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Hydnum (Hydnaceae, Basidiomycota) exhibits endemic species diversity in East Asia; however, few comprehensive systematic studies have been conducted to date. Here, we performed morphological, ecological, phylogenetic, and biological evaluations of the taxonomy of Hydnum species in Japan. In total, 186 Japanese Hydnum specimens were used for morphological observations. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using sequence data of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) region and a portion of translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1). Intra- and interspecific mating tests using 78 monokaryotic strains of 13 species did not conflict with species delimitation inferred from their ITS and tef1 phylogenetic relationships. This study provides detailed morphological descriptions of 15 rigorously identified species from Japan, nine of which are described as new: H. alboluteum, H. albopallidum, H. pinicola, H. itachiharitake, H. minospororufescens, H. orientalbidum, H. subberkeleyanum, H. tomaense, and H. tottoriense. Three species documented in this work are new to Japan: H. boreorepandum, H. mulsicolor, and H. umbilicatum. The remaining three species (H. cremeoalbum, H. minus, and H. repando-orientale), previously reported from Japan, are redescribed using data from newly collected materials. We also transferred two old species (Hericium fimbrillatum and Sarcodon nauseofoetidus) from East Asian Hydnum into other genera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Caledonia archipelago is known for its high level of endemism in both faunal and floral groups. Thus far, only 12 species of non-marine ostracods have been reported. After three expeditions to the main island of the archipelago (Grande Terre), about four times as many species were found, about half of which are probably new. Here, we describe a new species, Cyprinotus drubea sp. nov., which is characterised mainly by the hyper-developed dorsal hump on the right valve, much larger than in any other known Recent species in this genus. After a literature study of the other presumed species in Cyprinotus Brady, 1886, we retain seven Recent species in the genus, including the present new species. Cyprinotus crenatus (Turner, 1893), C. dentatus (Sharpe, 1910), C. flavescens Brady, 1898, C. inconstans Furtos, 1936, C. newmexicoensis Ferguson, 1967, C. ohanopecoshensis Ferguson, 1966, C. pellucidus (Sharpe, 1897), C. scytodus (Dobbin, 1941) and C. sulphurous Blake, 1931 are here all referred to the genus Heterocypris s. lat. Claus, 1892. Cyprinotus unispinifera Furtos, 1936 is assigned to the genus Cypricercus Sars, 1895. Cyprinotus tenuis Henry, 1923, C. fuscus Henry, 1919 and C. carinatus (King, 1855) are here classified as doubtful species. A checklist of the 14 non-marine ostracods, now including Cyprinotus drubea sp. nov. and Cypris granulata (Daday, 1910), thus far reported from New Caledonia, is provided. Herpetocypris caledonica Méhes, 1939 and H. caledonica var. minor Méhes, 1939 are synonymised with Candonocypris novaezelandiae (Baird, 1843).

Cheiracanthium rupestre Herman, 1879, and Xysticus albomaculatus Kulczyński, 1891, both originally described from Hungary, are among the most rarely reported species of their genera in Europe. Here we report that both of these species have very close relationships to similarly uncommon species originally described from France at about the same time. The specimens currently considered as Cheiracanthium rupestre turn out to be very closely related to, but distinct from, Cheiracanthium striolatum Simon, 1878. However, the original description of C. rupestre does not match these specimens nor any other known species of Cheiracanthium. We therefore consider C. rupestre a nomen dubium and suggest that all previous records of this species after the original description actually refer to Cheiracanthium macedonicum Drensky, 1921. Xysticus albomaculatus, on the other hand, turns out to be a junior synonym of Bassaniana baudueri (Simon, 1877) syn. nov., expanding the range of this species considerably to the East and at the same time confirming that it is a genuine European species, rather than a recent immigrant from North America as previously suspected.

A surprisingly large number of European spider species have never been reliably rediscovered since their first description many decades ago. Most of these are probably synonymous with other species or unidentifiable, due to insufficient descriptions or missing type material. In this second part of a series on this topic, we discuss about 100 of these cases, focusing mainly on species described in the early 20th century by Pelegrín Franganillo Balboa and Gabor von Kolosváry, as well as a number of jumping spiders and various miscellaneous species. In most cases, the species turned out to be unidentifiable nomina dubia, but for some of them new synonymies could be established as follows: Alopecosa accentuata auct., nec (Latreille, 1817) = Alopecosa farinosa (Herman, 1879) syn. nov., comb. nov.; Alopecosa barbipes oreophila Simon, 1937 = Alopecosa farinosa (Herman, 1879) syn. nov., comb. nov.; Alopecosa mariae orientalis (Kolosváry, 1934) = Alopecosa mariae (Dahl, 1908) syn. nov.; Araneus angulatus afolius (Franganillo, 1909) and Araneus angulatus atricolor Simon, 1929 = Araneus angulatus Clerck, 1757 syn. nov.; Araneus angulatus castaneus (Franganillo, 1909) = Araneus pallidus (Olivier, 1789) syn. nov.; Araneus angulatus levifolius (Franganillo, 1909), Araneus angulatus niger (Franganillo, 1918) and Araneus angulatus nitidifolius (Franganillo, 1909) = Araneus angulatus Clerck 1757 syn. nov.; Araneus angulatus pallidus (Franganillo, 1909), Araneus angulatus crucinceptus (Franganillo, 1909), Araneus angulatus fuscus (Franganillo, 1909) and Araneus angulatus iberoi (Franganillo, 1909) = Araneus pallidus (Olivier, 1789) syn. nov.; Araneus circe strandi (Kolosváry, 1935) = Araneus circe (Audouin, 1826) syn. nov.; Araneus diadematus nemorosus Simon, 1929 and Araneus diadematus soror (Simon, 1874) = Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 syn. nov.; Araneus pyrenaeus (Simon, 1874) = Araneus pallidus (Olivier, 1789) syn. nov.; Araneus sericinus (Roewer, 1942) = Aculepeira armida (Audouin, 1826) syn. nov.; Arctosa brevialva (Franganillo, 1913) = Arctosa villica (Lucas, 1846) syn. nov.; Arctosa cinerea (Franganillo, 1913) [nec Arctosa cinerea (Fabricius, 1777)] = Arctosa perita (Latreille, 1799) syn. nov.; Cresmatoneta eleonorae (Costa, 1883) and Cresmatoneta mutinensis orientalis (Strand, 1914) = Cresmatoneta mutinensis (Canestrini, 1868) syn. nov.; Cyclosa conica albifoliata Strand, 1907, Cyclosa conica defoliata Strand, 1907, Cyclosa conica leucomelas Strand, 1907, Cyclosa conica pyrenaica Strand, 1907, Cyclosa conica dimidiata Simon, 1929, Cyclosa conica rubricauda Simon, 1929 and Cyclosa conica triangulifera Simon, 1929 = Cyclosa conica (Pallas, 1772) syn. nov.; Dendryphantes lanipes C.L. Koch, 1846 = Philaeus chrysops (Poda, 1761) syn. nov.; Diplocephalus alpinus strandi Kolosváry, 1937 = Diplocephalus alpinus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) syn. nov.; Entelecara strandi Kolosváry, 1934 = Nusoncus nasutus (Schenkel, 1925) syn. nov.; Euophrys rosenhaueri L. Koch, 1856 = Menemerus semilimbatus (Hahn, 1829) syn. nov.; Evarcha falcata nigrofusca (Strand, 1900) = Evarcha falcata (Clerck, 1757) syn. nov.; Gibbaranea bituberculata strandiana (Kolosváry, 1936) = Gibbaranea bituberculata (Walckenaer, 1802) syn. nov.; Heliophanus auratus mediocinctus Kulczyński, 1898 = H. mediocinctus Kulczyński, 1898 stat. nov.; Larinioides sclopetarius jacobea (Franganillo, 1910) = Larinioides sclopetarius (Clerck 1757) syn. conf.; Linyphia triangularis juniperina Kolosváry, 1933 = Linyphia triangularis (Clerck, 1757) syn. nov.; Myrmarachne formicaria tyrolensis (C. L. Koch, 1846) = Myrmarachne formicaria (De Geer, 1778) syn. conf.; Nuctenea umbratica obscura (Franganillo, 1909) = Nuctenea umbratica (Clerck, 1757) syn. nov.; Ozyptila strandi Kolosváry, 1939 = Ozyptila confluens (C. L. Koch, 1845) syn. nov.; Panamomops strandi Kolosváry, 1934 = Saloca diceros (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) syn. nov.; Pardosa luctinosa marina (Kolosváry, 1940) and Pardosa luctinosa etsinensis Schenkel, 1963 = Pardosa luctinosa Simon, 1876 syn. nov.; Pardosa wagleri atra (Giebel, 1869) nomen oblitum = Pardosa saturatior Simon, 1937 syn. nov.; Poecilochroa hungarica Kolosváry, 1934 = Aphantaulax trifasciata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) syn. nov.; Philaeus albovariegatus (Simon, 1868) = Philaeus chrysops (Poda, 1761) syn. nov.; Philaeus superciliosus Bertkau, 1883 = Sandalodes superbus (Karsch, 1878) syn. nov.; Philaeus varicus (Simon, 1868) = Carrhotus xanthogramma (Latreille, 1819) syn. conf.; Salticus unispinus (Franganillo, 1910) = Pellenes nigrociliatus (Simon, 1875) syn. nov.; Sitticus manni (Doleschall, 1852) nomen oblitum = Heliophanus melinus L. Koch, 1867 syn. nov.; Sitticus sexsignatus (Franganillo, 1910) = Sitticus floricola (C. L. Koch, 1837) syn. nov.; Steatoda latrodectoides (Franganillo, 1913) = Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805) syn. nov.; Synema globosum clarum Franganillo, 1913, Synema globosum flavum Franganillo, 1913 and Synema globosum pulchellum Franganillo, 1926 = Synema globosum (Fabricius, 1775) syn. nov.; Uloborus pseudacanthus Franganillo, 1910 = Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 syn. nov.; Zelotes similis hungaricus Kolosváry, 1944 = Zelotes similis (Kulczyński, 1887) syn. nov.; Zilla diodia embrikstrandi Kolosváry, 1938 = Zilla diodia (Walckenaer, 1802) syn. nov.; Zygiella x-notata chelata (Franganillo, 1909) and Zygiella x-notata parcechelata (Franganillo, 1909) = Zygiella x-notata (Clerck, 1757) syn. nov.; Teutana grossa obliterata Franganillo, 1913 = Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838) syn. nov.

A surprisingly large number of European spider species have never been reliably rediscovered since their first description many decades ago. Most of these are probably synonymous with other species or unidentifiable, due to insufficient descriptions or missing type material. Here we discuss about 50 of these cases, declare some names as nomina dubia and establish the following new or re-confirmed synonymies: Agelena mengeella Strand, 1942 = Allagelena gracilens (C. L. Koch, 1841) syn. conf.; Anyphaena accentuata obscura (Sundevall, 1831) = Anyphaena accentuata (Walckenaer, 1802) syn. conf.; Anyphaena accentuata obscura Lebert, 1877 = Anyphaena accentuata (Walckenaer, 1802) syn. nov.; Araneus diadematus stellatus C. L. Koch, 1836 = Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 syn. nov.; Araneus diadematus islandicus (Strand, 1906) = Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 syn. nov.; Araneus quadratus minimus Simon, 1929 = Araneus quadratus Clerck, 1757 syn. nov.; Araneus quadratus subviridis (Franganillo, 1913) = Araneus quadratus Clerck, 1757 syn. nov.; Centromerus unctus (L. Koch, 1870) = Leptorhoptrum robustum (Westring, 1851) syn. nov.; Clubiona caliginosa Simon, 1932 = Clubiona germanica Thorell, 1871 syn. nov.; Coelotes atropos anomalus Hull, 1955 = Coelotes atropos (Walckenaer, 1830) syn. nov.; Coelotes atropos silvestris Hull, 1955 = Coelotes atropos (Walckenaer, 1830) syn. nov.; Coelotes obesus Simon, 1875 = Pireneitega pyrenaea (Simon, 1870) syn. conf.; Coelotes simoni Strand, 1907 = Coelotes solitarius (L. Koch, 1868) syn. nov.; Diplocephalus semiglobosus (Westring, 1861) nomen oblitum = Entelecara congenera (O. P.-Cambridge, 1879) syn. nov.; Drassodes voigti (Bösenberg, 1899) = Scotophaeus blackwalli (Thorell, 1871) syn. conf.; Erigone decens Thorell, 1871 = Hylyphantes graminicola (Sundevall, 1830) syn. nov.; Liocranoeca striata gracilior (Kulczynski, 1898) = Liocranoeca striata (Kulczynski, 1882) syn. conf.; Phlegra rogenhoferi (Simon, 1868) = Phlegra cinereofasciata (Simon, 1868) syn. nov.; Styloctetor stativus (Simon, 1881) = Styloctetor compar (Westring, 1861) syn. nov. and comb. nov.; Tapinocyba bilacunata (L. Koch, 1881) = Silometopus incurvatus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1873) syn. nov.; Theridion varians melanotum Strand, 1907 = Theridion varians Hahn, 1833 syn. nov.; Thomisus trigonus Giebel, 1869 = Pistius truncatus (Pallas, 1772) syn. nov.; Titanoeca psammophila Wunderlich, 1993 = Titanoeca spominima (Taczanowski, 1866) syn. nov. and comb. nov.; Xysticus paniscus L. Koch, 1875 = Xysticus lineatus (Westring, 1851) syn. conf.

An overlooked error in the correlation of new scientific names with the spider images on plate 4 in Carl Wilhelm Hahn’s sixth instalment of his book ”Monographie der Spinnen” led to the notion that at least two of the spiders illustrated on plate 4 cannot be identified and their names are nomina dubia. Here, I draw attention to the fact that, if the names are re-aligned to the images in a meaningful way, then at least three spiders on plate 4 can be identified. Theridion rufipes sensu Hahn is a synonym of Gongylidium rufipes (Linnaeus, 1758) (syn. conf.). In particular, the previous nomen dubium Theridion tibiale Hahn, 1831 is a senior synonym of Lasaeola tristis (Hahn, 1833) (syn. nov.). Evidence is presented that the junior synonym is in prevailing usage and the senior synonym is therefore regarded as nomen oblitum.

In this paper, we validate the doubtful species status of E. guianae, with redescriptions of (supposedly lost) type and holotype males, and a first description of the female. Both sexes are measured and illustrated by pictures of habitus and copulatory organs. Seventeen new salticid species for French Guiana are also reported and a detailed catalogue of all salticid species from the Trinitß National Nature Reserve is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]