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The dynamic effects in soil water retention curves (SWRCs) have been the focus of much research. However, most studies implemented short column tests in a few centimeters, under which a semi-permeable porous media inevitably minimizes or magnifies the dynamic effects. In this study, full-scale sand column tests were conducted to eliminate this flaw by preparing a saturated zone under the unsaturated one. The soil suction and moisture profiles were monitored using high-precision tensiometers and spatial time-domain reflectometry, thereby providing a rational overshooting range of the dynamic SWRC. The results confirm that the dynamic primary drainage curve overshoots the static one. The dynamic effects were estimated quantitatively from the soil moisture re-equilibrium time (τS) and dynamic coefficient (τp), falling within reasonable ranges from previous studies. The τp increases log-linearly with decreasing moisture content and can be estimated well from the corresponding τS and the first derivative of SWRC. Also, the τp increases as the soil becomes finer and better graded, which agrees with more-prominent dynamic effects for lower-permeability reservoirs from petroleum studies but disagrees with more-significant dynamic effects for higher-permeability sand from soil-hydrology studies. The analysis shows that the dynamic effects are not dominated solely by the τp or permeability but also by the groundwater dynamics, which can be seen as a pressure boundary from the saturated zone. This finding explains the significant dynamic effects for both high- and ultra-low-permeability geomaterial. Therefore, the present full-scale soil column setup with a prepared saturated zone is recommended for academic investigations of dynamic SWRCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn-vehicle Augmented Reality Head-Up Displays (AR-HUDs) offer drivers integrated navigation and vehicle status information, thereby improving the driving experience. Many studies explored the effects of AR-HUD navigation design and information presentation on driving performance; however, these studies neglected the occurrence of inattentional blindness, which may lead to potential safety hazards. This study used a two-factor within-subjects design to investigate how dynamic effects (pulsation, blinking, movement) and color transparency levels (T1, T0.75, T0.5, T0.35) of AR-HUD navigation graphics influence inattentional blindness and user experience. The results indicated that color transparency significantly affects the drivers’ inattentional blindness behavior and user experience. Specifically, T0.75 resulted in the lowest inattentional blindness, while T0.5 was associated with the shortest reaction time (without blindness) and highest user satisfaction. Dynamic effects did not significantly impact inattentional blindness, but blinking reduced reaction time (without blindness). This study provides design insights for vehicle AR-HUD navigation interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the value of clean air by analyzing the effect of China's clean air policy. By exploiting the cross-city variation in the timing of policy implementation and using a panel dataset of 280 cities from 2003 to 2018, we find that the clean air policy boosts housing prices by 4.4%. The finding is robust to a series of potential issues, functional misspecifications, and falsification tests. In addition, we examine whether the effect varies across different price-tier cities and changes over time, and we find evidence of such heterogeneous and dynamic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senior managers are the customers of organizational performance measurement methods to help them make better decisions at the firm level. One of the most applicable methods is Network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Network DEA models consider systems that have a network structure in which system inputs, after passing several intermediate interactions, are transformed into intermediate productions and finally leave the system as output products. However, many realworld cases do not necessarily conform to this network structure, which is related to the system outputs during multiple time periods or the same "dynamic" impacts. These structures cannot handle dynamic impacts. Therefore, this paper presents a novel structure that can consider the dynamic impacts and influences of sub-units on each other at various time periods. Besides, two models based on slack variables are proposed which can consider dynamic effects and calculate the efficiency of such networks. Using these models, the overall efficiency of networks is calculated for the whole time period. Finally, these models are applied to two examples, and the results obtained are compared with other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine ecological compensation (MEC) policy is a scheme for protecting and restoring marine ecology. The previous studies have verified that the policy has improved the marine environment, ignoring the comprehensive performance of the economy and environment. Is the MEC policy actually effective for reducing marine carbon emission considering resource input and economy output? To address the question, this paper evaluates the impact of MEC policy on marine carbon emission efficiency by introducing the multi-stage difference-in-difference with propensity score matching. The results show that the MEC policy significantly improves marine carbon emission efficiency, and the positive effects dynamically enhance over time. Low-carbon technology innovation is confirmed to play a mediating role by which the MEC policy improves marine carbon emission efficiency. Therefore, gradually popularizing the MEC policy and accelerating low-carbon technology innovation are crucial measures to improve marine carbon emission efficiency and achieve sustainable marine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates own-price dynamics in taxing environmental externalities. We exploit a natural experiment that exposed some firms to a large and persistent price increase for groundwater, a setting characterized by incomplete markets. Using five years of post-treatment data on farm-level water use, we find that water conservation doubles between the first and fifth year of the tax. Failure to account for dynamics in policies designed to manage groundwater will mischaracterize the price elasticity of demand and introduce efficiency costs.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) shows promise in tumor treatment, particularly when combined with nanotechnology. This study examines the impact of deep learning, particularly the Cellpose algorithm, on the comprehension of cancer cell responses to PDT. The Cellpose algorithm enables robust morphological analysis of cancer cells, while logistic growth modelling predicts cellular behavior post-PDT. Rigorous model validation ensures the accuracy of the findings. Cellpose demonstrates significant morphological changes after PDT, affecting cellular proliferation and survival. The reliability of the findings is confirmed by model validation. This deep learning tool enhances our understanding of cancer cell dynamics after PDT. Advanced analytical techniques, such as morphological analysis and growth modeling, provide insights into the effects of PDT on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, which could potentially improve cancer treatment efficacy. In summary, the research examines the role of deep learning in optimizing PDT parameters to personalize oncology treatment and improve efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Geology / Gongcheng Dizhi Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Geology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A heat conduction equation within the framework of the coupled dynamic theory of thermoelasticity is considered. Coupling in the heat conduction equation is estimated for a space with a constant initial temperature. This space contains a flat semi-infinite crack propagating at a constant velocity, and a constant temperature lower than an initial one (thermal shock) is instantly established on the edges of this space. The movement of the crack and the thermal shock on its shores determine dynamic effects that should be taken into account to estimate coupling in the heat conduction equation. It is demonstrated that, under real conditions of a thermal shock on massive bodies with cracks, one may ignore dynamic effects and coupling for materials that satisfy certain conditions imposed on their thermomechanical constants. This significantly simplifies the process of solving thermoelasticity problems for such bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a modification of resonant column/torsional shearing (RC/TS) apparatus was proposed to perform a qualitative analysis of a noncohesive soil specimen vibration during RC tests. An additional multipoint displacement detection system was installed in the RC/TS WF8500 device. In the new measuring system, 48 mini-magnets are attached to the side surface of a cylindrical soil specimen, creating a regular grid of measuring points. Around 48 Hall sensors (Honeywell SS495A1) are used to measure changes in the magnetic field strength due to the movement of the corresponding magnets on the surface of the specimen subjected to dynamic torque. The Hall sensor generates an analog signal that is proportional to the change in the magnetic field. The measurements are collected with a newly developed data acquisition system that consists of a set of analog-to-digital converters and a set of ARM (Advanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Sets Computing) Machine) microcontrollers. The measurement system is controlled with a dedicated software, ControlRec, developed by the authors. The measurements are taken synchronically with and independently from the standard RC test procedure. The new measuring technique allows to observe displacements of the 48 points on the specimens' surface with over 4 times higher sampling rate than in the original measuring system. As a result, additional effects related to the mechanical wave propagation through soil specimen were observed (local disturbances in distribution of vibration amplitudes or significant displacements near the bottom end of the specimen, which is assumed to be fixed in the standard RC/TS results analysis), that could not be identified using the standard equipment of the device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this research is to design a very big crawler crane adopting composite material to lightweight the machine itself and compare its performance with the one made of classical structural steel. The research starts by sizing the main boom, assuming three different materials: steel, aluminium alloy and composite material. Many load conditions were involved and different criteria were assumed; there are stress safety factors, stiffness, dynamic performance (modal) and buckling phenomenon which is a very important parameter. Then other innovative load conditions were applied to the crane boom: moving load and time-varying wind speed to study the mechanical behaviour of the new solutions. The last step involves the design of additional elements: counter boom, counterweight, ropes, etc., and evaluating the final weight of the entire machine designed with innovative materials. In particular, the weight of the machine in steel configuration is about 5715 kN while this value reduces to 4670 kN and 3830 kN respectively for aluminum and composite material configurations. In other words, for the composite material solution, the final weight is about 67 % of the same machine built with steel, this value decreases to 34 % if only the main boom is evaluated.

The present research concerns the evaluation of the dynamic effect on lattice boom cranes. The dynamic actions involved in this research are: wind, moving load and earthquake, assumed as time-varying actions. The research starts with the design of a large crane by adopting classical standards for these structures (UNI EN 13001 series). The elaborations were performed by analytical methods followed by solid model building and finite element analysis (Solidworks® and Ansys® software). The next step was to define the aforementioned loads acting on these structures. The wind action model was compared with the static approach. Payload displacement induces high-intensity actions on the crane structure; to better understand these effects, several load curves were simulated. The last action considered is the earthquake phenomenon, which is not usually adopted to design this type of structure.

The reaction of 5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-4,11-diene with carboxylic acid chlorides afforded a series of N- and C-acylsubstituted 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,4-diazepines, which undergo keto-enol and imino-enamine tautomerism in deuterated solvents (CD3OD and DMSO). The structure of the N- and C-acyldiazepines and their tautomeric transformations were characterized by 1Н and 13C NMR spectroscopy using two-dimensional 1Н–13C HMQC, HMBC, and 1Н–1Н COSY experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of the variation of the arch form in thickness and height on the bridge was investigated as a numerical analysis. For this purpose, the historic Antik Iscehisar Bridge located in the Iscehisar district of Afyonkarahisar in the Aegean Region was elected as a numerical application. The bridge was subjected to its own weight and moving load as a static analysis. For dynamic analysis, the effect of 10 different fault movements with historical character obtained from The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) on the bridge was investigated. The areas of principal stress and deformation resulting from the applied analyses were determined. Contour diagrams, tables, and charts were given in a comparative manner based on the results of the analysis applied to the bridge. At the end of the analysis, it was observed that the displacements decreased as the arch thickness increased under its own weight in the bridge. In addition, under the influence of live loads and earthquakes, it was observed that the displacements decrease as the arch thickness increases. A seismic reliability assessment was made using the performance criteria provided in this study. If the security level is below what it should be, reinforcement applications can be designed. Accordingly, future maintenance and monitoring planning can be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the dynamic impact of household borrowing on the trade balance using data from 32 developing countries and 36 developed countries over the 1980-2020 period. Our findings suggest that the impact of household borrowing on the trade balance is negative, both in the short and long run, but the effects are more pronounced in developing countries. Moreover, we find that for developing countries the negative effect of household borrowing on the trade balance is achieved via boosting imports. In developed countries, household borrowing stimulates both imports and exports, where the effect on imports is larger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) shows promise in tumor treatment, particularly when combined with nanotechnology. This study examines the impact of deep learning, particularly the Cellpose algorithm, on the comprehension of cancer cell responses to PDT. The Cellpose algorithm enables robust morphological analysis of cancer cells, while logistic growth modelling predicts cellular behavior post-PDT. Rigorous model validation ensures the accuracy of the findings. Cellpose demonstrates significant morphological changes after PDT, affecting cellular proliferation and survival. The reliability of the findings is confirmed by model validation. This deep learning tool enhances our understanding of cancer cell dynamics after PDT. Advanced analytical techniques, such as morphological analysis and growth modeling, provide insights into the effects of PDT on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, which could potentially improve cancer treatment efficacy. In summary, the research examines the role of deep learning in optimizing PDT parameters to personalize oncology treatment and improve efficacy.

Over the past few years, there has been significant interest in the importance of reversible hydro-pumping systems due to their favorable flexibility and economic and environmental characteristics. When designing reversible lines, it is crucial to consider dynamic effects and corresponding extreme pressures that may occur during normal and emergency operating scenarios. This research describes essentially the turbine operation, although various boundary elements are mathematically formulated and presented to provide an understanding of the system complexity. Different numerical approaches are presented, based on the 1D method of characteristics (MOC) for the long hydraulic circuit, the dynamic turbine runner simulation technique for the behavior of the power station in turbine mode and the interaction with the fluid in the penstock, and a CFD model (2D and 3D) to analyze the flow behavior crossing the runner through the velocity fields and pressure contours. Additionally, the simulation results have been validated by experimental tests on different setups characterized by long conveyance systems, consisting of a small scale of pumps as turbines (at IST laboratory) and classical reaction turbines (at LNEC laboratory). Mathematical models, together with an intensive campaign of experiments, allow for the estimation of dynamic effects related to the extreme transient pressures, the fluid-structure interaction with rotational speed variation, and the change in the flow. In some cases, the runaway conditions can cause an overspeed of 2–2.5 of the rated rotational speed (NR) and an overpressure of 40–65% of the rated head (HR), showing significant impacts on the pressure wave propagation along the entire hydraulic circuit. Sensitivity analyses based on systematic numerical simulations of PATs (radial and axial types) and reaction turbines (Francis and Kaplan types) and comparisons with experiments are discussed. These evaluations demonstrate that the full-load rejection scenario can be dangerous for turbomachinery with low specific-speed (ns) values, in particular when associated with long penstocks and fast guide vane (or control valve) closing maneuver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While experimental designs developed in recent decades have contributed to research on dynamic nonequilibrium effects in transient two-phase flow in porous media, this problem has been seldom investigated using direct numerical simulation (DNS). Only a few studies have sought to numerically solve Navier–Stokes equations with level-set (LS) or volume-of-fluid (VoF) methods, each of which has constraints in terms of meniscus dynamics for various flow velocities in the control volume (CV) domain. The Shan–Chen multiphase multicomponent lattice Boltzmann method (SC-LBM) has a fundamental mechanism to separate immiscible fluid phases in the density domain without these limitations. Therefore, this study applied it to explore two-phase displacement in a single representative elementary volume (REV) of two-dimensional (2D) porous media. As a continuation of a previous investigation into one-step inflow/outflow in 2D porous media, this work seeks to identify dynamic nonequilibrium effects on capillary pressure–saturation relationship (Pc–S) for quasi-steady-state flow and multistep inflow/outflow under various pressure boundary conditions. The simulation outcomes show that Pc, S and specific interfacial area (anw) had multistep-wise dynamic effects corresponding to the multistep-wise pressure boundary conditions. With finer adjustments to the increase in pressure over more steps, dynamic nonequilibrium effects were significantly alleviated and even finally disappeared to achieve quasi-steady-state inflow/outflow conditions. Furthermore, triangular wave-formed pressure boundary conditions were applied in different periods to investigate dynamic nonequilibrium effects for hysteretical Pc–S. The results showed overshoot and undershoot of Pc to S in loops of the nonequilibrium hysteresis. In addition, the flow regimes of multistep-wise dynamic effects were analyzed in terms of Reynolds and capillary numbers (Re and Ca). The analysis of REV-scale flow regimes showed higher Re (1 < Re < 10) for more significant dynamic nonequilibrium effects. This indicates that inertia is critical for transient two-phase flow in porous media under dynamic nonequilibrium conditions.

The two westerly branches have a significant impact on the climate of the area on the eastern side of the Tibetan Plateau when flowing around it. A continuous drought event in Southwest China from the winter of 2009 to the spring of 2014 caused huge economic losses. This research focuses on the dynamic field anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau during this event using statistical analysis, attempts to decipher its mechanism on drought in Southwest China, and provides a regression model. We established that the anticyclone and downdraft over the Tibetan Plateau were weaker than usual during the drought, which would reduce the southward cold airflow on the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau and strengthen the west wind from dry central Asia on the south of the plateau. As a result, a larger area of the southwest region in China was controlled by the warm and dry air mass, which was acting against precipitation. The results will be of reference value to the drought forecast for Southwest China, and also encourage further research about how the Tibetan Plateau influence the climate on its eastern side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New data collection and storage technologies have given rise to a new field of streaming data analytics, called real‐time statistical methodology for online data analyses. Most existing online learning methods are based on homogeneity assumptions, which require the samples in a sequence to be independent and identically distributed. However, inter‐data batch correlation and dynamically evolving batch‐specific effects are among the key defining features of real‐world streaming data such as electronic health records and mobile health data. This article is built under a state‐space mixed model framework in which the observed data stream is driven by a latent state process that follows a Markov process. In this setting, online maximum likelihood estimation is made challenging by high‐dimensional integrals and complex covariance structures. In this article, we develop a real‐time Kalman‐filter‐based regression analysis method that updates both point estimates and their standard errors for fixed population average effects while adjusting for dynamic hidden effects. Both theoretical justification and numerical experiments demonstrate that our proposed online method has statistical properties similar to those of its offline counterpart and enjoys great computational efficiency. We also apply this method to analyze an electronic health record dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an algorithm to evaluate the dynamic effects of wave loads on fixed steel Jacket structures (Jacket structures) through the ratio between the dynamic response and the static response of the structure under the action of sea waves. The algorithm proposed in this paper can be applied to evaluate the dynamic effects of wave loads in the strength analysis for Jacket structures, to provide a limit to the selection of a method for analyzing the structure, and the structure period. The research to find out the limit on the distance between the wave period and the natural period of the structure to choose the appropriate structural analysis method for each sea area is necessary. Because the current Design standards give the "3.0 s or 2.5 s rule", (use the quasi-static method when Tmax ≤ 3.0 s or Tmax ≤ 2.5 s) and also only it is clear that the scope of this rule is for the North Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. The research results of this paper will answer the question: Is the use of standards for the North Sea and Gulf of Mexico to analyze Jacket structures in marine conditions outside the study area of the standards suitable? Hoped that this paper will be a reference for engineers when choosing a method of strength analysis of Jacket structures in specific marine conditions at the construction site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a major accident in August 2009 at the Sayano‐Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Plant (SS HPP), all 10 hydroelectric units (HU) with a total capacity of 6400 MW failed. After investigating the causes of the accident and the reconstruction of the hydroelectric power plant, there was to develop a methodology for monitoring the operation of the newly commissioned HU. For inspection, a method was developed based on monitoring the natural frequencies of the dam structures and forced vibrations caused by the operation of the equipment. The article presents the main results of this study. Within the framework of the proposed approach, monitoring was carried out at various observation points of the dam structures and the turbine hall, as well as on a network of remote seismic stations. Based on the data recorded since 2009, an assessment of the parameters of dynamic impacts arising from the operation of hydraulic units of various types in different load modes on the elements of the HPP structure was carried out, and cause‐and‐effect relationships between changes in the operating modes of equipment and recorded vibrations in dam structures were investigated. An estimate of the general level of vibrations during the operation of various types of hydraulic units is given. As a result, the operating modes of hydraulic units are determined, in which there is a multiple increase in the amplitude of natural vibrations of the dam, an assessment of the operational characteristics of hydraulic units is given, taking into account the impact of seasonal conditions and changes in the water level in the reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triggered by COVID-19, one of the most dramatic crashes in the stock market in history occurred in March 2020. The sharp reductions in NASDAQ insurance stock indexes were observed after the occurrence of COVID-19 and in March 2020. In this study, the NASDAQ insurance stock markets (including NASDAQ Insurance Index, Developed Markets Insurance Index, and Emerging Markets Insurance Index) and NASDAQ Composite Index are utilized. The "scissors difference" between the NASDAQ Insurance Index and NASDAQ Composite Index is observed. The dynamic effects of the COVID-19 epidemic and the March 2020 crash on the multifractality of four series are explored. Firstly, the apparent and intrinsic multifractality, the components of multifractality, and the dynamic effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on these indexes are analyzed. Secondly, the multifractal cross-correlation between the NASDAQ Insurance Index and NASDAQ Composite Index is investigated. The dynamic influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on the cross-correlation is examined. The multifractal analysis results reveal that four series both before and after the occurrence of COVID-19 have multifractal characteristics. The stronger multifractal characteristics and the greater multifractal degree are obtained after the occurrence of COVID-19. The intrinsic multifractality of the three indexes ascends largely after the occurrence of COVID-19. The multifractal cross-correlation analysis illustrates that the cross-correlation between two indexes before and after the occurrence of COVID-19 is multifractal. The stronger multifractal cross-correlations and greater multifractal degrees are shown. The contribution of the intrinsic multifractal cross-correlation increased after the occurrence of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the dimensional and dynamic trade effects of monetary integration in the African Franc Zone. We consider the 14 CAEMC and WEAMU countries and their bilateral trading partners over the period 1995–2019. On the basis of an augmented gravity model, the results show the existence of heterogeneous effects, the first being dimensional and the second time-related. In other words, while monetary integration has a positive and significant average effect, a refined analysis shows that not only have some countries experienced losses and others gains, but also, the time-related effects have not been uniform. However, when considering the Franc Zone as a consolidated entity, absolute trade losses disappear. Finally, the application of a non-parametric approach reveals the existence of economies of scale for low trade intensities. Based on these results, we propose a set of policies conducive to the implementation of resilience mechanisms in the event of exogenous shocks and to an ambitious reform of the monetary structure of the Franc Zone as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic general nesting spatial econometric model for spatial panels with common factors is the most advanced model currently available. It accounts for local spatial dependence by means of an endogenous spatial lag, exogenous spatial lags, and a spatial lag in the error term. It accounts for dynamic effects by means of the dependent variable lagged in time, and the dependent variable lagged in both space and time. Finally, it accounts for global cross-sectional dependence by means of cross-sectional averages or principal components with heterogeneous coefficients, which generalizes the traditional controls for time-invariant and spatial-invariant variables by unit-specific and time-specific effects. This paper provides an overview of the main arguments in favor of each of these model components, as well as some potential pitfalls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of the variation of the arch form in thickness and height on the bridge was investigated as a numerical analysis. For this purpose, the historic Antik Iscehisar Bridge located in the Iscehisar district of Afyonkarahisar in the Aegean Region was elected as a numerical application. The bridge was subjected to its own weight and moving load as a static analysis. For dynamic analysis, the effect of 10 different fault movements with historical character obtained from The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) on the bridge was investigated. The areas of principal stress and deformation resulting from the applied analyses were determined. Contour diagrams, tables, and charts were given in a comparative manner based on the results of the analysis applied to the bridge. At the end of the analysis, it was observed that the displacements decreased as the arch thickness increased under its own weight in the bridge. In addition, under the influence of live loads and earthquakes, it was observed that the displacements decrease as the arch thickness increases. A seismic reliability assessment was made using the performance criteria provided in this study. If the security level is below what it should be, reinforcement applications can be designed. Accordingly, future maintenance and monitoring planning can be made.

Recent decades have been marked by the rise of populism, the emergence of New Labour and decline of social democratic parties. The dominant explanation for these trends is a shift in cultural attitudes but leaves open where such a sudden shift comes from. Advancing recent cross‐sectional work on the political economy of housing, this paper suggests that slow‐moving underlying processes as materialized in the expansion of homeownership can help explain the observable cultural shift and recent macrotrends. Taking a longitudinal micro‐perspective of individuals' housing and political trajectories in Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom since the 1980s, we find that the transition into homeownership has made voting for social democrats and populists more likely. The influence never comes as a shock but extends over decade‐long anticipation and socialization intervals. Rather than strengthening traditional conservative parties, expanding homeownership, we argue, has contributed to the gradual embourgeoisement of the left. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the case of a fast drainage process, water movements result in a rapid change in capillary pressure and shrinkage of a porous material. Until now the models used to predict the deformation of most porous media are based on the quasi-static behaviour laws, and dynamic effects are completely neglected. In this paper, a fully coupled model with dynamic capillarity effect considered is proposed for unsaturated water-air flow within deforming porous media. Then, this model is validated with respect to documented experiment on investigation of dynamic capillarity effect in unsaturated sand. The Finite Element Method (FEM) and backward Euler method are used for the discrete approximation of the partial differential equations in space and time, respectively. Numerical results provided by dynamic model have high agreement with recorded experiment data. Moreover, numerical results also reveal that dynamic effects on capillary pressure could cause unexpected deformation (shrinkage) for porous media. All investigations suggest that dynamic effects on capillary pressure should be taken into account to predict unsaturated water-air flow and shrinkage for porous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are increasingly recognized as a major driver of hydrological cycles, and are projected to increase around the world under a changing climate. However, the long‐term trends of ARs over East Asia (EA) remains less elucidated. Here we fill the gap by developing a longest‐ever archive of EA ARs, and examine its role in determining spatiotemporal precipitation variability over EA. We find contrasting changes in AR occurrences, with more frequent ARs in low latitudes but less in high latitudes during the period 1950–2020. The "dipole" pattern of decadal changes in AR occurrences is dictated by atmospheric dynamics (i.e., winds) in the north but thermodynamics (i.e., moisture) in the south. The reduced AR occurrences explain 49% of decreased annual precipitation in northern China, while more AR‐related precipitation is observed in southern China. Our results provide new insights into regional hydroclimate over EA by connecting it with large‐scale weather systems. Plain Language Summary: Atmospheric rivers (ARs) feature long and narrow filaments with intense moisture transport in the lower troposphere. It is a vital component in the regional and global hydroclimate. Previous studies have documented the characteristics of ARs at both regional and global scales. However, studies about the mechanism of long‐term trends and its contribution to precipitation changes are still lacking. Here we examine the annual variation of ARs and its impacts on regional hydroclimate over East Asia. Our analysis is based on a long‐term, high‐resolution reanalysis data set. We show distinct spatial patterns of the changes in annual AR occurrences, with more ARs in low latitudes but decreased frequency in high latitudes. The "dipole" pattern is mainly related to wind changes in the north but moisture changes in the south. The reduced annual AR occurrences in high latitudes explain 49% of decreased annual precipitation in northern China, while more AR‐related precipitation is expected in southern China. The dipole‐like pattern of AR changes provides a good elucidation of the "Southern‐Flood and Northern‐Drought" pattern for East China. Key Points: The mean annual occurrences of atmospheric rivers (ARs) show increases in low latitudes but decreases in high latitudes over East AsiaThe "dipole" pattern of long‐term AR trends is associated with contrasting dynamic and thermodynamic responsesSuch changes in annual AR occurrences contribute to the "Southern‐Flood Northern‐Drought" precipitation pattern over eastern China [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The dynamic effects in the “upper“ drum of the boiler (mechanical’s effects) are very complex problems and critical due to the pressure disturbance in the upper drum of the boiler. This work deals with an experimental investigation of the dynamic behavior of the boiler drum level system is reported from plant data (Al-Quds power plant) in Baghdad / Iraq under a particular condition of operating, and the mathematical equations of the boiler model variables explained and defined. The dynamic effects are investigated with increasing steam mass flow rate (10% and 20%) at the outlet of the boiler. The results showed that the rapid rise in the rate of steam mass flow causes the dynamic effects to increase (shrink and swell) by 15%, rates of evaporation and thus causes an increase in the volume of water inside the upper drum boiler that causes overheating in the tubes.

ObjectiveThis paper identifies varying contemporary and dynamic effects of socio-economic factors on individuals' decisions to allocate their time to physical activities when the intensity of these activities comes into play.MethodsBased on repeated cross-sectional data sourced from the Argentinean National Risk Factor Surveys of 2005, 2009, and 2013, we developed 18 fictitious cohorts to set up a pseudo panel. To address endogeneity problems, four econometric specifications were estimated: OLS, Heckman two-stage model, fixed- and random-effects models.ResultsWe find that changes in the opportunity cost of time are highly significant and provide shifts in individuals' decisions regarding the allocation of their time to physical activity consumption. When considering the intensity at which physical activities are consumed, increased income impacts less, suggesting that individuals faced with a wage increase reduce the time of consumption but increase its intensity. An interesting finding is that employed people consume more physical activity than inactive individuals. This indicates that the substitution effect produced by an increase in the wage rate is less than the income effect. Additionally, the increase in the coefficient of employed persons is greater when the intensity factor is considered, indicating that for employed individuals a trade-off between time and intensity is generated. We also found that higher levels of education increase the probability of participating in physical activities, but decrease the time spent in such activities. Furthermore, there are heterogeneous impacts on physical activity consumption between males and females, which can be observed in the strong effect of household production for women with at least one child. Finally, such impacts remain in a variety of estimated specifications.ConclusionsThese results may be useful in order to suggest some tools for the design of interventions that are aimed at increasing participation in physical activities.

The paper presents an analysis and comparison of selected dynamic parameters in the common crossing and switch unit of a railway turnout. The paper includes a description of the measurement methodology, the report of mathematical methods used to evaluate the measured data and comparison of selected parameters describing dynamic processes in individual parts of the structure. The paper also includes a mathematical analysis of the lesser-known Hilbert Huang transformation, including its practical application. From the presented case study, practical experience and recommendations for the railway line managers, research organizations and possibly for the wider technical public are derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the recent two decades, the progressive collapse of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures attracted unprecedented research interests in the structural engineering community. Experiments are regarded as an essential method in this field since actual cases can barely provide sufficient and effective data to support rigorous research. In this paper, prevailing experimental assumptions and configurations among over 100 series of experiments are quantitatively revealed by a bibliometric collection based on systematic search in an academic database. Since numerous experiments have been reported on the progressive collapse of RC frame structures, this paper subsequently presents a state-of-the-art review summarizing both experimental consensuses and controversies constituted by three main aspects: (a) static mechanisms, (b) dynamic behavior, and (c) threat-dependent research. The significance of secondary mechanisms, existing problems of dynamic effects, and potential flaws of the threat-independent assumption are discussed in detail with experimental findings. Future needs are emphasized on research targets, correlations between experiments and design, dynamic effects, threat-dependent issues, and retrofitting. These recommendations might help researchers or designers realize a more reliable and realistic progressive collapse design of RC frame structures in the future.

The paper presents an analysis and comparison of selected dynamic parameters in the common crossing and switch unit of a railway turnout. The paper includes a description of the measurement methodology, the report of mathematical methods used to evaluate the measured data and comparison of selected parameters describing dynamic processes in individual parts of the structure. The paper also includes a mathematical analysis of the lesser-known Hilbert Huang transformation, including its practical application. From the presented case study, practical experience and recommendations for the railway line managers, research organizations and possibly for the wider technical public are derived.

Over the past few years, there has been significant interest in the importance of reversible hydro-pumping systems due to their favorable flexibility and economic and environmental characteristics. When designing reversible lines, it is crucial to consider dynamic effects and corresponding extreme pressures that may occur during normal and emergency operating scenarios. This research describes essentially the turbine operation, although various boundary elements are mathematically formulated and presented to provide an understanding of the system complexity. Different numerical approaches are presented, based on the 1D method of characteristics (MOC) for the long hydraulic circuit, the dynamic turbine runner simulation technique for the behavior of the power station in turbine mode and the interaction with the fluid in the penstock, and a CFD model (2D and 3D) to analyze the flow behavior crossing the runner through the velocity fields and pressure contours. Additionally, the simulation results have been validated by experimental tests on different setups characterized by long conveyance systems, consisting of a small scale of pumps as turbines (at IST laboratory) and classical reaction turbines (at LNEC laboratory). Mathematical models, together with an intensive campaign of experiments, allow for the estimation of dynamic effects related to the extreme transient pressures, the fluid-structure interaction with rotational speed variation, and the change in the flow. In some cases, the runaway conditions can cause an overspeed of 2–2.5 of the rated rotational speed (NR) and an overpressure of 40–65% of the rated head (HR), showing significant impacts on the pressure wave propagation along the entire hydraulic circuit. Sensitivity analyses based on systematic numerical simulations of PATs (radial and axial types) and reaction turbines (Francis and Kaplan types) and comparisons with experiments are discussed. These evaluations demonstrate that the full-load rejection scenario can be dangerous for turbomachinery with low specific-speed (ns) values, in particular when associated with long penstocks and fast guide vane (or control valve) closing maneuver.

The two westerly branches have a significant impact on the climate of the area on the eastern side of the Tibetan Plateau when flowing around it. A continuous drought event in Southwest China from the winter of 2009 to the spring of 2014 caused huge economic losses. This research focuses on the dynamic field anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau during this event using statistical analysis, attempts to decipher its mechanism on drought in Southwest China, and provides a regression model. We established that the anticyclone and downdraft over the Tibetan Plateau were weaker than usual during the drought, which would reduce the southward cold airflow on the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau and strengthen the west wind from dry central Asia on the south of the plateau. As a result, a larger area of the southwest region in China was controlled by the warm and dry air mass, which was acting against precipitation. The results will be of reference value to the drought forecast for Southwest China, and also encourage further research about how the Tibetan Plateau influence the climate on its eastern side.

The headwaters of the Yangtze River are a complicated system composed of different eco-environment elements. The abnormal moisture and energy exchanges between the atmosphere and earth systems caused by global climate change are predicted to produce drastic changes in these eco-environment elements. In order to study the dynamic effect and ecological stress in the eco-environment, we adapted the Double Attention Mechanism (DAM) to improve the performance of the DeepLab V3+ network in large-scale semantic segmentation. We proposed Elements Fragmentation (EF) and Elements Information Content (EIC) to quantitatively analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and spatial relationships of eco-environment elements. In this paper, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) we established sample sets based on "Sentinel-2" remote sensing images using the interpretation signs of eco-environment elements; (2) the mAP, mIoU, and Kappa of the improved DeepLab V3+ method were 0.639, 0.778, and 0.825, respectively, which demonstrates a good ability to distinguish the eco-environment elements; (3) between 2015 and 2021, EF gradually increased from 0.2234 to 0.2394, and EIC increased from 23.80 to 25.32, which shows that the eco-environment is oriented to complex, heterogeneous, and discontinuous processes; (4) the headwaters of the Yangtze River are a community of life, and thus we should build a multifunctional ecological management system with which to implement well-organized and efficient scientific ecological rehabilitation projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic broke out globally and had a tremendous impact on tourism development in countries around the world. The rapid shift of tourism from "over-tourism" to "under-tourism", threatening the future of the global economy and society, has generated considerable interest from academia and the policy community, but the impact of COVID-19 on tourism variation remains untested by empirical evidence. Based on the daily Baidu Index of 247 prefecture-level cities in China from 2018 to 2021, this study assessed the treatment effect of COVID-19 on tourism and analyzed its dynamic characteristics using the regression-discontinuity-design (RDD) method combined with tourism network attention (TNA) data. The results show that after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the level value of TNA dropped significantly by 2.12 (p < 0.10), and the difference value of TNA (TNA_diff) dropped significantly by 10.77 (p < 0.01), indicating that COVID-19 has a negative causal effect on tourism development, and its impact is more pronounced in major tourist source cities, with a coefficient of −14.91 (p < 0.01) corresponding to −4.57 (p < 0.01) for non-major tourist source cities when the dependent variable TNA_diff. The identification of dynamic effects further confirms that the negative impact of the pandemic on tourism network attention is fluctuating and persistent during the study period, with the two major "golden weeks" and peak season being the most severe. Compared to 2020, the TNA has generally shown an upward trend since 2021, indicating signs of a rebound in the vitality of resident tourism, which is conducive to the healthy development of the tourism market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the influence of contact angle variations on spontaneous imbibition of moisture in porous materials. While the contact angle is typically assumed constant when modelling the moisture transfer in porous media, experimental findings put this assumption into question. It has been shown that during imbibition the contact angle notably rises with increasing meniscus velocity. This phenomenon resultantly affects the moisture retention curve, the relation linking the local capillary pressure to the local moisture saturation, which in turn impacts the imbibition rate and moisture distribution. This study investigates these dynamic effects via a pore network technique as well as a continuum approach. It is shown that the impacts of pore-scale contact angle variations on the imbibition process can be reproduced at the continuum scale through a modified moisture retention curve including a dynamic term. Complementarily a closed-form equation expressing the dynamic capillary pressure in terms of local saturation and saturation rate is derived. The continuum approach is then finally employed to predict measured moisture saturation profiles for imbibition in Berea sandstone and diatomite found in literature, and a fair agreement between simulated and measured outcomes is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]