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Plants engage in a variety of interactions, including sharing nutrients through common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs), which are facilitated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These networks can promote the establishment, growth, and distribution of limited nutrients that are important for plant growth, which in turn benefits the entire network of plants. Interactions between plants and microbes in the rhizosphere are complex and can either be socialist or capitalist in nature, and the knowledge of these interactions is equally important for the progress of sustainable agricultural practice. In the socialist network, resources are distributed more evenly, providing benefits for all connected plants, such as symbiosis. For example, direct or indirect transfer of nutrients to plants, direct stimulation of growth through phytohormones, antagonism toward pathogenic microorganisms, and mitigation of stresses. For the capitalist network, AMF would be privately controlled for the profit of certain groups of plants, hence increasing competition between connected plants. Such plant interactions invading by microbes act as saprophytic and cause necrotrophy in the colonizing plants. In the first case, an excess of the nutritional resources may be donated to the receiver plants by direct transfer. In the second case, an unequal distribution of resources occurs, which certainly favor individual groups and increases competition between interactions. This largely depends on which of these responses is predominant ("socialist" or "capitalist") at the moment plants are connected. Therefore, some plant species might benefit from CMNs more than others, depending on the fungal species and plant species involved in the association. Nevertheless, benefits and disadvantages from the interactions between the connected plants are hard to distinguish in nature once most of the plants are colonized simultaneously by multiple fungal species, each with its own cost-benefits. Classifying plant-microbe interactions based on their habitat specificity, such as their presence on leaf surfaces (phyllospheric), within plant tissues (endophytic), on root surfaces (rhizospheric), or as surface-dwelling organisms (epiphytic), helps to highlight the dense and intricate connections between plants and microbes that occur both above and below ground. In these complex relationships, microbes often engage in mutualistic interactions where both parties derive mutual benefits, exemplifying the socialistic or capitalistic nature of these interactions. This review discusses the ubiquity, functioning, and management interventions of different types of plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions in CMNs, and how they promote plant growth and address environmental challenges for sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants engage in a variety of interactions, including sharing nutrients through common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs), which are facilitated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These networks can promote the establishment, growth, and distribution of limited nutrients that are important for plant growth, which in turn benefits the entire network of plants. Interactions between plants and microbes in the rhizosphere are complex and can either be socialist or capitalist in nature, and the knowledge of these interactions is equally important for the progress of sustainable agricultural practice. In the socialist network, resources are distributed more evenly, providing benefits for all connected plants, such as symbiosis. For example, direct or indirect transfer of nutrients to plants, direct stimulation of growth through phytohormones, antagonism toward pathogenic microorganisms, and mitigation of stresses. For the capitalist network, AMF would be privately controlled for the profit of certain groups of plants, hence increasing competition between connected plants. Such plant interactions invading by microbes act as saprophytic and cause necrotrophy in the colonizing plants. In the first case, an excess of the nutritional resources may be donated to the receiver plants by direct transfer. In the second case, an unequal distribution of resources occurs, which certainly favor individual groups and increases competition between interactions. This largely depends on which of these responses is predominant (“socialist” or “capitalist”) at the moment plants are connected. Therefore, some plant species might benefit from CMNs more than others, depending on the fungal species and plant species involved in the association. Nevertheless, benefits and disadvantages from the interactions between the connected plants are hard to distinguish in nature once most of the plants are colonized simultaneously by multiple fungal species, each with its own cost-benefits. Classifying plant–microbe interactions based on their habitat specificity, such as their presence on leaf surfaces (phyllospheric), within plant tissues (endophytic), on root surfaces (rhizospheric), or as surface-dwelling organisms (epiphytic), helps to highlight the dense and intricate connections between plants and microbes that occur both above and below ground. In these complex relationships, microbes often engage in mutualistic interactions where both parties derive mutual benefits, exemplifying the socialistic or capitalistic nature of these interactions. This review discusses the ubiquity, functioning, and management interventions of different types of plant–plant and plant–microbe interactions in CMNs, and how they promote plant growth and address environmental challenges for sustainable agriculture.

Wheat is one of three most important cereals worldwide. Its production rises every year. There is a possibility to improve quantitative and qualitative parameters by biolistic method of transformation. The process of introduction of desired gene into the wheat genome and plant regeneration is affected by many factors. To identify the suitable conditions, selection system, the influence of donor, plant environment and the regeneration capacity of wheat genotypes were tested. The scutella of immature embryos served as the initial explants. Plant regeneration was achieved by 6 out of 11 genotypes tested. The highest values were reached by the cultivar Ilias. The effect of donor, plant environment was evaluated by two genotypes. Plants from growth chamber appeared to be better source of explants compared to plants grown in the natural conditions. The selection system was optimized as follows: regeneration medium in the dark and subsequently in photoperiod conditions (DR) with 5 mg/l of phosphinotricin (PPT), shoot induction medium (DS) with 7 mg/l of PPT.

A micropropagation protocol via direct shoot organogenesis from Streptocarpus x hybridus Voss. leaf explants was established in this study. The shoot induction of three Streptocarpus cultivars (‘Snow White’, ‘Black Panther’ and ‘Slumber Song’) was successfully achieved on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.2 mg L-1 -indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 0.2 mg L-1 thidiazuron (TDZ). In proliferation stage, the effects of two combinations of plant growth regulators -PGR- (V1-0.2 mg/L-1 IAA + 0.5 mg/L-1 BAP and V2-1.0 mg L-1 NAA + 0.2 mg L-1 TDZ) on shoot number and length were examined. The results suggest that PGRs combinations significantly influenced shoot proliferation and root induction in all Streptocarpus cultivars. Among the treatments, 0.2 mg L-1 (IAA) in combination with 0.5 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were the most effective for in vitro shoot multiplication and rooting. The in vitro rooting percentage was also determined before subjecting the plantlets to the acclimatization process. Due to acclimatization, Streptocarpus plantlets showed a very high rate of survival (90%). The generated PCR-RAPD profiles for the selected in vitro-raised plants and donor plants were similar which indicates the clonal or true-to-type nature of the progenies.

В статье рассмотрено влияние условий выращивания донорных растений на морфогенетические процессы в культуре незрелых зародышей яровой мягкой пшеницы. Материалом исследования служили 12 сортов различного эколого-географического происхождения из коллекции Алтайского НИИ сельского хозяйства (Барнаул, Россия). Донорные растения выращивали в теплице и в условиях полевой вегетации. В качестве эксплантов использованы незрелые зародыши размером 1,3–1,5 мм, изолированные на 14–16 день после опыления исходных растений. Зародыши выращивали на питательной среде Линсмайера-Скуга (LS), содержащей 0,8% агара, 3% сахарозы, 2,0 мг/л дихлорфеноксиуксусной кислоты (2,4-Д), в темноте при температуре 26±1 °C. Через 25–30 дней каллусы переносили на дифференцирующую среду LS, дополненную 0,5 мг/л 2,4-Д и 0,5 мг/л кинетина и выращивали на свету с 16-часовом фотопериодом (день) и температуре 25±1°C. Морфогенные каллусы переносили на среду для регенерации, содержащую 0,2 мг/л индолил-3-уксусной кислоты (ИУК). Эксперимент выполнен в четырех повторениях по 60 эксплантов на генотип. Установлено, что генетический фактор является ведущим на всех стадиях культуры ткани с максимальным эффектом на этапе регенерации (80%). Доля фактора «взаимодействие генотип-условия» была примерно одинакова с генотипическим влиянием на этапах морфогенеза (27%) и каллусогенеза (28%). Влияние фактора «условия» было статистически значимо, но уступало остальным рассмотренным источникам варьирования культуральных признаков. Максимальный эффект условий выращивания доноров эксплантов был установлен при индукции морфогенного каллуса. Полевая вегетация оказалась наиболее благоприятна для генотипов с высокой каллусогенной и регенерационной способностью. Генотипы с низким регенерационным потенциалом повышали изученные признаки в 3,4–13,9 раз при выращивании растений – доноров эксплантов в условиях теплицы. Для большинства изученных сортов умеренные температура и количество осадков в период, предшествующий отбору материала, а также естественное освещение способствовали повышению морфогенной компетенции эксплантов после их введения в культуру. В статье обсуждаются возможные причины влияния условий выращивания материнских растений на эффективность каллусо-, морфогенеза и регенерации в культуре ткани пшеницы in vitro.

A micropropagation protocol via direct shoot organogenesis from Streptocarpus x hybridus Voss. leaf explants was established in this study. The shoot induction of three Streptocarpus cultivars ('Snow White', 'Black Panther' and 'Slumber Song') was successfully achieved on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.2 mg L-1 -indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 0.2 mg L-1 thidiazuron (TDZ). In proliferation stage, the effects of two combinations of plant growth regulators -PGR- (V1-0.2 mg/L-1 IAA + 0.5 mg/L-1 BAP and V2-1.0 mg L-1 NAA + 0.2 mg L-1 TDZ) on shoot number and length were examined. The results suggest that PGRs combinations significantly influenced shoot proliferation and root induction in all Streptocarpus cultivars. Among the treatments, 0.2 mg L-1 (IAA) in combination with 0.5 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were the most effective for in vitro shoot multiplication and rooting. The in vitro rooting percentage was also determined before subjecting the plantlets to the acclimatization process. Due to acclimatization, Streptocarpus plantlets showed a very high rate of survival (90%). The generated PCR-RAPD profiles for the selected in vitro-raised plants and donor plants were similar which indicates the clonal or true-to-type nature of the progenies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]