Search

Given the prevalence of pet ownership in homes, understanding and acknowledging the role of human-animal relationships within the family is critical. Many pet owners identify as “pet parents” and actively pamper their pets with human-grade food, have birthday parties, schedule play dates, and dress them up in clothes and accessories. More homes in the United States have pets than children. In this study, a sample of 332 dog owners from the United States, stratified according to age and sex, completed an online survey. This study used several instruments such as the CENSHARE pet attachment scale, guilt about dog-parenting scale, work-dog conflict scale, making-up behavior scale, and revised adult attachment scale. Correlation analyses and linear regressions were conducted to determine the nature of the relationships between the variables. As predicted, this study found that stronger pet attachment increased dog-parent guilt, work-dog conflict, and make-up behaviors. Moreover, those with an anxious attachment style were more likely to experience dog-parent guilt, also known as disenfranchised guilt. This parental type guilt is when parents feel that work or life demands interfere with their ability to fulfill their role as parents. Pet-parent guilt was similar to that found in parents with human children. Correlation analysis revealed no relationships of pet attachment with any demographic variables, which included sex, age, race, relationship status, household income, and education and parental status. These findings were consistent with a previous study revealing that pet parents who had a strong attachment to their pets experienced dog-parent guilt and work-dog conflict. In addition, this was the first study to examine dog-parent guilt, make-up behaviors, and human attachment styles. Perhaps utilizing a multi-system approach involving educators, mental health professionals, veterinarian professionals, advocates, and organizations can help pet parents feel validated and supported regarding their feelings of guilt. Building a support network for pet parents to connect with others who share similar experiences can validate their feelings and help those who feel isolated.

The Wnt signaling pathway is critical for normal embryonic development. Disruptions in the Wnt signaling pathway have been linked to neurological disorders. The RAPGEF5 protein is a partner in Wnt signaling and a RAPGEF5 3-bp insertion is associated with increased risk for idiopathic epilepsy in the Belgian shepherd dog. The 3-bp insertion risk variant introduces an alanine residue predicted to disrupt the protein. Wildtype and the risk variant RAPGEF5 cDNAs were cloned into green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression vectors and transfected into canine kidney cells. The cellular localization of each GFP-labeled RAPGEF5 protein was assessed. Variant RAPGEF5 protein was altered in its localization from that of the wildtype protein and rather than localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm as seen for the wildtype, it was predominantly found in the cytoplasm. Belgian shepherds with the risk variant for RAPGEF5 may have altered Wnt signaling due to modified intracellular localization which in turn could thereby contribute to the expression of idiopathic epilepsy.

PurposeSpontaneously occurring glioma in pet dogs is increasingly recognized as a valuable translational model for human glioblastoma. Canine high-grade glioma and human glioblastomas share many molecular similarities, including the accumulation of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) that inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. Identifying in dog mechanisms responsible for Treg recruitment may afford to target the cellular population driving immunosuppression, the results providing a rationale for translational clinical studies in human patients. Our group has previously identified C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) as a glioma-derived T-reg chemoattractant acting on chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) in a murine orthotopic glioma model. Recently, we demonstrated a robust increase of CCL2 in the brain tissue of canine patients bearing high-grade glioma.MethodsWe performed a series of in vitro experiments using canine Tregs and patient-derived canine glioma cell lines (GSC 1110, GSC 0514, J3T-Bg, G06A) to interrogate the CCL2-CCR4 signaling axis in the canine.ResultsWe established a flow cytometry gating strategy for identifying and isolating FOXP3+ Tregs in dogs. The canine CD4 + CD25high T-cell population was highly enriched in FOXP3 and CCR4 expression, indicating they are bona fide Tregs. Canine Treg migration was enhanced by CCL2 or by glioma cell line-derived supernatant. Blockade of the CCL2-CCR4 axis significantly reduced migration of canine Tregs. CCL2 mRNA was expressed in all glioma cell lines, and expression increased when exposed to Tregs but not CD4 + helper T-cells.ConclusionOur study validates CCL2-CCR4 as a bi-directional Treg-glioma immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting axis in canine high-grade glioma.

This study aimed to assess the French version of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS) and to explore the factors influencing the attachment between French pet owners and their cats and dogs. Given the absence of a French tool to evaluate pet attachment, LAPS was translated into French using a rigorous back-translation method. An online survey was developed to assess LAPS scores, socio-demographic data, and owner characteristics, resulting in 1872 eligible responses. The French LAPS demonstrated strong reliability as well as good internal consistency and repeatability. Median LAPS scores were higher for dog owners (58.5) compared with cat owners (52.0), while individuals who owned both species showed significantly higher scores for their dogs than for their cats. Factors associated with higher attachment scores for owners of both species included the female gender of the owner, living without children, and lower educational background. This study reinforces the existing body of evidence about gender and pet type differences in terms of attachment and highlights the potential influence of social desirability bias. It provides valuable insights into the complexities of human-animal bonds in the French context and shows the influence of social standards on pet attachment.

Objective assessment of activity via accelerometry can provide valuable insights into dog health and welfare. Common activity metrics involve using acceleration cut-points to group data into intensity categories and reporting the time spent in each category. Lack of consistency and transparency in cut-point derivation makes it difficult to compare findings between studies. We present an alternative metric for use in dogs: the acceleration threshold (as a fraction of standard gravity, 1 g = 9.81 m/s2) above which the animals X most active minutes are accumulated (MXACC) over a 24-hour period. We report M2ACC, M30ACC and M60ACC data from a colony of healthy beagles (n = 6) aged 3-13 months. To ensure that reference values are applicable across a wider dog population, we incorporated labelled data from beagles and volunteer pet dogs (n = 16) of a variety of ages and breeds. The dogs normal activity patterns were recorded at 200 Hz for 24 hours using collar-based Axivity-AX3 accelerometers. We calculated acceleration vector magnitude and MXACC metrics. Using labelled data from both beagles and pet dogs, we characterize the range of acceleration outputs exhibited enabling meaningful interpretation of MXACC. These metrics will help standardize measurement of canine activity and serve as outcome measures for veterinary and translational research.

ObjectiveEvaluate whether total elbow replacement (TER) through a lateral approach is accurate and stable.Animals12 skeletally mature large-breed dog cadavers were used.MethodsLimb alignment, elbow joint motion, and collateral ligament laxity were evaluated preoperatively. The order of surgery (left or right) and the approach (lateral or medial) were randomly selected for TER in each dog. The other approach was used in the contralateral elbow. Intraoperative technical difficulties, duration of surgery, and anatomic complications were recorded. Limb alignment, elbow joint motion, collateral ligament laxity, and prosthetic component alignment were evaluated after surgery. Data were collected from June 11 to 15, 2023.ResultsThe duration of surgery using a lateral or medial approach did not differ (P = .499). Anatomic complications were not observed. The lateral approach resulted in 8° more elbow extension (P = .003), 1.58° less lateral collateral ligament constraint (P = .033), 2.80° less medial collateral ligament constraint (P = .002), 4.38° less frontal plane constraint (P = .004), 8° greater humeral component inclination (P = .033), and 5.6° greater radioulnar component varus (P = .001) than the medial approach. Varus of the radius, mechanical axis deviation, limb supination, elbow flexion, mediolateral humeral component and craniocaudal radioulnar component orientation did not differ among joints operated using a lateral or medial approach. In normal cadaveric elbows, a lateral approach for TER appears feasible, producing equivalent limb alignment, joint laxity, and joint motion to normal elbows and to TER placed using a medial approach.Clinical relevanceIn dogs, TER can be performed using a lateral surgical approach.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in long-lived human populations have led to identification of variants associated with Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease, the latter being the most common cause of mortality in people worldwide. In contrast, naturally occurring cancer represents the leading cause of death in pet dogs, and specific breeds like the Golden Retriever (GR) carry up to a 65% cancer-related death rate. We hypothesized that GWAS of long-lived GRs might lead to the identification of genetic variants capable of modifying longevity within this cancer-predisposed breed. A GWAS was performed comparing GR dogs ≥ 14 years to dogs dying prior to age 12 which revealed a significant association to ERBB4, the only member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family capable of serving as both a tumor suppressor gene and an oncogene. No coding variants were identified, however, distinct haplotypes in the 5'UTR were associated with reduced lifespan in two separate populations of GR dogs. When all GR dogs were analyzed together (n = 304), the presence of haplotype 3 was associated with shorter survival (11.8 years vs. 12.8 years, p = 0.024). GRs homozygous for haplotype 3 had the shortest survival, and GRs homozygous for haplotype 1 had the longest survival (11.6 years vs. 13.5 years, p = 0.0008). Sub-analyses revealed that the difference in lifespan for GRs carrying at least 1 copy of haplotype 3 was specific to female dogs (p = 0.009), whereas survival remained significantly different in both male and female GRs homozygous for haplotype 1 or haplotype 3 (p = 0.026 and p = 0.009, respectively). Taken together, these findings implicate a potential role for ERBB4 in GR longevity and provide evidence that within-breed canine lifespan studies could serve as a mechanism to identify favorable or disease-modifying variants important to the axis of aging and cancer.

Bacterial pneumonia can present in both dogs and cats as either acute or chronic disease, and clinical signs may suggest respiratory or systemic impairment. Aspiration pneumonia, a common form of disease, can be caused by esophageal or laryngeal disease, vomiting, or altered mentation, such as with CNS disease or general anesthesia. Bacterial pneumonia can also develop due to inhaled airway foreign bodies, reduced local immune function, or impaired clearance of respiratory secretions. Rapid identification of the etiology and associated risk factors for pneumonia can help veterinarians develop a targeted therapeutic plan and prevent recurrence of disease.

(1) Background: Muscle hypertrophy, swallowing disorders, and gait abnormalities are clinical signs common to many muscle diseases, including muscular dystrophies, non-dystrophic myotonias, genetic myopathies associated with deficiency of myostatin, and acquired inflammatory myopathies. Here, we investigated underlying causes of this triad of clinical signs in four young French bulldogs via muscle histopathology coupled with whole genome and Sanger sequencing. (2) Methods: Dogs were evaluated by veterinary clinical internists and neurologists, and biopsies were obtained for histopathological diagnosis. DNA was submitted for whole genome sequencing, followed by bioinformatics evaluation and confirmation of variants via Sanger sequencing in two cases. (3) Results: Two novel variants were identified. The first, found in two related French bulldogs, was a homozygous variant in the chloride channel gene CLCN1 known to cause non-dystrophic congenital myotonia, and the second, found in an unrelated French bulldog, was a heterozygous variant in the cAMP phosphodiesterase gene PDE4C, which is the major phosphodiesterase expressed in skeletal muscle and may play a role in decreasing muscle atrophy. An underlying molecular basis in one other case has not yet been identified. (4) Conclusions: Here, we identified two novel variants, one in the CLCN1 and one in the PDE4C gene, associated with clinical signs of muscle hypertrophy, dysphagia, and gait abnormalities, and we suggested other bases of these phenotypes in French bulldogs that are yet to be discovered. Identification of genes and deleterious variants associated with these clinical signs may assist breeders in improving the overall health of this very popular breed and may lead to the identification of new therapies to reverse muscle atrophy in people and animals with neuromuscular diseases.

Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) has been known to be inherited in the Belgian Tervuren for many decades. Risk genotypes for IE in this breed have recently been identified on Canis familiaris chromosomes (CFA) 14 and 37. In the current study, the allele frequencies of these loci were analyzed to determine whether dog breeders had employed a purposeful selection against IE, leading to a reduction in risk-associated allele frequency within the breed over time. The allele frequencies of two generational groupings of Belgian Tervuren with and without IE were compared. Allele frequencies for risk-associated alleles on CFA14 were unchanged between 1985 and 2015, whereas those on CFA37 increased during that time in the control population (p < 0.05). In contrast, dogs with IE showed a decrease (p < 0.05) in the IE risk-associated allele frequency at the CFA37 locus. Seizure prevalence in the Belgian Tervuren appears to be increasing. These results suggest that, despite awareness that IE is inherited, selection against IE has not been successful.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent bacterial cystitis, often referred to as recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI), can be difficult to manage and alternative treatments are needed. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE: Intravesicular administration of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) E. coli 212 will not be inferior to antimicrobial treatment for the management of recurrent UTI in dogs. ANIMALS: Thirty-four dogs with >1 UTI in the 12 months before presentation. METHODS: All dogs were deemed normal otherwise based on absence of abnormalities on physical examination, CBC, serum biochemical panel, and abdominal ultrasonography. Dogs were randomized to 1 of 2 treatment groups: Group 1 antimicrobials for 7 days or group 2 intravesicular administration of ASB E. coli 212. Owners were provided a voiding questionnaire regarding their dogs clinical signs, which was completed daily for 14 days to assess clinical cure. Dogs were examined on days 7 and 14 to assess clinical cure, and urine specimens were submitted for urinalysis and bacterial culture. RESULTS: Clinical cure rates for ASB E. coli 212-treated dogs were not inferior to 7 days of antimicrobial treatment with a 12% margin of difference to determine non-inferiority. No significant difference was found between the treatment groups on days 7 and 14 in the proportion of dogs achieving ≥50% or ≥75% reduction in their clinical score compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: These data suggest that intravesicular administration of ASB E. coli 212 is not inferior to antimicrobials for the treatment of recurrent UTI in dogs. This biotherapeutic agent could help alleviate the need for antimicrobials for some dogs with recurrent UTI, improving antimicrobial stewardship.

In prostate cancer (PCa), androgens upregulate tumorigenesis, whereas in benign tissue, the revival of androgen receptor (AR) signaling suppresses aggressive behaviors, suggesting therapeutic potential. Dogs, natural PCa models, often lack AR in PCa. We restored AR in dog PCa to investigate resultant characteristics. Three AR-null canine PCa lines (1508, Leo, 1258) were transfected with canine wild-type AR and treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In 1508, AR restoration decreased clonogenicity (p = 0.03), viability (p = 0.004), migration (p = 0.03), invasion (p = 0.01), and increased expression of the tumor suppressor NKX3.1, an AR transcriptional target (p = 0.001). In Leo, AR decreased clonogenicity (p = 0.04) and the expression of another AR transcriptional target FOLH1 (p < 0.001) and increased the expression of NKX3.1 (p = 0.01). In 1258, AR increased migration (p = 0.006) and invasion (p = 0.03). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker (Vimentin, N-cadherin, SNAIL1) expression increased with AR restoration in Leo and 1258 but not 1508; siRNA vimentin knockdown abrogated AR-induced 1258 migration only. Overall, 1508 showed AR-mediated tumor suppression; AR affected proliferation in Leo but not migration or invasion; and EMT and AR regulated migration and invasion in 1258 but not proliferation. This study highlights the heterogeneous nature of PCa in dogs and cell line-specific effects of AR abrogation on aggressive behaviors.

Dogs are susceptible to a diverse spectrum of dermatologic conditions, several of these skin disorders are analogous to dermatologic conditions occurring in humans. Pool toes appears on the plantar surface of the feet and toes; it is an aquatic pool-associated frictional dermatosis that results from repeated rubbing of the feet and toes against the rough cement at the bottom of the pool or its border. A frictional dermatosis that can develop on the uncalloused paw pads of puppies, resulting from repeated rubbing of the paws against ambient temperature, not heated, paved road is pavement paws. Neither pool toes nor pavement paws result from contact with a hot surface; these dermatoses are distinctive from beach feet, a thermal-associated superficial burn to the skin resulting from the hot temperature of the sand that contacts that the plantar feet and toes. In conclusion, similar to pool toes, the pathogenesis of pavement paws is a frictional dermatosis that can develop on the uncallused paw pads of puppies resulting from repeated rubbing of the paws against ambient temperature, not heated, pavement.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic potential of bacterial biomarkers by comparing the performance of molecular detection assays with clinical assessments of dogs oral health performed by veterinarians. METHODS: Supragingival and subgingival plaque samples were collected from 127 client-owned dogs, pre-booked for procedures under general anesthesia, visiting veterinary practices in the United States. DNA was extracted and bacterial biomarkers quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Gingivitis and periodontitis were recorded by a trained clinician using the Weighted Gingivitis Periodontitis Score which involved assessing the buccal surfaces of 18 teeth while under general anesthesia. Intraoral dental radiographs of the left and right mandibular first molar teeth were also obtained. These data were then used to establish the diagnostic performance of the molecular assay to detect periodontitis. RESULTS: An initial conscious, visual oral examination performed by the veterinarian identified 67.7% of dogs as having periodontitis, but examination under general anesthesia indicated a higher proportion (86.6%). Analysis of supragingival plaque samples collected by veterinarians from conscious and unconscious dogs demonstrated the assay had an accuracy of 77.7 to 80.9%, a sensitivity of 77.6 to 81.0%, and a specificity of 80.0%. DISCUSSION: Use of this molecular screening tool in conscious dogs has the potential to improve early periodontal disease detection and support veterinary decision making, ultimately improving the oral health of dogs and consequently their quality of life.

The first International Conference on Unconventional Animal Models of Alzheimers Disease and Aging (UAMAA) took place on December 13-16, 2023, in Santiago, Chile. The Alzheimers disease (AD) research field is currently in search for new and unconventional models that could hold greater translational potential than transgenic mouse models. Thus this UAMAA conference is timely and significant. The event consisted of 6 sessions with talks from 28 world-class scientists from all over the world. These animal models of interest include the degu (Octodon degu), the dog (Canis familiaris), and certain species of nonhuman primates that may better recapitulate neuropathology and cognitive impairments in human AD. Our conference has provided a formal forum to discuss and highlight new research directions, alternative animal models, and innovative approaches for the AD and aging research field.

INTRODUCTION: Dosing recommendations for hydromorphone intravenous constant rate infusion (IV CRI) are derived from simulations following IV bolus administration. While this extrapolated dose regimen has been described clinically, pharmacokinetics (PK) of hydromorphone infusions in dogs are not yet described. The study objective was to describe the PK of hydromorphone in healthy dogs receiving an IV bolus followed by an IV CRI for 48 h. METHODS: A prospective, experimental study was performed involving the administration of hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg IV bolus then IV CRI 0.01 mg/kg/h over a 48 h period) to 6 healthy Beagle dogs. Blood samples were collected at 16 time points between 0 and 58 h relative to the initial bolus. Plasma hydromorphone concentrations were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were obtained with compartmental methods using commercially available software. RESULTS: A two-compartment model with first order elimination was used. At the end of the infusion, median (range) plasma hydromorphone concentrations were 6.8 (5.5-19.6) ng/mL. The median total body clearance was 30.4 (19.8-36.7) mL/min/kg; volume of distribution at steady state was 4.5 (3.2-7.8) L/kg; and terminal elimination half-life was 11.2 (7.6-24.3) h. CONCLUSION: Hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg IV bolus then IV CRI of 0.01 mg/kg/h) maintained steady-state plasma concentrations above the minimum human analgesic target in healthy Beagle dogs with minimal side effects. Further studies are needed to determine the effective plasma concentrations of hydromorphone in painful dogs.

Clinicopathologic data in dogs with prostate cancer (PCa) may aid in the differentiation between tumor types and subsequent treatment decisions; however, these data are often unreported. Demographic, clinicopathologic, cytologic, histologic and survival data from dogs with primary prostatic adenocarcinoma (PRAD) (n = 56) and primary prostatic transitional cell carcinoma (P-TCC) (n = 74) were acquired from a tertiary veterinary teaching hospital from 1992 to 2022. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) to albumin ratio (RAR) was evaluated for diagnostic utility in differentiating between PRAD and P-TCC. Sections from PRAD tumors (n = 50) were stained for androgen receptor (AR) expression, and laboratory data were compared between AR positive (AR+) and AR negative (AR-) groups. RDW was increased in PRAD, while albumin was decreased (p < 0.05). P-TCC was associated with Melamed-Wolinska bodies (MWB) and necrosis on cytology (p < 0.05). RAR had acceptable diagnostic utility in the differentiation of PCa tumors (AUC = 0.7; p < 0.05). Survival rates and metastases were equivocal. AR+ and AR- PRAD tumors did not differ in clinicopathologic data or survival (p > 0.05). In conclusion, hypoalbuminemia was significantly associated with PRAD and decreased survival, while MWB and necrosis were significantly associated with P-TCC on cytology. These clinicopathologic data may help clinicians differentiate between these tumors ante mortem to guide appropriate treatment and intervention.

To describe the use of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in dogs and cats by veterinary anaesthesiologists. A cross-sectional online, voluntary, anonymous survey. Data from 153 answered questionnaires. An anonymous questionnaire was sent via e-mail to diplomates, residents and residency-trained individuals from the American and European Colleges of Veterinary An(a)esthesia and Analgesia, to gather information on the use, perceived advantages, reasons for the use or not of TIVA and attitudes towards this technique in dogs and cats. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis to detect significant associations were performed. The effect size was estimated using the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A significance level of p < 0.05 was used. We obtained 153/703 responses (66% diplomates, 34% residents; overall response rate of 21.7%). Although 99% and 94% of respondents used TIVA in dogs and cats, respectively, only 14% used it frequently (several times a week) in dogs, and < 1% in cats. Most respondents used propofol (97%, dogs) and alfaxalone (85%, cats), mostly combined with opioids. Reasons for not using TIVA more frequently included prolonged recovery (49%, dogs; 61%, cats), higher cost (46%, dogs) and concerns about drug accumulation (44%, cats). Frequent TIVA use was driven by clinical indications (100%) and greater haemodynamic stability (87%). A higher proportion of respondents using TIVA frequently reported the high stability of the anaesthetic plane (20%; OR = 5.0; 95% CI: 1.4–17.8; p = 0.013) and disagreed with using TIVA only when a specific clinical indication existed (OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.4–10.0; p = 0.013). Although occasional, TIVA use is reported among veterinary anaesthesiologists. Clinical indications for TIVA are the most likely reason for its use, whereas factors such as a prolonged recovery or higher cost might limit its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Animals Materials and Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Demodicosis is common in dogs and is caused by proliferation of commensal Demodex canis mites.To evaluate the efficacy of sarolaner in combination with moxidectin and pyrantel (SMP) for the treatment of generalised demodicosis in dogs.One hundred and thirty dogs with generalised demodicosis.In two separate randomised masked studies (laboratory and field studies), dogs received monthly oral SMP or afoxolaner + milbemycin oxime (AM). In the laboratory study, dogs received three monthly treatments with biweekly mite counts and clinical evaluations. In the field study, mite counts and clinical evaluations were performed monthly and treatments were administered until two consecutive skin scrapings were negative.Both products were tolerated well. In the laboratory study, mite counts for SMP were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced by 88.8% on Day (D)14, by 99.2% on D29, and no live mites were detected thereafter with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.96) between the two treatment groups. In the field study, SMP provided 92.4%, 98.1%, 100% and 100% reduction in arithmetic mean live mite counts on D30, D60, D90 and D120, and was non‐inferior to the control product on D30 and D60. Clinical signs of demodicosis improved in all dogs.Monthly administration of SMP was effective for the treatment of generalised demodicosis in dogs as it eliminated Demodex mites after two monthly treatments in the laboratory study, and at most after three monthly treatments in the field study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypothesis/Objectives Animals Materials and Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a common skin disorder in dogs, wherein allergens are presumed to exert a significant influence. The prevalence of allergen sensitisation in dogs with suspected cAD remains inadequately investigated in France.This study aimed to analyse allergen‐specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E test results from French dogs with suspected cAD, exploring potential risk factors influencing sensitisation.The study included 25,451 client‐owned dogs presented with clinical signs of cAD between January 2016 and December 2022. The study population consisted of 226 pure breeds and 915 cross‐bred dogs of both sexes, with a mean age of 4.4 (±2.8) years.Data collection involved the compilation of results from canine serological allergen‐specific IgE ELISA tests, using a 23 allergen composite panel. The influence of breed, sex, age, geographical area and sampling season on IgE test outcomes subsequently was analysed.Of the 25,451 analysed samples, 75.6% exhibited significant serum IgE concentrations in response to at least one of the tested allergens, with 67.9% testing positive for mites and 39.8% for pollens. Breed, sex, age, geographical area and sampling season were identified as significant risk factors influencing sensitisation patterns.This study provides insights into the prevalence and risk factors associated with allergen sensitisation in dogs with suspected cAD. Understanding these factors is crucial for effective diagnosis and tailored management strategies in veterinary practice. The findings underscore the need for personalised approaches in addressing cAD, considering individual patient characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs are the primary reservoirs of Leishmania infantum (L. infantum), but Leishmania tropica (L. tropica) infection is also possible in dogs and can transmitted to humans. The southeast of Iran experiences a high prevalence of canine leishmaniasis (CanL), and veterinarians frequently encounter symptomatic cases. Therefore, from December 2017 to November 2022, the present case series was designed to assess the prevalence of CanL in owned dogs with cutaneous manifestations resembling CanL. A total of 500 owned dogs with dermal lesions from two endemic cities, Zabol and Kerman, were enrolled. Impression smears from skin lesions and popliteal lymph nodes were prepared from all cases, whereas blood samples were gathered from amastigote-positive dogs for serological and molecular surveys. Commercial ELISA was done on sera samples, and two-step nested PCR was used on extracted DNA to amplify variable fragments of the Leishmania species' kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). Leishman bodies were microscopically detected in 7.2% (36/500) of dermal smears. Of the 360 owned dogs from Zabol, 2 have been diagnosed with L. tropica, and 10 have been diagnosed with L. infantum. Out of 140 owned dogs from Kerman, 8 were identified with L. tropica infection, and 16 were infected with L. infantum. Molecular results revealed the presence of 750 full dual-band bases related to the L. tropica species in 10/36 (27.7%) cases, which showed a considerable increase in canine cutaneous leishmaniosis compared with previous studies in southeastern Iran. The noticeable prevalence of L. tropica in owned dogs indicated that the dog's role in cutaneous leishmaniosis should be re-evaluated as a possible animal reservoir in endemic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Canine cutaneous/subcutaneous soft‐tissue sarcomas (STS) are diversely derived mesenchymal neoplasms with a risk of recurrence and/or metastasis depending on the extent of surgical excision and histologic grade. Lymphoid aggregates (LAs) are often described in these tumours but not characterised. In humans, LA characterised as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) improve the prognosis of many tumours, including sarcomas. We sought to determine if LA meeting a size criterion (> 700 cells) in canine sarcomas met the criteria of TLS and the overall prevalence of LA of any size. RNA expression in large LAs versus aggregate‐adjacent sarcoma tissue (AAS) was measured in laser capture microdissected tissue and compared to curl‐derived RNA from aggregate‐free sarcomas and lymph nodes. CD3, CD20, MUM‐1 and PNAd expressions were measured using immunohistochemistry. CD20 and CD3 mRNA were more highly expressed in LA versus AAS (13.8 fold, p = 0.0003 and 2.3 fold, p = 0.043). This was supported by the IHC findings. The large LAs were also enriched in chemokine RNA expression characteristic of TLS (CXCR5 5.8 fold, p < 00001, CCL19 3.68 fold, p = 0.0209, CCL21 6.87 fold, p = 0.0209 and CXCL13 2.68 fold, p = 0.0924). Plasma cells and high endothelial venules were identified in LA containing tumours but not in control tissue. Large LAs were present in 12% of tumours, and LA of any size in 30%. We conclude that large LAs in canine STS are consistent with TLS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) is a hematological disorder characterized by the clonal expansion of small mature lymphocytes that accumulate in the blood and bone marrow. CLL can arise from B-, T-, or natural killer cell clones. The cytological evaluation of blood smears is often the simplest and least invasive method for diagnosing lymphoid leukemia. Immunophenotyping is used to further subclassify the type of lymphoid leukemia. Case presentation: A 15-year-old, 4.4-kg spayed female Shih Tzu was presented to the veterinary medical teaching hospital of Kangwon National University. Despite having a normal appetite and activity level, cervical and inguinal lymph node enlargement was noted on physical examination. Complete blood count revealed severe leukocytosis, severe lymphocytosis, and monocytosis. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and lymph node enlargement were detected on radiographic and ultrasonographic examination. Immunophenotyping was performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The majority of lymphocytes exhibited the following profiles: CD3−CD79a− (97.5%), CD4−CD8− (98.6%), CD21−CD79a− (98.4%), CD34− (0.1%), CD45+ (99.6%), major histocompatibility complex class II+ (99.5%), and CD14− (0.5%). Based on the immunophenotyping results, possible differentials considered included the following: the majority of lymphocytes may be natural killer (NK) cell clones, plasma cell clones, or show aberrant expression or loss of CD21 marker due to the neoplastic nature of the cells. Further flow cytometry was performed using antibodies against CD3, CD5, CD94, and granzyme B. The combined results indicated that the predominant lymphocyte subset in the PBMCs was CD3−CD5−CD21−CD94−granzyme B−. To confirm monoclonality and exclude the aberrant loss of CD markers, a polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) assay was conducted. The PARR assay, using DNA from blood and lymph node samples, showed B-cell monoclonality. Immunocytochemistry using PBMCs showed that the plasma cell marker Multiple Myeloma Oncogene 1 (MUM1) was not expressed. Therefore, the diagnosis was confirmed to be B-cell CLL. Conclusion: Immunophenotyping can help subclassify the type of lymphoid leukemia; however, as tumor cells can show aberrant expression or loss of the CD21 marker, combining immunophenotyping with the PARR assay could yield a more accurate diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biological aging is a complex process influenced by various factors, including reproductive status and castration. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of castration on biological aging in dogs. Method: Fifteen male crossbred dogs were randomly divided into a sham-operation control group (n = 5) and a castrated group (n = 10). Blood samples were collected at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 18 post-surgery. Malondialdehyde (MDA as indicator of Lipid peroxidation), C-reactive protein (as an indicator of inflammation), telomere length, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, and the expression of age-related (P16, P21, TBX2) and telomerase-related (TERT) genes were assessed in blood samples. Results: Plasma MDA levels were higher in the control group at weeks 16 and 18, while CRP levels were higher only at week 18. Telomere length and mtDNA copy number were lower in the control group at week 18. Gene expression analysis showed that P16 was lower in the control group at weeks 8 and 12, P21 and TERT were lower at weeks 16 and 18, and TBX2 was lower at weeks 16 and 18. The TBX2/P16 ratio was lower in the control group at weeks 16 and 18 but higher at week 12, while the TBX2/P21 ratio did not differ between groups. Conclusion: Castration appears to have a protective effect against biological aging in dogs, as evidenced by lower lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and age-related changes in telomere length, mtDNA copy number, and gene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Animals Studied Procedure Results Conclusion To map the disease locus for familial ocular melanosis (OM) in the Cairn Terrier.Cairn Terriers with OM and normal control dogs.A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was performed using 63 OM‐affected and 31 control Cairn Terriers, followed by haplotype analysis. A significantly associated single‐nucleotide polymorphism was genotyped in a larger group of OM‐affected and control Cairn Terriers. The coding and splice‐site regions of genes mapping within the confidence interval were sequenced.A ~9.2 Mb region of chromosome 11 was significantly associated with OM. Haplotype analysis narrowed the region to 1.49 Mb. Genotyping of a SNP within the region showed 86% of OM‐affected dogs were homozygous or heterozygous for the risk allele, whereas 78% of unaffected dogs were homozygous for the nonrisk allele. Sequencing of the coding regions and splice sites of four genes (c9orf72, IFNK, the 5′ end of MOB3B, and the 3′ end of LINGO2) and of a microRNA (MIR876) did not detect any genetic variants unique to OM‐affected dogs.OM in Cairn Terriers maps to a 1.49 Mb region of chromosome 11. This accounts for 86% of OM cases in our DNA bank. A second locus may account for the OM phenotype in the remaining 14% of cases. Sequencing of coding regions and splice sites of positional candidate genes and a microRNA did not reveal any genetic variants unique to affected dogs. Further studies are required to elucidate the DNA variant causal for OM in Cairn Terriers and to understand the disease mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) represents a heterogenous group of lysosomal storage diseases resulting in progressive neurodegeneration. We investigated two Small Swiss Hound littermates that showed progressive ataxia and loss of cognitive functions and vision starting around the age of 12 months. Both dogs had to be euthanized a few months after the onset of disease owing to the severity of their clinical signs. Pathological investigation of one affected dog revealed cerebral and cerebellar atrophy with cytoplasmic accumulation of autofluorescent material in degenerating neurons. The clinical signs in combination with the characteristic histopathology led to a tentative diagnosis of NCL. In the subsequent genetic investigation, the genome of one affected dog was sequenced. This revealed a duplication of 18 819 bp within the MFSD8 gene. The duplication breakpoints were located in intron 3 and exon 12 of the gene and were predicted to disrupt the reading frame. Both affected dogs carried the duplication in a homozygous state and there was perfect cosegregation of the genotypes with the phenotype in a large pedigree, consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. MFSD8 loss‐of‐function variants are a known cause of NCL7 in human patients, dogs and other mammalian species. The existing knowledge on MFSD8 together with the experimental data strongly suggests that the identified intragenic MFSD8 duplication caused the disease in the Small Swiss Hounds. These results allow their diagnosis to be refined to NCL7 and enable genetic testing in the breed to avoid further unintentional carrier × carrier matings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Animal Studied Procedure(s) Results Conclusions Cone‐rod dystrophy (cord1) is a form of progressive retinal atrophy. It is linked to an RPGRIP1 genetic variant which is the third most common canine disease variant thus far. While the variant affects various breeds, it is highly prevalent in English Springer Spaniels (ESSs). Yet its clinical and pathological implications remain equivocal. Herein, we study the retinal phenotype in ESSs genetically affected with the RPGRIP1 variant.Over 4 years, 494 ESSs (123 affected) were enrolled.Owner‐perceived vision was collected via a questionnaire. Ophthalmic examination included fundus photography. In selected ESSs, retinal function and structure were assessed using electroretinography (ERG, 148 dogs) and optical coherence tomography (OCT, 4 dogs).Ophthalmoscopic changes included peripheral hypo‐reflective lesions often with distinct borders progressing centripetally culminating in generalized retinal atrophy. Cross‐sectional study revealed declining photopic ERG amplitudes with age in the affected group but not in controls. OCT indicated progressive photoreceptor loss. Despite ophthalmoscopic, ERG, or OCT abnormalities, most affected dogs were not visually impaired per their owners. In a fraction of afflicted ESSs, vision/globe‐threatening complications were documented including cataracts, lens luxation, and glaucoma.In ESSs, the RPGRIP1 variant is associated with insidious pathology with delayed‐onset visual defects. The subtle phenotype without apparent visual deficit until the final years of life, if at all, may have caused underdiagnosis of cord1. Still, DNA testing remains informative, and ERG and OCT indicate progressive pathology. Peripheral fundus examination and photopic ERG are particularly useful for early detection and monitoring of cord1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Animals Methods Results Conclusion and Clinical Importance The presence and intensity of heart murmurs are sensitive indicators of several cardiac diseases in dogs, particularly myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), but accurate interpretation requires substantial clinical expertise.Assess if a machine‐learning algorithm can be trained to accurately detect and grade heart murmurs in dogs and detect cardiac disease in electronic stethoscope recordings.Dogs (n = 756) with and without cardiac disease attending referral centers in the United Kingdom.All dogs received full physical and echocardiographic examinations by a cardiologist to grade any murmurs and identify cardiac disease. A recurrent neural network algorithm, originally trained for heart murmur detection in humans, was fine‐tuned on a subset of the dog data to predict the cardiologist's murmur grade from the audio recordings.The algorithm detected murmurs of any grade with a sensitivity of 87.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 83.8%‐92.1%) and a specificity of 81.7% (95% CI, 72.8%‐89.0%). The predicted grade exactly matched the cardiologist's grade in 57.0% of recordings (95% CI, 52.8%‐61.0%). The algorithm's prediction of loud or thrilling murmurs effectively differentiated between stage B1 and B2 preclinical MMVD (area under the curve [AUC], 0.861; 95% CI, 0.791‐0.922), with a sensitivity of 81.4% (95% CI, 68.3%‐93.3%) and a specificity of 73.9% (95% CI, 61.5%‐84.9%).A machine‐learning algorithm trained on humans can be successfully adapted to grade heart murmurs in dogs caused by common cardiac diseases, and assist in differentiating preclinical MMVD. The model is a promising tool to enable accurate, low‐cost screening in primary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying risk factors associated with the carriage of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in dogs is crucial to understanding their epidemiology and for developing and refining targeted control measures. However, relevant data is scattered and conflicting findings have been reported. This systematic review aimed to compile risk factors associated with the carriage of AMR-Enterobacterales in dogs worldwide and to identify relevant knowledge gaps for directing future research. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed, CABi, and Scopus databases for studies reporting risk factors for acquiring AMR-Enterobacterales in dogs. After screening peer-reviewed, English-language studies by title/abstract, eligible studies were subjected to a full-text assessment, data extraction, risk-of-bias assessment, and qualitative synthesis. In the initial search, 774 articles were identified, including 274 duplicates. After screening by title/abstract, 77 articles were subjected to full-text review, from which 40 were eventually selected for data extraction, including 29 cross-sectional, six cohort, and five case-control studies. The most frequently investigated risk factors for AMR-Enterobacterales carriage in dogs were antimicrobial use (28 of 40), age (24), sex (22), hospitalization (19), and feeding raw diet (14). Of these, antimicrobial use was themost common risk factor significantly associated with AMR-Enterobacterales (19/28), followed by raw diet (9/14) and hospitalization (8/19). Our synthesis emphasized the importance of increasing awareness regarding the prudent use of critically important antimicrobials (CIAs), such as fluoroquinolones, in companion animal practices, strengthening infection prevention and control procedures in veterinary clinics and hospitals and educating caregivers about the potential risks of feeding raw diets in order to reduce the burden of AMR-bacteria in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resveratrol (RES) is a polyphenol with natural anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is found in abundance in plants, i.e., grapes and mulberry fruit. In addition, synthetic forms of RES exist. Since the discovery of its specific biological properties, RES has emerged as a candidate substance not only with modeling effects on the immune response but also as an important factor in preventing the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previous research provided strong evidence of the effects of RES on platelets, mitochondria, cardiomyocytes, and vascular endothelial function. In addition, RES positively affects the coagulation system and vasodilatory function and improves blood flow. Not only in humans but also in veterinary medicine, cardiovascular diseases have one of the highest incidence rates. Canine and human species co-evolved and share recent evolutionary selection processes, and interestingly, numerous pathologies of companion dogs have a human counterpart. Knowledge of the impact of RES on the cardiovascular system of dogs is becoming clearer in the literature. Dogs have long been recognized as valuable animal models for the study of various human diseases as they share many physiological and genetic similarities with humans. In this review, we aim to shed light on the pleiotropic effects of resveratrol on cardiovascular health in dogs as a translational model for human cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cutaneous mast cell tumors (cMCTs) are a common type of tumor in dogs. This study measured blood concentrations of endocannabinoids, namely 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), and AEA congeners, namely N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA), in 17 dogs with cMCTs and 11 healthy dogs. Dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumors had significantly higher levels of 2-AG and lower levels of AEA and PEA compared to healthy dogs, while OEA levels showed no difference. The ability of these endocannabinoids to serve as differentiators between healthy dogs and those with tumors was evaluated, and 2-AG was found to be a highly accurate (98%) indicator for identifying dogs with cMCTs. Levels of 2-AG above 52.75 pmol/mL had 94% sensitivity and 90% specificity in detecting the tumor. This is the first study to show that endocannabinoid levels are altered in dogs with mast cell tumors, indicating their potential use as biomarkers for diagnosing or monitoring this type of cancer in the future. A cutaneous mast cell tumor (cMCT) is among the most common tumors in dogs. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) belong to the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which involves also cannabinoid receptors and an enzymatic system of biosynthesis and degradation. In this study, plasma levels of N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) were evaluated in 17 dogs with MCTs of varying histological grades and clinical stages, as well as in a control group of 11 dogs. Dogs affected by cMCT had higher plasma levels of 2-AG (p = 0.0001) and lower levels of AEA (p = 0.0012) and PEA (p = 0.0075) compared to the control group, while no differences were observed at the OEA level between healthy and cMCT dogs (p = 0.9264). The ability of eCBs to help discriminate between healthy and cMCT dogs was interrogated through the area under the ROC curve (AUC). An accuracy of 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94–1.02) was found for 2-AG, of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.71–0.99) for AEA, and of 0.81% for PEA (95% CI, 0.64–0.69). Values > 52.75 pmol/mL for 2-AG showed 94% sensitivity and 90% specificity in distinguishing cMCT. This is the first study to demonstrate alterations in plasmatic levels of eCBs in dogs affected by MCTs, suggesting the significance of these biomarkers in the tumorigenic process and their potential use as biomarkers in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The patellar tendon is described as an intermediate to soft structure with strain elastography, with an increase in stiffness in cases of cranial cruciate ligament rupture. This work aimed to compare the stiffness of healthy ligaments and ones of dogs who underwent TPLO or TTA and to compare the feasibility of a strain ratio with two different reference tissues (cutis/subcutis and infrapatellar fat pad) to semi-quantitatively assess ligament elasticity. The results show that after TPLO or TTA, the ligaments are characterized by increased stiffness, and the distal portion is significantly softer. The cutis/subcutis experience fewer B-mode abnormalities after TPLO or TTA. These data suggest that after surgery, the tendon may become non-uniformly stiffer. The cutis/subcutis appears to be a more reliable reference tissue than the infrapatellar fat pad. Strain elastography (SE) evaluates tissue stiffness, providing qualitative and semiquantitative evaluation, with a strain ratio (SR) > 1 indicating that the target lesion is stiffer than the reference tissue. The patellar tendon has been described as soft in healthy dogs and hard in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture, but SR usefulness has not been assessed. Dogs were divided into healthy (G1) and at least 1 month after surgery (G2) groups. Thickness was recorded, and a B-mode score of 0–3 was determined based on the abnormality's severity. SE was qualitatively performed with a score of 1–4, and EI was recorded on the whole ligament and in proximal, intermediate and distal areas; SR was collected with the fat pad and cutis/subcutis. G1 was significantly thinner, with a lower score than G2 and a more elastic pattern. EI for G1 was significantly lower than G2 for the whole tendon and the single portions, and EI for the distal portion was significantly lower than the proximal and intermediate one in G2. SR was <1 in G1 and >1 in G2 for both the fat pad and cutis/subcutis. These data suggest that after surgery, the tendon may become non-uniformly stiffer. The cutis/subcutis appears to be a more reliable reference tissue than the infrapatellar fat pad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Gastric tumors in dogs, although uncommon, present considerable diagnostic and treatment challenges, often diagnosed late in the disease course, resulting in poor prognosis. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging with indocyanine green (ICG) and positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) offer promising approaches in human medicine for intraoperative tumor detection and metastasis assessment. This case report presents a novel application of ICG-guided surgery and 18F-FDG PET/CT in a canine gastric tumor. A 13-year-old Maltese dog with an abdominal mass underwent 18F-FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) for tumor localization and metastatic evaluation. PET/CT scans revealed a gastric mass near the esophagogastric junction and demonstrated mean and maximum standardized uptake values (SUVs) of 4.596 and 6.234, respectively, for the abdominal mass. Subsequent surgery incorporated ICG for NIR fluorescence-guided imaging, aiding in precise tumor localization and margin assessment. The excised mass was identified as a low-grade leiomyosarcoma on histopathology. The dog underwent PET/CT imaging six months postoperatively following the excision of the mass, which confirmed the absence of recurrence or residual lesions during follow-up. NIR fluorescence imaging using ICG demonstrated efficacy in real-time tumor visualization and margin assessment, a technique not previously reported in veterinary literature. The PET/CT findings complemented the diagnosis and provided valuable insights into metastasis. The absence of recurrence or complications in postoperative follow-up underscores the potential of these imaging modalities in enhancing surgical precision and improving prognosis in canine gastric tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6-year-old female spayed Podenco-crossbreed dog was presented with an unusual type of focal impaired awareness seizures, including sensory ataxia and postictal rest. Magnetic resonance imaging examination revealed pre- and postcontrast agent T1-weighted bilateral symmetric hyperintensities in the lentiform nuclei and globus pallidus. Repeated cerebrospinal fluid sampling showed lymphocytic pleocytosis. Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to myelin basic protein (MBP) were detected by immunofluorescence examination with strong binding to myelinated fiber tracts. The absence of binding to MBP-depleted mouse brains confirmed MBP as an antigenic target. Although the patient had minor seizure episodes every 2 months, and the owners avoided seizure triggers, they refused medical treatment before presenting to the veterinarian. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of MBP autoantibody-positive encephalitis in a dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired pulmonary artery branch stenosis without main pulmonary artery involvement due to external compression by neoplasia has been described in human and veterinary medicine. Over time, this can result in right ventricular hypertension and right-sided heart failure. Endovascular stenting offers quick relief from signs, while the underlying cause is addressed. Here, we present a dog with severe right pulmonary artery compression caused by a chemodectoma, which was treated with two, overlapping, self-expanding vascular stents and chemotherapy. The patient experienced immediate symptomatic relief, progressive stent expansion over time, and has been free of clinical symptoms for 5 months post implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Melanoma is one of the most common canine oral malignant tumours and is highly aggressive and metastatic, even at the early stages of development. Surgery relies on wide excision of the primary tumour and regional lymphadenectomy, with or without adjuvant therapy. Tumour location and size are important when considering staging, which ultimately affects the curative intent of surgery. Nevertheless, absolute tumour volume (TV) is not related to the vast phenotypic variability within canine breeds. This study aimed to determine the cutoff values of two ratios—tumour‐to‐head volume (THR) and tumour‐to‐body volume (TBR)—and assess whether they could be associated with the odds of finding metastasis at presentation and/or the likelihood of achieving tumour‐free excision margins. A retrospective case series involving 51 dogs was used to evaluate the preoperative head/neck and chest computed tomography and histopathology of the primary mass and excised lymph nodes. Higher TV, THR% and TBR% values were associated with bone lysis and mitotic count (MC). The Ki67 index was significantly associated with local and distant metastases at presentation, whereas MC was associated with local metastasis alone. Tumour‐infiltrated surgical margins were associated with caudally located tumours, regardless of the tumour size. Dogs with lymph node metastasis at presentation were seven times more prone to have local relapse. TV, THR% and TBR% values were positively associated with local lymph node metastasis at presentation. Cutoff values for both TV and TBR% were proposed to predict lymph node metastasis at presentation (TV = 6.423 cm3 and TBR% = 0.043), being supported by post‐surgical survival analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: With rapidly growing interest in the use of cannabidiol (CBD) in the management of pain and other conditions, more information is needed on the safety and efficacy of this supplement, particularly its co-administration with commonly used pharmaceuticals such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This study sought to assess the effect of CBD in dogs with mobility impairments, as well as evaluate the clinical tolerance of CBD used together with NSAIDs. Materials and methods: Forty-two client-owned dogs with diagnosed mobility impairments were enrolled in this prospective, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Baseline data were collected for 10-14 days followed by random allocation to either placebo or CBD oil for 45 days with a 30-day washout period in between. CBD was dosed at 5 mg/kg orally every 12 h with masked placebo administered at equal volume. Outcome measures included objective gait analysis, accelerometry, and clinical metrology instruments. CBD plasma levels and serum biochemistry were also collected along with hepatic ultrasound if warranted. Results: Thirty-eight dogs finished the study with thirty-nine included for at least partial analysis. Compared to baseline, dogs receiving CBD showed evidence of improved outcomes based on blinded veterinary assessments and accelerometer data. Compared to placebo, dogs receiving CBD showed some evidence of improved outcomes on CBPI, CSOM, and blinded veterinary assessments, but not for objective outcome measures. There was evidence of increased ALP when CBD was co-administered with NSAIDs compared to CBD administration alone. Additionally, there was evidence of ALT elevations with CBD and NSAID co-administration, but this elevation did not show evidence of an increase over CBD use alone. Discussion: These results suggest a potential therapeutic benefit in the administration of CBD for the management of mobility impairments, but greater ALP elevations were seen when administered with NSAIDs. While the sample size of dogs that received further hepatic work-up for liver enzyme elevations is small, chosen diagnostics varied, and liver biopsies were not performed, there did not appear to be clinically apparent liver damage. Further research is needed to better understand the efficacy of CBD in a larger population of dogs and patient tolerance and safety when administered with NSAIDs or other medications long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dogs may be infected with species of Leishmania parasites that are disseminated through blood circulation and invade the internal organs. In this study, we aim to detect the parasite in the blood of dogs using the PCR technique. The present work was performed from February 2022 to May 2023 in Fars Province, southern Iran, where the disease is endemic. Results: In total, 7(5.1%) out of 135 blood samples, six were identified as Leishmania tropica and one as Leishmania major. We found no trace of Leishmania infantum, which is always known for visceral infection. In addition, no sign of cutaneous lesions or a significant disease was seen in the animals infected with both species. Of 48 dogs with anemia, two were Leishmania positive. The mean value of hematological parameters in the infected dogs was within the normal range except for a significant reduction in the platelet measures (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our data revealed that both Leishmania species, tropica and major, may manifest as viscerotropic leishmaniasis. More investigations are needed to understand the conditions under which these species choose the type of infection. Moreover, our data emphasize the role of asymptomatic dogs in carrying these parasites, a crucial factor in spreading the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Increasing numbers of dogs and cats with cancer are treated with stereotactic radiosurgery, stereotactic radiation therapy or stereotactic body radiotherapy (SRS, SRT or SBRT). We provide a systematic review of the current data landscape with a focus on technical and dosimetric data of stereotactic radiotherapy in veterinary oncology. Original peer‐reviewed articles on dogs and cats with cancer treated with SRT were included. The systematic search included Medline via PubMed and EMBASE. The study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) statement. We assessed the manuscripts regarding outcome reporting, treatment planning, dose prescription, ‐delivery and ‐reporting as well as quality assurance. As of February 2024, there are 80 peer‐reviewed publications on various disease entities on SRS, SRT and SBRT in veterinary medicine. Overall, we found often insufficient or highly variable technical data, with incomplete information to reproduce these treatments. While in some instances, technical factors may not impact clinical outcome, the variability found in protocols, outcome and toxicity assessments precludes accurate and reliable conclusions for a benefit of stereotactic radiotherapy for many of the treated diseases. In line with the extensive recommendations from human stereotactic radiotherapy practise, we propose a draft of reporting items for future stereotactic radiation treatments in veterinary medicine. SRS, SRT and SBRT have specific clinical and technological requirements that differ from those of standard radiation therapy. Therefore, a deep understanding of the methodologies, as well as the quality and precision of dose delivery, is essential for effective clinical knowledge transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic generalized tremor syndrome is a disorder characterized by an acute onset of full-body tremors, sometimes accompanied by vestibulo-cerebellar signs, that is responsive to treatment with corticosteroids. Although considered to have an overall good outcome, relapsing and persistent mild clinical signs have been described. So far, little is known about the etiopathology of this syndrome, but it is believed to have an immune-mediated origin. In human medicine, description of numerous autoantibodies involved in certain noninfectious neurologic disorders has revolutionized understanding of their pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. In this multicenter retrospective study, we aimed to describe the clinical signs, course, and outcome of dogs with idiopathic generalized tremor syndrome and correlate potential findings with the presence or absence of autoantibodies associated with autoimmune cerebellar syndromes in humans. Information regarding signalment, history, clinical signs, laboratory findings, diagnostic imaging and testing for regional infectious diseases was gathered and the remaining serum and CSF samples were then analyzed for neural antibodies against targets associated with autoimmune encephalitic diseases of humans. Thirty-three dogs were included, and screening for neural antibodies was performed in 30 of those dogs. The analysis showed an increased titer of mGluR1 antibodies in two dogs, GFAP and later in the course of disease mGluR1 antibodies in one dog and an increase in unspecific autoantibodies which could not be further classified in two dogs. Dogs with detectable neural autoantibodies always had cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in the form of a pleocytosis, with or without increased protein concentration, and tended to present with hyperthermia, potentially indicating a more severe clinical form of idiopathic generalized tremor syndrome in these cases. In conclusion, idiopathic generalized tremor syndrome is proposed to be an immune-mediated disorder potentially mediated by neural autoantibodies in a subgroup of dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The activation of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) is a major determinant of body growth. Defective GHR signaling, as seen in human Laron dwarfism, resulted in low plasma IGF-1 concentrations and limited growth, but also marked absence in the development of breast cancer and type 2 diabetes. In vitro, we identified a small molecule (C#1) that inhibits the translation of GHR mRNA to receptor protein. Methods: Before its application in humans as a potential anticancer drug, C#1 was tested in animals to evaluate whether it could be administered to achieve a plasma concentration in vivo that inhibits cell proliferation in vitro without causing unwanted toxicity. To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of C#1, a group of six intact female Beagle dogs was treated daily each morning for 90 days with an oral solution of C#1 in Soiae oleum emulgatum at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight. During treatment, dogs were closely monitored clinically, and blood samples were taken to measure plasma C#1 concentrations, complete blood counts (CBC), clinical chemistry, and endocrinology. At the end of the treatment, dogs were euthanized for gross and histopathological analysis. An additional group of six female Beagle dogs was included for statistical reasons and only evaluated for efficacy during treatment for 30 days. Results: Daily administration of C#1 resulted in a constant mean plasma concentration of approximately 50 nmol/L. In both groups, two out of six dogs developed decreased appetite and food refusal after 4–5 weeks, and occasionally diarrhea. No significant effects in CBC or routine clinical chemistry were seen. Plasma IGF-1 concentrations, used as biomarkers for defective GHR signaling, significantly decreased by 31% over time. As plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations decreased by 51% as well, no proof of GHR dysfunction could be established. The measured 43% decrease in plasma acylated/non-acylated ghrelin ratios will also lower plasma GH concentrations by reducing activation of the GH secretagogue receptor (GHSR). C#1 did not directly inhibit the GHSR in vivo, as shown in vitro. There were no significant effects on glucose, lipid, or folate/homocysteine metabolism. Conclusions: It is concluded that with daily dosing of 0.1 mg C#1/kg body weight, the induction of toxic effects prevented further increases in dosage. Due to the concomitant decrease in both IGF-1 and GH, in vivo inhibition of GHR could not be confirmed. Since the concept of specific inhibition of GHR synthesis by small molecules remains a promising strategy, searching for compounds similar to C#1 with lower toxicity should be worthwhile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bond between humans and dogs is precious and has been treasured since ancient times. Dog ownership is linked to numerous health benefits, such as increased physical activity and social functioning and decreased depression and cardiovascular events. However, dogs can transmit zoonotic diseases to humans, many of which present with cutaneous findings. This review summarizes the dermatologic manifestations, transmission routes, diagnosis, and treatment of zoonotic diseases transmitted by dogs, including vector‐borne, bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. This review emphasizes the significance of clinicians obtaining a comprehensive exposure history when patients exhibit a rash of unknown origin. Such an approach can provide valuable epidemiological clues related to diagnosing a zoonotic disease transmitted by a pet dog. Furthermore, identifying the dog as an infection source and subsequent veterinary treatment can help prevent recurrent infections in dermatologic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ichthyoses comprise a large heterogeneous group of skin disorders, characterized by generalized scaly and hyperkeratotic skin. We investigated a miniature poodle with early onset generalized scaling, dry and irregularly thickened skin, paw pad hyperkeratosis and abnormalities in hair and teeth. The clinical signs of ichthyosis were confirmed by histopathological examination, which revealed mild epidermal hyperplasia and lamellar orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis. A hereditary condition was suspected and a genetic investigation was initiated. We sequenced the whole genome of the affected dog and searched for potentially causative variants in functional candidate genes for the observed phenotype. The analysis revealed a heterozygous in‐frame deletion in DSP, NC_049256.1:g.8804542_8804544del resulting from a de novo mutation event as evidenced by genotyping leukocyte DNA from both parents. The 3 bp deletion is predicted to remove one aspartic acid without disrupting the open reading frame (XM_038584124.1:c.1821_1823del, XP_038440052.1:p.(Asp608del)). The DSP gene encodes desmoplakin, a desmosomal plaque protein, responsible for cell–cell adhesion to provide resistance to mechanical stress in epidermal and cardiac tissues. We hypothesize that the deletion of one amino acid in the N‐terminal globular head domain acts in a dominant negative manner and thus impairs the proper connection with other proteins. Several variants in DSP in humans and cattle have been described to result in different phenotypes associated with hair and skin abnormalities, sometimes in combination with variable cardiac and/or dental manifestations. In conclusion, we characterized a new syndromic ichthyosis phenotype in a dog and identified a de novo 3 bp deletion in the DSP gene as causal variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE) is a well-known pathological condition in veterinary neurology. Any breed of middle-aged or older dogs (median 9 years old) can be affected; it has an acute spontaneous onset, is rarely exercise-associated, and commonly affects the cervical region, causing tetraparesis or tetraplegia and mild cervical hyperesthesia. This study presents the first documented case of double cervical adjacent HNPEs in a small breed dog. A 9-year-old 6 Kg intact male Yorkshire terrier was referred for an acute onset of non-ambulatory tetraparesis. MR examination of the cervical spine showed two concurrent HNPEs at sites C3-C4 and C4-C5. The dog had a remission of symptoms with conservative therapy and physiotherapy. A 9-year-old Yorkshire terrier was brought to the emergency department for inability to maintain the correct station with acute onset. Neurological examination showed a non-ambulatory tetraparesis, spontaneous proprioceptive deficit in all limbs, and decreased flexor reflex in the forelimbs. The neurological symptoms suggested a cranial cervical spinal cord with suspicion of spinal shock. The clinical differential diagnoses included degenerative (intervertebral disc extrusion), vascular, inflammatory, or neoplastic disease. No pathological findings were evident in the hematobiochemical tests or in the radiograph examination. MRI examination of the cervical spine showed the presence of two adjacent hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusions at C3-C4 and C4-C5 tracts. Treatment included analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy; movement restriction was initially necessary, followed by physiotherapy. Follow-up at 4 weeks showed complete recovery. A telephone follow-up after 3 months with the owner confirmed the absence of symptoms. This article reports the first double cervical HNPE case in a dog, adding the possibility that the disease may present in this form and the success of conservative treatment as described in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Neutering, which includes orchiectomy for males and ovariohysterectomy for females, is a common practice in dogs to control populations and prevent health issues. Despite its benefits, neutering can lead to hormonal changes that may contribute to a tendency toward obesity over time. Our study investigated how neutering in both female and male dogs affects hormones involved in metabolism and appetite regulation, specifically nesfatin-1, serotonin, dopamine, TSH, and T4. We observed that neutering decreased levels of nesfatin-1, serotonin, and T4, and increased TSH levels in both genders. These hormonal changes could be part of a mechanism contributing to the higher risk of obesity observed in neutered dogs in the long term. Neutering of dogs, whether male or female, provides various benefits such as contraception, population control, and the prevention of reproductive disorders and undesirable sexual behaviors. However, it is also associated with an increased risk of obesity, which may be directly linked to post-neutering hormonal changes. Our study aims to determine the effects of neutering on plasma levels of nesfatin-1, serotonin, dopamine, TSH, and T4—hormones implicated in obesity and metabolic regulation. Fourteen dogs (seven males and seven females), aged between 1 and 3 years, were included in this study. Male dogs underwent orchiectomy and females underwent ovariohysterectomy. Blood samples were collected before surgery and on days 7 and 14 post-operatively to measure the plasma levels of these hormones using ELISA. The results showed a significant decrease in nesfatin-1, serotonin, and T4 levels, along with a significant increase in TSH levels in both male and female dogs post-neutering. While these hormonal changes are likely part of the body's adaptive response to neutering, they may represent a potential mechanism that contributes to the long-term tendency toward obesity in neutered dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Our study addresses a significant challenge in veterinary cardiology by improving the measurement of mitral regurgitation severity in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, the most prevalent heart condition in dogs, particularly affecting breeds like Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and Chihuahuas. An accurate assessment of mitral regurgitation severity helps refine treatment decisions and disease monitoring, but the simple and reliable standard method still needs to be improved. This study evaluated 124 client-owned dogs using the proximal isovelocity surface area radius method (PISA-r). Our findings demonstrate that this measurement is accurate and consistent. We established specific threshold values for PISA-r important for determining the disease stage and making informed treatment choices. Notably, this measurement correlates strongly with other heart measurements, such as the left atrium size and left ventricular internal diameter, indicating its comprehensive assessment capability. The proximal isovelocity surface area radius increases significantly with disease progression. Statistical analysis confirms a high accuracy in classifying disease stages, with excellent sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the PISA-r method exhibits excellent repeatability and reproducibility. Our research suggests that the PISA-r method is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Mitral regurgitation (MR) resulting from myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is a prevalent condition in dogs, particularly smaller breeds like Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) and Chihuahuas (CHHs). An accurate assessment of MR severity is essential for effective treatment and disease monitoring, yet a standardized method has yet to be established. In this retrospective study, we evaluated 124 client-owned dogs diagnosed with MMVD, including 64 CKCSs and 60 CHHs. Dogs were categorized into three stages: asymptomatic (B1), remodeled (B2), and congestive heart failure (CHF, C). The MR severity was quantified using the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method, specifically focusing on the PISA radius (PISA-r). The PISA-r measurements exhibited significant increases across disease stages and demonstrated strong correlations with echocardiographic parameters (ranging from 0.83 to 0.94), including the left atrial size and left ventricular internal diameter. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed the high sensitivity and specificity of PISA-r in classifying disease stages, establishing optimal cut-off values. The method displayed excellent repeatability (interobserver variability: 0.95) and reproducibility (intraobserver variability: 0.97). In conclusion, the PISA method, specifically PISA-r, was reliable for assessing MR severity in dogs with MMVD. By simplifying the diagnosis and management of MR, this research can potentially improve the life and management of MMVD-affected dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease. Chronic joint inflammation leads to a loss of joint cartilage. Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease in dogs and usually develops secondarily as a result of joint incongruence or trauma. Dogs with advanced osteoarthritis often suffer from chronic pain, reduced quality of life and restricted mobility despite pain medication. Conventional treatment options for OA can alleviate the symptoms, but cartilage regeneration is not achieved. Regenerative medicine is increasingly becoming the focus of osteoarthritis research because regenerative cells contribute to tissue healing. The aim of this study was to measure the treatment success of regenerative cell therapy in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis that were no longer responding to pain therapy. The regenerative cells were obtained from the dogs' fatty tissue, processed and applied to the affected joints. Based on the veterinary lameness examination, gait analysis and owner questionnaires, it was assessed whether the regenerative cell therapy led to an improvement in the dogs' lameness and pain. In addition, the animals were X-rayed to measure the progression of osteoarthritis. Some patients showed a therapy-related improvement in lameness and pain. However, the therapy did not have an effect on all patients. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a single intra-articular injection of autologous stromal vascular fraction (SVF) in dogs with chronic lameness due to advanced elbow osteoarthritis (OA) that were unresponsive to conventional drug therapy. In this clinical, prospective, non-blinded, single-center study, twenty-three dogs received autologous SVF derived from falciform adipose tissue. Primary outcome measures over the six-month study period included clinical-orthopedic and radiographic examinations, objective gait analysis and validated owner questionnaires. In 19 of 23 joints, no progression of OA was visible radiographically. Peak vertical force improved significantly at three months and vertical impulse at six months after the injection compared to baseline. Over 33% of dogs demonstrated treatment-related improvements in lameness based on objective gait analysis. Owner questionnaires indicated significant improvement in clinical signs throughout the study period and 26% of dogs showed treatment-related improvements in pain scores according to the Canine Brief Pain Inventory. No side effects were reported. These findings suggest that autologous regenerative cell therapy may provide a promising treatment option for dogs with advanced OA that do not respond to conventional drug therapy. However, the treatment did not improve the clinical symptoms in all dogs, so it cannot be recommended for all patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A dog imported from Greece to Germany presented a mass in the mammary gland. Cytology of the secretion was performed, and besides the malignant epithelial cells, amastigotes of Leishmania (L.). infantum were identified. Diagnoses of mammary carcinoma and canine leishmaniasis were confirmed by histopathology, PCR testing, and serology. The detection of L. infantum amastigotes in the mammary glands indicates a possible shedding by the milk and makes trans-mammary transmission to puppies theoretically possible as another route of L. infantum transmission apart from vectorial transmission by sand flies, blood transfusion, vertical transmission, and venereal transmission. Mammary tumors are one of the most common neoplasms in female dogs, and cytology represents a non-invasive diagnostic method. The protozoal pathogen Leishmania spp. was previously demonstrated in canine mammary glands. An eight-year-old, female-spayed Doberman was imported from Crete, Greece, three years before the first presentation. The dog was presented due to a mammary tumor two years after adoption. The clinical examination revealed fever and weight loss. Smears of the mammary secretion were investigated cytologically. Multiple atypical epithelial cells with moderate to marked criteria of malignancy were detected. Furthermore, amastigotes were visible intra- and extracellularly. The diagnosis of L. infantum infection was based on a positive PCR out of the cytological smear, and a positive serology. Mammary carcinoma and granulomatous inflammation with amastigotes were confirmed by histopathology. We aimed to provide a complete report of cytological, histopathological, hematological, and biochemistry findings in a dog with L. infantum in the mammary glands with focus on trans-mammary pathogen transmission as a potential alternative way of spreading Leishmania infections. Canine leishmaniasis should be a potential differential diagnosis in dogs with lesions and/or inflammation in the mammary glands and a history of presence in areas endemic for L. infantum, especially the Mediterranean in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]