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Diplomsko delo temelji na pregledu dveh obsežnih preglednih člankov na temo odnosa človek – konj. Za varno in vzajemno sodelovanje mora človek s konjem vzpostaviti pozitiven odnos, ki ga gradi na zaupanju in razumevanju z različnimi načini komuniciranja. V odnosu lahko pride do problemov, ki razkrivajo težave v medvrstni komunikaciji. Ti se kažejo v nezaupanju in strahu konja med delom, ki lahko privedeta do nesreč ali agresivnih reakcij konja. Na odnos s konjem človek vpliva z vsemi predhodnimi in sedanjimi interakcijami, zato je pomembno, da se ne poslužuje agresivnega kaznovanja. To v konju vzbudi strah pred človekom in se ga zato izogiba ali se nanj odzove obrambno. Konj se lahko nauči uporabe kretenj ljudi, zato je pomembna tako verbalna komunikacija z ustreznim tonom glasu, kot očesni stik in miren pristop. Negativni občutki in povišan srčni utrip človeka v bližini konja zaradi pričakovanega negativnega dogodka v konju vzbudijo strah in povišajo srčni utrip. Navedeno potrjuje govorice, da človek svoje strahove prenese na konja. S pomočjo metod ocenjevanja in prepoznavanja osebnosti konja se krepi odnos človek - konj in zmanjšuje burne reakcije ter negativne odzive konja. Testi obnašanja pa pomagajo odkriti prikrite težave v vedenju konja do človeka. Zgrajena vez zagotavlja dobro počutje obeh in vzpostavi ravnovesje v razmerju, kar pripomore k zmanjševanju problemov pri interakcijah človeka s konjem. The work is based on the evaluation of two extensive review articles on the human-horse relationship. For a safe and mutual cooperation, the human must establish a positive relationship with the horse based on trust and understanding through various methods of communication. Problems may arise in the relationship that indicates problems in interspecies communication. These show up in the horse as mistrust and fear during work, which can lead to accidents or aggressive reactions from the horse. The relationship between humans and horses is affected by all past and present interactions, so it is important not to resort to aggressive punishment. This instills fear of the human in the horse, causing it to avoid or react defensively to the human. A horse can learn to use human gestures, so verbal communication with an appropriate tone of voice, eye contact and a calm approach is important. Negative emotions and an increased heart rate from a human near a horse due to an anticipated negative event instill fear in the horse and increase its heart rate. The above confirms the rumors that humans transfer their fears to horses. With the help of assessment methods and proper recognition of the horse's personality, the relationship between man and horse is strengthened and the horse's aggressive and negative reactions are reduced. Behavioral tests help to discover hidden problems in the horse's behavior towards humans. The bond established ensures the well-being of both and creates a balance in the relationship that helps reduce problems in the human-horse relationship.

Namen diplomskega dela je bil predstaviti štiri aktualne problematike dobrega počutja živali v prašičereji in perutninarstvu ter izražanje bolečine, stresa in trpljenja. Prvi problem, ki se močno dotika dobrega počutja v prašičereji je krajšanje repov. Ta metoda se uporablja za zmanjšanje grizenja repov, ki prav tako povzroča negativen vpliv na dobro počutje prašičev in posledično povzroča ekonomske izgube. Krajšanje repov se izvaja pri pujskih do sedmega dneva starosti, pogosto brez anestezije ali analgezije, kar povzroča bolečine, stres in trpljenje. Drugi problem, je kastracija. Izvaja se predvsem za preprečevanje neprijetnega vonja in okusa svinjskega mesa. V perutnini sta trenutno najbolj aktualna problema debikiranje in ubijanje dan starih piščancev. Debikiranje je metoda kjer se kljun skrajša do 50% z namenom, da se prepreči kljuvanje perja ali kanibalizma v jati odraslih kokoši. Zadnja problematika, ki se jo omenjamo v diplomskem delu je ubijanje dan starih piščancev zaradi ekonomske nedonosnosti, kar se odraža na masovnem ubijanju dan starih piščancev. Zaradi negativnega vpliva na dobro počutje, perutninska industrija razvija alternative za ubijanja dan starih piščancev in debikiranja. Zadnje poglavje, ki smo se ga dotaknili, predstavlja, kako lahko bolečino, stres in trpljenje prepoznamo in kateri dejavniki vplivajo na izražanje negativnih čustvenih stanj. The purpose of B. Sc. Thesis was to present four of the existing animal welfare problems in pig and poultry farming and perception of pain, stress and suffering. The first problem that seems to touch the welfare in pig farming is the tail docking. This method was used to reduce tail bites, which also has a negative impact on the welfare of pigs and it consequently causes economic losses. Tail docking is performed in piglets up to seven days of age, usually without anaesthesia or analgesia, which in turn causes pain, stress and suffering. The second problem is pig castration. It's performed mainly to prevent the unpleasant smell and taste of pork. In poultry, however, the most current problems at the moment are Beak-trimming and culling day-old chicks. Beak-trimming is performed worldwide to reduce injuries due to biting and cannibalism in poultry. Beak-trimming is a method where the beak is shortened up to 50% in order to prevent cannibalism and feather pecking in adult hens. The last issue mentioned in the B. Sc. Thesis is the culling day-old chicks due to economic unprofitability, which is reflected in the mass killing of day-old chicks. Due to their impact on welfare, the poultry industry is negotiating alternative methods for culling day-old chicks and beak-trimming. The last chapter we touched on presents how we can recognize pain, stress and suffering and what all influences it.

Skrb za dobro počutje in vidik gospodarske in praktične uporabnosti oziroma koristi konja sta navdihnila diplomsko delo o vlogi prehrane v etiologiji nenormalnega obnašanja konj, katerega namen je pregled objav na tem področju. Konji so rastlinojede živali. Njihova prehrana vpliva ne le na njihovo zdravje in fizično storilnost, ampak tudi na obnašanje. Konji potrebujejo prehrano in način krmljenja, s katerima skušamo preprečiti oziroma zmanjšati tveganja za različne bolezni oziroma klinične in subklinične motnje. Mednje sodijo na primer: kolike, laminitis, debelost, metabolni sindrom. Rezultati študij kažejo, da zaradi napak v prehrani, predvsem zaradi napačne sestave obroka in tehnike krmljenja prihaja tudi do vedenjskih motenj, kot so tkanje, požiranje zraka (hlapanje), iztegovanje jezika, obžiranje predmetov, živčnost, razdražljivost ter druge vedenjske motnje. Nenormalno obnašanje konj je nezaželeno zaradi številnih razlogov, tudi zato, ker nenormalno obnašanje kaže na slabo počutje živali in zato negativno vpliva tudi na vrednost konja. Te ugotovitve lahko pomagajo izboljšati razumevanje anomalij v obnašanju in oblikovati režime prehrane, ki so za konje koristni tako telesno kot glede počutja in obnašanja. S pravilnim krmljenjem in pravilno sestavo obroka je mogoče zmanjšati (sub)klinične motnje in prispevati k dobremu počutju konja. The concern for the well-being along with the aspect of economic and practical use or the benefit of the horse have inspired present B. Sc. Thesis in the role of nutrition in the ethology of horses’ abnormal behavior, which aims to review the publications in this field. Horses are herbivores. Their nutrition affects not only their health and physical performance, but also their behavior. Horses require proper nutrition and feeding methods that prevent or reduce the risk of various diseases, clinical and subclinical disorders such as: colic, laminitis, obesity, metabolic syndrome. The results of the studies show that due to nutrition mistakes, especially incorrect composition of meals and improper feeding techniques, behavior disorders such as weaving, swallowing air, tongue extension, obstruction of objects, nervousness, irritability and others occur. The abnormal behavior of horses is undesirable for many reasons, including being an indication of the animal having a bad mood, which has a negative effect on the value of the horse. These observations can help to improve the understanding of an anomaly in behavior and form a diet beneficial to horses’ physical condition, mood and behavior. Correct feeding methods and nutrition can decrease (sub)clinical disorders and benefit the horse’s well-being.

Cilj diplomske naloge je bil predstaviti različne sisteme uhlevitve krav molznic ter opredeliti prednosti in slabosti posameznega sistema. Zanimalo nas je, kako različni sistemi reje vplivajo na dobro počutje živali, na njihovo zdravje ter proizvodne rezultate. V Sloveniji na govedorejskih kmetijah prevladujejo manjši hlevi z vezano rejo. Na kmetijah, ki se odločajo za povečanje črede in povečanje obsega prireje mleka, pa uvajajo sodobnejše sisteme namestitve živali v prosti reji z ležalnimi boksi ali brez njih. V nalogi predstavljamo različne sisteme reje za krave molznice in mlado živino, bodisi hleve na prosto rejo z ležalnimi boksi, na globokem nastilu ali celo v kombinaciji z izpusti na pašo. Opisujemo tudi novejše sisteme, kot so bolj uporabni kompostni hlevi ter sodobni in inovativni hlevi iz Nizozemske, tako imenovani ''kravji vrtovi''. Predstaviljamo tudi nekaj primerov dobrih praks za doseganje optimalnih pogojev reje glede zdravja in dobrobiti živali, doseganja ustreznih higienskih standardov v hlevu ter pozitivnih in neškodljivih vplivov namestitev živali na okolje. Z upoštevanjem teh dejavnikov lahko optimiziramo določen način reje živali ter dosegamo uspešno proizvodnost v sistemih, ki so živalim in okolju prijazni. The aim of graduation thesis was to present the different housing systems of dairy cows and to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each system. We were interested in how different housing systems of dairy cows effect on animal welfare, animal health and production results. In Slovenia, on farms with cattle are dominated by smaller and tied-in housing system. On the farms that are choosing to enlarge the herd and increase the volume of milk production, they are introducing more modern systems of housing for animals in free barns with or without cubicles. In this graduation thesis we present different housing systems for dairy cows and young stock, either free barn with cubicles, free barn on depth straw or even combination with grazing and access to pasture. We also introduced innovative housing systems such as useful compost barns and modern barns from the Netherlands, the so-called ‘’Cow Garden’’ housing system. We also presented some examples of good practices for achieving optimal housing and rearing conditions in the context of animal health and welfare, achieving adequate hygiene standards in barns and the positive and harmless effects of animal placement on the environment. With these factors in mind we can optimize a particular animal husbandry and achieve successful productivity in systems that are animal and environmentally friendly.

Počutje živali je zelo pomembna vrednota za rejce in je deležno vedno večje pozornosti potrošnikov. Cilj naloge je bil oceniti počutje krav molznic v različnih sistemih reje, in sicer smo za analizo uporabili podatke o počutju krav molznic v 20 čredah, nastanjenih v hlevih s prosto rejo in ležalnimi boksi (referenčni hlevi), ter primerjali parametre počutja s kravami molznicami, nastanjenimi v 20 kompostnih hlevih (brez ležalnih boksov – pilotni hlevi). Raziskavo smo opravili v zimi 2017/2018 na 40 kmetijah v 6 državah v okviru projekta EraNet SusAn FreeWalk. Živali v kompostnih hlevih so bile bolj umazane od živali v referenčnih hlevih, vendar so imele zato manj poškodb, ran in oteklin kot živali v referenčnih hlevih. Kar se tiče pojava šepavosti, ni bilo razlik med obema sistemoma. Kompostni hlevi imajo večjo ležalno površino na žival, kar omogoča kravam daljši čas počivanja in manj težav pri vstajanju oziroma uleganju. V nalogi prikazujemo tudi rezultate ocen počutja krav molznic na referenčni slovenski kmetiji z ležalnimi boksi in pilotni kmetiji s kompostnim hlevov v primerjavi z drugimi referenčnimi oziroma pilotnimi kmetijami v Evropi. Ugotovili smo, da je treba pri slovenskih kmetijah bolj poudariti izbiro primernega nastilja, strokovno korekcijo parkljev in dimenzije ležalnih boksov. Za doseganje boljših proizvodnih rezultatov in kakovosti počutja krav molznic bi morali kombinirati več različnih sistemov, pri tem pa nameniti več pozornosti nastilju in velikosti ležišč za krave molznice. Animal welfare has a very important significance for breeders and is gaining attention from consumers. The aim of the master thesis was to evaluate the welfare of dairy cows in different housing systems, using the data on the welfare of dairy cows in 20 herds inhabited in free barn with cubicles (reference farms) and comparing welfare parameters with dairy cows settled in 20 compost barns (without cubicles - case farms). Collection of welfare quality indicators was conducted in winter 2017/2018 on 40 farms in 6 countries under the EraNet SusAn FreeWalk project. Dairy cows in compost stables were dirtier than cows in reference stables. However, they had fewer integument alterations throughout the body: hairless patches lesions and swelling than animals in the reference stables. Regarding the occurrence of lameness, there were no differences between both systems. Compost stables have a larger lying surface, which allows cows to have longer and more comfortable rest periods and less difficulty in standing or lying. In this thesis, we also present the results of the welfare quality results for dairy cows on the Slovenian reference farm with cubicles and case farms with compost barns compared to other reference or case farms in Europe. We have found that Slovene farms need to give more emphasis to the choice of suitable bedding material, professional hoof trimming, and the dimensions of cubicles. In order to achieve the best production results and the quality of dairy cows' well-being, it would be necessary to combine several different systems, while increasing the attention to the bedding and size of cubicles for dairy cows.

Namen diplomskega dela je ekonomska in tehnološka primerjava 4 različnih vrst nastilja: žagovine, slame, lesnih ostružkov, rezane slame. Raziskava zajema 2 ločena poskusa. Prvi poskus temelji na vsakodnevnem čiščenju boksa, kot je tudi najpogosteje v praksi. Drugi poskus pa temelji na vzdržljivosti nastilja. Vsak od navedenih poskusov je po modelnih kalkulacijah ovrednoten glede na stroške nastilja in stroške dela. Predstavljeni so skupni dnevni, mesečni in letni stroški kot tudi razmerje stroškov (nastilj : delo). Potrebne podatke o velikosti boksov ter višini, obsegu in dolžini konj smo pridobili z merjenjem. Prav tako smo z merjenjem pridobili podatke porabe nastilja in časa. Ugotovili smo, da vsi 4 različni materiali nastilja konjem zagotavljajo udobje, vendar ne pri enaki količini in niso vse vrste nastilja primerne za vse konje. Upoštevati moramo zdravstveno stanje konja, različne anomalije in navade konj. The aim of this work is economic and technological comparation of 4 different bedding materials: sawdust in bulk, wood shavings, squared harvest straw and slice-dusted straw. The survey covers 2 separate experiments. The first attempt is based on day-to-day slean up, it is the most often in practice. In second trial is tested the durability od the bedding maerials. Each of these experiments is evaluated according to model calculations based on material costs and labor costs. The total daily, monthly and annual costs as well as the cost ration (material:work) is presented. We obtained the necessary data of boxes size and the height, extent and lenght of horses by measuring. We also measured the time we needed to prepare boxes (cleaning, preparing bedding material). We found that all 4 bedding materials provide comfort, but not fort he same amount and not all kinds of bedding materials are suitable for all horses. We must take into account the health status of horses, the various anomalies and habits of horses.

V raziskavi smo za ocenjevanje dobrega počutja krav molznic uporabili protokol Welfare Quality®. Gre za hierarhično zgrajen sistem, pri katerem se ocenjujejo štiri ocenjevalna področja (OP Krmljenje, Način reje, Zdravstveno stanje in Obnašanje). Posamezno OP preverimo z 2 do 4 merili, oceno posameznega merila pa določimo na osnovi manjšega števila meritev, ki jih v večji meri izvedemo na nivoju živali. Ocene OP združimo v skupno oceno primernosti reje in rejo uvrstimo v eno izmed kategorij dobrega počutja: odlično, dobro, sprejemljivo in nerazvrščeno. Protokol smo uporabili na dveh kmetijah, usmerjenih v prirejo mleka: na kmetiji B z vezano rejo krav (n = 15) in na kmetiji G s prosto rejo krav (n = 220). Za OP smo na kmetiji B na lestvici od 0 (najslabše stanje) do 100 (najboljše stanje) dobili ocene: 19,0 za OP Krmljenje, 9,4 za OP Način reje, 26,6 za OP Zdravstveno stanje in 45,8 za OP Obnašanje. Kmetija B se je na podlagi teh ocen uvrstila v najnižjo kategorijo (nerazvrščeno). Za kmetijo G smo dobili ocene 34,0 za OP Krmljenje, 44,7 za OP Način reje, 15,7 za OP Zdravstveno stanje in 59,2 za OP Obnašanje. Kmetija G se je na podlagi teh ocen uvrstila v kategorijo sprejemljivo. V raziskavi smo ugotovili nizko stopnjo dobrega počutja živali, ocenjenega po protokolu Welfare Quality®, na izbranih kmetijah z mlečno proizvodnjo kljub številnim razlikam med kmetijama (velikost črede, menedžment, način reje). In the present study, Welfare Quality® protocol was used to assess welfare of dairy cows. It is a hierarchically built evaluation system, where four principles are evaluated (feeding, housing, health and behaviour). Each principle score consist two to four criterion scores, which are determined based on different measures (mainly animal-based measures). Combination of four principle scores provides overall assessment according to which the farm is classified in one of four welfare categories: excellent, enhanced, acceptable and not classified. In our study, the protocol was applied on two dairy farms: farm B with tie-stall (n = 15 cows) and farm G with loose-stall (n = 220 cows). For farm B, principle scores obtained on the scale from 0 (worst situation) to 100 (best situation) were 19.0, 9.4, 26.6 and 45.8 for principles feeding, housing, health and behaviour, respectively, resulting in overall assessment of not classified. Principle scores for farm G were 34.0, 44.7, 15.7 and 59.2 for principles feeding, housing, health and behaviour, respectively, resulting in overall assessment of acceptable. The study showed poor animal welfare assessed using Welfare Quality® protocol on both dairy farms despite the differences in herd size, management and housing system.

Glede na predvideno prepoved kirurške kastracije pujskov brez anestezije in analgezije do leta 2018 je presoja alternativ kirurške kastracije aktualna tema. Osnovni cilj te raziskave je bil primerjati vedenje ter pojavnost spolnega vonja pri dveh alternativah, reji merjaščkov in imunokastratov. Izhodiščne hipoteze smo zaradi pojava bolezni v času poskusa dopolnili z raziskavo vpliva bolezni na vedenje in uspešnost imunokastracije. Vedenje smo spremljali preko kamer. Opazovali smo celodnevno dejavnost in posamezne vrste dejavnosti (stanje, sedenje, ležanje, agresija, naskakovanje, hranjenje). Po zakolu smo odvzeli vzorce maščobnega tkiva in v njem določili koncentracije skatola in androstenona ter težo testisov in akcesornih spolnih žlez. Ugotovili smo statistično značilno (P < 0,0001) spreminjanje dejavnosti znotraj dneva, z enim vrhom zgodaj zjutraj in drugim (večjim) popoldan. Sprememb v vedenju in hranjenju med alternativama, kot tudi pred in po cepljenju pri imunokastratih nismo dokazali. Vpliv bolezni na dejavnost ni bil statistično značilen, čeprav je bilo pri bolnih prašičih manj agresije (P = 0,12) in manj sedenja (P = 0,06). Značilna razlika med imunokastrati in merjasci v vrednostih androstenona in teže testisov je dokaz učinkovitosti imunokastracije navkljub bolezni. V skupinah kastratov smo našli posameznike z vrednostmi skatola, ki presegajo mejne senzorične vrednosti (0,20 μg/g), kar pripisujemo bolezni. Considering the foreseen ban of surgical castration of piglets without anesthesia and analgesia by 2018, the assessment of alternatives to surgical castration is a relevant topic. The aim of the present study was to compare behaviour and incidence of boar taint in two alternatives, rearing of boars and immunocastrates. The initial hypothesis was expanded due to the occurrence of the disease during the study to include the impact of the disease on the behaviour and effectiveness of immunocastration. Behaviour was monitored with the use of cameras. Entire daily activity and individual types of activities (standing, sitting, lying, aggression, mounting, eating) were monitored. After slaughter, samples of adipose tissue were taken, the concentration of skatole and androstenone was determined and the weight of the testes and accessory sex glands was measured. A statistically significant (P < 0.0001) change in overall activity was found, with a peak early in the morning and another (higher) in the afternoon. No changes in behaviour and feeding were observed in either of the groups of alternatives to surgical castration, as well as before and after vaccination of immunocastrates. The impact of the disease on activity was not statistically significant, although in diseased pigs aggression (P = 0.12) and sitting (P = 0.06) were less frequent. Significant difference between immunocastrates and boars in the levels of androstenone and weight of the testes is an evidence of the effectiveness of immunocastration despite of the disease. In groups of surgical castrates individuals were found with skatole levels exceeding the limits of sensory detection (0.20 μg/g), which was attributed to the disease.