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This is an article in the field of process mineralogy. The occurrence of zinc, associated dispersed elements Ga and Ge and the distribution characteristics of the main carrier minerals of a zinc ore in China are studied in detail by means of chemical analysis, microscope analysis and MLA mineral automatic quantitative technology.The results indicate that the zinc ore contains Zn 4.87%, Ga 4.10 g/t and Ge 59.00 g/t, no independent minerals of dispersed elements Ga and Geare found, Ga and Ge mainly occur in sphalerite. The theoretical recovery of Zn, Ga and Ge from sphalerite (including hemimorphite) are about 95%, 56% and 93% respectively. A small part of colloidal and fine grained sphalerite is difficult to obtain dissociation and easy to be lost in tailings, which has a certain effect on the recovery of zinc.

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Yunnan Dulong Sn-Zn pofymetallic deposits has large reserves of major metals such as Sn and Zn，and the reserves of associated scattered elements such as In and Cd in the deposits are also considerable. Based on the three-dimensional spatial positioning of samples the cluster analysis and spatial zoning of 570 groups of main and trace elements analysis data formed by mining exploration were studied. Cluster analysis results show that Ag-Cu-As is clustered into one group，which is the low and medium temperature element association near the ore；Zn-Cd-S-In-Sn is clustered into group of pofymetallic sulphide ore elements，and Ga and Ge have poor correlation with other elements. Composite mapping of the zoning indices of Sn，Zn，Cd，Ga，Ge and In elements in the dip-vertical and strike-vertical directions was carried out. The results show that the Zn has a high composite zoning index in the ore body and above，and the Sn has a high composite zoning index in the ore body and below. The two-element mineralization has both the characteristics of layer distribution and the characteristics of vertical layering，which is supposed to be the result of superposition of multi-stage mineralization. The spatial enrichment law of Cd is consistent with that of Zn，it is speculated that Cd mainly occurs in the lattice of marmatite. The enrichment of Ga is closely related to the spatial position of the granite. Ge and In enrichment layers are stable and have a high degree of coincidence with the main orebody it is speculated that Ge and In are mineralized together with pofymetallic sulfides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to now, the evaporation and condensation, as well as the biological absorption and inorganic absorptions, have been proved to be major factors in Cd isotope fractionation. And Cd isotopes have been widely applied in studies on the universal evolution and marine environment and so on. However, only a few researches have been conducted in applying Cd isotopes to trace the source of metallogenic material and the evolution of the ore-forming fluid in a complex mineralization environment, especially in a hydrothermal ore-formation system. We measured the Cd isotopic compositions of sphalerite, galena, and ores from five lead-zinc deposits in SW China, and found that the δ114/110Cd values varied from −1.53‰ to 0.34‰, with a total range of 1.87‰, which is greater than most of measured geological samples. Meanwhile, through contrasting the Cd content with Cd isotopic compositions of different deposits, it may be concluded that different genetic lead-zinc deposits have different Cd content and isotopic compositions, which could be a tool for the studies on the origin of ore deposits. Also, the biomineralization and crystal fractionation may also result in Cd isotope fractionation. In a word, although the research of Cd isotopes is presently at the preliminary stage (especially in hydrothermal ore-formation system), this study demonstrated that Cd isotopes can give a clue in tracing the evolution of ore-forming fluid and metallogenic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transposable elements are repetitive DNA sequences comprising a group of segments able to move and carry sequences within the genome. Studies involving comparative genomics have revealed that most vertebrates have different populations of transposable elements with significant differences among species of the same lineage. Few studies have been conducted in fish, the most diverse group of vertebrates, with the objective to locate different types of transposable elements. Therefore, this study proposed to map the retrotransposable element Rex1 applying Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH ) in five species of the genus Prochilodus (Prochilodus argenteus, Prochilodus brevis, Prochilodus costatus, Prochilodus lineatus and Prochilodus nigricans). After the application of the Rex1 probe, scattered markings were found throughout the genome of analyzed species, and also the presence of small clusters located in the centromeric and telomeric regions coincident with the heterochromatin distribution pattern. This was the first description of the retrotransposable element Rex1 in Prochilodus genome seeking for a better understanding of the distribution pattern of these retrotransposons in the genome of teleost fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A systematic study on "dispersed elements": Ga, Ge, Se, Cd, In, Te, Re and Tl in marine Fe-Mn deposits. • Compared with the Earth's crust and the pelagic clay, the marine Fe–Mn deposits are highly enriched in Te, Tl, Se and Cd. • Se, Cd, Te and Tl concentrations in marine Fe–Mn deposits show some specific variations on global, regional, intra crust/nodule scales and different water depth. • Under conditions of hydrogenetic and hydrogenetic-diagenetic, Cd, Se, Te and Tl are incorporated in marine Fe-Mn deposits mainly by adsorption onto the Mn-oxides or/and Fe oxyhydroxides. • The processes of coupled redox and coprecipitation on Fe-Mn(oxyhydr)oxides could generate Te enrichment. The eight elements Ga, Ge, Se, Cd, In, Te, Re and Tl are usually referred to as "dispersed elements", and they have a lower average abundance in the Earth's crust. Marine Fe–Mn crusts and nodules are potential resources for many of the metals used in emerging high- and green-technology applications. This study examines the concentrations of the dispersed elements in marine Fe–Mn deposits at different locations from the Pacific Ocean, ascertains the genesis and dispersed elements enrichment characteristics of marine Fe-Mn deposits, discusses the variations of the dispersed elements in marine Fe–Mn deposits profiles and variations with the dependency of genesis and water depth, and elucidates their incorporation mechanisms in marine Fe–Mn deposits. Nodules from the Mid-Pacific Mountains (CAD19 and CXD05) and Magellan Seamounts (MID18) formed under hydrogenetic conditions, nodules from the CCZ (WD1101, WT0301 and ET0301) formed under a mixture of hydrogenetic and diagenetic conditions, and the Fe–Mn crust MKD12 from the Magellan Seamounts formed under hydrogenetic condition throughout its growth history. Compared with the Earth's crust and the pelagic clay, the marine Fe–Mn deposits are highly enriched in Te, Tl, Se and Cd, not enriched in Re, Ga, Ge, In. Elemental relationships show that there are distinct differences between the enrichment mechanisms of the dispersed elements in different types of Fe–Mn deposits. Cd, Se, Te and Tl in Fe-Mn nodules and crust profiles show certain regular variations, which mainly related to the changes of the relative contents of Mn minerals and Fe minerals, for the phosphatized crusts, the concentrations of dispersed elements would be influenced by phosphatization. There are obvious differences of Cd, Se, Te and Tl concentrations in different genetic types of Fe–Mn deposits, which probably attributed to the differences of sources, deposition rates and mineral compositions. The concentrations of Se, Cd, Te and Tl in Fe-Mn deposits from the Pacific Ocean mainly distribute in the ranges of 1000 ~ 2500 m and 4000 ~ 6000 m water depth. The water depth dependence of Se, Cd, Te and Tl concentrations in hydrogenetic Fe-Mn nodules and crusts display different variation patterns, which might be controlled by several factors such as the Mn-phase and Fe-phase system, sedimentation rates, biological productivity, diagenesis, as well as the geochemical behaviors of the elements themselves. Under the conditions of hydrogenetic and hydrogenetic-diagenetic, Cd, Se, Te and Tl are incorporated in marine Fe-Mn deposits mainly by adsorption onto the Mn-oxide or/and Fe oxyhydroxide particles. The processes of coupled redox and coprecipitation on Fe-Mn(oxyhydr)oxides could generate Te enrichment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Determined Ge isotopic compositions in sphalerite in the Fule deposit. • Performance of δ 74/70Ge and Ge contents in sphalerite decline linearly in sphalerite. • Ge contents of sphalerite may be controlled by the temperature of the ore-forming fluid. • Performance of δ 114/110Cd and δ 74/70Ge decline linearly during sphalerite precipitation. • Rayleigh process control Ge and Cd isotope variations in sphalerite. The Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou metallogenic province in southwest China is one of the most important low-temperature metallogenic domains in the country, and more than 400 Pb–Zn deposits and/or mineralization points are located in this area. The Fule deposit is better known that the other Pb–Zn deposits in the region because it is extremely highly enriched with dispersed elements, including Ge, Ga, and Cd. Based on information obtained from our previous studies, the contents of Ge and its isotopic compositions in sphalerite are investigated herein. Results show that the Ge content ranges from 60 ppm to 141.5 ppm, and δ 74/70Ge values vary from −6.57‰ to 0.97‰. In this respect, −6.57‰ is the most negative Ge isotope composition value reported in any sphalerite or seafloor sulfides to date. The Cd and Ge contents in sphalerite have a good negative relationship, and it is suggested that the mechanisms of Cd and Zn substitution are responsible for the low incorporation of Ge and relate to the high Cd content (up to 3%) of the sphalerite. In addition, there is a good positive correlation between the Ge contents and δ34S values, which was likely triggered by variations of fluid temperature. In the same hand specimen, light Ge isotope is more likely to be enriched in dark sphalerite rather than light sphalerite, similarly to Cd isotope distribution in dark and light-colored sphalerite. In addition, Cd and Ge isotope compositions, measured in an ore profile from SBFL22 to SBFL26, show a good positive relationship, suggesting that the fractionation mechanisms between Cd and Ge isotopes may be similar and they were controlled by kinetic fractionation during sphalerite precipitation. Based upon previous limited studies, we conclude that Ge in the Fule deposit is derived from mixing sources and sediment is likely the dominant one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]