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Colourless glass particles are found in oil painting layers from the fifteenth-seventeenth centuries. Several historical sources mention the use of finely ground glass powder as a solid drier. In order to assess the siccative effect of glass particles added to paint, this research focused on red lake reconstructions and followed their natural drying using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Three glasses with different sodium-potassium and manganese contents were studied. Significant differences in drying rates were observed in each of the samples, indicating a relationship between both the composition – either enriched with or without manganese – and the size of the glass particles added as siccatives. This FTIR approach highlights several complex mechanisms involved in the drying effect of glass powders mixed in paint layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four types of UV-(meth)acrylate curable alkyds were synthesized and formulated with two tri(meth)acrylate reactive diluents. Thermal, mechanical, and coating properties, including gloss, adhesion, hardness, impact resistance, and chemical resistance, were evaluated. In general, methacrylate-based UV-curable alkyd has higher modulus and toughness, whereas acrylate-based UV-curable alkyd has better flexibility and adhesion. In all four UV-curable alkyd resin systems, increasing reactive diluent content will enhance properties like tensile strength and modulus, hardness, and chemical resistance. However, there is a decrease in properties such as elongation at break, adhesion, and impact resistance. Among four UV-curable alkyd resin, acrylated medium linseed oil alkyd exhibited the best overall performance than other systems in terms of hardness, flexibility, and adhesion. Particularly, acrylated medium linseed oil alkyd formulations with 20–30 wt% of glycerol triacrylate as reactive diluent showed the best coating performance. It is possible to produce coating films with a good balance of crosslink density, flexibility, and adhesion using such UV-curable alkyd systems. Further, it has a huge potential in alkyds as an alternative for cobalt-based drier system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drying procedure is a key to producing pasta of intended quality and with a specific price tag. However, the existing models are mainly to describe the drying process in a steady state. A mathematical model of tube-shaped pasta drying in a conveyor belt dryer with a stepwise heating supply allows determining the curve of temperature and moisture gradients for a tube-shaped pasta unit. It also helps select the best settings to minimize the heat-power costs while maintaining the good quality of a dried product. The given model describes the drying process in a true-to-life form and ensures the convergence of calculations to observations (deviation: 12.5%). The model was utilized to design a transient drying protocol for conveyor belt dryers with a stepwise heating supply. The proposed dryer has high service reliability and produces uniformly dried high-quality product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Dehydration of harvested paddy at room temperature. • Chitosan membrane drier is an alternative method for drying paddy rice. • The chitosan membrane drier removed water vapor from moist air by a vapor permeation process. • The chitosan membrane drier could reduce the moisture content of harvested paddy rice from 23 to 16% within 1 h. Abstract A chitosan membrane was used to separate water vapor evaporated from moist paddy rice out of the apparatus, called the "membrane drier". It was aimed as an alternative method to dry harvested paddy instead of the traditional open air technique that can encounter rain or flooding problems. The prototype membrane drier was designed from a mathematical air flow pattern analysis, where it was found that a horizontal flow mode with a baffle plate and triangle air flow path (HFwBF&TFP) was the most appropriate feature. The chitosan membranes studied in this research were uncrosslinked dense (UCD), crosslinked dense (CD), uncrosslinked composite-on-spunbond (UCC) and crosslinked composite-on-spunbond (CC) membranes. The highest drying rate of the membrane drier equipped with UCD, CD, UCC and CC membranes occurred in the first hour of operation at 46.4 ± 0.4, 51.7 ± 6.7, 57.8 ± 0.9 and 71.5 ± 4.9 g-water/kg-moist-paddy/h, respectively. Compared to the drying rate by the open air technique and a hot air oven at 40 °C (52.7 ± 0.7 and 40.2 ± 0.7 g-water/kg-moist-paddy/h, respectively), the chitosan membrane drier could be used as an alternative method for drying biomass, such as paddy rice. The CC chitosan membrane drier could reduce the moisture content of harvested paddy rice from 22.8 ± 0.4 to 15.7 ± 0.9% within 1 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High solid (HS) alkyd resins with low amount of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were developed as the result of new VOC solvent directive that limit the amount of VOC in decorative paints. Due to specific chemical structure of HS alkyd resins and possible deterioration of some applicative properties the optimal combination of driers is an important subject of research. In our present work we studied the influence of iron (Fe) and cobalt (Co) surface driers with strontium (Sr) through drier on the film formation of HS alkyd coatings. The kinetics of autoxidation was analysed using FT-IR spectroscopy. Further, applicative properties like drying time and film hardness were examined. In the end, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate the quality of cured HS alkyd coating films after exposure in the humidity chamber. It was established that the addition of the Sr drier to surface driers accelerates the film formation process. As higher amounts of the Sr drier were added, final drying times were reduced and film hardness increased. The highest quality of cured films were observed for Co/Sr and Fe/Sr drier combination at 1:1 concentration ratio.

This paper examines the possibility of application of the activity-based costing in a company engaged in drying fruit. Activity Based Costing (ABC) was developed due to the shortcomings of traditional cost accounting systems, which was shown to have serious limitations, on one hand, and due to the need for more accurate cost price, on the other. This is of great importance for business decision making, which requires quality data and information, because the intense technical and technological progress has significantly altered the environment companies operate in. Along with this fact, major changes in cost structure occurred, which reflected through the increase of the indirect cost portion, and decrease of direct labor and material costs. Traditional cost accounting methods allocate indirect production costs using keys which are no longer appropriate for the new circumstances, and therefore typically allocate unreasonably high amount of indirect costs to those products which are produced in larger series. ABC cost accounting system firstly allocates indirect costs to pre-defined activities, and afterwards carries them to cost and profit drivers. The application of ABC costing in Serbia is at the very beginning. Having in mind that the privatization and the restructuring phase in the economy is followed by the establishment of a new management with fresh ideas, this can be a good timing for companies to introduce modern approach and modern methods of cost accounting. ABC method is very convenient for application in service companies, food processing industry, confectionery companies, driers, sugar refineries, breweries, dairies, mills etc. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 46001, Razvoj i primena novih i tradicionalnih tehnologija u proizvodnji konkurentnih prehrambenih proizvoda sa dodatom vrednošću na evropsko i svetsko tržište - Stvorimo bogatstvo iz bogatstva Srbije]

The question about the influence of temperature condition on uniformity of drying of components of raw cotton and on their quality in drum driers has not been studied thoroughly. In the article you can find practical recommendations on choosing the drying conditions depending on initial moisture of raw cotton, output of the dryable material, which guarantee maximal keeping of natural properties of fiber and seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxovanadium(IV) 2-ethylhexanoate was established as a new primary drier for alkyd-based paints. A series of experiments has demonstrated an excellent drying activity toward solvent-borne alkyd resins of different oil length at considerably lower metal concentration than optimal for commercial cobalt(II) 2-ethylhexanoate. The behavior in real paint was simulated on formulations bearing inhibitor of autooxidation. The detailed studies of the drying process have shown that the relatively slow initial step of autooxidation reaction, when compared with cobalt compounds, is compensated for by the absence of the induction times. Furthermore, the active oxovanadium(IV) species are not consumed during the drying processes as evidenced by EPR spectroscopic measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead compounds have been commonly used since the Renaissance period to increase the drying properties of oils. This article presents new insights on the mechanisms involved: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) has been used to investigate the effects of lead oxide on the drying process of linseed oil. The changes occurring during the drying of oil and the influence generated by the use of PbO were monitored by integrating absorption bands of interest such as the ν (O H) absorption band at 3500 cm −1 , and the ν (C H) in cis C C H band at 3010 cm −1 . Results indicate that the addition of lead oxide accelerates the drying process and reduces the induction time (4 times with 5% PbO), without causing major changes in the mechanisms involved. An optimal amount of 5% PbO was determined, as compared to 1 and 20%. Historical recipes have been reviewed and the effect of specific oil preparation parameters such as the heating of oil while adding PbO addition and the addition of water has been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxovanadium(IV) compounds, [VO( O , O -R 1 COCHCOR 2 ) 2 ] (R 1 = R 2 = Me; R 1 = Me, R 2 = Ph; R 1 = R 2 = Ph), were established as a new class of environmentally friendly primary driers for solvent-borne alkyd binder. The performed experiments clearly show that the catalytic activity of oxovanadium compounds is, in some terms, considerably higher than observed for commercial cobalt-based drier ( Co-Nuodex ). The detailed study of the drying process reveals several differences in mechanism of autoxidation. The enhanced activity at low concentrations together with very low overall toxicity imply the oxovanadium compounds as promising catalysts of autoxidation reactions implying a great perspective in paint-producing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High solid (HS) alkyd resins with low amount of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were developed as the result of new VOC solvent directive that limit the amount of VOC in decorative paints. Due to specific chemical structure of HS alkyd resins and possible deterioration of some applicative properties the optimal combination of driers is an important subject of research. In our present work we studied the influence of Fe bispidon (Fe drier) and Co ethylhexanoate (Co drier) surface driers with Sr carboxylate (Sr drier) through drier on the film formation of HS alkyd coatings. The kinetics of autoxidation was analysed using FT-IR spectroscopy. Further, applicative properties like drying time and film hardness were examined. In the end, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate the quality of cured HS alkyd coating films after exposure in the humidity chamber. It was established that the addition of the Sr drier to surface driers accelerates the autoxidation process. As higher amounts of the Sr drier were added, final drying times were reduced and film hardness increased. The lowest diffusivity of ions through cured HS alkyd coating films was observed for Co/Sr and Fe/Sr drier combination at 1:1 concentration ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Mango ( Mangiferra indica L), guava ( Psiduim guajava L.) slices and aonla ( Emblica officinalis L) segments were osmo-dried under four different dying conditions viz., cabinet drier (CD), vacuum oven drier (VOD), low temperature drier (LTD) and solar drier (SD) to evaluate the best drying condition for the fruits. It was found that vacuum oven drying was superior to other mode of drying as it holds maximum nutrients like acidity, ascorbic acid, sugar and water removal and moisture ratio of products. It was found through regression analysis that drying ratio and rehydration ratio was also superior in vacuum drying followed by cabinet drying. In addition, descriptive analysis on sensory score was also found best with vacuum drying while the Non-enzymatic browning (NEB), which is undesirable character on dried product, was more with solar drier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Molybdenum-based catalyst was used as alkyd drier. [•] Drying activity was established. [•] Mechanism of drying process was studied by infrared spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ferrocenes bearing acyl substituents in the cyclopentadienyl rings [Fe(η5-C5H4COR)(η5-C5H5)] and [Fe(η5-C5H4COR)2] (R=CH3, CF3 and Ph) were examined as new driers for solvent-borne alkyd binder. All studied ferrocenes were found to be active catalysts for cross-linking reaction of the alkyd. These iron(II) compounds give solid polymeric films with hardness and drying time comparable to the commercial cobalt(II) drier. Acetyl- and benzoyl-substituted ferrocenes show an excellent synergic effect with the cobalt drier giving hard polymeric films within short drying time. The kinetics of the alkyd autoxidation was followed by FTIR spectroscopy. Spin-trapping ESR technique has proven the important role of the ferrocenium cation upon decomposition of hydroperoxides by ferrocene-based driers. The peroxy and alkoxy radicals, appearing in drying process, were resolved by the new spin trap methyl-N-mesityl nitrone. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Spectroscopic and chromatographic studies have been carried out to investigate the interaction between bis(acetylacetonato)cobalt(II) and pyrazole ligands as possible anti-skinning additives, and their role in the oxidative crosslinking reactions has been tested. From experimental results (UV-Vis, TR-FTIR, SEC) it has been concluded that Co(acac)2 can be used as drier promoter for alkyd paints and its catalytic activity is similar to that of the actual commercial drier (Co Nuodex). The presence of pyrazole ligands as anti-skinning additives precludes association of Co(acac)2 that usually occurs in nonpolar media and it facilitates the formation of stable coordinated ROO⋅ radicals, that inhibit the radical chain reaction. From EPR results it has been established that the stability of the [CoIII(acac)2(ROO⋅)L]+ complex radicals is highly dependent of the molar ratio between the cobalt catalyst and the organic additive L. The dependence of anti-skinning activity on the concentration of the pyrazole additives has been studied and a mechanism of inhibiting properties of azoles on the oxidative crosslinking reactions has been proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Time-resolved FTIR, size-exclusion chromatography and GC–MS have been used in a search to new environmentally acceptable driers, based on manganese, for alkyd paints. By using the model substrate ethyl linoleate (EL) it was found that the two chelating ligands 2-aminomethylpyridine (amp) and 2-hydroxymethylpyridine (hmp) are better than, or at least comparable with 2,2′-bipyridine in promoting the drying capability of manganese 2-ethylhexanoate. An EL–water emulsion was used as a model for water-borne alkyd paints; the results of time-resolved FTIR experiments revealed that amp is more suitable than hmp for application in emulsion paints. The drying performance of manganese salts in combination with amp or hmp in actual alkyd paint systems is in reasonable agreement with the findings from our model systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Dryland ecosystems are experiencing dramatic climate change, either drier or wetter. However, the differences in response amplitudes of dryland ecosystems to drier and wetter climates have not been frequently discussed, especially when using composite indicators at large scales. This study explores the changing patterns of ecosystem vulnerability in China's drylands by comprehensively considering exposure, sensitivity and resilience indicators using leaf area index (LAI) datasets and meteorological data within two periods from 1982 to 1999 (P1) and from 2000 to 2016 (P2). The results show that nearly 57% of China's drylands have experienced drier conditions in 2000–2016 based on the average aridity index (AI) values compared with the conditions in 1982–1999. Compared with the conditions in 1982–1999, ecosystem vulnerability has increased in 78% of dryland, and ecosystem resilience has decreased in 46% of the area in 2000–2016. The amplitudes of vulnerability increase are higher in drier conditions than in wetter conditions. Ecosystem resilience has obviously increased in wetter conditions but has decreased in drier conditions, especially in farming-pastoral ecotones with an obvious land use change. Consequently, vegetation-climate composite indicators provide a holistic pattern of China's dryland ecosystem response to climate change, and the decreased ecosystem resilience in drier conditions in northeast China should be a warning signal under the national vegetation greening background. This research highlights that the impact of drying on ecosystem resilience leads the response of ecosystems to drier environment. • Defined two periods for change analysis as 1982–1999 (P1) and 2000–2016 (P2). • In P2, 57% of dryland was drier than that in P1. • Compared with P1, 78% of dryland in P2 had greater vulnerability. • Vulnerability increased more greatly in drier conditions than wetter conditions. • The decrease in resilience mainly leaded to the increase in vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean oil was metathesized with the standard homogenous metathesis catalyst, which consisted of tungsten hexachloride (WCl6) and tetramethyl tin (Me4Sn) in chlorobenzene as solvent. The reactions were terminated at different time intervals. Soybean oil was mixed with metathesized soybean oil in the presence of cobalt-drier to evaluate drying properties. Five weight percentage (% w) of metathesized oil was found to be all that was needed to decrease the drying time of soybean oil from 312 to 182 min. Drying times for heat-polymerized soybean oil with Gardner-Holdt viscosity of Z1–Z2 and Z3–Z4 were 71 and 75 min, respectively. In both cases, 5% weight metathesized soybean oil in the blend gave the best results for reducing drying time to 67 and 69 min, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of modification of benzoylferrocene periphery on catalytic activity toward drying of alkyd resins has been investigated by the combination of experimental techniques. A series of substituted ferrocenes have been synthesized and characterized by analytical and spectroscopic tools including X-ray diffraction analysis on single crystals. The electrochemical behavior of the ferrocene derivatives has been elucidated by cyclic voltammetry and rotation disk voltammetry. The activity toward room temperature curing of alkyd resin has been evaluated by standard mechanical tests on coated plates, which enabled to establish a structure/catalytic activity relationship. Fast drying of test coatings has been observed for formulations of (3-methoxybenzoyl) ferrocene. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy in combination with attenuated total reflectance sampling technique enabled to reveal the kinetic origin of the improved performance for this ferrocene derivative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Metallocene complexes are for their properties very closely examined in recent years. These complexes, which are used for coatings drying, were not examined from industrial point of view, nor were they examined from research point of view. Both ferrocene and its methyl derivatives were synthesized and consequently observed with FTIR spectroscopy. The influence of methyl groups on ferrocene on the process of drying of ethyl linoleate used as a model system is the issue of this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article presents a review on the opportunities available in the drier savannahs of Northern Nigeria for the production of soil organic amendments to improve soil productivity and enhance carbon sequestration through a synergistic system. The use of soil organic amendments in the farming systems of the drier savannas of Nigeria is below optimal principally because of the low level of awareness among small‐holder farmers in the region and production cost/benefit disadvantage. Given the large quantities of organic wastes generated in expanding cities in the region and non‐feed agricultural waste resources from rural and peri‐urban areas, there is potential to approach waste management from the perspective of waste conversion in a synergistic approach to minimize production cost especially in the form of energy savings. This will enhance the availability of materials such as biochar and compost which have been advocated as two principal materials with properties that can improve poor soils, such as those in the region under consideration. When coupled with risk management and extension strategies targeting farmer education, the products may be adoptable across the vast arable fields in the region thereby maximizing use advantage. The potential for increased soil organic amendments production and use in Nigeria's drier savannas was highlighted by the paper. This is achievable through a synergistic system that maximizes the use of internal energy. The benefits are overall improvement in soil productivity that could facilitate food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]