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V magistrski nalogi preučujemo povezavo med družino, šolo, vrstniki in tveganimi vedenji ter duševnim zdravjem mladostnikov med Covidom-19. Poleg tega preverjamo tudi njihovo samooceno (duševnega) zdravja in počutja ter njihov odnos do telesa in diet v enakem obdobju. V teoretičnem delu naloge smo opredelili duševno zdravje nasploh, pregledali formalni okvir in se natančneje osredotočili na duševno zdravje mladostnikov. Hkrati smo tudi predstavili značilnosti mladostniškega obdobja in opozorili na težave in izzive, ki jih prinaša odraščanje. V nadaljevanju smo natančneje opredelili vpliv družinskega, izobraževalnega in prostočasnega okolja na duševno zdravje mladostnikov ter kako lahko preventivno in kurativno delujemo v teh okoljih. V empiričnem delu naloge smo predstavili rezultate empirične raziskave, v kateri smo iskali odgovore na naslednje vsebinske sklope raziskovalnih vprašanj: 1) duševno zdravje in družina 2) duševno zdravje in šola 3) duševno zdravje in vrstniki 4) tvegana vedenja in 5) samoocena (duševnega) zdravja in počutja ter odnos do telesa in diet. V sklopu duševnega zdravja in družine raziskava kaže, da se večina mladostnikov strinja s tem, da jim družina nudi čustveno pomoč in podporo, ki ju potrebujejo. Dokazali smo, da se večina mladostnikov v družini o pomembnih stvareh pogovarja. Slednji so tudi poročali, da jih težave v manjši meri vznemirijo ali spravijo v stisko. Iz izsledkov raziskave je razvidna pomembnost komunikacije med starši in mladostniki. V sklopu duševnega zdravja in šole smo dokazali, da mladostniki, ki so bolj zaskrbljeni, izražajo tudi bolj negativna čustva do šole oz. jim šola ni všeč. Pokazali smo, da je nervoza najpogostejši simptom, ki se v zadnjih 6 mesecih več kot enkrat tedensko pojavlja pri mladostnikih, ki so zaradi dela za šolo pod pritiskom. Dalje smo dokazali, da mladostniki, ki menijo, da jih sošolci ali učitelji sprejemajo take, kot so, manj poročajo o težavah na področjih: čustva, zbranost, obnašanje. V sklopu duševnega zdravja in vrstnikov smo ugotovili, da je bil pomembno višji odstotek tistih osnovnošolcev, ki se s prijatelji lahko pogovorijo o težavah in v zadnjem tednu niso bili osamljeni. Dokazali smo tudi, da več mladostnikov, ki menijo, da jih imajo vrstniki radi, ne poroča o občutkih depresivnosti. Prav tako je več takih mladostnikov, ki se na prijatelje lahko zanesejo, če gre kaj narobe in hkrati prostega časa ne preživljajo sami. V sklopu tveganih vedenj raziskava kaže, da več mladostnikov, ki svoje zdravje označujejo kot slabo, kadi. Kadi tudi večina tistih mladostnikov, ki je bila v zadnjih 6 mesecih nervozna. Nadalje se je pokazalo, da mladostniki, ki konopljo uporabljajo, slabše ocenjujejo svoje fizično in psihično zdravje. V sklopu raziskovanja samoocene (duševnega) zdravja in počutja ter odnosa do telesa in diet mladostnikov raziskava kaže, da se med mladostniki, tako med fanti kot med dekleti, najpogosteje pojavlja nervoza, sledita ji razdražljivost/slaba volja in nespečnost. Pokazalo se je, da na splošno psihosomatske simptome pogosteje doživljajo dekleta v primerjavi s fanti. Rezultati kažejo, da je več kot petina mladostnikov že razmišljala o tem, da bi naredila samomor. Ugotovili smo, da o samomoru več razmišljajo tisti mladostniki, ki niso zadovoljni s svojim življenjem. Nazadnje smo ugotovili, da je med tistimi mladostniki, ki jih vrstniki zafrkavajo ali ustrahujejo, več takih, ki so na dieti ali počnejo karkoli, da bi shujšali. In the master's thesis, we examine the relationship between family, school, peers, risk behaviours and mental health in adolescents during Covid-19. In addition, we examine their self-assessment of mental health, well-being and attitude towards their bodies and diets during the pandemic. In the theoretical part of the thesis, we define mental health in general and review the formal legislation. More specifically the thesis will focus on adolescent mental health and provide unique aspects of the adolescent period. We will point out the novelties and difficulties that the transition into adulthood brings. Additionally, we elaborate on the impact of family, educational and leisure environments on adolescents' mental health. Furthermore, we discuss how we can implement preventive and curative practices in these environments. In the empirical part of the thesis, we will present the results of an empirical study that focused on five research areas related to adolescent mental health. These areas are 1) mental health and family 2) mental health and school 3) mental health and peers 4) risk behaviours and 5) self assessment of mental health, well-being and attitude towards body and diet. In the context of mental health and family, the results show that most adolescents agree that their family provides the emotional help and support they need. The importance of communication between parents and adolescents is evident from the survey findings. Our research indicates that a majority of adolescents discuss important issues with their families. They are less likely to report that problems upset or distress them compared to those who do not engage in discussion with family members. In the context of mental health and school, we have shown that more anxious adolescents also express more negative feelings towards school or dislike school altogether. We have shown that nervousness is the most common symptom, occurring more than once a week over the last 6 months in adolescents who are under pressure from work related to school. We have also shown that adolescents who feel that their classmates or teachers accept them as they are are less likely to report problems in the following areas: emotional, behavioural and concentration. In the context of mental health and peers, we found that there was a significantly higher percentage of primary school children who were able to talk to their peers about their problems and had not been lonely in the previous week. We also showed that more adolescents who feel that their peers like them, do not report feeling depressed. We have found that more adolescents can rely on their friends when things go wrong and at the same time do not spend their free time alone. In the context of mental health and risk behaviours, the survey shows that more adolescents who describe their health as poor, smoke. The majority of adolescents who have been nervous in the last 6 months also smoke. Furthermore, adolescents who use cannabis are shown to rate their physical and mental health worse. In the context of exploring adolescents' self-assessment of mental health, well-being and attitude towards their bodies and diets, the study shows that nervousness is the most common among adolescents, both boys and girls, followed by irritability and insomnia. In general, psychosomatic symptoms are experienced more often by girls than boys. The results show that more than a fifth of adolescents have considered suicide. We found that adolescents who are not satisfied with their lives are more likely to consider suicide. Finally, we found that those adolescents who are teased or bullied by their peers are more likely to engage in dieting or other weight-loss efforts.

Proces sprejemanja otroka s posebnimi potrebami je dolgotrajen in čustven proces, preko katerega gredo starši otrok s posebnimi potrebami. Proces je sestavljen iz več faz prilagajanja na življenje z otrokom. Za sprejemanje nekateri starši potrebujejo več časa kot drugi. Vsak starš ima individualno pot, med starši so prisotne razlike. Vsem pa je skupno, da morajo čez sam proces, da lahko sprejmejo svojega otroka. V Sloveniji otroci s posebnimi potrebami pridobijo odločbo o usmeritvi, ki se izda na podlagi strokovnega mnenja komisije za usmerjanje. Na podlagi kriterijev otroke s posebnimi potrebami razvrstimo med otroke z motnjami v duševnem razvoju, slepe in slabovidne otroke, gluhe in naglušne otroke, otroke z govorno-jezikovnimi motnjami, gibalno ovirane otroke, dolgotrajno bolne otroke, otroke s primanjkljaji na posameznih področjih učenja, otroke z avtističnimi motnjami in otroke s čustvenimi in vedenjskimi motnjami. Glavni cilj magistrskega dela je bil preučiti, kako poteka proces sprejemanja pri starših otrok s posebnimi potrebami. V okviru empiričnega dela smo raziskali vpliv vrste posebnih potreb na intenziteto čustev staršev, vpliv časa, kdaj so bile potrjene posebne potrebe, na čustva pri starših, vpliv oddaljenosti od potrditve posebnih potreb na čustva staršev in vpliv spola oz. vloge starša – mati, oče na intenziteto čustev. Uporabili smo deskriptivno in kavzalno neeksperimentalno metodo raziskovanja in kvantitativni raziskovalni pristop. Anketni vprašalnik je izpolnilo 175 staršev, ki imajo otroka s posebnimi potrebami. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da na intenziteto čustev pri starših le v nekaterih primerih vpliva vrsta posebnih potreb, ki jo ima otrok. Največ razlik se pojavlja med starši otrok s primanjkljaji na posameznih področjih učenja in starši otrok z motnjami v duševnem razvoju. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da čas, kdaj so bile potrjene posebne potrebe pri otroku (pred 3. letom oz. po 3. letu), le delno vpliva na intenziteto čustev in občutij, ki jih doživljajo starši. Starši, ki so za posebne potrebe izvedeli v času nosečnosti, ob rojstvu ali v prvem letu, ne doživljajo intenzivneje čustev kot starši, ki so za posebne potrebe izvedeli kasneje. Podatki kažejo, da le v nekaterih primerih matere v primerjavi z očeti doživljajo intenzivnejša čustva. Rezultati so pokazali, da med starši, ki so za posebne potrebe izvedeli pred manj kot dvema letoma, in starši, ki so za posebne potrebe izvedeli več kot dve leti nazaj, ni prisotnih razlik pri intenzivnosti čustev in občutij. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da se danes med materami in očeti, ki vedo za otrokov primanjkljaj vsaj dve leti ali več, in materami ter očeti, ki so za posebne potrebe otroka izvedeli v zadnjih dveh letih, prisotne razlike v intenzivnosti doživljanja čustev le v nekaterih primerih. Raziskava je pokazala, da med očetom in materjo skupnega otroka ni razlik pri doživljanju čustev, saj mati v primerjavi z očetom skupnega otroka ne doživlja intenzivnejših čustev. Ugotovitve magistrskega dela poglabljajo razumevanje procesa sprejemanja pri starših otrok s posebnimi potrebami ter prispevajo k razmisleku o morebitnih spremembah na področju sistemske podpore staršem in načinu podajanja informacij, ki jim jih podajajo strokovnjaki. The process of accepting a child with special needs is a long and emotional process that parents go through. The process consists of several stages of adaptation to life with the child. Some parents require more time for acceptance than others. Each parent has an individual path, there are notable differences between them. What they all have in common is that they have to go through the process. In Slovenia, children with special needs obtain a placement decision, which is issued based on the expert opinion of the Placement Commission. Based on the criteria, children with special needs are classified as children with intellectual disabilities, blind and visually impaired children, deaf and hearing – impaired children, children with speech and language impaired, physically impaired children, children with long-term disease, children with learning deficits, children with autistic disorders and children with emotional and behavioral disorders. The main goal of this master's work was to study how the acceptance process of parents of children with special needs takes place. As part of the empirical work, we investigated the influence of the type of special needs on parental emotional intensity, the influence of the time when special needs were confirmed on the parents' emotions, the influence of the distance from the confirmation of special needs on the parents' emotions, and the influence of gender or the role of the parent – mother, father, on the intensity of emotions. We used a descriptive and causal non-experimental research method and a quantitative research approach. The questionnaire was completed by 175 parents who have a child with special needs. The results of the research showed that the intensity of parents' emotions is only in some cases influenced by the type of special needs the child has. The most differences occur between parents of children with learning deficits and parents of children with intellectual disabilities. It was established that the time when the child's special needs were confirmed (before the age of 3 or after the age of 3) only partially affects the intensity of the emotions and feelings experienced by the parents. Parents who learned about special needs during pregnancy, at birth or in the first year did not experience more intense emotions than parents who learned about special needs later. The data show that only in some cases mothers experience more intense emotions compared to fathers. The results showed that there are no differences in the intensity of emotions and feelings between parents who learned about special needs less than two years ago and parents who learned about special needs more than two years ago. It was found that today, between mothers and fathers who have known about their child's deficit for at least two years or more and mothers and fathers who learned about their child's special needs in the last two years, there are differences in the intensity of experiencing emotions only in some cases. The research showed that there are no differences in the experience of emotions between the father and the mother of a common child, as the mother does not experience more intense emotions compared to the father. The findings of the master's thesis deepen the understanding of the process of acceptance by parents of children with special needs and contribute to thinking about possible changes in the field of systemic support for parents and the way in which information is provided by experts to parents.

Družina je osnovna enota, v kateri otrok vse doživi prvič. Starša imata zato zelo pomembno vlogo pri otrokovem razvoju in odraščanju. Družina se je čez čas spreminjala, prav tako pa tudi vloga matere in očeta ter otroka. Mama je bila tista, ki je po navadi skrbela za dom in gospodinjska opravila, oče pa je bil tisti, ki je imel avtoriteto in v družino prinašal denar. Sčasoma se je to začelo spreminjati in mama je bila tista, ki se je lahko zaposlila in tako denarno prispevala k družini. Očetje pa se v današnjem svetu vedno bolj vključujejo v vzgojo otroka in pomagajo svoji partnerici. Tako mati kot oče morata biti prisotna pri otrokovi vzgoji, če želimo, da se otrok optimalno razvije na vseh področjih. V teoretičnem delu sem najprej opredelila družino in njene različne definicije. Na kratko sem opisala različne tipe družin. V nadaljevanju sem primerjala družino nekoč in danes ter pojasnila spremembe v družini, ki so se zgodile od preteklosti pa vse do danes. Primerjala sem tudi vlogo mame, očeta in otroka v starih časih in v današnjem svetu. Prav tako pa sem želela dobiti informacije tudi o tem, kako se je spreminjala vzgoja v preteklosti pa vse do danes. V raziskovalnem delu je predstavljena kvalitativna raziskava, in sicer šest polstrukturiranih intervjujev z mamami in očeti različnih starosti. Cilj diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti, do kakšnih večjih sprememb je prišlo pri vlogah v družini, kako se razlikujeta vloga matere in očeta in kako se je spremenila vzgoja otrok. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da so se vloge mame, očeta in prav tako otroka od preteklosti pa do danes spremenile. Oče se vedno pogosteje vključuje v nego otroka in pomaga svoji partnerki. Mama prav tako služi denar in ni več finančno odvisna od moža, otroci pa imajo pravice, ki jih je treba upoštevati. Vzgoja ni več represivna in stroga, ampak so otroci lahko bolj svobodni, poslušajo in upoštevajo pa jih tudi starši. Family is a basic unit social unit that enables a child to experience everything for the first time. Parents thus play a vital role in promoting the development and maturation of their child. Throughout history, the institution family has changed, and so have the roles of motherhood and fatherhood. Traditionally, the mother took care of the home and housework, whereas the father was the authority and the breadwinner. With time, these roles started shifting and the mother was allowed to get a job and provide for the family as well. Today, fathers are increasingly involved in the upbringing of their children, also helping their partners with housekeeping. Both the mother and father must play a part in a child's upbringing to allow for the optimal development of the child across all areas. In the theoretical part of my thesis, I first explained the notion of family by providing different definitions and briefly describing different types of families. In continuation, I compared a traditional family to a contemporary one, and explained how the institution of family has changed throughout history. I also compared the traditional roles of the mother, father, and child to their contemporary counterparts. Lastly, I explored how upbringing has changed throughout history. In the empirical part, I presented my qualitative research, namely six semi-structured interviews, which I conducted with mothers and fathers of different ages. The objective of my thesis was to explore the major changes in the institution of family, pinpoint the differences between the roles of the mother and the father, and find how child upbringing has changed throughout history. The results of my research indicate that the roles of the mother, father, and child have in fact changed. Fathers are increasingly involved in childcare and tend to help their partners to a greater extent mothers are employed and no longer rely financially on their partners and children have rights that must be respected. Upbringing is no longer repressive and strict, children now have more liberties, and parents tend to listen to them and take their feelings and opinions into account.

Namen magistrske naloge je prikazati izkušnje otrok, ki so se v času epidemije Covid-19 soočali z različnimi ukrepi in omejitvami, katere je uvajala država z namenom preprečevanja širjenja virusa med državljani. V teoretičnem uvodu je predstavljen podroben potek epidemije in njenih ukrepov, v nadaljevanju pa pišem tudi o duševnem zdravju in počutju, kjer se osredotočim na dnevne rutine, nadaljujem s pomenom družine, vrstnikov oziroma prijateljev in šolskega okolja v življenju otrok, ki se soočajo z izrednimi razmerami. V nadaljevanju opredelim tudi pomen prostega časa na splošno in v času trajanja omejitev ter pomen podpore in pomoči, ki se zagotavlja otrokom. V empiričnem delu naloge so predstavljene izkušnje desetih otrok, ki imajo izkušnjo soočanja z izrednimi razmerami, natančneje z epidemijo Covid-19. Osebe, vključene v vzorec, so otroci od 4. do 9. razreda osnovnošolskega izobraževanja, ki so se v času epidemije Covid-19 soočali z ukrepi, katere je uvajala država Republika Slovenija z namenom preprečevanja širjenja okužb z novim koronavirusom. V času trajanja izrednih razmer so ključni vir pomoči otrokom predstavljali njihovi starši in prijatelji, pomembno vlogo pa so imeli tudi učitelji in svetovalne delavke. The aim of this master's thesis is to demonstrate the experience of children who were subject to different measures and restrictions imposed by the government with the aim to prevent the spread of the virus among citizens during the Covid-19 epidemic. The theoretical introduction details the course of the epidemic and measures used to contain it, also addressing mental health and well-being, with a focus on the daily routine, as well as the importance of family, peers and friends, and the school environment in the life of children under the state of emergency. I also determine the importance of leisure time in general and in the period when the restrictions were imposed as well as the importance of assistance and support provided to children. The empirical part of the thesis presents experience of ten children having experienced a state of emergency, namely the Covid-19 epidemic. Subjects included in the sample were fourth- to ninth-grade primary school pupils who were subject to measures imposed by the government of the Republic of Slovenia with the aim to prevent the spread of infections with the new coronavirus during the Covid-19 epidemic. During the state of emergency, the key source of assistance to children were their parents and friends, with teachers and counsellors also having an important role.

V magistrskem delu se navezujem na otroke z Aspergerjevim sindromom (AS), njihove starše in sorojence. Veliko pozornosti sem namenila prilagajanju družinskih članov, njihovim odnosom, organiziranosti njihovega vsakdana in kakovosti prostega časa. V teoretičnem uvodu sem opisala motnje avtističnega spektra, obremenjenost družine in obvladovanje stresa v družini, prosti čas v družini otrok z AS ter smernice za socialne delavce o pomoči tem družinam. V empiričnem delu je predstavljena kvalitativna raziskava, kjer sem s pomočjo intervjujev raziskala vpliv otroka z AS na družino, na dinamiko njenega prostega časa, kakšne prilagoditve, usklajevanja in odrekanja so potrebna, da taka družina funkcionalno zmore preživeti v sodobni družbi. Rezultati so pokazali, da se družine, katerih otroci prejemajo strokovno pomoč ustreznih institucij, kljub začetnemu šoku, stiski in občutku osamljenosti ob diagnozi počutijo bolj varne zaradi nudene podpore. Za ta občutek varnosti je bila družina otroka, ki nikoli ni dobil uradne diagnoze, prikrajšana. Prosti čas je za družine z AS zelo težko dosegljiv, saj vse intervjuvane družine navajajo, da imajo največji vpliv na prosti čas šolske obveznosti. Opaženo je bilo, da so določeni nasveti in priporočila strokovnih delavcev v šoli koristili staršem tudi pri delu z otrokom v njegovem prostem času ter imeli pozitiven vpliv pri osebnem razvoju otroka z AS, razreševanju njegovih notranjih konfliktov in pomirjanju v stresnih situacijah. Ključne prilagoditve se nanašajo na možnost pomoči družinam otrok z AS tudi v prostem času. Pomoč bi se jim lahko nudila ob diagnozi vzporedno z urami dodatne strokovne pomoči, zakonodajna vključitev socialnih delavcev, da bi opravljali dodatno strokovno pomoč, ne le svetovalnega dela in izboljšanje nudene brezplačne pomoči staršem s strani ustreznih institucij. Master's thesis relates to children with Asperger’s syndrome (AS), their parents and siblings. I focused on the adaptation of family members, their relations, the organization of their everyday life and the quality of leisure time, as much as they could even have it with a child diagnosed with AS. In the theoretical introduction, I described autism spectrum disorders, family burden and stress management in the family, leisure time in the family of children with AS and guidelines on how a social worker can help these families. In the empirical part, qualitative research is presented, where, with the help of interviews, I investigated the impact of a child with AS on the family, on the dynamics of their leisure time, what adjustments, coordination and sacrifices are necessary for such a family to be able to functionally survive in modern society. The results showed that families whose children receive professional help from relevant institutions, despite the initial shock, distress and feeling of isolation upon diagnosis, feel safer due to the support offered. The family of the child who never received an official diagnosis was deprived of this sense of security. Leisure time is very hard to come by for families with AS, as all interviewed families state that school obligations have the greatest influence on leisure time. It was observed that certain advice and recommendations from professionals at the school, were useful to parents when working with the child in his leisure time and had a positive impact on the personal development of the child with AS, resolving his internal conflicts and calming him down in stressful situations. The key adjustments relate to the possibility of helping the families of children with AS even in their leisure time, which could be offered to them upon diagnosis in parallel with the hours of additional professional help, the legislative inclusion of social workers to provide additional professional help, not just advisory work, and the improvement of the offered free assistance to parents by relevant institutions.

Objectives We develop a framework for the analysis of pathways into intergenerational caregiving to older people provided by family members using life course concepts of key turning events in life, cumulative processes, and linked lives within the family realm. Methods Using framework analysis, we analyze semistructured qualitative interviews from a sample of dyads (older cared-for adults and their main family carers comprised of children, children-in-law, and grandchildren) in Austria (N = 24) and Slovenia (N = 52). Data were collected in 2019 through purposive sampling, including dyads from a differentiated socioeconomic background and gender. Results The analysis reveals 4 nonexclusive pathways into caregiving. One pathway is associated with single turning events occurring in family or work trajectories of carers that expanded the possibilities for caregiving later in life. A second pathway referred to cumulative processes that later influenced transitions into caregiving, such as personal biographies marked by weak labor market attachment. Another cumulative pathway, exclusive to caregiving, is characterized by continued and sustained exchanges of support within families that cement reciprocal ties that underpin caregiving at later stages. In the fourth pathway, life trajectories of siblings, but also family relationships and conflicts, constrained carers into their role. Discussion Decisions regarding caregiving within families can be best understood as processes, linked to developments in other trajectories in carers’ lives, as much as to internal family dynamics and relationships. Becoming a carer may be itself the result of intertwined accumulated vulnerabilities, as well as cumulative exchanges within families.

V magistrskem delu je avtorica raziskovala kvaliteto odnosov v primarni družini, življenje v skladu z vrednotami, ob tem pa tudi zadovoljstvo z življenjem, ki pomembno vplivajo in oblikujejo življenje posameznika. V teoretičnem delu magistrskega dela je opredelila in predstavila pomen odnosa in odnosov v družini ter opredelila pomembne pojme, ki oblikujejo in vplivajo na kvalitetne družinske odnose. Predstavila je oblikovanje vrednot in moralnosti, ter s tem povezane kategorije vrednot, življenje po vrednotah v primarni družini, prav tako je predstavila problematiko krize vrednot. V zadnjem sklopu teoretičnega dela je posvetila pozornost zadovoljstvu z življenjem in s tem povezano psihično blagostanje in modele le-tega. Na to pa se je navezala tudi na smisel življenja, kot eno najpomembnejših nalog posameznikovega življenja. V empiričnem delu je avtorica raziskovala, kako se povezujejo kvaliteta odnosov v primarni družini, življenje v skladu z vrednotami in zadovoljstvo z življenjem ter ali obstajajo razlike v kvaliteti odnosov v primarni družini in življenju v skladu z vrednotami glede na spol. Izvedla je raziskavo na vzorcu 212 udeležencih, od tega 148 (69,8 %) žensk in 64 (30,2 %) moških. Povprečna starost žensk je bila 42,03 let (SD = 13,39) in moških 41,98 let (SD = 13,9). V raziskavi so bili uporabljeni trije vprašalniki: lestvica funkcioniranja v izvorni družini (FOS), vprašalnik življenja v skladu z vrednotami (VLQ) in lestvica zadovoljstva z življenjem (SWLS). Na podlagi pridobljenih rezultatov sta bili ovrženi prvi dve hipotezi, ki sta predvidevali razlike med spoloma v kvaliteti družinskih odnosov in življenja v skladu z vrednotami. Pri naslednjih treh hipotezah, ki so se nanašale na povezanost med raziskovanimi kategorijami, pa so rezultati pokazali statistično pomembne korelacije, zato so bile hipoteze potrjene. Na podlagi analize je avtorica zaključila, da obstaja povezanost tako med odnosi v primarni družini, kot tudi življenju v skladu z vrednotami ter med zadovoljstvom z življenjem. Rezultati kažejo, da obstaja trend, da višja kot je ocena kvalitete odnosov v izvorni družini, več je življenja v skladu z vrednotami in več je zadovoljstva z življenjem. Obstaja tudi trend, da več kot je življenja v skladu z vrednotami, več je zadovoljstva z življenjem. Pri tem pa pomembnih razlik med spoloma ni bilo potrjenih. In her master's thesis, the author researched the quality of relationships in the primary family, life in accordance with values, as well as satisfaction with life. In the theoretical part, she defined and presented the importance of relations and relationships in the family and defined important concepts that shape and influence quality of family relationships. She presented the development of values and morality, as well as the related categories of values and also displayed the problem of crisis of values. In the last part of the theoretical part, she described the satisfaction with life and related psychological well-being and models. To that she also linked the meaning of life, as one of the most important tasks of an individual's life. In the empirical work, the author researched how the quality of relationships in the primary family, life in accordance with values and life satisfaction are connected. Furthermore, she tried to find out whether there are differences in the quality of relationships in the primary family and life in accordance with values between gender. She conducted research on a sample of 212 participants, of which 148 (69.8 %) were women and 64 (30.2 %) were men. The mean age of women was 42.03 years (SD = 13.39) and of men 41.98 years (SD = 13.9). Three questionnaires were used in the research: the Family of Origin Scale (FOS), the Valued Living Questionnaire (VLQ) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Based on the obtained results, the first two hypotheses, which predicted gender differences in the quality of family relationships and life in accordance with values, were refuted. In the case of the next three hypotheses, which related to the connection between the researched categories, the results showed statistically significant correlations, so the hypotheses were confirmed. Based on the analysis, the author concluded that there is a connection between relationships in the primary family, as well as life in accordance with values, and satisfaction with life. The results show that there is a trend that the higher the rating of the quality of relationships in the family of origin, the more life is according to values and there is more satisfaction with life. There is also a trend that the more life is according to values, the more one is satisfied with life. However, no significant differences between the genders were confirmed.

Adolescents present a relevant stakeholder in international migrations since they comprise a large share of all migrants. Previous studies show that migration processes significantly affect the well-being of migrant adolescents. This article investigates how the school environment, with its pedagogical practices and interpersonal relationships established between migrant adolescents, their classmates, and teachers, affect migrant adolescents’ well-being. Our research draws on quantitative data collected as part of the MiCREATE project. The sample of migrant adolescents (N = 700) was surveyed in 46 schools in six countries: Austria, Denmark, Slovenia, Spain, Poland, and the United Kingdom. Results indicate that migrant adolescents like school and feel safe there, however, they tend to be more satisfied with relationships established with teachers than with peers. Furthermore, differences in self-perceived school well-being emerge when comparing countries with a longer tradition of high migration flows (Spain, Denmark, and the United Kingdom) and those less experienced (Poland and Slovenia), although slight exceptions were detected. The results lead to the conclusion that schools that foster intercultural education and fulfilling interpersonal relationships are essential for school well-being of migrant adolescents and present an important step toward successful integration of migrant youth. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 30. 1. 2023. Bibliografija: str. 10-11. Abstract. EU, Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Micreate project - Migrant Children and Communities in a Transforming Europe, MiCREATE ARRS, Raziskovalni programi, SI, Mejna področja: območja kulturnega in družbenega sobivanja v dobi tveganja in ranljivosti

The career attitudes and decisions of both male and female employees depend not only on the situation at work but are also infl uenced by their family dynamics. This paper explores the differences in the relationship between career identity and career commitment and tested self-effi cacy as a moderating variable for employees with different family dynamics. It also considered whether these relationships vary among male and female employees. The results show that in the female subsample the moderator was signifi cant, while for males self-effi cacy did not play a signifi cant role. In terms of family characteristics, being married/cohabiting and being married/cohabiting with dependents in the household were found to be relevant differentiating factors among females when it comes to the signifi cance of the moderating effect. In the male sample self-effi cacy exhibited a signifi cant effect only in the group of male employees with dependents.

Based on field research in Slovenian schools, the article examines the role of the family in the integration process of migrant children. While migrant children perceive the family as the most important factor influencing their overall well-being and life satisfaction, research shows that parents of migrant children are often not involved in school activities and life. The article explores how the role of parents in the integration process of migrant children in the school environment is understood at the policy level and how it is perceived by migrant children and the educational community. It also explores what are the main barriers to the involvement of migrant parents in schools and what are the existing practices and experiences in Slovenian schools. The analysis is based on qualitative research in Slovenian schools with children and the educational community conducted as part of the Migrant Children and Communities in a Transforming Europe (MiCREATE) project. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 13.12. 2022. Bibliografija: str. 11-12. Abstract. EU, Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Micreate project - Migrant Children and Communities in a Transforming Europe, MiCREATE ARRS, Raziskovalni programi, SI, Mejna področja: območja kulturnega in družbenega sobivanja v dobi tveganja in ranljivosti

The article focuses on the changed dynamics of family life due to the first wave of Covid-19—starting in the spring of 2020—and the consequent longstanding social lockdown in the fall of 2020. We employ the concept of “forced nuclearisation” to describe the process that required a rapid reorganisation of otherwise self-evident and established social patterns and relationships, above all new adjustments of care relations both inside and outside the private sphere. The focus is on new demands in the intertwined spheres of work, school, and family obligations, especially because the private sphere has been assigned several additional functions, otherwise carried out by educational and daycare institutions. Based on an extensive dataset from a quantitative exploratory online survey conducted in two time periods, first in April 2020 and then in October 2020, this article discusses, from a comparative perspective and with a focus on gender inequalities, the main changes in practices and everyday routines such as shopping, housework, childcare, work obligations, and caring for other family members. The research aimed to identify the most obvious distinctions in family scenarios and, in particular, to point to the main social inequalities and potentially vulnerable groups within the population, who faced the forced and unexpected nuclearisation of everyday life. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 3. 3. 2023. Bibliografija: str. 334-336. Abstract.

Spolnost je eden tistih aspektov življenja, ki se mu današnji človek težko ogne, saj ga spremlja na vsakem koraku. Ker je pomembno, kakšen odnos do telesa in spolnosti privzgojimo zanamcem, smo se usmerili v približevanje papeškega nauka sleherniku. V času priprave diplomskega dela smo prišli do ugotovitve, da je današnjemu človeku kljub stalnemu stiku z njo, še vedno težko govoriti o spolnosti, mnogo teh zadreg pa izhaja tudi iz nepoznavanja in nerazumevanja ustreznega izrazoslovja. V diplomskem delu povzamemo štiri papeške dokumente, ki se ukvarjajo s tematiko zakona in spolnosti, izšli pa so v zadnjih petdesetih letih. Nadaljujemo s teologijo telesa, naukom, ki ga je razvil papež Janez Pavel II. Zaradi obširnosti papeževega učenja v delu povzamemo 3 njegove kateheze, ki jih z razlago skušamo približati navadnemu človeku. V zadnji del naloge vključimo še slovar nekaterih pojmov, katerega namen je pomoč pri razumevanju, obenem pa želi olajšati komunikacijo s tega področja. Sexuality is one of those aspects of life that today's man finds hard to ignore, because it is with him at every turn. Because it is important what kind of attitude towards the body and sexuality we instil in our children, we have focused on bringing the Pope's teachings closer to everyone. During the preparation of the thesis, we came to the conclusion that, despite constant contact with it, it is still difficult for today's man to talk about sexuality, and many of these difficulties stem from a lack of knowledge and understanding of the appropriate terminology. In this thesis, we summarise four papal documents dealing with the theme of marriage and sexuality that have been published in the last fifty years. We continue with the theology of the body, a doctrine developed by Pope John Paul II. Because of the breadth of the Pope's teaching, we summarise 3 of his catecheses in this work, which we try to explain in a way that makes them accessible to the ordinary person. In the last part of the thesis we include a glossary of some terms, which is intended to help understanding and to facilitate communication in this field.

Zgodnje življenjske izkušnje so ključne pri razvoju posameznika na podlagi mnogo različnih znanstvenih teorij 20. stoletja. Ne samo, da ima zgled staršev in otrokovih najbližjih, pomembno vlogo pri oblikovanju in usmerjanju otrokovega vedenja in vrednot, njegovih želja in vrednotenju sveta kot takega, vse kar je otrok prejel, doživel, slišal, videl, okusil z vsemi svojimi čutili od spočetja dalje ima namreč svoje mesto v njegovem dojemanju sveta in abstraktnih konceptov tudi kasneje v življenju. Življenje ni statično, ampak je neprestano spreminjanje in nadgrajevanje že usvojenega. Vprašanje, kakšne vrednote postavi mlad odrasel posameznik za svoje vodilo v življenju in zakaj, postavlja pred sprašujočega kompleksnost bivanja in prepletenost vseh možnih zavestnih in nezavednih dejavnikov, ki bi lahko podali delček odgovora. Eden izmed pomembnih usmerjevalcev je poleg primarne družine tudi družbeni trend in aktualnosti časa, v katerem posameznik biva. Feminizem tako danes za mnoge podaja odgovore na kompleksna eksistencialna vprašanja, vprašanja odnosov in družinskega življenja. Kljub temu, da najdemo poplavo definicij feminizma, ki so med seboj tudi izključujoče, je eden izmed glavnih magnetov feminizma za mladega človeka vrednota sprejemanja in vključenosti posameznikov. Magistrska naloga podaja uvid v kompleksnost razvoja različnih teorij o zgodnjih življenjskih izkušnjah kot tudi pregled razvoja feminizma skozi čas, kdo so njeni podporniki, iz kakšnih družin prihajajo, kakšne odnose imajo s svojimi starši in kako vrednotijo družino in intimno-partnersko zvezo. Z metodo osnovane teorije smo tako poskušali oblikovati teorijo, ki bi lahko odgovarjala na zgornja vpršanja. Podporniki feminizma imajo raznolike izkušnje družine, odnosi s starši se po eni strani razlikujejo po drugi pa imajo boljše ali enako dobre odnose z materami kot z očeti. Družino vrednotijo široko na način, da ne diskriminira nobene oblike družine. Intimno-partnerska zveza pa jim je pomembna, vendar ne pomembnejša od skrbi zase. Dejstvo vpetosti vsakega posameznika v oblike družinskih odnosov zahteva od strokovnjakov sposobnost poglobljenega poznavanja določenih zakonitosti družin, posebnosti družin, razumevanja odnosov in poglobljeno razumevanje družbenih trendov. Magistrska naloga v svoji omejenosti poskuša to globino doseči. Early life experiences are crucial in the development of an individual based on many different scientific theories of the 20th century. It is not only example of the parents and the child's closest relatives, which plays an important role in shaping and directing the child's behavior and evaluating his wishes and the world as such. Everything that the child has received, experienced, heard, seen, tasted with all his senses since conception has its place in his perception of the world and abstract concepts later in life. Life is not static but is constantly changing and upgrading what has already been adopted. The question of what values young adults set as their guide in life and why presents the questioner with the complexity of life and the intertwining of all possible conscious and unconscious factors that could provide a part of the answer. In addition to the primary family, one of the important guides is also the social trend and current affairs of the time in which the individual lives. Today, for many, feminism provides answers to complex existential questions, questions of relationships and family life. Despite the fact that we find a flood of definitions of feminism, which are also mutually exclusive, one of the main magnets of feminism for young people is the value of acceptance and inclusion of individuals. The master's thesis gives an insight into the complexity of the development of various theories about early life experiences as well as an overview of the development of feminism over time, who are its supporters, what kind of families they come from, what kind of relationships they have with their parents and how they value family and intimate partnerships. Using the method of grounded theory we tried to formulate a theory that could answer the above questions. Feminists have different family experiences, relationships with parents are diverse the only exception is that the relationship with fathers is as good as with mothers or worse. In general feminist value family in a way that does not discriminate against any form of family. Intimate partnership is important to them but not more important than taking care of themselves. The fact that each individual is involved in some form of family relationships requires from experts the ability to have in-depth knowledge of certain legalities of families, the peculiarities of families, understanding of relationships and in-depth understanding of social trends. The Master's thesis in its limitations tries to achieve this depth.

Entrepreneurs’ wellbeing is of unprecedented importance given their crucial role in national economies in terms of job creation and innovation. In this research, we used a mixed methods approach to investigate the direct and indirect mechanisms by which entrepreneurs’ wellbeing mediates the effects of stress on perceived entrepreneurial success. We theorize that entrepreneurs experience work-related stress and that the level of perceived wellbeing mediates the relationship between the entrepreneurs’ stress and perceived success. We also hypothesize moderation effects by dispositional positive affect. We find that stress has direct negative effects on entrepreneurs’ wellbeing and perceived success. However, an experience of positive affect significantly weakens the negative effects of stress by broadening and building entrepreneurs’ cognitions. Drawing from our theoretical and empirical findings, we discuss implications for theory and practice in the domain of entrepreneurs’ wellbeing.

Porast bolnikov z anoreksijo nervozo je opažen v moderniziranih državah Evrope, ZDA in vzhodne Azije, predvsem Japonske. Na Japonskem beležijo močan porast bolnikov z AN vse od 80. let prejšnjega stoletja. Najbolj ogrožena skupina so dekleta srednješolske in univerzitetne starosti. Porast AN na Japonskem naj bi bil posledica več različnih dejavnikov, kot sta modernizacija in akulturacija. Zdravniki za razvoj AN predpostavljajo teorije biomedicinskih, psiholoških in socio-kulturnih dejavnikov, katere študije teh sedaj potekajo tudi na Japonskem. Zdravniki sklepajo, da na porast AN med dekleti najbolj vplivajo akulturacija zahodnih lepotnih idealov preko medijev, duševne bolezni in odnosi v družini pri slednjih naj bi bil ključen odnos med hčerjo in materjo. Kljub množičnem številu raziskav na Japonskem zdravniki ne morejo podati niti ustreznih načinov za preprečevanje porasta AN, niti ustreznih načinov zdravljenja. Vlada ter druge institucije niso uspešne pri reševanju tega problema. V diplomskem delu želim predstaviti porast in trenutno stanje AN na Japonskem. Najprej definiram AN in predstavim zgodovino študije te motnje. V nadaljevanju opišem poglavitne razloge za porast AN med Japonkami ter tako poskušam obrazložiti, zakaj so ti tako pogosti. Na koncu pa povzamem ugotovitve ter podam možne rešitve. Cilj diplomskega dela je predstaviti stanje AN v sodobni Japonski ter podati možne rešitve vse bolj naraščajoče pandemije motenj hranjenja. Increase of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) is seen in modernized countries of Europe, USA and East Asia, especially in Japan. In Japan, a sharp rise of patients with AN has been recorded all since the 1980s. The most endangered group are high school and university aged females. The rise of AN in Japan has been the result of various factors such as modernization and acculturation. Doctors research the bio-medical, psychological and socio-cultural factors as the reason for increase of AN. Doctors theorize that acculturation of western beauty ideals through media, mental illness and family relationships are the main cause for the rise of AN regarding family relationships, the most crucial is the relationships between mother and daughter. Despite the massive amount of research in Japan, doctors are unable to provide either a successful way of preventing or fitting treatments for AN. The government and other institutions aren’t successful at solving this problem. In this thesis, I would like to introduce the rise and current situation of AN in Japan. First, I will define the disorder and introduce the history of its studies. Next, I will describe the main reasons for the rise of AN among Japanese women and try to explain why the reasons are so common. The main aim of this thesis is to present the state of AN in modern Japan and to provide possible solutions to the growing pandemic of eating disorders.

The COVID-19 outbreak has blurred the boundaries between work and personal life, making the concept of work-life balance (WLB) even more important. Based on a three-source (employees, family members, and supervisors) sample (n = 436) of working professionals, we investigated the importance of enriched job design for employee WLB. In addition, on the basis of the job demand-control (JD-C) model, we examined whether organizationally imposed formalization and employees’ individual adaptive personality traits (proactive personality and resilience) act as boundary conditions that strengthen this positive relationship. First, we conducted a supplementary analysis to investigate further which of the enriched job design characteristics play the most important role in our three-way interaction models predict- ing WLB. Then we discuss implications for theory and practice.

Uvod: Kronična vnetna črevesna bolezen se v grobem deli na Crohnovo bolezen in ulcerozni kolitis. Je avtoimunska nenalezljiva bolezen. Crohnova bolezen prizadene del gastrointestinalnega trakta. Bolezen in lajšanje simptomov v življenju zahtevata spremembo, ki znatno vpliva na kakovost življenja otrok in staršev. Namen: Z diplomskim delom želimo predstaviti Crohnovo bolezen in vpliv prehrane nanjo, predstaviti želimo tudi vlogo medicinskih sester pri otrocih s to boleznijo ter raziskati, kako otroci in starši doživljajo Crohnovo bolezen. Metode dela: Uporabili smo deskriptivno metodo dela s pregledom angleške in slovenske strokovne in znanstvene literature. Literaturo smo iskali s pomočjo podatkovnih baz CINAHL, PubMed, COBIB in Science Direct. Vključitveni kriteriji so bili jezik literature – angleški ali slovenski, objava med letoma 2012 in 2022 ter omogočen celoten dostop besedila. V končno analizo je bilo vključenih 14 člankov. Rezultati: Otroci s Crohnovo boleznijo in njihovi starši imajo slabšo kakovost življenja v primerjavi z zdravimi vrstniki. Na kakovost življenja med drugim vplivajo nepredvidljivi simptomi, prehrana in strah pred uporabo javnega stranišča. Otroci so zaradi Crohnove bolezni psihično obremenjeni, kar doprinaša k visokemu tveganju za depresijo in tesnobo. Otroci so zaradi Crohnove bolezni in posledičnih zdravniških pregledov ter hospitalizacij pogosto odsotni iz šole in se ne vključujejo v šolske ali izvenšolske dejavnosti. Razprava in zaključek: Slaba kakovost življenja ni prisotna samo v času aktivne bolezni, ampak spremlja otroka tudi takrat, ko se stanje začasno izboljša. Pomembno je, da se pri zdravljenju bolezni poudarja pomen psihične podpore in terapije. Medicinska sestra mora dobro poznati bolezen, saj lahko le tako uspešno in pozitivno vpliva na otroke, ki se soočajo s Crohnovo boleznijo, in njihove starše. Introduction: Chronic inflammatory bowel disease is a term for two conditions: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. This is an autoimmune disease, which is not infectious. Crohn's disease is characterised by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. This disease and relief of its symptoms require a change in lifestyle, which has a considerable effect on the quality of life of affected children and parents. Purpose: The aim of this paper is to present Crohn's disease and how it is influenced by diet as well as the role of nurses in working with children suffering from this disease. Another aim of this paper is to study how children and parents experience Crohn's disease. Methods: We used the descriptive method, including a review of English and Slovene professional and scientific literature. The literature was found in the CINAHL, PubMed, COBIB and Science Direct databases. According to our inclusion criteria, we studied articles written in English or Slovene, published between the years 2012 and 2022 and accessible in entirety. The final analysis included 14 articles. Results: Children with Crohn's disease and their parents have a poorer quality of life compared to their healthy peers. Among other factors, quality of life is influenced by unforeseen symptoms, diet and fear from using a public toilet. As a result of having Crohn's disease, children are under a lot of mental stress, which increases the risk for depression and anxiety. Due to Crohn's disease and consequent medical examinations and hospitalisations, children are often absent from school and do not take part in curricular or extracurricular activities. Discussion and conclusion: Children's quality of life is poor not only when the disease is active, but also when its condition temporarily improves. It is essential to stress the importance of mental support and therapy during treatment. Nurses must be well-familiar with the disease, as this is the only way they can have a positive effect on children suffering from Crohn's disease and their parents.

V diplomskem delu sem primerjala družino iz sodobnega slovenskega romana Prišleki z družino v tujem romanu In v gorah odzvanja. Na kratko sem orisala življenje avtorjev obeh romanov Lojzeta Kovačiča in Khaleda Hosseinija, predstavila deli ter sodobni slovenski roman in pojmovanje družine v srednjem veku in sodobnosti. Ključni del diplomske naloge pa predstavlja primerjava družin, kjer sem prikazala odnos med staršema, brati in sestrami, otroki in starši, soočenje otrok s smrtjo staršev in življenjski stil družin. The aim of the thesis is to compare the family in contemporary Slovenian novel Prišleki with the foregin novel In v gorah odzvanja. I briefly outlined the lives of the authors Lojze Kovačič and Khaled Hosseini, presented a conmteporary Slovenian novel and the notion of the family in the Middle Ages and modern society. A key part of the thesis is the comparison of families where I showed the relationship between parents, siblings, children and parents, children's confrontation with the death of their parents and the lifestyle of families.

V diplomskem delu sem se osredotočila na mlade v obdobju podaljšane mladosti in na vse izzive, s katerimi se v tem obdobju srečujejo. V zadnjih letih je največ sprememb doživela prav mladost. Razvidno je, da sodobne družbe potrebujejo vedno več časa za to, da usposobijo nove generacije za vključitev v družbo. Kažejo se vedno večje potrebe po izobraženi in kvalitetni delovni sili ter vedno zapletenejše naloge, ki jih morajo rešiti posamezniki, preden sploh lahko prevzamejo določene socialne vloge v družbi. Čeprav so prehodi iz mladosti v odraslost individualizirani, so še vedno odvisni od strukturne lokacije, kot je izobraževalni sistem v državi in trg delovne sile. Poudarek sem namenila predvsem izobraževanju, ki se danes močno podaljšuje čez dvajseta leta, vlogi družine v obdobju podaljšane mladosti in stanovanju, ki ga je danes zelo težko najti, saj je prisotna stanovanjska problematika, zaradi česar se posledično podaljšuje odvisnost od staršev. Zanimal me je tudi proces osamosvajanja, kdo mladostnike v tem procesu najbolj podpira in s kakšnimi ovirami se srečujejo. Na koncu pa sem prikazala tudi stiske in izzive, s katerimi se srečujejo na prehodu iz mladosti v odraslost in podporo ter pomoč v primeru stisk. Posebno poglavje sem namenila tudi mladostnikom, ki so že zaposleni, in tistim, ki so brezposelni, saj je tudi to danes kar velik izziv. Tako sem izvedela, kje trenutno so v procesu osamosvajanja. Raziskava, ki sem jo izvedla, je kvalitativna, eksplorativna oziroma poizvedovalna in empirična. Z raziskavo želim pokazati, kako se razmere za mlade odrasle danes zaostrujejo in posledično vplivajo na njihovo kasnejšo osamosvojitev. Pri tem se pojavljajo najrazličnejše stiske, ki jih je potrebno reševati. Merski instrument, s katerim sem pridobila podatke, so smernice za intervju, ki sem jih vnaprej pripravila glede na raziskovalna vprašanja, ki sem si jih postavila. Okvirna vprašanja so bila za vse intervjuvance enaka. Moj vzorec je neslučajnostni in priročen. Populacijo sestavljajo mladostniki oziroma mlade osebe od 19. do 30. leta starosti, ki se še vedno šolajo ali pa so že pridobile določeno izobrazbo in se še vedno niso zaposlile, zaradi česar so posledično še odvisne od svojih staršev ali pa so se že zaposlile in so finančno neodvisne od staršev. Skupno sem izvedla deset intervjujev z mladostniki, ki se med seboj razlikujejo glede na trenutni status, bivališče, študij in starost. Pridobljene podatke sem obdelala s kvalitativno metodo, kjer sem uporabila odprto in osno kodiranje. Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da se je mladost danes močno podaljšala, saj mlade osebe osamosvajanje prelagajo v poznejša leta. Nekaterim se je podaljšalo izobraževanje, drugi pa po pridobljeni izobrazbi še vedno niso našli zaposlitve. Posledično so ostali dlje odvisni od svojih staršev. Prikrajšani so tudi za oblikovanje lastne družine. Razmere na trgu dela so se močno spremenile in mladi potrebujejo kar nekaj časa, da sploh najdejo prvo zaposlitev. Zaposlitve največkrat iščejo s pomočjo spleta, kjer oglašujejo prosta delovna mesta. Močno je prisotna tudi stanovanjska problematika, saj se je cena stanovanj na trgu močno povišala, mladi pa si bivališča zaradi nestabilnega finančnega stanja ne morejo privoščiti. Zato iščejo možnost ureditve stanovanj kar doma, saj jim je to finančno bolj dosegljivo. Tisti sogovorniki, ki živijo doma, so izpostavili, da imajo namen privarčevati čim več denarja, ki ga bodo vložili v urejanje bivališča. Mladi danes v obdobju mladosti doživljajo številne stiske in izzive predvsem zaradi osamosvajanja in pritiskov družbe. Pri tem se le redko obrnejo na kakšne institucije po strokovno pomoč. Njihova informiranost o strokovni pomoči je nizka, saj se o tem malo govori. Najbolj podporne osebe v življenju mladostnikov so starši in njihovi partnerji. Sogovorniki v moji raziskavi še posebej poudarjajo velik pomen podpore staršev v procesu osamosvajanja. Kar bi mladi potrebovali v obdobju podaljšane mladosti, je več podpore, kar se tiče osamosvajanja. Drugačna stanovanjska politika bi jim lahko omogočila dosegljive cene stanovanj in posledično bi se več mladih prej osamosvojilo. Tudi na področju financ bi jim lahko bil dodeljen poseben dohodek, ki bi jim pomagal na njihovi poti do osamosvojitve. Na področju zaposlitve pa bi jim morali omogočiti več delovnih mest, da bi se lahko po pridobljeni izobrazbi takoj zaposlili in postali aktivni na trgu dela. Predlagala bi večje sodelovanje med različnimi generacijami in pomoč starejše generacije mladim na poti do samostojnega življenja. In this diploma thesis I focused on the young in their prolonged period of youth, and all the challenges they face. In the past years, youth has gone through the most changes. It's evident that modern societys need more time to incooporate new generations into them. The demands for educated and quality workforce are eversoo higher that requrie individuals to perform more complex tasks before they take on roles in society. Altough the transition from youth to adulthood is individualized, they are still depanded on the structure of the soroundings like educational system and the need for a workforce in the country. I put emphasis mainly on education, which takes a fair period over their twentys, family and housing which is hard to get because of residential issues thus the reliability on parents grows higher. I was intrigued by the process of independence, who supports them the most and what obstacles they face. For last i covered their hardship and challenges they face on the transition to adulthood and what support they have when in need. I devoted a special section to the young who are already employed and those who are not which presents an issue. In such a way i found out where in process they are. The research is qualitative, inquiritive and empirical. With it i want to present how the conditions for the young aggravate and consequently affect on their independence. To inquire the data, i came up with an interview based on the research questions i put to myself. The questions were equal for all interviewees. My pattern is non-random and practical. The populase consist of young adults from the ages of 19 and 30 years old who are still educating or have some degree of education and aren't yet employed, thus are consequently dependant on their parents or they are employed and are financilly independent. I interviewed a total of 10 people, who vary based on their status, study, residence and age. I processed the gathered information using qualitative method where i used open and axis koding. The results show that youth has prolonged into higher years, because young adults postpone their own independence. To some, their education was delayed and some didnt get employment after finnishing their studies. The conditions on a market for an employment have changed and adolescence need quite some time to even get their first job. They mostly look on the internet for available jobs. There is also a heavy presence of residence issue where the market for apartments keeps getting more expensive and the young can't afford them because of their irregular income. To resolve this problem, many try to make their residence at home. Those interlocutors who live at their parents pointed out that they are trying to save as much money as they can so they can invest it into building their residence. The young face many hardships and challenges, mostly because of becoming independant and the pressure of the society. Only few turn to professional institutes for help for they aren't informed well enough. The most supportive to the young are their parents and their partners. What the adolescent need even more in their process of independence is more support. A different housing policy could make more affordable prices to speed up the process and equaly in the financial area, that they would get a specific income that would help them on the way. As for the employment, society should allow more jobs for them to choose on after they finnish their studies for a quicker contribution to labor market. I suggest more cooporation between different generations and for older generations to help the young on their path to independent living.

V diplomskem delu raziskujem selektivni mutizem in vlogo socialnega dela pri delu z otrokom s selektivnim mutizmom. V začetnem delu teoretičnega uvoda na kratko predstavim duševno zdravje in natančneje nadaljujem z opredelitvijo pojma selektivni mutizem – torej kaj je selektivni mutizem, izvori selektivnega mutizma, značilnosti, stopnje in posledice neodkritega selektivnega mutizma. Nekaj besed namenim tudi pojmoma otroštvo in družina. V drugem delu teoretičnega uvoda pišem o prispevku socialnega dela k selektivnemu mutizmu. Znotraj tega pišem o socialnem delu z družino in socialnem kulturnem delu, ki se v socialnem delu zdita najbolj smiselna pri delu z otrokom s selektivnim mutizmom in njegovo družino, ki je prav tako udeležena pri soustvarjanju rešitev. Raziskati sem želela življenjski svet družine, ki ima otroka s selektivnim mutizmom. Pri tem me je zanimalo poznavanje selektivnega mutizma med starši, kako so doživljali selektivni mutizem, kakšne so priložnosti za socialno delo, kakšni so bili izzivi staršev in kako so sodelovali s strokovnjaki. Obenem me je zanimalo tudi, kakšne težave imajo in kaj bi pri tem potrebovali. Navedeno raziščem v empiričnem delu raziskave s pomočjo intervjujev, ki sem jih opravila z devetimi mamami, ki imajo otroka s selektivnim mutizmom. Raziskala sem, da starši otrok prej niso poznali diagnoze selektivnega mutizma, spoznali so jo šele, ko je bila diagnoza postavljena pri njihovem otroku. Starši so prve trenutke diagnoze doživljali različno, prisoten je bil strah, stiska, nemoč, šok, groza in nerazumevanje okolice. Starši so se z diagnozo selektivnega mutizma spopadli tako, da so se izobraževali, iskali strokovnjake, se učili komunikacije in poskušali razumeti stvari. Diagnoza selektivnega mutizma vpliva na psihično in fizično zdravje staršev. Staršem se zdi zelo naporno, saj morajo ves čas ohranjati moč. Po pomoč in podporo se lahko obrnejo k različnim strokovnjakom, in sicer: h kliničnemu psihologu, psihologu, pediatru, svetovalni službi, učiteljicam, vzgojiteljicam in socialnim delavkam. Staršem največjo težavo predstavlja soočenje z okolico, neznanje o selektivnem mutizmu in pomanjkanje podpore in pomoči. Glede reševanja težav so si starši enotni in bi omenjene težave reševali z ozaveščanjem ljudi in izobraževanjem stroke. In my paper, I study selective mutism and the role of social work in working with a child diagnosed with selective mutism. At the beginning of the theoretical part, I briefly present mental health, before detailing the term selective mutism – its meaning, origin, characteristics and stages as well as consequences of undetected selective mutism. I also describe the terms childhood and family. The theoretical part continues by presenting how social work contributes to the efforts to address selective mutism. I write about family social work and social and cultural work, which social work professionals consider relevant when working with a child with selective mutism and their family, who also participate in seeking solutions. In this paper, I wanted to study the life of a family whose child is diagnosed with selective mutism. In doing so, I wanted to find how well parents were familiar with selective mutism and how they perceived it, identify opportunities for social work related to it and determine parents' challenges and their cooperation with experts. I also wanted to examine what problems they have had and what they would require in coping with these problems. I studied these issues in the empirical part of the paper, by conducting interviews with nine mothers whose children had been diagnosed with selective mutism. I found that the parents had not previously been familiar with selective mutism and that they had learnt about this disorder only when their children had been diagnosed with it. They went through this period differently they experienced fear, distress, helplessness, shock, dread and lack of understanding from other people. The parents tried to cope with this diagnosis by learning about it, seeking help from professionals, learning to communicate and trying to understand the disorder. When a child is diagnosed with selective mutism, this affects their parents' mental and physical well-being. The parents find this period very strenuous, as they have to remain strong all the time. They can seek help in different professionals, namely clinical psychologists, psychologists, pediatricians, counsellors, teachers, kindergarten teachers and social workers. They find it the most difficult to face other people regarding the disorder, other people's ignorance of selective mutism and the lack of support and help. They are unanimous when it comes to problem resolution: they would do it by making people aware about the disorder and by educating professionals in this field.

V magistrskem delu predstavljam izkušnje družin v programu Krepitev družine. V programu družine spoznavajo družinsko dinamiko in socialne veščine ter svoje vloge, ki so vloga staršev in vloga otrok. V teoretičnem delu v ospredje postavljam družino in predstavim definicijo družin, družine s številnimi izzivi, dinamiko družine in povezavo socialnega dela z družinami. Predstavim preostale obstoječe programe, ki delujejo na področju družin, in podrobneje opišem program Krepitev družine. V magistrskem delu se sprašujem, kakšna je bila izkušnja družin v programu Krepitev družine, kaj so s programom pridobili ali izgubili, ali so se zgodile kakšne večje spremembe in kako so bili zadovoljni s sodelovanjem. O svojih izkušnjah so poročale izbrane družine, in sicer sem to predstavila s pomočjo kvalitativne analize. In my master's thesis I present the experiences of families in the Strengthening Families program. In the program, families learn about family dynamics and social skills, as well as their roles, which are the role of a parents and the role of a child. In the theoretical part, I focus on the family and present the definition of families, families with many challenges, the dynamics of the family and the connection of social work with families. I present the remaining existing programs working in the field of families and describe the Strengthening Families program in more detail. In my master's thesis, I research what the experience of families in the Strengthening Families program was, what they gained or lost with the program, if there were any major changes and how satisfied they were with the cooperation. I received the findings from family reports on their experience and through qualitative analysis.

Leto 2020 je bilo leto, ko so učenje, izobraževanje, služba in življenje na splošno začeli potekati povsem drugače. Marca 2020 je v Slovenijo prišel prvi val virusa covid-19. Z namenom zaščite ljudi je država Slovenija ustavila javno življenje in ustanove, ki jih med drugim obiskujejo otroci z intelektualnimi ovirami (izobražujejo se v prilagojenih programih, v specializiranih ustanovah, kjer je na enem mestu poskrbljeno tudi za potrebno zdravstveno nego in vse medicinsko rehabilitacijske programe), izobraževalne ustanove in centre za socialno delo. S tem so ljudem preprečili fizične stike podpore in pomoči. Oktobra 2020 pa so ponovno sprejeli ukrepe in ustavili javno življenje. Prekinitev ustaljenega načina življenja vsem ljudem predstavlja izzive in stiske. Tu je tudi skupina oseb, in sicer otroci z intelektualnimi ovirami, ki velikokrat ostanejo spregledani. Otroci z intelektualnimi ovirami so v prvi vrsti otroci, ki pa so v svojem življenju postavljeni pred številne izzive. Zato tu potrebujejo podporo in pomoč, ki jim jo v večini primerov v največjem obsegu nudi družina. Za dobro počutje in funkcioniranje družine sta potrebna dober medsebojni odnos in dobro sodelovanje s strokovnjaki. Starši v večji meri sodelujejo s socialnimi in svetovalnimi delavkami z namenom podpore in pomoči otroku. Otrokom s posebnimi potrebami velikokrat ravno v izobraževalnih ustanovah uspe zadovoljiti določene potrebe, ki jih ne zmorejo v krogu družine. Ena izmed borb socialnega modela je narediti konec institucionalnim življenju in odvisnosti otrok, oseb z intelektualnimi ovirami. Z zaprtjem države in omejevanjem ljudi so bili ljudje z intelektualnimi ovirami, ljudje, ki potrebujejo osebno asistenco, zelo prikrajšani, normalno življenje jim je bilo onemogočeno. Z raziskavo sem ugotovila, da je virus covid-19 na vsako družino vplival drugače. Začetna soočenja z ukrepi zaradi virusa so bila negativna, potrebnih je bilo veliko prilagajanj na dano situacijo. Nekatere družine so se soočale z večjim številom konfliktov kot drugače, druge pa so se bolj povezale. Za ohranjanje dobre dinamike v družini je bilo pomembno, da so družine imele podporo in pomoč. Glaven vir le tega so za starše v zakonski ali izven zakonski zvezi predstavljal partner in otroci. Starši samohranilci pa so kot glaven vir podpore navedli svoje starše. Starši so pri svojih otrocih z intelektualno oviro opazili negativen vpliv virusa covid-19 in ukrepov zaradi njega. Vse spremembe so otrokom predstavljale stres, kar se je poznalo na sodelovanju z družino in šolo, ter napredku pri fizični in psihični kondiciji. Starši nad ukrepom države – šola na daljavo, niso bili navdušeni, so bili pa presenečeni nad kakovostjo in predanostjo učiteljev. Kljub večinsko dobrem sodelovanju z učitelji pa daljavo so tako starši kot njihovi otroci vračanje pouka v šole sprejeli z navdušenem. Strah pred okužbo z virusom je bil minimalen. Velik problem zaznan v moji raziskave je bil ta, da imajo starši zelo malo izkušenj sodelovanja s socialnimi delavkami, tako na samih šolah kot na centrih za socialno delo. To nam pove, da starši zaznajo majhno vključenost socialnih delavk, hkrati pa sami starši apelirajo na večjo vključenost socialnih delavk v družbo. The year 2020 was the year when learning, education, work and life in general took an entirely different turn. The first wave of COVID-19 came to Slovenia in March 2020. To protect the people, the government of Slovenia shut down all public life and institutions, including those attended by children with special educational needs (they receive education at special institutions that also provide the required nursing services and all medical rehabilitation programmes), educational institutions and social work centres. By doing so, it prevented people from receiving support and help in person. In October 2020 the measures were readopted, shutting down public life. Suspending the usual way of life creates challenges and distress for all people. Then there is a group of people, namely children with special educational needs, that is often overlooked. Children with SEN are above all children, but ones who are facing many challenges in their lives. That is why they need support and help, which they mostly receive from their families. It takes a good interpersonal relationship and good cooperation with experts for the family to feel good and function well. Parents mostly cooperate with social workers and counsellors to provide support and help to their child. Children with special educational needs are often able to satisfy certain needs in educational institutions, which they are unable to satisfy within the family. One aspiration of the social model is to put an end to the institutional life and dependence of children, persons with disorders. When the country was locked down and restrictions were imposed on the people, it greatly deprived persons with disorders, persons in needs of personal assistance they were prevented from leading normal lives. Through research, I found that the covid-19 virus affected each family differently. Initial confrontations with the virus were negative, and many adjustments were needed to the situation. Some families faced more conflict than others, while others became more connected. In order to maintain good dynamics in the family, it was important that the families had the support and help. The main source of this for parents in marriage or out of wedlock was the partner and children. Single parents, however, cited their parents as the main source of support. Parents have observed a negative impact of covid-19 virus and measures on their children with intellectual disabilities. All the changes were stressful for the children, which was evident in the cooperation with the family and the school, as well as the progress in physical and mental condition. Parents were not enthusiastic about the action of the state - distance school, but they with teachers, both parents and their children enthusiastically accepted the return of lessons to schools. The fear of being infected with the virus was minimal. A big problem perceived in my research was that parents have very little experience of working with social workers, both in the schools themselves and in the social work centers. This tells us that parents perceive low involvement of social workers, and at the same time the parents themselves appeal to greater involvement of social workers in society.

Očetovstvo se skozi zgodovino spreminja. Od lovcev, ki so skrbeli za družino z nabiranjem in lovljenjem hrane, do novega očetovstva, ki je doprinesel aktivno vlogo očeta v družini. Očetje tako kot matere predstavljajo močne stebre pri razvoju otrokovega počutja. Kljub večji vključenosti očetov v socializacijo otrok v zadnjih nekaj desetletjih se večina raziskav starševstva še vedno osredotoča na vlogo matere pri razvoju otroka. Opravila sem kvalitativno, eksplorativno ali poizvedovalno in empirično raziskavo. Ker je še nekoliko neraziskano področje, vsaj v Sloveniji, sem se seznanila z novim pojavom. Besedne opise osmih očetov heteroseksualnih in dvostarševskih družin sem zbrala z metodo spraševanja, kot merski instrument je služilo vodilo za intervju. V raziskavi sem ugotovila, da očetje v svoji starševski vlogi nudijo pomoč in spodbudo svojim otrokom, kjer je pomemben njihov glas, vseeno pa v družini očetje ohranjajo svojo avtoriteto. V družinah se ponavlja tako enakovredna kot tradicionalna delitev vlog. Spoznala sem, da so k oblikovanju očetovske vloge prispevali vzorci vzgoje iz primarne družine. Očetom primanjkuje časa zase, vseeno pa poskušajo najti trenutek za sprostitev. Očetje, ki so bili vključeni v raziskavo, razumejo aktivno vlogo očeta v družini kot uravnotežen prispevek starša k vzgoji otrok in vključevanju v gospodinjska opravila. Očetje so vključeni v šolske dejavnosti otrok. Dopolnjevanje z materjo njunih otrok se jim zdi pomembno. Otroci se v plašljivi situaciji obrnejo tudi na očete, ki se na svoje otroke odzivajo s pogovorom in spodbudo. Očetje imajo dobre možnosti usklajevanja dela in starševstva. Vsi so koristili očetovski dopust, ki je po njihovem mnenju prispeval k razvoju odnosa z otroki. Očetom primanjkuje preživljanje časa z otroki in si ga želijo več. Predlagali so tudi nekaj novih možnosti usklajevanja dela in starševstva. Fatherhood is changing throughout history. From hunters, who took care of the family by gathering and hunting food to a new kind of fatherhood, which has led to the active role of the father in the family. Fathers, as much as mothers, represent strong pillars in the process of child’s well-being. Despite the greater involvement of fathers in children’s socialization over the past few decades, most parenting research still focuses on the role of the mother in child development. My research is qualitative, exploratory and empirical. Since this is, at least in Slovenia, still a somewhat unexplored area, I became familiar with the new phenomenon. I collected verbal descriptions of eight fathers from heterosexual and two-parent families using the questioning method, and the interview guide served as a measuring instrument. In the research, I have learnt that fathers offer their children help and encouragement in their parenting role, where their voice is important, however fathers still maintain their authority in the family. Both equal and traditional division of roles are presented in families. I realized that patterns brought from the primary family affect greatly on the role of fathers. Fathers lack time for taking care of themselves, yet they try to find a moment to relax. The fathers who were included in the research understand the active role as a father in the family as a balanced contribution of the parent to the upbringing of the children and inclusion in housework. Fathers are involved in children’s school activities. Fathers find being complement with the mother of their children important. When children find themselves in a fearful situation, they also turn to fathers, who respond to their children with conversation and encouragement. Fathers have good possibilities of reconciling work and parenthood. They have all taken paternity leave and they think this contributed to developing their relationship with the children. Fathers lack spending time with their children and want spend it even more. They also suggested some new ways of reconciling work and parenting.

Vpetost sodobne digitalne tehnologije v vsakdanje življenje in organizacijo družinskih potekov postaja samoumevna in neizogibna. Vzdrževanje medsebojnih odnosov v sodobnem času poteka drugače kot v preteklosti. Na drugačen način komunikacije in vzdrževanje odnosov med družinskimi člani vplivajo dostopnost, raznovrstnost in razširjenost sodobne digitalne tehnologije. Diplomsko delo zajema pregled nad tem, kakšen odnos imajo družinski člani do sodobne digitalne tehnologije in ali njena uporaba vpliva na medsebojne odnose v družini. Teoretični del naloge opredeljuje pojem družine, medsebojnih odnosov v družini in sodobne digitalne tehnologije. V nadaljevanju je opravljen pregled dosedanjih raziskav na področju sodobne digitalne tehnologije in njenega vpliva na družino ter medsebojne odnose v družini. Empirični del vsebuje analizo in ugotovitve opravljenih polstrukturiranih intervjujev s starši in otroci glede uporabe in vpliva sodobne digitalne tehnologije na medsebojne odnose v družini. Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da je sodobna tehnologija močno prisotna v družinah. Starši in otroci se zavedajo »dvoreznega meča« sodobne digitalne tehnologije, saj je njen vpliv lahko pozitiven ali negativen, kar je odvisno predvsem od namena in pogostosti uporabe. V uporabi tehnologije za komunikacijo z družinskimi člani intervjuvanci vidijo njeno pomembnost in uporabnost. Zmerna in razumna uporaba sodobne digitalne tehnologije je ključ do pozitivnega vpliva na medsebojne odnose v družini. The integration of modern digital technology into everyday life and the organization of family routines is becoming self-evident and inevitable. Maintaining interpersonal relations in modern times is different from the past. The accessibility, diversity and ubiquity of modern digital technology have a different impact on the way family members communicate and maintain their relationships. The thesis provides an overview of the attitudes of family members towards modern digital technology and whether its use has an impact on family relationships. The theoretical part of thesis defines the concept of family, family relationships and modern digital technology. It then reviews existing research on modern digital technology and its impact on the family and family relations. The empirical contains the analysis and findings of the semi-structured interviews conducted with parents and children regarding the use and impact of modern digital technology on family relationships. The results show that modern technology is strongly present in the families. Parents and children are aware of the “double-edged sword” of modern digital technology, as its impact can be positive or negative, depending mainly on the purpose and frequency of its use. Interviewees see the use of technology to communicate with family members as important and useful. The moderate and reasonable use of modern technology is the key to a positive impact on family relationships.

Zahodna družba dosega vse daljšo življenjsko dobo in s tem starajočo se prebivalstvo. Starostnike pri tem spremljajo fizične in kognitivne spremembe. Ena izmed najpogostejših kognitivnih bolezni je demenca. Ta vpliva na življenje osebe, ki zboli za demenco, in na njene bližnje, saj spremeni njen pogled na svet, obenem pa vpliva tudi na njene medsebojne odnose z drugimi. Zato demenca ni le medicinski fenomen, ampak je predvsem socialni problem. Pri tem ima lahko pomembno vlogo tudi socialno delo. Z ustrezno pomočjo in podporo osebi z demenco in njenim ključnim oskrbovalcem lahko udeleženi živijo kakovostno in dostojno. V svojem magistrskem delu sem raziskovala življenjski svet svojcev oseb z demenco, preučevala sem njihove potrebe. Raziskovala sem organizirane in neformalne oblike pomoči, ki se jih poslužujejo, predvsem pa me je zanimalo, katere potrebe ostajajo nenaslovljene in kaj bi še potrebovali. Osredinjala sem se tudi na razumevanje, prepoznavanje in na naslavljanje njihovih potreb pri strokovnih delavcih. Zanimalo me je, kaj v tej smeri je (še) mogoče narediti. Opravljene poglobljene intervjuje s svojci oseb z demenco, strokovnima delavkama s centra za socialno delo in s strokovnima delavkama lokalnega doma starostnikov sem kvalitativno obdelala. Ugotovila sem, da so pri obstoječih oblikah pomoči sistemske pomanjkljivosti, ki naj bi se z Zakonom o dolgotrajni oskrbi začele razreševati. S tem naj bi se v prakso začel prenašati pristop dela, ki vključuje različne podporne elemente osebi z demenco in njenim svojcem ter drugim upravičencem dolgotrajne oskrbe. V okolici Zasavja svojci v skupnosti pogrešajo programe za samopomoč, boljše informiranje o ponujenih možnostih, pri čemer prepoznavam pomembno vlogo tudi pri nevladnih organizacijah v skupnosti ter v njihovem povezovanju s formalnimi institucijami. Odkrila sem, da bi se socialne službe med seboj morale povezovati in skupaj prepoznavati potrebe ljudi iz skupnosti in institucij. Obenem bi bilo treba oblikovati nove programe in storitve. Te bi morale temeljiti na ugotavljanju potreb z raziskovanjem na terenu, pri čemer bi bile vključene osebe z izkušnjami. Izkazala se je potreba po nudenju informacij na dostopnejši način. Western society is achieving longer and longer life expectancy, the world’s population is ageing. Older people face physical and cognitive changes. One of the most common cognitive diseases is dementia. It affects the life of the person with dementia and his close relatives, changing their view of the world and affecting their relationships with others. Dementia is not only a medical phenomenon, but also a social problem. Social work can play an important role in this. With the right help and support for the person with dementia and his key carers, a person with dementia can live a quality and decent life. In my master thesis I explored the everyday life of relatives of people with dementia, what their needs are, the organised and informal forms of support they use. I was particularly interested in what needs remain unaddressed and what else they might need. I focused on how professional workers understand, identify and address their needs. I was interested in what else could be done. The results of the interviews conducted with relatives of people with dementia, professional workers from the Centre for Social Work and professional workers from the local home for the elderly were analysed using a qualitative method. I found that there are systemic deficiencies in the existing forms of support, which the Long-Term Care Act should be addressing. This is supposed to put a working approach into practice that includes various support elements for the person with dementia and his relatives, as well as for other beneficiaries of long-term care. In Zasavje, relatives in the community miss self-help programmes and better information about the possibilities offered. I see an important role for non-governmental organisations networking with other institutions. I found that social services should be networking with each other and identifying the needs of people in the community. At the same time, new programmes and services should be created. These should be based on identifying needs through research in the field, involving people with experience. There is a need to provide information in a more accessible way.