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Abstract Tribenuron-methyl (TBM) is among the herbicides that are widely used for controlling broadleaf weeds in wheat fields in Iran due to its low mammalian toxicity and environmental risk, use at low doses, the broad spectrum of weed control, and low price compared to other herbicides. However, wheat farmers’ repeated application and dissatisfaction with the optimal and effective control of the TBM herbicide have led to investigating broadleaf weed resistance in Iranian wheat fields. For this purpose, through a national call in 2018, a total of 240 broadleaf weed populations belonging to 13 species and 7 plant families were collected from 153 wheat fields in 72 counties across 14 provinces suspected to be resistant to the TBM herbicide. Then, a screening test was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 replications of each biotype using the recommended dose of 25 g a.i. ha− 1 of TBM in the greenhouse. Overall, the results indicated that 124 (51.7%) of the screened populations were resisted to TBM. Specifically, 44 populations (81%) of Sinapis arvensis L., 18 populations (45%) of Malva neglecta Wallr., 25 populations (45%) of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, 2 populations (66.6%) of Ammi majus L., 1 population (50%) of Rapistrum rugosum L., 3 populations (21%) of Descurainia Sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl, 9 populations (36%) of Vaccaria hispanica Mill., 8 populations (48%) of Galium aparine L., 9 populations (75%) of Melilotus indicus L. According to the Adkins and Maas evaluation, 4 populations (100%) of Raphanus raphanistrum L. were classified as resistant to TBM. This study is the first comprehensive investigation of broadleaf weed resistance to TBM across Iranian wheat fields, providing crucial insights for future herbicide management strategies. Given the high incidence of resistance, continued use of TBM in Iranian wheat fields may lead to increased yield loss and environmental pollution. Additionally, it is necessary to investigate cross-resistance in resistant populations to other ALS-inhibiting herbicides.

Ephemera (Ephemera) spilosa Navás, 1936 was first described from China at the imaginal stage. Subsequently, in 2008, the nymph of E. spilosa was described from Vietnam. These are the only two known occurrences of this species. This study contributes the first record of E. spilosa from Thailand and provides a distribution map for this species.

Black soils, characterized by their thick, dark horizons enriched with organic matter, epitomize highly fertile soils. However, their fertility precipitates intense land use, engendering challenges such as soil erosion, nutrient depletion, pollution, compaction, salinization, and acidification. Notably, these soils are significant contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, primarily due to substantial losses in soil organic carbon. Despite these challenges, black soils are pivotal for global food production. This paper delineates the implementation of digital soil mapping for the global cartography of black soils and human interference on these soils. Predominantly distributed in Eastern Europe, Central and Eastern Asia, and North and South America, black soils cover an approximate area of 725 Mha, with the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, and China collectively have over half of this area. Agriculturally, these soils underpin significant proportions of global crop yields, producing 66% of sunflower, 30% of wheat, and 26% of potato outputs. The organic carbon content in the upper 30 cm of these soils is estimated at 56 Gt. Sustainable management of black soils is imperative for ensuring food security and addressing climate change on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae), Afraflacilla goaensis Gawas & Tripathi sp. nov., is described, diagnosed and illustrated based on a single male specimen collected from a mangrove in Goa, India. Considering this finding, the genus Afraflacilla previously known from the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Gujarat, and Rajasthan, is now documented for the first time in Goa. Finally, the Indian records of the genus Afraflacilla are mapped.

A new species of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae), Afraflacilla goaensis Gawas & Tripathi sp. nov., is described, diagnosed and illustrated based on a single male specimen collected from a mangrove in Goa, India. Considering this finding, the genus Afraflacilla previously known from the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Gujarat, and Rajasthan, is now documented for the first time in Goa. Finally, the Indian records of the genus Afraflacilla are mapped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Island ecosystems face significant threats from biological invasions due to their unique biomes. In over a quarter of these ecosystems, the number of alien plants surpasses the total count of native ones, leading to notable impacts. This concern is particularly pronounced in the Mediterranean Basin, a globally important hotspot for plant diversity. In line with this, our study aimed to investigate the current distribution of six main alien plant species (Chasmanthe floribunda, Nicotiana glauca, Opuntia ficus-indica, Opuntia stricta, Senecio angulatus, and Zantedeschia aethiopica) on Capraia Island in the Tuscan Archipelago, Italy. We identified invaded vegetation types and N2000 habitats (sensu 92/43/EEC "Habitats" Directive), created a detailed map of the current distribution of these six target species, and analyzed the relationship between their distribution and environmental factors. The six target species were found to be more widespread in areas of the island with higher levels of anthropogenic disturbance, with only O. stricta also spreading into natural habitats. Overall, the invasion covers an area of 71 hectares (3.6% of the island's surface), of which over 70 hectares are invaded by O. stricta. The habitats most impacted by alien plant invasion include 5330 "Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub", 5320 "Low formations of Euphorbia close to cliffs", 1240 "Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp.", and 6220* "Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea", all primarily invaded by O. stricta. Environmental factors most correlated with alien plant distribution include the distance from infrastructure, altitude, and slope aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinndorama dilatata sp. nov. is described based on specimens from Amazonas State, Brazil. The genus is firstly recorded from the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Goiás, Maranhão, and São Paulo and a distribution map is provided, including new records to P. dianae, P. guartela, P. melanocephala, P. ronurensis, and P. pitanga. The key to males is updated to include the new species and minor improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of traditional in situ methods for underwater surveys to map freshwater mussel habitats is limited by challenges such as water transparency, depth and high labour demands. In this study, adaptive resolution imaging sonar (ARIS) was applied to monitor mussel distribution and abundance.In contrast to conventional quadrat surveys, this acoustic survey is non‐invasive and enables direct observation of mussels to allow their survival status to be determined in turbid water. ARIS produces high‐quality acoustic images that facilitate the creation of a distribution map for broader‐scale monitoring, especially if paired with deep learning methods such as the YOLOv4 algorithm for automatic mussel detection and classification.ARIS was successfully applied to surveying over 2000 m2 of Lake Izunuma in Miyagi, Japan. In one site, a high mussel abundance of ~0.6 individuals/m2 was detected, while other sites had low densities. The detection model achieved a mean average precision of 0.97.The survey results were used to generate a distribution map of living mussels. This study illustrates the feasibility of using an acoustic video camera with an open‐source deep learning algorithm to monitor mussels and other benthos in turbid water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Pinndorama dilatata sp. nov. is described based on specimens from Amazonas State, Brazil. The genus is firstly recorded from the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Goiás, Maranhão, and São Paulo and a distribution map is provided, including new records to P. dianae, P. guartela, P. melanocephala, P. ronurensis, and P. pitanga. The key to males is updated to include the new species and minor improvements.

Citizen participation data has different characteristics from expert. Understanding the unique attributes of citizen participation data and considering the disparities between such data and that collected by experts is of paramount importance to harness citizen-generated data effectively. In this regard, location information was presented for five taxa of plants, insects, birds, amphibians, and mammals nationwide surveyed by citizens in 2022, excluding endangered species. Additionally, species information and administrative district information are included. It is anticipated that the integration of citizen participation survey results with expert research findings will enhance the efficacy of natural ecological monitoring. By directly collecting ecological data, which becomes the basic data for natural environment policy, opportunities for public participation in natural environment policy will be expanded, and through this, it will be possible to raise awareness of natural environment conservation.

Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) pose one of the most significant threats to native biodiversity. Swietenia macrophylla, or big leaf mahogany, is among the most threatening invasive plants in the Philippines. This article aimed to formally document the presence of S. macrophylla along the edges of Mt. Banahaw de Nagcarlan, a protected area on Luzon Island, Philippines. The study also sought to identify the management strategies being implemented by various government institutions to address big leaf mahogany and other invasive plants. A total of 1591 individuals of S. macrophylla were documented in mixed land-use areas and roadsides. These were found to have been introduced by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in 1991 as a reforestation species. Fortunately, no individuals were observed beyond the buffer zone towards the protected area. The identification of management strategies for big leaf mahogany and other IAPS revealed that there is no established approach specifically addressing the presence of S. macrophylla at the site. However, some institutions advocate for the conservation of native plants through tree planting activities and educational campaigns. Furthermore, no collaborative efforts were observed among stakeholders and institutions. The results of this study highlight the urgent need to manage the S. macrophylla population. Planning and enforcement of strategies require collaborative efforts among stakeholders to prevent its entry into the protected area and ensure the preservation of native biodiversity.

IntroductionFor optimal production and maintaining its stability, environmental and weather conditions must be determined from the perspective of capabilities and limitations. For this purpose, it requires reliable regional data such as planting date, ripening time, plant density, soil, and meteorological information, which are generally not available for most regions. Obtaining this information is very time-consuming and expensive in many areas and is often simply not possible. Therefore, zoning can facilitate access to this information on a large scale. In other words, if the regions that are similar in terms of climate, soil, and management conditions are identified, the time and cost needed to collect information on a wide scale will be minimal. Materials and MethodsThe present study was conducted for the agro-ecological zoning of the country. In this research, the existing climatic zones of the country were analyzed based on GYGA, and the existing soil zones of the country were analyzed based on the HC27 method.Results and DiscussionThe combination of climatic zones and soil, 198 polygons or agro-ecological zones were obtained for all agricultural lands of the country. The zones in which more than 1% of the country's agricultural lands are located include 28 zones, and in total, about 80% of the agricultural lands are located in these zones. The highest frequency percentage is related to agro-ecological zone 4103-5 with a frequency of 85.11%. Also, the frequency of agro-ecological codes (climate code 5003 with soil code 5) 5003-5 (28.7%) and (climate code 4003 with soil code 5) 5-4003 (93.4%) were placed next. Zoning can facilitate the selection of points for plant studies and other planning.ConclusionEach of these areas has a different climate and soil code, which indicates the specific production conditions of that area. From these agro-ecological zones, to improve studies and make agricultural management decisions, it is possible to prepare and complete the climate and soil information bank in each zone for use in simulation models of plant production, to facilitate the collection of information (such as management information, cultivar information plant) and the implementation of plant production simulation model to be used in studies related to the food security of the country. The current research was conducted to determine the main agro-ecological areas of agricultural production in the country so that simulation studies and other studies can be carried out in the main production location in each province. Therefore, it is necessary to know where the main production centers of each province were, what kind of climate and soil it has, and which meteorological station is the indicator of that region. In this research, the climate zones of irrigated, rainfed, garden, and pasture lands of the country were determined by using the Giga climate map. Based on this, more than 50% of water lands are located in climates 5003, 4003, 5002, 8003, and 6003, respectively. Also, the rainy lands are located in 4103, 4003, and 3103 climates respectively. Also, by using the HC27 soil map, the soil areas in the irrigated, rainfed, garden, and pasture lands of the country were determined. Therefore, more than 50% of water lands in soil codes 5 and 17; Rainy lands in Kodkhak 5 and 12; Garden lands were located in soil codes 5 and 12 and pastures were located in soil codes 5 and 17. By combining climatic zones and soil zones, agricultural-ecological zoning of the country was done, and finally, 198 zones were obtained. The zones in which more than 1% of the country's agricultural lands are located include 28 zones, in total, about 80% of the agricultural lands are located in these zones (Figure 7). The highest frequency percentage (11.85%) was related to the area with agroe-cological code 4103-5, which covered 1789965.8 hectares of agricultural land. Also, after that, the agro-ecological code 5003-5 has the highest frequency (7.28 percent), which covers 1100599.25 hectares of agricultural land in the country. In this research, after the agro-ecological zoning of the country's agricultural lands, several 198 zones were obtained, and after calculating the area covered by each zone, finally, 28 agro-ecological zones have an abundance percentage of more than 1%, and together they are about 80% (11813518.66 hectares). They cover the country's agricultural lands. These climate zones obtained can be used for food security studies and calculating and determining the production capacity of each region. On the other hand, considering that in agricultural studies, extensive and comprehensive information about climate and soil is needed for each region and access to this information is usually expensive and time-consuming, the use of agro-ecological zones resulting from this research can be necessary.

Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) pose one of the most significant threats to native biodiversity. Swietenia macrophylla, or big leaf mahogany, is among the most threatening invasive plants in the Philippines. This article aimed to formally document the presence of S. macrophylla along the edges of Mt. Banahaw de Nagcarlan, a protected area on Luzon Island, Philippines. The study also sought to identify the management strategies being implemented by various government institutions to address big leaf mahogany and other invasive plants. A total of 1591 individuals of S. macrophylla were documented in mixed land-use areas and roadsides. These were found to have been introduced by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in 1991 as a reforestation species. Fortunately, no individuals were observed beyond the buffer zone towards the protected area. The identification of management strategies for big leaf mahogany and other IAPS revealed that there is no established approach specifically addressing the presence of S. macrophylla at the site. However, some institutions advocate for the conservation of native plants through tree planting activities and educational campaigns. Furthermore, no collaborative efforts were observed among stakeholders and institutions. The results of this study highlight the urgent need to manage the S. macrophylla population. Planning and enforcement of strategies require collaborative efforts among stakeholders to prevent its entry into the protected area and ensure the preservation of native biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ant-loving beetle genus Songius Yin & Li, 2010 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae: Batrisini) is rarely collected due to a cryptic myrmecophilous lifestyle, and its diversity remains insufficiently explored. Here we describe two new sympatrically distributed species from Mount Fanjing, Guizhou Province, Southwest China. Songius brevisetus sp. nov. is characterized by the relatively parallel-sided body with a densely setose integument, and different forms of the spines/projections of the legs and the aedeagus. Songius hubenqii sp. nov. differs in the shiny, almost asetose body segments and antennomeres 1-6, the mesofemora lacking tubercles and bearing long bristles on the ventral margins, and a different form of the aedeagus. A re-examination of the types and additional material supported the conclusion that S. hlavaci Zhao, Yin & Li, 2010 is a widely distributed species in eastern, central and southwestern China, leading to the placement of S. pseudohlavaci Yin & Li 2015, syn. nov. from Hunan as its junior synonym; and the species is newly recorded from Fujian and Chongqing. An updated key and a distribution map for the genus are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature and purpose: Failure to pay attention to the protection of water resources, soil and plant resources has caused the destruction of these resources. Among the effective factors in this destruction, we can point out land use conversion without a comprehensive approach, cutting down forests, destroying rangeland, drought, damage by pests and diseases. Pests and plant diseases in the forests and rangelands of the country are considered one of the most important factors of forest destruction. For the prevention and management of the outbreak of pests and plant diseases, there is a need for monitoring and a comprehensive management plan for pests and plant diseases. As the largest province in the country, Kerman province is part of the Turani, Iran zone, and out of the total area of 181737 square kilometers of this province, about 5% of agricultural land, 45% of rangeland, 13% of forest and 37% of desert. Methodology: To evaluate and monitor the status of the most important pests and pathogens of the main plants and considering the diversity of environmental conditions and the area of forests and natural rangeland in Kerman province, sampling was carried out during the years 2018 to 2020. The monitoring plan was implemented in Dehno, Babzangi, Kohpanj and Glochar stations as well as Yazdanabad and Raviz areas as two mountain almond tree habitats. The most important forest communities (trees-shrubs) and rangeland in the mentioned areas are Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb., Amygdalus scoparia Spach., Amygdalus elaeagnifolia Spach., Artemisia aucheri Boiss's, Artemisia siberi Besser, Stipa arabica Trin. & Rupr and Zygophyllum atriplicoides Fisch. & C. A. Mey. Periodic sampling of pests and pathogens was done in those plants in the desired parts. In sampling, the type and level of contamination with pests and pathogens were recorded. Due to the thinness of the almond forests in the investigated areas in Kerman province, the transect sampling method was used in the form of continuous lines. Data collection from rangeland areas was done during field visits of representative plant types. Sampling in this range was based on systematic random method. Result: Based on the investigations carried out at the Dehno Bardsir station as the habitat of Z. atriplicoides, the seed-eating moth from the Lepidoptera order, at the Dehno Bardsir and kohpanj Bardsir stations as the habitat of S. arabica, the Tranzscheliella iranica S. and Dehno Bardsir and Kohpanj Bardsir stations as habitats of A. aucheri and A. siberi, Gallfly from the family of Cecidomyiidae was isolated and identified with about 4% contamination, also from Yazdanabad Zarand region as a habitat of A. scoparia, wood-borer beetle capnodis tenebrionis with about 30% contamination and from Raviz area of Rafsanjan as a habitat of A. elaeagnifolia, mistletoe Loranthus grewinkii Boiss. & Buhse was detected with about 60% contamination. The population fluctuations of the pests of seed-eating moth, gallfly and woodborer beetle in mountain almonds and the the stipa smut pathogen in the years of monitoring of damaging agents in the studied areas was almost constant and no particular fluctuation was observed in these agents population. However, the population of mistletoe as a semi-parasitic plant based on A. elaeagnifolia decreased in the studied area in 2019 and again in 2020, it was returned to the level of the previous years. The reason for the decrease in the population of L. grewinkii in 2019 was the pruning of the infested tree branches to the mistletoe plant. Conclusion: Due to the unprincipled pruning, this semi-parasitic plant grew again from the previous contaminated places and reached the previous population level in the following year, according to the results of the seed-eating moth pests. The dormant Gallfly, and the stipa smut have a low population, and based on their population fluctuations in the studied years, they were in equilibrium with the host plants in their natural environment and do not have an overflowing state. Based on the results, the populations of C. tenebrionis and L. grewinkii are high in the host plants, causing severe damage and reducing the growth and reproduction of the host. It is necessary to continue detection pests and diseases in different regions in order to monitor the existing factors and the newfound factors to prevent their entry and spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pill millipede genus Hyperglomeris Silvestri, 1917 is reported from Laos for the first time. Two new species, namely H. bicaudata Likhitrakarn, sp. nov. and H. inkhavilayi Likhitrakarn, sp. nov., from Houaphanh and Khammouane provinces, northern Laos, are described and illustrated based on morphological characters and molecular analyses. Sequences of COI gene were used as DNA barcoding markers, and successfully supported the accurate identification of other Glomeridae species. Interspecific divergence of the COI uncorrected p-distance between these new species and other Hyperglomeris species ranged from 7.84-13.07%, while the intraspecific divergence was 0.45% in H. inkhavilayi sp. nov. and 5.3% in H. bicaudata sp. nov. The updated status of Hyperglomeris, a map of its distribution, and identification keys for all species are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of a revision of the New World Ebenaceae for "Flora Neotropica" and some regional floras, specimens from ca. 100 herbaria have been studied. Diospyros cayennensis A.DC. (synonyms: D. ierensis Britton and D. serrana Sothers) from eastern South America as well as the closely related Bahian endemic D. scottmorii B.Walln. from Brazil are presented here. Plates showing their morphology, a distribution map, vernacular names, information on habitat, phenology, and biology, and lists of specimens are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents new floristic novelties of Veronica L. subgenus Pseudolysimachium (Plantaginaceae) of the Altai Mountain Country and adjacent areas. For the first time, Veronica × grisea Kosachev et A. L. Ebel was collected in the Republic of Altai, V. pinnata L. is indicated for the Novosibirsk Region. In addition, new locations for 7 rare and endemic species of Veronica are given. Point distribution maps are given for most species.

One of the most important pollinator taxa is Bombus (Hymenoptera, Apidae), the genus of bumble bees, since they are important, often specialized, pollinators of many plants. As a result of climate change, warming winters and changes in landscape structure, the distribution and frequency of Bombus species is constantly changing. To develop appropriate protection strategies, it is essential to monitor them and update the occurrence and threat status of the species. The last review of the distribution of Bombus species in Hungary was completed 20 years ago. Here we present updated distribution maps based on published data from the last 20 years together with unpublished data collected in 2018--2021. Based on the new data, we examine changes in the last two decades. In the case of 9 species further studies should be carried out to confirm the presence of stable populations, while 3 species are recommended for protection by law in Hungary. Seven species showed increasing frequency, B. argillaceus and B. haematurus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new alien species in the flora of Uzbekistan, Ranunculus sardous Crantz, was identified during a study of plant specimens at the National Herbarium of Uzbekistan (TASH) and in field surveys. R. sardous is native to Europe and is reported as an alien species in many other regions, including North America, Australia, China, India, Japan, and Korea. This species was first observed in Uzbekistan in March 2012, with further records in different regions of the country. Field observations confirmed the presence of at least ten populations of this species in the Tashkent and Namangan regions, Uzbekistan. We consider it a locally naturalized alien that might invade both ruderal and segetal plant communities. We modelled the suitability that may drive the future distribution of this new alien species resulting from global climate change based on future climate scenarios and ensemble modelling. The model predicted an overall low suitability for the current climate in Uzbekistan, while suitability would decrease under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 by 2070. The invasive status of R. sardous was assessed using its degree of resistance, frequency of occurrence, and ecological-phytocoenotic features. According to the methodology applied, R. sardous scored 9 points, which indicates a possible invasion risk to natural flora. Therefore, we suggest prioritising an eradication plan before the species becomes too widespread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osphya Illiger (Melandryidae: Osphyinae) as a species-poor insect group, exhibits a widespread distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, however, the research of the genus is poorly documented especially in East Asia. Herein, an interesting species is discovered in Shennongjia National Natural Reserve (Hubei, China). The examination of morphological characters and comparisons with others show it to be a new member of Osphya, which is described under the name of O. sinensis sp. n. The characteristic photos and a key to the species of Osphya from East Asia are provided. Meanwhile, the mitochondrial genome of O. sinensis sp. n. is sequenced and annotated. Based on this obtained mitogenome and the publicly available data, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Tenebrionoidea by different cladistics methods to investigate the relationships between the new species with others. The results consistently recover O. sinensis sp. n. sister to O. bipunctata (Fabricius) with high supporting values, which further confirm the placement of the new species in the genus Osphya. This is the first time reporting the genus Osphya, the only representative genus of melandryid Osphyinae from mainland China, which enriches the diversity of beetles from the Chinese fauna at both generic and subfamilial levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic pollutants of industrial origin can be dangerous for professionals who come into contact with them at work, and also for the people who live near the sources of environmental hazards. There is a known relationship between the soil pollution with heavy metals and the morbidity of the population. This paper reports a study of the soil pollution with ions of heavy metals in the Turkestan region, Kazakhstan. The study found technogenic geochemical anomalies of various size, intensity and origin in the soils of the Turkestan region. The distribution of lead, copper, barium, zinc, molybdenum, phosphorus and arsenic was mapped based on the ecological and geochemical survey of the upper soil layer. The most polluted city is Kentau, where concentrations of Pb, Mo, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Mn, Cr, Ni in the soil exceed the allowable level. The cause of pollution is erosion that occurs in the areas of technogenic waste storage. In some communities, the concentration of only one metal exceeded its MAC or the Clarke number, for example, only scandium exceeded its Clarke number by 1.1 in Lenger and only exceeded its Clarke number by 2.75 in Sholakkorgan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerns that climate warming may drive the spread of ectoparasites into previously uninhabited areas have increased the need for baseline knowledge of their distributional history. For species of wildlife health concern, presence data are often lacking or outdated, thus limiting our ability to assess range changes and subsequent host impacts. We reconstructed the past and present distribution of the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus, through the compilation of a spatiotemporal database to create the first full baseline map of its occurrence throughout its North American range. The ongoing impacts of winter tick epizootics in moose (Alces alces) and recent mortality events in elk (Cervus canadensis) and white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have led to a resurgence in interest in the future of this parasite in a warming climate. Over 3400 unique records of winter tick occurrence were compiled from multiple data sources, dating from 1869 to 2020 and spanning from 16.5 to 66.2° N latitude. Both conventional published sources and natural history records were included along with new records from previously unpublished datasets and citizen science observations, to make this a comprehensive occurrence dataset for this species. Along with standardized location information and year of observation, the dataset includes associated host species and descriptive categorization of the type and source of each record, providing new opportunities to examine host–parasite interactions in the winter tick system over time and space. In presenting these data, we discuss the potential sampling biases and lacunas in our integrated database records, particularly at the winter tick's northernmost range. We also document changes in the types and sources of winter tick information from past to present, highlighting potential issues that should be considered before using these data in further analyses and when collecting ongoing records. Our database demonstrates that the collation and synthesis of records beyond conventional sources can shed light on the distributional history of tick species and serve as a useful baseline for prioritizing future research and management decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Concerns that climate warming may drive the spread of ectoparasites into previously uninhabited areas have increased the need for baseline knowledge of their distributional history. For species of wildlife health concern, presence data are often lacking or outdated, thus limiting our ability to assess range changes and subsequent host impacts. We reconstructed the past and present distribution of the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus, through the compilation of a spatiotemporal database to create the first full baseline map of its occurrence throughout its North American range. The ongoing impacts of winter tick epizootics in moose (Alces alces) and recent mortality events in elk (Cervus canadensis) and white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have led to a resurgence in interest in the future of this parasite in a warming climate. Over 3400 unique records of winter tick occurrence were compiled from multiple data sources, dating from 1869 to 2020 and spanning from 16.5 to 66.2° N latitude. Both conventional published sources and natural history records were included along with new records from previously unpublished datasets and citizen science observations, to make this a comprehensive occurrence dataset for this species. Along with standardized location information and year of observation, the dataset includes associated host species and descriptive categorization of the type and source of each record, providing new opportunities to examine host–parasite interactions in the winter tick system over time and space. In presenting these data, we discuss the potential sampling biases and lacunas in our integrated database records, particularly at the winter tick's northernmost range. We also document changes in the types and sources of winter tick information from past to present, highlighting potential issues that should be considered before using these data in further analyses and when collecting ongoing records. Our database demonstrates that the collation and synthesis of records beyond conventional sources can shed light on the distributional history of tick species and serve as a useful baseline for prioritizing future research and management decisions.

Background and Objectives Detection of resistance to an herbicide in a putatively resistant accession requires a series of experiments which are capable of illustrating the response of the accession to various herbicide doses. Whole plant bioassay in pots usually takes approx. 2 months to obtain the results, thus, rapid tests were developed to accelerate the process. Although determination of discriminating concentration as well as conduction of rapid test for some ACCase inhibitors has been performed by various researchers, no reports are available in this regard for in clodinafop propargyl herbicide in rigid ryegrass from wheat field of Golestan province. Thus, the following study was conducted with the objective of rapid detection of resistance to the mentioned herbicide in this weed using the rapid test. Materials and Methods The experiments were conducted using the seeds of 30 putatively resistant rigid ryegrass accessions and a susceptible biotype gathered from wheat field of Golestan province in 2019. Rapid test in petri dishes was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications, with each petri dish as one replicate. To determine the discriminating concentration, various concentrations of clodinafop propargyl was applied on the susceptible accession and then, all putative accessions were screened using this concentrations. The biotypes of the studied weed were exposed to various doses of the herbicide in the petri dish bioassay to determine the resistance factor. Also, another experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted for screening of putative accessions in the greenhouse. Accessions which maintained their survival and dry weight respectively 50 and 80 percent compared to the unsprayed control were selected. A whole plant dose-response bioassay was also done separately for each biotype. Checking the distribution map of resistant biotypes indicated that these biotypes were not uniform in the wheat fields of Golestan province. During sampling, geographical coordinates of infected areas were recorded using GPS Map60 device and weed distribution map was prepared using ArcGIS software. Results Discriminating concentration of clodinafop propargyl for rigid ryegrass was obtained 0.0196 mg ai. L-1. According to the results, 25 out of 30 accessions were detected as resistant and underwent the concentration- response assay in petri dishes. Resistant factors of the biotypes in the rapid test ranged from 38.75 to 1756.20. According to the results of the greenhouse, 25 accessions were detected as resistant with resistance factors of 11.58 to 24.05. There was a positive and significant correlation between the results obtained from the rapid test with the greenhouse assay (%93). Investigation of distribution map of resistant biotypes indicated non-even distribution of these biotypes across wheat fields of Golestan province, with resistant and susceptible biotypes often observed in the west and east of the province, respectively. Conclusion Putative rigid ryegrass accessions collected from the region may be screened using 0.0196 mg ai. L-1 concentration and resistant biotypes may be detected more rapidly compared to greenhouse assays. Also, the results of the rapid test are in accordance with those of the whole plant assay in pots. Due to the swift development phenomenon of herbicide resistance issue, rapid detection of resistance is essential. Thus, using methods such as rapid test may be very feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oilseeds are the second largest food sources in the world after cereals. Soybean (Glycine max L.) is the largest source of protein and oil in the world and is cultivated in some regions in Iran. Golestan province is one of the important agricultural regions in Iran with about 62.01% of the soybean cultivation area. Most of these areas are located in Gorgan County. There are a number of approaches that they use to management of weeds in agroecosystems. Management and protection of crops from weed damage depend on our knowledge about weed richness and their distribution status. For this purpose, generation of weed distribution maps provide very important information for weed management. Also, determination of weed flora help to managers and farmers to identify weeds and select the best method for weed control, especially invasive weeds in soybean fields. Therefore, the aim of study was to determination of flora and distribution of weeds in the current soybean fields in Gorgan County.Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in 48 soybean fields of Gorgan County, during 2015-2016. In the field section, the W method used to collect weed samples in order to calculate the number, frequency, species density, etc. The spatial information of the fields was recorded by GPS and sampling was done by 0.25*0.25 square meters quadrate. Total weed samples moved to weed research laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR) and identified in terms of scientific and family names based on taxonomical classification way. Then, all data entered to Microsoft Excel spread sheets var. 2010, and were averaged and arranged. In order to determine the weed flora status of these fields, some indices such as frequency, relative species frequency, species uniformity, relative species uniformity, density and relative species density were calculated. To better display of distribution maps, weeds were divided based on frequency index into three categories; 50-100%, 50-30% and less than 30% and weeds with a frequency of 50-100% were considered as important weeds of soybean fields in Gorgan. Finally, the data were processed in ArcGIS software var. 10.3, and then weed distribution maps of soybean fields were generated.Results and Discussion: In this study, 21 types of weeds were identified from 14 plant families, which 14.28% were belonged to perennials group and the rest amounts were annual weeds. Also, 76.19% were belonged to dicotyledons and about 23.81% were monocots. The highest density was related to ground cherry (Physalis divaricate L.) with 16.68% compared to other weed species in the measured plots. Crab grass (Digitaria sangunalis L. Scop.) with a density of 0.94 and sorghum (Sorghum halepense L. Pers) with a density of 0.78 had the highest density than other weeds. The weeds of the studied fields included 23.80% of narrow-leaved weeds and 76.19% of broadleaf weeds. In terms of photosynthetic cycle, 28.57% of weeds classified to C4 cycle and 71.42% to C3 cycle. Also, the most important plant family was Poaceae with 19.04% of the observed weeds in soybean fields, compared to other plant families. The most dominate species of this family are sorghum, cockspur grass (Echinochloa crus-galli L. P. Beauv) and crab grass. The weeds with a frequency of 50-100% were included ground cherry, sorghum and wild melon (Cucumis melo var. agrestis L.) with a frequency of 91.66, 54.16 and 52.08%, respectively. Results of weed distribution maps showed that weeds with frequency of 50 to 100% were observed in the most of surveyed field and they were distributed across the county, from east to west.Conclusion: In the study, the weed distribution maps showed the existence of broadleaf weeds such as ground cherry, sorghum and wild melon in the most of the studied fields. Also, we identified the large number of weed families in this study. Considering this high number of identified weed and the presence of some invasive weeds in the surveyed fields, these results can useful for weed management programs of soybean fields and other crops in Gorgan County. Therefore, it is necessary that farmers and agricultural managers of the Gorgan County care to distribution of invasive weeds. Finally, it concluded that a combination of local and longer-term weed management can possible to deliver reduced weed infestation levels. Also, integrated weed management is an essential practice for reducing the impact of pesticides in the agroecosystems.

The Persian Squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) is a Southwest Asian species of squirrel with a single European Union population on the island of Lesvos in Greece. We evaluated the impact of land cover and tree density habitat variables on squirrel spatial distribution on the island. Our analysis was based on 240 localities of recorded occurrence of the species across the island, as well as 240 pseudo-absence localities, with land cover and tree density habitat variables at each locality. A total of 31 variables were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA). The significant predictors obtained from PCA were then used to obtain a binary logistic regression model to represent relative likelihood of occurrence and habitat suitability for this population. Lesvos Persian Squirrels appear to use all main arboreal vegetation types on the island, including both woodland as well as tree crops, especially olive cultivation. They are also found in rather small and isolated patches of such vegetation. However, although pine trees provide cones as a regular food source, the species is remarkably absent from larger areas of continuous coniferous forest and pine trees appear to be used only when mixed with or close to broad-leaved trees. Even though the Persian Squirrel is quite widespread on Lesvos, this population may still be at risk from habitat changes due to changing agricultural practices or urban expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid detection of pumpkin quality is of great significance for pumpkin production and breeding. In this study, hyperspectral imaging technology was utilized to facilitate the rapid detection of moisture content, starch content, and sensory quality in pumpkins, as well as to investigate their distribution within the pumpkin. The hyperspectral imaging data acquired from pumpkin slices was extracted and averaged. The models for moisture content and starch content in pumpkin built under Multiple Scatter Correction (MSC) pretreatment and Ridge regression proved to be the best ones, whose determination coefficients for cross-validation ( R 2 cv) were 0.968 and 0.869, and the root mean square error for cross-validation (RMSE cv) were 1.142 and 0.365, respectively. Based on the moisture and starch values of pumpkin slices predicted by these models, the sensory quality scores of pumpkin slices can be further estimated. The sensory quality evaluation equation of pumpkin has a correlation of 0.934 to the sensory quality score of pumpkin obtained from the cooking experiment. Additionally, distribution maps summarizing the moisture, starch, and sensory quality of the pumpkin slices were generated, which could well reflect the spatial distribution characteristics of pumpkin quality indexes. • Determination methods for pumpkin qualities based on hyperspectral imaging was proposed. • The HSI models for pumpkin compositions were constructed by using MSC and ridge regression. • Sensory quality can be estimated based on predicted values of pumpkin HSI models. • The distribution of compositions and sensory quality of pumpkin can be visualized with HSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geochemistry of magnetite provides constraints on the source(s) of the magnetite and other ore minerals. In this study, we constructed a magnetite distribution map, compared the chemical composition of magnetite present in hard rocks with that present in sand beach and stream deposits to determine magnetite's provenance, investigated relationships among different trace elements, examined variations in the concentrations of trace elements present in magnetite, and identified the type of studied magnetite. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry/inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy was used to analyze samples available in small and large amounts, respectively. The average magnetite compositions of beach and river samples were substantially similar to those of andesite rocks, revealing that the magnetite samples may have originated from surrounding andesite rocks; this finding is consistent with the chemical composition of the samples analyzed using LA-ICP-MS. Some of the andesite rocks found in the study area were the primary source of magnetite aggregations in the beach sands and stream sands near or slightly away from these rocks. High Ti–V magnetites lie within the fields of Fe–Ti–V bearing magnetite and titanomagnetite (ulvöspinel). These titanomagnetites may be undergoing transformation to spinel minerals such as galaxite, gahnite, magnesiochromite, and chromite, which are characterized by the high concentrations of Al, Ti, Mg, Cr, Ni, Mn, and Zn. The positive correlation between Fe and Ti, Cr and Ni, and also the negative correlation between Fe and Mg, Mn and Zn can be attributed to various magnetite phases present in the study area. V, Co, Mo, Nb, Ga, Sn, and Ta exhibited a positive correlation with Fe and a negative correlation with Al. The positive correlation between Fe and these elements indicates the enrichment of these elements in the magnetite series. We observed a negative correlation between Fe and Li, Rb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Cu, Cd, Sb, As, Sc, Y, REE, U, and Th. A positive correlation between Al and these elements indicates the enrichment of these elements in the spinel series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the statistical relations among the remote sensing data and observed water quality parameters is the necessary task to develop an estimator model. In order to estimate the exact water quality parameter distribution map of the study area from remote sensing data, this present study proposed an empirical mathematical relational and signature (EMRS) model. Through this EMRS model, an environmental pollution level analysis has been carried out for coastal area of Gulf of Mannar. EMRS highly facilitates to map the distribution of the water quality parameters. The insitu samples were involved with ICP‐OES and Physicochemical analysis and the test results were used for convergence of EMRS. The heavy metals such as Fe, Cu, Cd, Hg, and physicochemical parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), alkalinity, total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity and hardness are the experimented water quality parameters. The Landsat, Sentinal remote sensing data were used by the model to estimate the values and distribution and pollution level maps. The experimental analysis shows that the extracted element concentration using the proposed EMRS has highly correlated with the observed values based on the different measures such as R2 and root mean square error (RMSE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizen science is a research collaboration between scientists and volunteers who provide data for education, conservation, and environmental protection. Volunteers, often the locals in the area, provide data on species occurrence while researchers perform distribution mapping or other data analysis. Social networking sites including Facebook, Twitter, and Flickr can be used as platforms for the public to share their photos of species and for scientists to aid in identification. In this article, we show how social media groups can be used to generate data on species distribution of myxomycetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the eradication of malaria across most European countries in the 1960s and 1970s, the anopheline vectors are still present. Most of the malaria cases that have been reported in Europe up to the present time have been infections acquired in endemic areas by travelers. However, the possibility of acquiring malaria by locally infected mosquitoes has been poorly investigated in Europe, despite autochthonous malaria cases having been occasionally reported in several European countries. Here we present an update on the occurrence of potential malaria vector species in Europe. Adopting a systematic review approach, we selected 288 papers published between 2000 and 2021 for inclusion in the review based on retrieval of accurate information on the following Anopheles species: An. atroparvus, An. hyrcanus sensu lato (s.l.), An. labranchiae, An. maculipennis sensu stricto (s.s.), An. messeae/daciae, An. sacharovi, An. superpictus and An. plumbeus. The distribution of these potential vector species across Europe is critically reviewed in relation to areas of major presence and principal bionomic features, including vector competence to Plasmodium. Additional information, such as geographical details, sampling approaches and species identification methods, are also reported. We compare the information on each species extracted from the most recent studies to comparable information reported from studies published in the early 2000s, with particular reference to the role of each species in malaria transmission before eradication. The picture that emerges from this review is that potential vector species are still widespread in Europe, with the largest diversity in the Mediterranean area, Italy in particular. Despite information on their vectorial capacity being fragmentary, the information retrieved suggests a re-definition of the relative importance of potential vector species, indicating An. hyrcanus s.l., An. labranchiae, An. plumbeus and An. sacharovi as potential vectors of higher importance, while An. messeae/daciae and An. maculipennis s.s. can be considered to be moderately important species. In contrast, An. atroparvus and An. superpictus should be considered as vectors of lower importance, particularly in relation to their low anthropophily. The presence of gaps in current knowledge of vectorial systems in Europe becomes evident in this review, not only in terms of vector competence but also in the definition of sampling approaches, highlighting the need for further research to adopt the appropriate surveillance system for each species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of a revision of the New World Ebenaceae for "Flora Neotropica" and some regional floras, specimens from ca. 100 herbaria have been studied. The widespread, very variable, South American Diospyros capreifolia MART. ex HIERN (synonyms: Maba melinonii Hiern, and D. ubaita B.WALLN.) as well as the closely related Peruvian endemic D. dolmen B.WALLN. are here presented. Figures, a distribution map, vernacular names, information on habitat, and a list of specimens are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: In biodiversity monitoring, observational data are often collected in multiple, disparate schemes with greatly varying degrees of standardization and possibly at different spatial and temporal scales. Technical advances also change the type of data over time. The resulting heterogeneous datasets are often deemed to be incompatible. Consequently, many available datasets may be ignored in practical analyses. Here, we propose a more efficient use of disparate biodiversity data to assess species distributions and population trends. Location: Switzerland (Europe). Taxon Birds. Methods: We developed an integrated, hierarchical species distribution model with a joint likelihood for all datasets using a shared state process (e.g. latent species abundance or occurrence), but distinct observation process for each dataset. We show how the abundance submodel of a binomial N‐mixture model can fuse four different data types (count, detection/non‐detection, presence‐only and absence‐only data) and enable improved inferences about spatiotemporal patterns in abundance. As case studies, we use data from multiple avian biodiversity monitoring schemes. In the first, the goal is estimating abundance‐based species distribution maps. In the second, we infer trends in population abundance across time. Results: Accuracy and precision of abundance estimates increased when combining data from different sources compared to using a single data source alone. This is particularly valuable when data from each single data source are too sparse for reliable parameter estimation. Main conclusions: We show that exploiting the complementary nature of 'cheap', but abundant, citizen‐science data and less abundant, but more information‐rich, data from structured monitoring programmes might be ideal to estimate distribution and population trends more accurately, especially for rare species. Joint likelihoods allow to include a wide variety of different datasets to (1) combine all the available information and to (2) mitigate weaknesses of one by the strength of another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far in Romania, based on literature, online resources, and personal reports, the solanaceous shrubs of Lycium barbarum L. (syn. L. halimifolium Mill.) were recorded in Bucharest and 37 counties, from a total of 41. During the field trips between July 2021 and February 2022, made by the authors and researchers in the frame of the ProtectGoji citizen science-based project, new data about the locations where the wild goji berry bushes are encountered were gathered and some of these records have already been introduced and validated in the iNaturalist database. The present study records of spontaneous goji berry plants included Bucharest and 18 counties, as follows: Arad, Brăila, Brașov, Buzău, Caraș-Severin, Călărași, Cluj, Constanța, Galați, Giurgiu, Ialomița, Iași, Ilfov, Prahova, Olt, Teleorman, Tulcea and Vrancea. Of these, Bucharest and 14 counties (Arad, Brașov, Buzău, Caraș-Severin, Călărași, Cluj, Constanța, Galați, Giurgiu, Iași, Ilfov, Olt, Tulcea and Vrancea) were previously mentioned in the dedicated literature or online databases, whilst Ialomița, Brăila, Prahova and Teleorman represent new occurrences for wild goji distribution. To the best of author's knowledge, there are still no records or published data concerning distribution of wild Lycium shrubs in Covasna, Dâmbovița, Hunedoara and Sălaj, although some goji plantations have been reported in some of these counties. The aim of this survey was to design a preliminary map of distribution for wild Lycium spp. in Romania, considering the increasing importance in terms of ornamental, nutritional and therapeutic value, but also for plant protection reasons, to prevent the spread of new alien species in the commercial fields via the reservoirs of wild goji berry plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material belonging to the genus Asiotmethis (Pamphagidae: Thrinchinae) housed in the Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection as well as the specimens that collected in 2018, were examined based on morphological characters. As a result, three species were identified, i.e., A. artemisianus Shumakov, A. turritus (Fischer von Waldheim) and A. Limbatus (Charpentier). The first species was previously reported from Golestan province (North of Iran) and Khorasan-e-Razavi province (North East of Iran). The second species was previously reported from Golestan province and Azarbaijan-e-Sharghi (North West of Iran). A. limbatus that was collected and identified in Ilam province, South West of Iran is new to the Iranian fauna. Morphological identification key to the Iranian species belonging to the genus ‌Asiotmethis, measurements data and major morphological characteristics of the three species are given along with original photographs and distribution map for the new record.

This research aims to make a bearing capacity distribution map of shallow foundations (footplate), which is to provide convenience in terms of examining substructure buildings planned by the consultant by the owner. Spatial concepts method, ArcGIS and kriging, are used to simplify the analysis stage in making bearing capacity maps. Bearing capacity distribution map of soil shows that most of the University of Jember area at two meters depth has hard soil consistency and has a bearing capacity of around 83.9 - 110.9 kg/cm2. The results of comparative analysis of ArcGIS and CPT has a ratio of 0,758 for point 1 and 0,765 for point 2.

The chemical behavior of groundwater is one of the most dynamic areas of environmental research. In the present study, groundwater sampling from different locations in the north-west area of Romania was performed in order to assess groundwater chemistry and compare water types using Distribution maps. Groundwater chemistry has been evaluated and natural processes are identified as control factors for hydrochemistry. The Piper diagram was created to compare the results of water types. Chemical analysis of groundwater was used to calculate the values of the water quality index. Romanian drinking water standards EPA 485-2002 and WHO standards were taken into account when calculating the WQI. The SAR index was used to evaluate groundwater samples in the study area for irrigation purposes. The classification of water types based on WQI values for each groundwater sample shows that 80% of the analyzed samples can be used as drinking water resources, the rest of 20% is intended for irrigation.

Species distribution maps are often lacking for scientific investigation and strategic management planning at international level. Here, we present the range-wide, natural distribution maps of twenty-four Mediterranean and European forest-tree species of key ecological and economic importance in the Mediterranean basin. Data on the geographic distribution of the twenty-four tree species were compiled from over one hundred published sources, making this contribution one of the most extensive resource available from historical data. Dataset can be accessed at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.822953. Associated metadata can be accessed at: http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show?id=56996. These data provide key spatial information to further investigate species occurrence-environment relationships, provide a baseline to assess the future impact of climate change, identify marginal populations with specific genetic resources, among other possible applications.

Osphya Illiger (Melandryidae: Osphyinae) as a species-poor insect group, exhibits a widespread distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, however, the research of the genus is poorly documented especially in East Asia. Herein, an interesting species is discovered in Shennongjia National Natural Reserve (Hubei, China). The examination of morphological characters and comparisons with others show it to be a new member of Osphya, which is described under the name of O. sinensis sp. n. The characteristic photos and a key to the species of Osphya from East Asia are provided. Meanwhile, the mitochondrial genome of O. sinensis sp. n. is sequenced and annotated. Based on this obtained mitogenome and the publicly available data, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Tenebrionoidea by different cladistics methods to investigate the relationships between the new species with others. The results consistently recover O. sinensis sp. n. sister to O. bipunctata (Fabricius) with high supporting values, which further confirm the placement of the new species in the genus Osphya. This is the first time reporting the genus Osphya, the only representative genus of melandryid Osphyinae from mainland China, which enriches the diversity of beetles from the Chinese fauna at both generic and subfamilial levels.

This paper presents occurrence data of Urtica kioviensis Rogow. in Hungary from the 20th century till today, based on a survey of six Hungarian public herbaria and the literature. Altogether 84 herbarium sheets from 9 counties, 83 literature records mentioned from 12 counties, and 57 flora mapping data were encountered. Based on these, we updated the distribution map of the species in Hungary. We found that the typical habitats of U. kioviensis in Hungary include marginal zones of bog forests, reeds, and old small watercourses. We report two newly discovered locations of the species in the Hanság area. Near Fehértó, in a peat-forming reed bordering a lake, approximately 150 plants were found, while in the vicinity of Dör, in a former open pit sand mine, approximately 300 plants were observed. The habitat at Dör is secondary, the current vegetation must be the result of progressive succession processes that started after the abandonment of sand mining. The integrity of Hungarian habitats has been threatened in recent decades by increasingly frequent climatic anomalies (mainly water shortages due to the lack of precipitation for long periods) and anthropogenic factors (fragmentation of biotopes, organic/inorganic substances washing into groundwater), which may cause a decrease in the number of plants. As a significant part of the distribution area of the species is located in Hungary, the protection of its populations and habitats is also of key importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]