hyperlipidemia. Methods: Rats received ARB orally for 14 days and a single intraperitoneal injection of poloxamer-407 on day 15. Results: Poloxamer-407 elevated circulating cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (vLDL), and LDL, and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). ARB ameliorated the circulating lipids and LPL, and suppressed 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR) in rat liver and in vitro. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) in rat liver and its in vitro activity were suppressed by ARB, which also upregulated the LDL receptor (LDL-R) and ABCA1, and had no effect on ABCG5 and ABCG8 mRNA. ARB ameliorated liver malondialdehyde and nitric oxide and enhanced antioxidants in rats with dyslipidemia. Liver NF-κB p65 and blood inflammatory cytokines were increased in dyslipidemic rats, effects that were reversed by ARB. Moreover, ARB effectively suppressed lymphocyte E-NTPDase and E-ADA activities in dyslipidemic rats. The biochemical findings were supported by in silico data showing the affinity of ARB to bind LDL-R PCSK9 binding domain, HMGCR, FAS, and E-NTPDase. Conclusions: ARB possessed anti-dyslipidemia, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects mediated via the modulation of CHOL and TG synthesis, LPL, lymphocyte E-NTPDase and E-ADA, and cytokine release in rats. Thus, ARB could be an effective agent to attenuate dyslipidemia and its associated OS and inflammation, pending further studies as well as clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Microalbuminuria is a key risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases and renal impairment. This is particularly true for diabetics, in whom it is common and can be used to predict the development of complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case control study. Participants were divided into 2 different groups: Group I - Control (n = 140), Group II - Patients with type II diabetes mellitus with IHD (n = 140),. Medical history, physical examination, complete blood count, ECG, chest X-ray and urine examination, tests for microalbuminuria, echocardiogram and fluorescein angiography were performed. RESULTS Mean age of patients in group I and II were 54.35 ± 9.45 and 53.87 ± 8.98 years respectively. 46% participants were taking oral anti diabetic agents. Out of 280 patients of type 2 DM-64% were micral test negative and 36% were micral test positive. In group III, 32% were normoalbuminuric and 68% were microalbuminuric. Positive correlation was found between duration of DM and presence of microalbuminuria. Serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides level were more in microalbuminurics than normoalbuminurics and the difference was statistically significant while the difference in the levels of serum LDL and serum HDL was statistically insignificant between two groups. 55.6% of the diabetics with microalbuminuria were hypertensive. CONCLUSION Microalbuminuria can be considered as one of the predictive factors for overt nephropathy and various complications of DM. Thus, detection of microalbuminuria at an early stage may help in preventing the diabetic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stroke or cerebrovascular accident is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world including both developed and developing countries. Identification of potential prognostic factors for ischaemic stroke may enable better prediction for outcome and conducting early interventions may improve the prognosis. Present study was aimed to study outcome of patients of acute ischemic stroke at tertiary care hospital. Material and Methods: Present study was prospective, observational study, conducted in patients with ischemic stroke, confirmed by CT scan of brain, presenting within 72 hours of onset of symptom, willing to participate in study. Results: In present study 126 patients with acute ischemic stroke were included. Most common age group was 61-70 years (34.13 %) followed by 51-60 years (24.6 %) age group. Male patients (65.38 %) were more than female patients (34.13%). Male to female ratio was 1.9:1. Common risk factors observed were stage 1 hypertension (19.84 %), stage 2 hypertension (SBP>160, DBP>100) (25.4 %), diabetic (36.51 %), smoker (29.37 %), alcoholic (22.22 %), dyslipidemia (20.63 %), history of cardiovascular disease (18.25 %), obesity (15.87 %), family history of stroke (14.29 %) & tobacco chewing (10.32 %). On admission, according to NIHSS scale severity majority had minor stroke (37.3 %) followed by moderate stroke (35.71 %), moderate to severe stroke (18.25 %) & severe stroke (8.73 %). Functional outcome was assessed using the modified ranking score (MRS) at 6 months. Majority had MRS score 3 (44.29 %) followed by MRS score 2 (38.06 %), MRS score 1 (7.96 %). Conclusion: Areas for improvement in management of stroke are public awareness, lifestyle modification (modifiable risk factors are hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, alcohol consumption, and diabetes mellitus), early diagnosis, treatment & availability of facilities and expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perivascular spaces (PVSs) as the anatomical basis of the glymphatic system, are increasingly recognized as potential imaging biomarkers of neurological conditions. However, it is not clear whether enlarged PVSs are associated with alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD). We aimed to investigate the effect of long-term alcohol exposure on dyslipidemia and the glymphatic system in ARBD. We found that patients with ARBD exhibited significantly enlargement of PVSs in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia, as well as a notable increased levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG). The anatomical changes of the glymphatic drainage system mentioned above were positively associated with TC and TG. To further explore whether enlarged PVSs affects the function of the glymphatic system in ARBD, we constructed long alcohol exposure and high fat diet mice models. The mouse model of long alcohol exposure exhibited increased levels of TC and TG, enlarged PVSs, the loss of aquaporin-4 polarity caused by reactive astrocytes and impaired glymphatic drainage function which ultimately caused cognitive deficits, in a similar way as high fat diet leading to impairment in glymphatic drainage. Our study highlights the contribution of dyslipidemia due to long-term alcohol abuse in the impairment of the glymphatic drainage system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To comprehensively review the clinical research on the treatment of hyperlipidemia with traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) through the evidence mapping, and to understand the distribution of evidence in this field. Methods Databases including CNKI, Wangfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase were searched from January 2004 to December 2023 to collect clinical studies, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, guidelines and clinical pathways related to the treatment of hyperlipidemia with TCM. The results were analyzed and displayed in charts and graphs according to the screening criteria, and the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) tool and the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta- analysis of Chinese herbal medicine (PRISMA-CHM) were used to evaluate the quality of the systematic review/ meta-analysis. Results A total of 1 223 studies were included in the analysis according to Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Study design (PICOS) principles, involving 920 RCTs, 249 non-RCTs, 49 systematic reviews /meta-analyses, and 5 guidelines /expert consensus. In recent years, the overall number of clinical research publications has shown a downward trend. Hyperlipidemia frequently occurs in middle-aged and elderly people, and age of onset tends to be younger. The sample size of randomized controlled studies is mostly concentrated in 60-300 cases. There are many types of clinical treatment regimens for the treatment of hyperlipidemia with TCM, among which TCM decoction (50.13%) and Chinese patent medicine (38.41%) account for a relatively high proportion, and TCM exercise therapy (0.51%) is the lowest treatment. Jiangzhi Decoction has attracted more attention in trial group of TCM decoction, while Xuezhikang Capsule has attracted more attention in trial group of Chinese patent medicine. In terms of methodological design, 199 papers (21.63%) explicitly mentioned the method of generating random sequence, 17 papers (1.85%) mentioned allocation concealment, 37 papers (4.02%) mentioned blinding. The control group was dominated by the statins, including simvastatin and atorvastatin. The outcome indicators mainly include the total effective rate, TCM syndrome score, blood lipid level, coagulation index, and adverse reactions, while the attention of TCM characteristic efficacy, inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular endothelial index were low. The methodological and reporting quality of the systematic review/Meta-analysis were generally not high. AMSTAR-2 evaluation was extremely low, and the average PRISMA-CHM score was 15. Conclusion TCM has certain advantages in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, but there is a lack of high-quality evidence-based proof, and more high-quality clinical studies are still needed to further provide evidence supports in the future. It has been suggested that more large-sample and multi-center clinical studies should be carried out in the future. We should formulate systematic reviews/Meta analysis and guidelines /expert consensus according to the guidelines of clinical practice issues, also consult international standards and regulations, enhance normativity and reliability to improve the quality of their evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a condition marked by a complex array of physiological, biochemical, and metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia (characterized by elevated triglycerides and reduced levels of high-density lipoproteins). The pathogenesis develops from the accumulation of lipid droplets in the hepatocyte (steatosis). This accumulation, in genetically predisposed subjects and with other external stimuli (intestinal dysbiosis, high caloric diet, physical inactivity, stress), activates the production of pro-inflammatory molecules, alter autophagy, and turn on the activity of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), provoking the low grade chronic inflammation and the fibrosis. This syndrome is associated with a significantly increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), vascular, renal, pneumologic, rheumatological, sexual, cutaneous syndromes and overall mortality, with the risk rising five- to seven-fold for T2DM, three-fold for CVD, and one and a half–fold for all-cause mortality. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine metabolic syndrome as a "systemic disease" and its interaction with major internal medicine conditions such as CVD, diabetes, renal failure, and respiratory failure. It is essential for internal medicine practitioners to approach this widespread condition in a "holistic" rather than a fragmented manner, particularly in Western countries. Additionally, it is important to be aware of the non-invasive tools available for assessing this condition. Materials and Methods: We conducted an exhaustive search on PubMed up to July 2024, focusing on terms related to metabolic syndrome and other pathologies (heart, Lung (COPD, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, OSAS) and kidney failure, vascular, rheumatological (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis), endocrinological, sexual pathologies and neoplastic risks. The review was managed in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Finally, we selected 300 studies (233 papers for the first search strategy and 67 for the second one). Our review included studies that provided insights into metabolic syndrome and non-invasive techniques for evaluating liver fibrosis and steatosis. Studies that were not conducted on humans, were published in languages other than English, or did not assess changes related to heart failure were excluded. Results: The findings revealed a clear correlation between metabolic syndrome and all the pathologies above described, indicating that non-invasive assessments of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis could potentially serve as markers for the severity and progression of the diseases. Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome is a multisystem disorder that impacts organs beyond the liver and disrupts the functioning of various organs. Notably, it is linked to a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Non-invasive assessments of hepatic fibrosis and fibrosis allow clinicians to evaluate cardiovascular risk. Additionally, the ability to assess liver steatosis may open new diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic avenues for managing metabolic syndrome and its complications, particularly cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pemafibrate is a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α modulator, which was demonstrated to reduce serum triglyceride levels with few drug-related adverse events in several clinical studies, as well as phase II and III clinical trials. One of the limitations of this medicine was the requirement of twice-daily oral administration, resulting in reduced medication adherence, particularly in elderly patients, who are rather good targets for this medicine. Recently, a once-daily extended-release (XR) tablet has been introduced. Given an improvement in medication adherence, the therapeutic efficacy of pemafibrate may be enhanced. Methods: Patients with hypertriglyceridemia, in whom conventional twice-daily immediate-release (IR) pemafibrate was converted to pemafibrate XR between 2023 and 2024, were eligible. Each type of tablet was prescribed for three months, respectively. A dose change was not attempted. The serum triglyceride levels were compared between 3 months pre-conversion and 3 months post-conversion using a Friedman test and a post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: A total of 46 patients were included. The median age was 62 years, and 29 were men. IR was continued for 698 (280, 1183) days before the conversion. During the last 3-month IR therapy, serum triglyceride levels remained unchanged from 171 (138, 239) mg/dL to 181 (123, 245) mg/dL (p = 0.78). Following the conversion, no patients had drug-related adverse events, and all patients completed 3-month XR therapy. At three months after the conversion, the serum triglyceride levels decreased significantly from 181 (123, 245) mg/dL to 146 (107, 184) mg/dL (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Pemafibrate XR might be a more promising medication than conventional IR in improving hypertriglyceridemia, probably due to improved medication adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Metabolic syndrome, defined by the coexistence of central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance, is a significant contributor to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the aging population. We aimed to determine whether age influences the efficacy of LSG in treating obesity-related comorbidities. Methods: A retrospective analysis of lipid profiles, glycemic and clinical parameters was conducted in a group of 786 patients in two age groups (under 50 years old and over 50 years old) who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with follow-ups 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery. Results: There was a significant improvement in lipid metabolism with no significant differences between the two age groups in these parameters throughout the observation period. Furthermore, there was significant weight loss (54.82 kg vs. 54.56 kg) and BMI reductions (47.71 kg/m2 vs. 47.01 kg/m2 to 29.03 kg/m2 vs. 30.73 kg/m2). Total cholesterol decreased from 198 mg/dL to 184.9 mg/dL (<50 years old) and from 206.4 mg/dL to 193 mg/dL (>50 years old). LDL dropped from 136.2 mg/dL to 116.7 mg/dL and from 141.0 mg/dL to 121.0 mg/dL. Mean HbA1c decreased to comparable levels (5.66% vs. 5.53%). Both groups showed similar rates of remission for type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that LSG is an effective method for treating components of metabolic syndrome regardless of age, supporting its use as a therapeutic tool for older patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulva prolifera, known as Aonori in Japan, is an edible alga species that is mass-cultivated in Japan. Supplementation with Aonori-derived biomaterials has been reported to enhance metabolic health in previous studies. This was an experimental study that evaluated the metabolic health effects of NBF2, a formula made of algal and junos Tanaka citrus-derived biomaterials, on obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We used 18 obese and hyperglycemic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats that were assigned randomly to three groups of six animals: a high-dose NBF2 drink (20 mg/kg) group, a low-dose (10 mg/kg) NBF2 drink group and the control group that received 2 mL of tap water daily for a total of six weeks. We also used eight LETO rats as the normal control group. In addition to the glucose tolerance test (OGTT), ELISA and real-time PCR assays were performed. High-dose and lowdose NBF2 improved insulin sensitivity, as well as glycemic and lipid profiles, as compared with control rats. The OGTT showed that both NBF2 groups and LETO rats had normalized glycemia by the 90-min time-point. NBF2 up-regulated PPARα/γ-mRNA and Sirt2-mRNA gene expressions in BAT and improved the blood pressure profile. These findings suggest that the NBF2 formula, which activates PPAR-α/γ mRNA and Sirt2-mRNA, may reverse dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to recent data, one in eight people in the world struggle with obesity. Obesity management is increasingly dependent on bariatric surgical interventions, as the combination of lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy could have a modest long-term effect. Surgery is recommended only for individuals whose body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2 and ≥ 35 kg/m2 in the presence of weight-related comorbidities. The most commonly performed procedures are sleeve gastrectomy and roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations occur as a result of the anatomical and physiological changes caused by surgery, which further differ depending on physicochemical drug factors and factors related to the dosage form. The following modifications are distinguished based on the type of bariatric surgery performed. Most bariatric patients have accompanying comorbidities, including dyslipidemia treated with hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors or statins. Significant improvements in the lipid profile are observed early in the postoperative period. The data reported in this review on statin pharmacokinetic alterations have demonstrated substantial inter- and intravariability, making it difficult to adopt clear guidelines. Based on the current literature review, reducing the statin dose to the lowest effective with continuous monitoring is considered an optimal approach in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores are positively associated with the risk of dyslipidemia. • Association between DII levels and dyslipidemia appears only in women. • Inflammation feature of diets is important for preventing dyslipidemia in middle-aged women. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a tool to evaluate the inflammatory potential of diets. Our research hypothesized that a higher DII score would be associated with an increased risk of dyslipidemia and that this outcome may differ by sex. Data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were used. The analysis included participants aged 40 to 69 years from the HEXA study (n = 40,500) and the Ansan-Ansung study (n = 4701). The mean follow-up was 5.03 years for the HEXA study and 8.14 years for the Ansan–Ansung study. The DII scores were calculated based on dietary data. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to calculate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). In pooled analyses, a high DII score was associated with a higher risk of dyslipidemia and its components. Sex-specific analyses revealed associations only in women. A pro-inflammatory diet, as indicated by a higher DII score, was associated with an increased risk of hypercholesterolemia, hyper-low-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and dyslipidemia, with HR of 1.17 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.29), 1.16 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.29), 1.32 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.52), and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.26), respectively. However, among men, there was no association between DII and dyslipidemia. These findings emphasize the inflammation feature of existing dietary patterns in influencing the development of dyslipidemia and related health issues. Further research will be needed to identify the mechanisms of how DII scores affect the risk of dyslipidemia. [Display omitted] This study aimed to investigate the association between DII and dyslipidemia among Korean adults, considering sex differences. Based on dietary data, the 38 food parameters were adopted to calculate DII. Sex-specific analyses revealed associations only in women. A pro-inflammatory diet, as indicated by a higher DII score, is associated with an increased risk of dyslipidemia, with HR of 1.17 [95% CI: 1.08, 1.26]. This result emphasizes the inflammation feature of diets is important for preventing dyslipidemia in middle-aged women. Abbreviations: DII, dietary inflammatory index; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Diabetes mellitus causes fasting hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, and exposure of diabetics to aluminium can aggravate these effects, since aluminium exposure also causes prediabetic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. The effect has not been previously demonstrated in an animal model. Aim. Objective of the study was to determine the extent of aggravation of dyslipidemia after subchronic oral exposure of diabetics (type 1 model in rat) to aluminium chloride.Method. Forty adult male rats (weighing 189–285 g) were divided into four groups of ten rats each: Control group (CG); Aluminium chloride (Al) treated group (AG); Diabetic group (DG); Al-treated-diabetic group (ADG). Diabetes was induced by single intramuscular injection of aqueous alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/ml) at 120 mg/kg in DG and ADG. Each rat in the Al-treated groups (AG and ADG) was orally administered with aqueous aluminium chloride (100 g/L) daily (50 mg/kg; 12.5% of LD50) by gavage for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) concentrations were determined. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were calculated with formulae. Results. Diabetic hyperglycemia was maintained in DG and did not differ from ADG on day 7–21, but was higher (p < 0.05) on day 28 in association with aggravated dyslipidemia characterized by increases in TG, TC, LDLc, AIP and decrease in HDLc. Conclusion. Subchronic aluminium exposure in diabetics aggravated hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia with AIP elevation by 34%, suggesting an exaggeration of risk of atherogenesis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergic diseases begin early in life and are often chronic, thus creating an inflammatory environment that may precede or exacerbate other pathologies. In this regard, allergy has been associated to metabolic disorders and with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Methods: We used a murine model of allergy and atherosclerosis, different diets and sensitization methods, and cell‐depleting strategies to ascertain the contribution of acute and late phase inflammation to dyslipidemia. Untargeted lipidomic analyses were applied to define the lipid fingerprint of allergic inflammation at different phases of allergic pathology. Expression of genes related to lipid metabolism was assessed in liver and adipose tissue at different times post‐allergen challenge. Also, changes in serum triglycerides (TGs) were evaluated in a group of 59 patients ≥14 days after the onset of an allergic reaction. Results: We found that allergic inflammation induces a unique lipid signature that is characterized by increased serum TGs and changes in the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissue. Alterations in blood TGs following an allergic reaction are independent of T‐cell‐driven late phase inflammation. On the contrary, the IgG‐mediated alternative pathway of anaphylaxis is sufficient to induce a TG increase and a unique lipid profile. Lastly, we demonstrated an increase in serum TGs in 59 patients after undergoing an allergic reaction. Conclusion: Overall, this study reveals that IgG‐mediated allergic inflammation regulates lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) imparts health risks including dyslipidaemia, diabetes and cardiovascular disease that are amenable to lifestyle adjustment and/or medication. We describe dyslipidaemia in women referred to a gynaecological endocrine clinic. Clinical data and endocrine and lipoprotein investigations comprising fasting triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and calculated low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) were studied along with electrophoresis patterns of apolipoprotein B‐containing lipoproteins. The 1721 participants comprised black, mixed ancestry, white and Indian individuals (9.8%, 83.2%, 5.8% and 1.2%, respectively). The mean ± standard deviation of the age, body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio were 26.0 ± 5.9 years, 32.3 ± 8.3 kg/m2 and waist/hip ratio 0.88 ± 0.11, respectively. Overweight status (BMI 26–30 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2) involved 272 (15.8%) and 1010 (58.7%) individuals, respectively. Morbid obesity (BMI >40 kg/m2) was present in 309 (17.9%) individuals. The TG, TC, HDLC and LDLC concentrations were 1.22 ± 0.86, 4.77 ± 1.02, 1.3 ± 0.36, 2.94 ± 0.94 mmol/L, respectively. LDL hypercholesterolaemia occurred in 753 (43.7%) and exceeded 5 mmol/L in 39 (2.3%) women. Low HDLC (<0.9 mmol/L) affected 122 (7%), hypertriglyceridaemia (>1.7 mmol/L) affected 265 (15.4%) and exceeded 2.5 mmol/L in 91 (5.3%) women. Mixed hyperlipidaemia (TG >1.7, TC >5.0 mmol/L) occurred in 176 (10.2%). Electrophoresis revealed small LDL particles in 79 (4.6%) and dysbetalipoproteinaemia in 13 (0.76%) of the cohort. Small LDL associated with obesity, blood pressure, TG and glucose concentration and higher androgenic state. Many women with PCOS had unfavourable lipoprotein results: mostly moderate changes in TG, HDLC and LDLC. Small LDL is not rare, may aid risk assessment and is best determined directly. Incidental monogenic disorders of lipoprotein metabolism included dysbetalipoproteinaemia, familial hypercholesterolaemia and severe hypertriglyceridaemia. Dyslipidaemia in PCOS requires more careful diagnosis, individualised management and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality in the U.S. accounting for 1 in 4 deaths each year. Environmental factors, such as neighborhood safety, may increase the risk of CVD. Therefore, the current study assessed perceived neighborhood safety and its association with CVD risk factors (i.e. dyslipidemia, hypertension, type II diabetes) among 663 adults (mean age: 49.97 years, 61.24% female, 78.28% White). Participants completed self-report measures as part of a larger study of environmental influences on cardiac health. Results indicated that individuals reporting low perceived neighborhood safety had greater odds of having at least one CVD risk factor (OR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.46, 5.22) compared to those with high perceived safety. There was a significant interaction between gender and the presence of at least one CVD risk factor in relation to perceived neighborhood safety. Low perceived neighborhood safety was associated with greater odds of having at least one CVD risk factor among males (OR = 5.48, 95% C.I: 1.82, 16.52) but not females. These findings suggest that low perceived safety is associated with CVD risk factors, especially among males. Future work should seek to better understand the interaction by gender in the relationship between perceived safety and CVD risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A relationship between cholesterol levels and Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) polymorphisms in diverse populations was found in previous studies. However, relevant research on this association in the Korean population is relatively scarce. Therefore, the current study sought to examine the correlation between the NPC1L1 rs217434 A > G polymorphism and clinical as well as biochemical variables pertaining to dyslipidemia in the Korean population. This cross-sectional single-center study included 1404 Korean subjects aged 20–86 years, grouped based on dyslipidemia presence (normal and dyslipidemia) and genotype (AA or AG). After adjusting for sex and age, it was discovered that the dyslipidemia group's BMI, diastolic blood pressure, glucose-related indicators, lipid profile, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and parameters of oxidative stress were considerably different from the normal group's values. When grouped according to genotype, individuals in the AG group exhibited greater total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hs-CRP, and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α in comparison to those in the AA group. Moreover, individuals with dyslipidemia and the AG genotype exhibited unfavorable outcomes for lipid profiles, markers related to glucose and inflammation, and markers of oxidative stress. This study provided evidence for a relationship between the NPC1L1 rs217434 A > G genotype and dyslipidemia in the Korean population, which highlights the potential of the NPC1L1 rs217434 A > G genotype as an early predictor of dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• RA patients face an increased risk of CV diseases due to systemic inflammation and disease activity. • Other than traditional CV risk factors in RA patients, systemic inflammation and autoantibodies contribute to the heightened CV risk. • RA patients have low TC, LDL, and HDL but still experience high rates of CV events, known as the "lipid paradox," due to increased cholesterol breakdown and altered HDL function from inflammation. • In RA patients, inflammatory markers like CRP and cytokines promote atherosclerosis. • Early and aggressive intervention with DMARDs is crucial in achieving clinical remission, and potentially lowering the risk of CV events in RA patients. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease mainly affecting the peripheral diarthrodial joints symmetrically and also presenting many extra-articular manifestations. Morbidity and mortality in RA patients are higher compared to the general population. Cardiovascular (CV) disease is one of the most common causes of death in these patients. Classical or traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis development occur more frequently in RA patients compared to those without this condition. Studies have showed that RA patients often present comorbidities such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, the high incidence of CV events occurring in RA patients is not explained by the presence of traditional risk factors. Systemic inflammation, as it is expressed with the presence of proinflammatory cytokines and increased acute phase reactants, may contribute to the development of premature atherosclerosis in these patients. In this review, we explore the risk factors for CV disease, the generation of dyslipidemia, the lipid paradox and the role of systemic inflammation in the atherosclerotic process in RA. We discuss also the role of early therapeutic intervention that suppresses inflammation which may have beneficial effects on CV disease in RA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary artery stenosis is often advanced by the time coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Statins are the most important anti-lipidemic medication for improving the prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Although lipid-lowering therapy using statins appears to have been established as a method for preventing CAD, there remains the problem that CAD cannot be completely suppressed. In this study, we investigated whether pre-treatment with statin could significantly inhibit the onset of CAD when patients received CCTA for screening of CAD. The subjects were 1164 patients who underwent CCTA as screening for CAD. CAD was diagnosed when 50% or more coronary stenosis was present in the coronary arteries. Patient backgrounds were investigated by age, gender, body mass index, coronary risk factors [family history of cardiovascular diseases, smoking history, hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD) or metabolic sydrome] and medications. Patients were classified into two groups according to the presence or absence of statin pre-administration during CCTA [statin (−) group (n = 804) and (+) group (n = 360)]. Compared with the statin (−) group, the statin (+) group was significantly older and had higher rates of family history, HTN, and DM. The statin (+) group had a significantly higher % CAD than the statin (−) group. Serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly lower in the statin (+) group than in the statin (−) group. There was no significant difference in either high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels or triglyceride levels between the two groups. Age, male gender, HTN, DM and pre-treatment with statin were all associated with CAD (+) in all patients. In addition, factors that contributed to CAD (+) in the statin (−) group were age, male gender, and DM, and factors that contributed to CAD (+) in the statin (+) group were age, smoking, HTN and % maximum dose of statin. At the time of CCTA, the statin (+) group had a high rate of CAD and coronary artery stenosis progressed despite a reduction of LDL-C levels. To prevent the onset of CAD, in addition to strict control of other coronary risk factors (HTN etc.), further LDL cholesterol-lowering therapy may be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is widely prevalent worldwide, which may have relationship with dyslipidemia. The aim of this study is to explore the association between CMV infection and dyslipidemia. Methods: The total observed population of this study included 14,163 participants aged 6–49 years from 1999 to 2004 National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels and four lipid parameters (triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)) were analyzed by performing multiple logistic regression and subgroup analysis. Results: The median values of triglycerides, LDL-C and total cholesterol levels in the CMV positive group were higher than those in CMV negative group while a lower median value of HDL-C existed in positive group. After controlling for potential confounders (sex, age, race, country of birth, education, poverty-to-income ratio(PIR)), a close association between CMV infection and low HDL-C was observed, which persisted in the men aged 30–49 and women aged 12–19, 30–49. Conclusions: CMV infection is related to dyslipidemia, and this association is more significant in the serum HDL-C. Further cohort studies and experimental evidences can be conducted to test this association and then guide clinical practice. Key message: What is already known on this topic: Cytomegalovirus may have associated with dyslipidemia, but there is barely epidemiological investigation for it. We use massive population data from NHANES with the intention of verifying and supporting the laboratory and clinical studies. What this study adds: CMV infection has an association with dyslipidemia, and there may be a close relationship between CMV infection and low HDL-C, especially among the young and middle-aged. How this study might affect research, practice or policy: Further cohort studies and experimental evidences can be conducted to test this association and then guide clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Psychological distress has a demonstrable impact on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and risk factors. Transcendental Meditation (TM) has been shown to reduce stress and improve health and well‐being. The current review aimed to synthesize the evidence on the effects of TM on cardiometabolic outcomes and identify gaps for future research. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases for relevant literature. Forty‐five papers that reported studies of TM on cardiometabolic risk factors and diseases were included. Evidence shows that TM is effective in reducing blood pressure (BP). We found some evidence that TM can improve insulin resistance and may play a role in improving dyslipidemia, exercise tolerance, and myocardial blood flow, and in reducing carotid intima‐media thickness and left ventricular mass. Studies show that long‐term TM practice can reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and CVD mortality. This review identified that certain studies have high participant drop‐out rates, and fewer studies targeted comprehensive cardiometabolic outcomes beyond BP with longer follow‐up periods. We found that most studies were conducted in specific populations, which may limit generalizability. In conclusion, TM has the potential to improve cardiometabolic health; however, research gaps highlight the need for larger phase III multicenter clinical trials with long‐term follow‐ups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a widespread global epidemic that affects individuals across all age groups and presents a significant public health challenge. Comprising various cardio-metabolic risk factors, MetS contributes to morbidity and, when inadequately addressed, can lead to mortality. Current therapeutic approaches involve lifestyle changes and the prolonged use of pharmacological agents targeting the individual components of MetS, posing challenges related to cost, compliance with medications, and cumulative side effects. To overcome the challenges associated with these conventional treatments, herbal medicines and phytochemicals have been explored and proven to be holistic complements/alternatives in the management of MetS. Thymoquinone (TQ), a prominent bicyclic aromatic compound derived from Nigella sativa emerges as a promising candidate that has demonstrated beneficial effects in the treatment of the different components of MetS, with a good safety profile. For methodology, literature searches were conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant studies until December 2023. Using Boolean Operators, TQ and the individual components of MetS were queried against the databases. The retrieved articles were screened for eligibility. As a result, we provide a comprehensive overview of the anti-obesity, anti-dyslipidaemic, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic effects of TQ including some underlying mechanisms of action such as modulating the expression of several metabolic target genes to promote metabolic health. The review advocates for a paradigm shift in MetS management, it contributes valuable insights into the multifaceted aspects of the application of TQ, fostering an understanding of its role in mitigating the global burden of MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Half of dyslipidemic patients sometimes discontinue statin medication. It is unclear if blood atherogenic risk increases right after statin discontinuation or if there is a lingering protective effect. We sought to determine if a legacy effect prevented blood lipid increases during the first stages of statin cessation. Atherogenic blood lipid profile was measured in 10 overweight (BMI 31 ± 3 kg m−2) middle-aged males (62 ± 7 years old), statin users, while fasted and postprandially. Trials were conducted before (i.e., Day 0) and after 4, 7, 15, and 30 days of statin withdrawal and 20 days after statins reloading (Day 50). Four days after statin discontinuation, blood fasting LDL-c, total cholesterol (CHOL), and triglyceride (TG) concentrations increased by 30%, 18%, and 17%, respectively (P < 0.05). The increases in LDL-c, CHOL, and TG peaked after 7–15 days at 79%, 48%, and 34% of basal levels (P < 0.001), respectively. There were no significant correlations between the increases in blood lipids and the dose or years under statin treatment (P = 0.156–0.575). Twenty days after resuming statins, blood LDL-c (2.79 ± 1.06 vs 2.20 ± 0.50 mmol L−1; P = 0.568), CHOL (4.85 ± 1.41 vs 4.25 ± 0.83 mmol L−1; P = 0.747), and TG (1.47 ± 0.60 vs 1.50 ± 0.68 mmol L−1; P = 0.782), returned to basal levels. Our data does not support a statin lingering/legacy effect in blood lipids since they dangerously increased after only 4 days of statin withdrawal in every patient, regardless of dose and years under treatment. Reloading statins restored blood lipids, evidencing a reproducible biological effect at the whole-body level. [Display omitted] • Up to 50% of patients discontinue statin medication for short periods feeling protected by a lingering pharmacological effect. • We discontinued statins for 30 days in ten dyslipidemic patients, while monitoring their blood lipid profile. • LDL-c increased linearly at rates of 0.13 mmol·L−−1·day −1 independently of previous length or dose of statin prescription. • We found no evidence of a statin lingering effect once discontinued. Luckily, statin reintroduction quickly reversed the dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyslipidemia is a common metabolic complication in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) and has traditionally been viewed primarily in terms of cardiovascular risk. Current guidelines do not recommend initiating lipid-lowering therapy in dialysis patients due to insufficient evidence of its benefits on cardiovascular mortality. However, the impact of dyslipidemia in PD patients may extend beyond cardiovascular concerns, influencing PD-related outcomes such as the peritoneal ultrafiltration rate, residual kidney function, PD technique survival, and overall mortality. This review challenges the traditional perspective by discussing dyslipidemia's potential role in PD-related complications, which may account for the observed link between dyslipidemia and increased all-cause mortality in PD patients. It explores the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in PD, the molecular mechanisms linking dyslipidemia to peritoneal membrane dysfunction, and summarizes clinical evidence supporting this hypothesis. In addition, this paper examines the potential for therapeutic strategies to manage dyslipidemia to improve peritoneal membrane function and patient outcomes. The review calls for future research to investigate dyslipidemia as a potential contributor to peritoneal membrane dysfunction and to develop targeted interventions for PD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidemia in pregnancy presents unique clinical challenges due to its effects on maternal and fetal health. This systematic review hypothesizes that molecular alterations in lipid metabolism during pregnancy contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes and seeks to identify the clinical implications of these changes. The rationale behind this review stems from the increased risk of complications such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and acute pancreatitis associated with dyslipidemia in pregnancy. The primary objective is to examine the interplay between lipid metabolism and pregnancy outcomes. Methods: To achieve this, a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted, with a comprehensive search of the PubMed database covering articles from January 2014 to June 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on studies assessing molecular alterations and clinical outcomes of dyslipidemia in pregnancy, while case reports and relevant clinical trials were analyzed to evaluate both maternal and fetal outcomes. A total of 12 studies were included in the final analysis. Results: This study provided evidence of the need for early detection and management strategies to reduce risks. The outcomes revealed significant associations between dyslipidemia and adverse maternal outcomes such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and pancreatitis, as well as fetal outcomes like preterm birth and fetal distress. Conclusions: Early lipid monitoring and intervention are crucial in mitigating these risks and suggests that a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to improve maternal and fetal health in pregnancies complicated by dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) plays an important role in lipid metabolism. Early interest in the development of CETP inhibitors proved to be disappointing. Recent interest has focused on the potential for CETP inhibition to reduce cardiovascular risk by lowering levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Areas covered: The data suggesting that low CETP activity may associate with lower levels of cardiovascular risk and early experience with CETP inhibitors focused on raising HDL-C levels. More recent data that suggests that any potential to reduce cardiovascular risk by inhibition of CETP is more likely to result from lowering levels of atherogenic lipid parameters. The development of obicetrapib, a potent CETP inhibitor, with robust lowering of apoB and LDL-C, will be summarized as a potential approach to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Expert opinion: Obicetrapib is a potent CETP inhibitor, with a demonstrated ability to lower levels of apoB and LDL-C as monotherapy and in addition to high intensity statin therapy. The ultimate impact of obicetrapib on cardiovascular events will be evaluated by ongoing clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research into the pivotal role of potassium in chronic diseases and their comorbidities remains scarce. Our aim is to elucidate the relationship between potassium and chronic diseases, including comorbid conditions, and to provide evidence-based recommendations for potassium intake in patients. Methods: This study is anchored in a representative, population-based survey conducted in Zhejiang Province, China, in 2017, encompassing participants aged 18 to 69 years. Data collection included questionnaire responses, physical measurements, and biological samples, obtained through a multistage cluster random sampling method. A subset of 1496 participants provided complete 24 h urine samples. Results: The median age of the participants was 48.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 24.0), with 51.1% being female, and hypertension was identified in more than one third (35.6%) of the participants. The prevalence of diabetes was approximately 9.0%, dyslipidemia was found in 34.2%, and microalbuminuria in 8.8%. The 24 h urinary excretion levels were 3613.3 mg/24 h (IQR 2161.7) for sodium and 1366.0 mg/24 h (IQR 824.9) for potassium, respectively. Potassium excretion exhibited an inverse relationship with blood pressure. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between potassium excretion and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, with an elevation of 0.03 mmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00 to 0.05). In binary logistic regression analysis, individuals in the fourth quartile of potassium excretion (Q4) exhibited an odds ratio (OR) of 0.56 (95% CI 0.36–0.87) for hypertension compared to those in the first quartile (Q1). Urinary potassium excretion was inversely associated with low HDL-C levels, with Q4 individuals having 0.62 times the odds of having low HDL-C levels (OR, 0.62; 95% CI 0.39–1.00) compared to Q1. Conclusions: Potassium excretion demonstrated a direct negative correlation with certain comorbidities. This study underscores the pivotal role of potassium in the management of chronic diseases and associated comorbidities, thereby highlighting the significance of potassium in both public health initiatives and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zinc finger protein 1 (ZPR1), encoded by the ZNF259 gene, plays crucial roles in transcriptional regulation and cell cycle progression. Despite its known functions, its specific involvement in Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) remains debated. Genome-wide association studies have identified several genes, including ZNF259, implicated in lipid metabolism and associated with MetS. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ZNF259 have been linked to altered lipid metabolism during the development of MetS. This study aims to investigate the association between MetS in Egyptian patients and three specific ZNF259 SNPs: rs964184, rs2075294, and rs2075290. The objective is to explore how these SNPs correlate with MetS development, other health outcomes, and their interaction with dyslipidemia biomarkers. Methods: 200 Egyptian participants were enrolled, and divided into two groups: 100 patients diagnosed with dyslipidemia and 100 healthy controls. The study involved comprehensive assessments, including lipid profile analysis, anthropometric measurements, and genotyping of rs964184, rs2075290, and rs2075294 in the ZNF259 gene using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: The findings indicate that rs964184 SNP correlates significantly with elevated plasma triacylglycerol (TG) levels, while rs2075290 and rs2075294 are associated with higher total serum cholesterol (TC) and TG levels. Among these SNPs, rs2075294 showed the highest predictive value (area under the curve of 0.748), followed by rs2075290 (0.738), and rs964184 (0.583), suggesting rs2075294 as the most influential SNP in MetS prediction. Conclusion: This study underscores the predictive role of ZNF259 SNPs in MetS risk among Egyptians. Future research should further explore the implications of ZNF259 in MetS pathogenesis and its potential as a biomarker for personalized health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 3 decades, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has emerged as a widespread liver condition, with its global prevalence on the rise. It ranks as a leading contributor to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and necessitates liver transplantation. Under the multiple parallel hits model, the pathogenesis of MAFLD stems from various liver stressors, notably nutrient overload and sedentary lifestyles. While medical management for MAFLD is well-established, encompassing non-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical interventions, determining the most effective pharmaceutical therapy has remained elusive. This review discusses diabetic medications for MAFLD treatment, emphasizing recent studies and emerging drugs while reviewing other nondiabetic agents. Emerging evidence suggests that combination therapies hold promise for resolving MAFLD and metabolic steatohepatitis (MASH) while managing side effects. Ongoing trials play a pivotal role in elucidating the effects of mono, dual, and triple receptor agonists in individuals with MASH. With the rising burden of MAFLD/MASH and its severe consequences, the need for effective treatments is more pressing than ever. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of pharmaceutical interventions for MAFLD and MASH, shedding light on the potential of newer drugs especially diabetic medications and the importance of ongoing research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]