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Brands invest tremendous resources into building engagement with their customers on social media. But considerably less focus is placed on addressing disengagement, when users actively choose to distance themselves from the brand through reduced posting or even unfollowing. The authors find that the same self–brand connections that lead individuals to defensively protect the brand can also lead them to experience shame vicariously when others mention the brand in socially unacceptable ways. Experiencing vicarious shame motivates them to distance themselves from the brand, driving disengagement. Three mixed-method studies show that a socially unacceptable behavior—using profanity while mentioning the brand—leads highly connected consumers to experience vicarious shame, prompting disengagement motivations and ultimately leading to real-world unfollowing behaviors on social media. The authors also show that proactive moderation behaviors by the brand can attenuate these responses. These results provide insight into the process by which self–brand connection interacts with socially unacceptable brand mentions and suggest a limitation to the insulating effects of strong self–brand connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of controlled studies found that consumers counter-normatively prefer something nearly complete over something complete. We call this phenomenon the "one-away effect" because we find that when consumers are, for example, one stamp away from completing a punch card loyalty program, they value the card more than a completed card. This is because their valuation of the one-away card is influenced by their anticipation of merely completing the card, which generates its own utility, apart from the card's end-reward (a free coffee). To wit, the prospective utility of performing the final action that fulfills completion increases consumers' valuation of the one-away card. Our findings suggest that consumers are motivated to complete goals, tasks, and sets not only to obtain their end-rewards, but also because merely completing things is intrinsically motivating and can be a goal in and of itself. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the one-away effect, as well as the general notion of mere completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative education provides an educational alternative for students verging on educational disengagement, disconnection, marginalisation or premature school leaving. Much research has focussed on the perceptions, experiences and outcomes of students involved with alternative education, with less attention directed toward the perspectives of educators who work in such settings. Presenting an in-depth case study to capture the lived experiences of a teacher working in an alternative education placement, this study highlights the complex, challenging and multifaceted nature of an educator’s role in working with some of the most disenfranchised students in the education system. Importantly, this study captures the often untold and unacknowledged challenges, tensions, and rewards of teaching within the ‘margins’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Service disengagement is a major problem for "Early Intervention in Psychosis" (EIP). Understanding predictors of engagement is also crucial to increase effectiveness of mental health treatments, especially in young people with First Episode Psychosis (FEP). No Italian investigation on this topic has been reported in the literature to date. The goal of this research was to assess service disengagement rate and predictors in an Italian sample of FEP subjects treated within an EIP program across a 2-year follow-up period. All patients were young FEP help-seekers, aged 12–35 years, recruited within the "Parma Early Psychosis" (Pr-EP) program. At baseline, they completed the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were carried out. 489 FEP subjects were enrolled in this study. Across the follow-up, a 26 % prevalence rate of service disengagement was found. Particularly strong predictors of disengagement were living with parents, poor treatment adherence at entry and a low baseline PANSS "Disorganization" factor score. More than a quarter of our FEP individuals disengaged the Pr-EP program during the first 2 years of intervention. A possible solution to reduce disengagement and to facilitate re-engagement of these young patients might be to offer the option of low-intensity monitoring and support, also via remote technology and tele-mental health care. • A 26 % 2-year prevalence rate of service disengagement from the Pr-EP program was found. • Main predictor of disengagement was poor treatment adherence at entry. • Offering low-intensity support (also via remote technology) is helpful to reduce disengagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective and Background: The need for control is a fundamental human motivation, that when deprived can lead to broad and substantial changes in human behavior. We aimed to assess the consequences of control deprivation in a real‐life situation that poses a severe threat to personal control: a prolonged unemployment. Method: Using a sample N = 1055 of unemployed (n = 748) versus working (n = 307) individuals, we examined predictions derived from two models of reactions to control deprivation: control‐regaining and disengagement/withdrawal. Results and Conclusions: We found that length unemployment is correlated with a psychological state strongly interfering with psychological as well as social functioning. While control‐regaining models of responding to lack of control have received virtually no support from our findings, our results provide evidence that long‐term unemployed individuals are more disengaged than working individuals. They are more apathetic, less likely to engage in control‐regaining efforts and in active forms of construing one's own future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between family functioning and aggression among Spanish adolescents. A sample of 1,196 adolescents between 14 and 18 years old (50 per cent female) were selected from twenty‐three educational centres, ten university degrees and eighteen specific juvenile facilities. The Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ), and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES IV Package) were administered. In regard to results, adolescent hostility was the dimension of aggression most strongly related to poor family functioning. The family functioning risk factors for aggression were disengagement, chaos and rigidity, while family communication was an essential protective factor. Enmeshment did not correlate significantly with aggression but became an aggression risk factor in late adolescence. The family functioning variable most related to adolescent aggression in multi‐problematic families was disengagement, while it was the absence of rigidity among adolescent offenders. The results are discussed considering the cultural context, concluding the importance of Spanish parents combining affection and leadership, and enhancing positive family communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early intervention services (EIS) for psychosis have proven highly effective in treating first episode psychosis. Yet, retention or "engagement" in EIS remains highly variable. Dis/engagement as a contested concept and fluid process involving relationships between service providers and service users remains poorly understood. This study aimed to critically evaluate and explain the dynamic interplay of service provider-user relationships in effecting dis/engagement from an early intervention program for psychosis. Methods: Forty study participants, 16 service providers and 24 service users (19 current and 5 disengaged) from a Canadian EIS program, were administered semi-structured interviews. Qualitative analysis was conducted using grounded theory methods, with findings captured and reconceptualized in a novel explanatory model. Findings: A model of engagement with eight major domains of engagement in EIS positioned along a control-autonomy spectrum was developed from the findings, with Clinical engagement (attendance) and Life engagement (life activities) at opposite ends of the spectrum, interspersed by six intermediate domains: Medication/treatment, Symptoms/illness, Mental health, Physical health/wellness, Communication, and Relationships, each domain bearing uniquely on engagement. Conclusions: An examination of service user and service provider perspectives on the various domains identified in the spectrum model, and their dynamic interplay, reveals the complexity of choices faced by service users in engaging and not engaging with services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recruitment, affiliation, and disengagement in the context of terrorist groups remain underexplored in a comprehensive, integrated manner. This systematic review is a pioneering effort to address this gap by synthesizing existing knowledge, aiming to analyze the entire trajectory of individuals within terrorist organizations—from recruitment to disengagement—thereby providing a foundation for guiding future research. Conducted through meticulous searches across three major databases—Academic Search Complete, SCOPUS, and the Web of Science Collection—our review followed a pre-registered protocol, ultimately identifying seven studies that met the inclusion criteria. These studies encompass qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research published in peer-reviewed journals, and are accessible in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Our analysis reveals the critical influence of push and pull factors across these phases, emphasizing that retention is predominantly shaped by individual roles within terrorist organizations and the impact of governmental amnesty policies. Diverging from existing segmented approaches, our findings highlight the importance of examining recruitment, retention, and disengagement as a continuous process to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of terrorist involvement. The insights derived from this study offer valuable guidance for counterterrorism strategies, suggesting interventions targeting recruitment, retention, and recidivism by addressing these crucial factors throughout the entire lifecycle of involvement in terrorist organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to explain the history of Jordanian-Palestinian relations from the decision of unity to disengagement from 1950 to 1988. The study addressed the importance of what Jordan has provided throughout its history to Palestine militarily, politically, and economically, preserving the unity of the Palestinian territories, explaining the most important historical stations of Jordanian-Palestinian relations, and demonstrating the importance of unity between the two banks. Enabling the Palestinians to supervise their political and economic affairs and highlighting the importance of the disengagement decision to support the independence of the Palestinian people and achieve political solutions to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The study relied on the historical approach, which describes and records past events and facts, and works to study and interpret them, leading to their analysis based on precise scientific and methodological foundations, thus arriving at facts and instructions that contribute to understanding the present based on the events that happened in the past, and thus predicting the future, and describing Events in the history of Jordanian-Palestinian relations from the unity decision to disengagement The study reached a set of recommendations and results. The study confirmed that Jordan remained in contact with the Palestinian Authority after the disengagement and developed joint work in various fields between the two sides. The study recommended that it is necessary for Jordan to stand by the Palestinian brothers, especially in light of the Israeli war. On Gaza in 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian education system works well for most students. However, equitable access to secondary education is problematic for First Nations people living in remote communities. There is a strong emphasis on Year 12 completion as an indicator of successful engagement in remote First Nations education. This has been partly driven by Australian Government 'Closing the Gap' targets. Yet for remote students Year 12 Certificate attainment is trending down, from 113 in 2013 down to 82 in 2022. Nationally, the target to achieve 96% Year 12 or equivalent is not on track for achievement. This article explores what students, school staff and community members say leads to disengagement and dropout. It is based on research conducted in Western Australia and the Northern Territory during 2023 by a team of researchers from Batchelor Institute, Curtin University and University of Notre Dame. The research focused on remote and very remote Independent and Catholic schools. It engaged 229 in surveys and 136 in yarns or interviews. Most of the respondents were First Nations people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students had to adjust their goals during the sudden shift to online teaching amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. This study with 613 university students identified four multidimensional profiles based on how they relied on goal disengagement, reengagement, and perseverative engagement (a new dimension of goal adjustment capacities). Students who disengaged from goals, reengaged in new ones, and were less likely to dwell on their former goals (goal reengagement profile) experienced less stress and burnout and more growth experiences. Students who reengaged less in goals (goal entrapment profile) and those who reengaged but dwelled on their former goals (action crisis profile) experienced worse psychological outcomes. Perfectionists were more likely than excellence strivers to be part of an action crisis goal adjustment profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consuming media entertainment often challenges recipients' self-control. While past research related self-control almost exclusively to whether individuals engage in media use, it might be equally relevant for the disengagement from media use. Testing core assumptions of the Appraisal of Media Use, Self-Control, and Entertainment (AMUSE) model, the present study investigates the situational interplay of self-control and affective appraisals in predicting disengagement from Netflix use. Preregistered hypotheses were tested based on an event-contingent experience sampling design, in which 205 adult Netflix users in the Netherlands and Germany were tracked and surveyed for two weeks. Results demonstrate that disengagement is contingent upon enjoyment and appreciation and that enjoyment, in turn, can be "spoiled" by feeling guilty. Self-control influenced goal conflict and enjoyment throughout the reception process. We discuss opportunities for modeling disengagement from media use with situational research approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a conceptualization and exploration of 'Black dis/engagement', which refers to Black people's 'non-presence' in mainstream media and involves a simultaneous engagement with grassroots community media that divert – to various degrees – from the norms of white respectability. Based on 20 in-depth interviews with media practitioners (journalists, writers, digital media producers, and activists) of Black African descent in Belgium, this study challenges popular media diversity discourses that equate mainstream media visibility and engagement with social progress and disengagement with quite the opposite: an alarming loss. Drawing on Black ontology and feminist epistemologies of refusal rooted in histories of marronage and Black fugitivity, the study sheds light on how Black people create, write, and engage outside the mainstream, and examines the possibilities and limitations that Black individuals can encounter along the way. The study reveals that while some Black critical voices have found platforms within mainstream media, there is increasing skepticism and questioning among Black individuals and communities toward mainstream media infrastructures and cultures. Centering Black people's agency and decentering the demands of dominant media cultures, the article sheds light on the diverse ways in which Black people have withdrawn from mainstream media, established digital community spaces, and engaged in various forms of community activities. Recognizing the fluid and contextual nature of Black dis/engagement, the author underscores the importance of valuing and understanding the diverse strategies employed by Black individuals and communities to navigate and resist oppressive media systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disengagement from care among people with HIV (PWH) and hepatitis C (HCV) increases the risks of adverse health outcomes and poses significant barriers to achieving global HIV and HCV elimination goals. In accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute framework, a scoping review was conducted to synthesize and highlight existing gaps in the literature on (dis)engagement in care among PWH and HCV. We searched for original studies on (dis)engagement in care among PWH and HCV in high-income countries using eight electronic databases from inception to May 2023. Our search yielded 4462 non-duplicated records, which were scoped to 27 studies. Definitions of (dis)engagement in care were diverse, with considerable heterogeneity in how retention was operationalized and temporally measured. Studies identified predictors of (dis)engagement to be related to drug and substance use (n = 5 articles), clinical factors (n = 5), social and welfare (n = 4), and demographic characteristics (n = 2). When engagement in care was treated as an exposure, it was associated with HCV treatment initiation (n = 3), achieving sustained virological response (n = 2), and maintaining HIV viral suppression (n = 1). Interventions to improve care engagement among PWH and HCV were limited to five studies using cash incentives (n = 1) and individual case management (n = 4). (Dis)engagement in care is a dynamic process influenced by shifting priorities that may 'tip the balance' towards or away from regularly interacting with healthcare professionals. However, inconsistent definitions render cross-study comparisons and meta-analyses virtually impossible. Further research needs to establish a standardized definition to identify patients at high risk of disengagement and develop interventions that leverage the nested HIV/HCV care cascades to retain and recover patients lost from care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This theoretical and empirical investigation builds upon the concept of 'slantwise behavior' to further complicate notions of the 'digital disengagement' of subjects within technological infrastructures such as Facebook. It has been previously suggested that the ubiquity of the data privacy paradox is the most common reason for disengagement practices. Our study contributes to this discussion by examining subjects' disengagement on Social Network Sites (SNS). While numerous concepts concerning disconnection and disengagement from SNS have been conceptualized by media theorists, largely based on a binary construct of resistance or domination, our work proposes an alternative conceptualization of subjects' disengagement. By employing a qualitative methodological approach and using 30 semi-structured interviews to capture subjects' discursive patterns, we illustrate that disengagement on Facebook can be seen as a hybrid reaction and a complex phenomenon in which certain disconnection practices cannot be easily classified as resistance practices or as indications of the internalization of domination but rather are best understood as slantwise behaviors, that is, actions that may unintentionally lead to obfuscation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased proportion of women in the workplace and the labor force aging have been demanding investigations of the link between menopause and occupational health issues, especially in healthcare settings. Evidence on the association between menopause and occupational burnout in healthcare settings is still inconclusive. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association between menopause and burnout among clinical and non-clinical workers in different occupational health environments. A multi-center, cross-sectional study, applying the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OBI) was conducted from September 2021 to March 2023 in University Medical Center (UMC) hospitals in Astana, Kazakhstan. The study involved 125 physicians and nurses and 82 non-clinical administrative and service staff. We found that 63.9% of respondents had disengagement and 61.7% had exhaustion. The affiliated clinical setting was associated with disengagement (p = 0.034), with the highest prevalence among employees in surgical departments (76.9%), while a higher prevalence of exhaustion was found in individuals with different work experience (p = 0.023) and among those who were dissatisfied with their work environment (74.3%). While burnout was identified in almost two-thirds of respondents, the self-reported menopause status of participants was not significantly related to either disengagement (p = 0.34) or exhaustion (p = 0.73), even though a higher prevalence of both was revealed among the postmenopausal group. We propose that healthcare management should understand the importance of burnout among postmenopausal healthcare workers and facilitate open communication and a supportive work environment.

Abstract Background The efforts of early psychosis intervention programmes can be impeded by difficulties in maintaining the engagement of service users. As disengagement is often an autonomous decision made by service users, the main aim of this study was to gain insight into the reasons for service user disengagement through qualitative interviews with the service users themselves, and caregivers as proxies or secondary informants. Methods Participants recruited for the study were enrolled in the Early Psychosis Intervention Programme in Singapore for at least a year, aged 21 and above, able to communicate in English, and had disengaged for at least three months. The recruitment and interview processes were conducted independently for service user and caregiver participants. Potential participants were invited to a face-to-face semi-structured interview over video call or in-person. Each interview spanned one to two hours, and comprised five phases – icebreaker, exploration of the participant’s experience with EPIP before deciding to disengage, discussion of reasons for disengagement, exploration of the post-disengagement experience, and feedback and suggestions for EPIP. Recruitment aimed to conclude after 10–15 participants were interviewed for both service user and caregiver groups, with the expectation that data sufficiency would be reached with no new themes being generated. Results Ultimately, 12 service user and 12 caregiver participants were recruited. There were six pairs of service user and caregiver dyads, where the caregivers interviewed were caring for service users also enrolled in the study. Valuable qualitative insights were gathered, including the type of disengagement, medication compliance during disengagement, the decision-making process behind disengaging, and circumstances surrounding re-engagement. A total of five categories each with subthemes were identified from the reasons for service user disengagement – individual factors, stigma, progression, treatment factors, and external factors. Conclusions There is a need to narrow down urgent areas of attention, aligning the study themes with established risk factors so that feasible solutions can be developed and appropriate care models can be adopted, to minimise adverse outcomes related to disengagement. It is important to keep an open mind to understand what personal recovery means to the individual service user, so that treatment goals can be better harmonised.

Disengagement is considered a significant component that affects the success, participation, and activity of the students in the online course. Reviewing the literature revealed the lack of a measurement tool for assessing students' disengagement in online courses. This study aimed to develop a scale that examines student disengagement in online courses through validation and reliability studies. The study was conducted with 772 undergraduate students who took an online course during the study. Exploratory factor analyses revealed that nine items were extracted under one factor with an eigenvalue >1. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) validated the one-factor model, showing significant factor loadings, and adequate fit indices. As a result, the scale of disengagement in online courses met the validity and reliability criteria. The disengagement in online courses scale can be used to examine the precedents and antecedents of disengagement in a variety of online learning settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence of suicide-specific attentional bias has been mixed, including the effect of specific suicide words (e.g., "suicide" versus "overdose"). The current study examined the psychometric properties and convergent validity of specific suicide words on the Stroop and disengagement tasks. Adults (79.8 % male, mean age = 42.19 ± 12.66) on a psychiatric inpatient unit completed both tasks, as well as clinical and demographic measures, following a recent suicide attempt (SA) (n = 55) or recent suicidal ideation (SI) with (n = 29) or without (n = 26) a SA history. Mean reaction times (RTs) on both tasks demonstrated good internal consistency and were moderately correlated across tasks, while interference scores demonstrated poor reliability and were not correlated. Attentional bias to specific suicide words did not differentiate SA groups, except for a small, unexpected effect on the Stroop task showing greater interference to the word "funeral" among the recent SA group. Correlations with suicide risk factors differed for males and females. Participants all endorsed elevated SI, limiting generalizability beyond a recent suicidal crisis. Different suicide words were used on each task limiting direct comparisons. Groups based on SA history and gender were uneven, and correlations need to be replicated. Effects involving interference scores should be interpreted with caution given poor internal consistency. The suicide Stroop and disengagement tasks partially capture distinct aspects of suicide-relevant attentional bias. Greater attention is needed regarding the particular stimuli and scoring methods as well as the role gender plays in suicide-relevant attentional bias. • Suicide Stroop and disengagement tasks were completed after a suicidal crisis. • Internal consistency was good for mean reaction time, not interference scores. • Suicide attempt groups did not differ in attentional bias to specific suicide words. • Correlations of attentional bias with suicide risk factors differed by gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on far-right extremism has grown substantially over the last decade, owing to the rise of Trump, attacks such as the one in Christchurch and Buffalo, as well as the mainstreaming of hate speech and polarization. In addition to research, there have been antifascist activists who have been engaged in doxxing members of the far right who are part of our schools, our militaries, and governments. Releasing the private information of members of far-right movements to the public has created interesting policy and law enforcement dilemmas. With respect to law enforcement, can doxxing be used as a tool to force individuals to disengage from groups? For social media companies, doxxing violates their terms of service, but should an exception be made in these instances since it purportedly serves a public interest? For this paper, we interviewed 10 former members of the far right who have experienced doxxing over the last several years. The paper explores what happened, the immediate and long-term effects of doxxing on their lives, and ongoing challenges of being exposed against their will. We conclude with some policy recommendations related to the costs and benefits of doxxing on these individuals but also society at large.

Dental fear still causes health risks and high costs for health insurances due to the common avoidance of dental visits by dentally fearful patients. Selective attention may be a potential trigger of dental fear. The aim of the present studies was to investigate the influence of threatening dental stimuli in image combinations on the performance in a visual search task. In three studies, we compared the influence of dental stimuli with pictures of weapons or accidents and different distractors, i.e., cutlery, animals, landscapes. In the first two studies, participants had to decide if a target is available in a 3 × 3 matrix or not. In the third experiment, participants had to decide if a threatening or a neutral stimulus was the target. In all three studies we could replicate the finding that there is a threat-superiority-effect as well as a disengagement-effect for dental stimuli in visual search tasks. Dental stimuli were not only detected faster than deciding that no dental stimulus is available with different distractors, but dental stimuli also decreased search performance within the 3 × 3 matrices when presented as distractors. This is the first paper that demonstrates that dental stimuli that are associated with a negative threatening valence attract attention very quickly in the context of non-threatening stimuli. Future studies should investigate if a distraction from these threatening stimuli or a habituation to these threatening stimuli could reduce dental fear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding what motivates a woman to deradicalise or disengage from a terrorist organisation remains among the less explored academic topics today. This study explores the reasons why thirteen women in Spain either began their process of disengagement from IS, and/or initiated a change in their belief system. The research is based on personal interviews with inmates linked to the Islamic State, as well as with prison officials, psychologists, and educators. The article shows that the decision to stop deviant behaviour, or the experience of a cognitive rejection of beliefs, was preceded by disenchantment, the acquisition of new goals, or the feeling of being accepted by and/or integrated into new social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While much is known about factors associated with deradicalisation and disengagement from violent extremism and terrorism, the underlying mechanisms at play have been under theorised. Literature on criminal desistance has a lot to offer in understanding the process of exiting from extremism, particularly in how it proceeds, the mechanisms at play and why it may or may not be sustained—what we term as the sustainability problem. We draw on criminal desistance scholarship to theoretically unpack the change processes underpinning desistance from extremism and why it is a challenging process for individuals. We propose a theory of cognitive transformation and explore the role of agentic change and external influences on the sustainability of desistance. We link our proposed theory of change to practical implications relating to the role of formal agents and how desistance from extremism can be supported, undermined, and assessed as authentic. Limitations with the theory of change are considered, as well directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of 'massification in higher education ', which refers to the significant increase in the number of students enrolling in universities, has made it difficult for inclusive education to be attainable owing to unknown reasons that are encumbering the students living with disability from having a sense of belonging. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the relationship between students living with disability and social justice through inclusivity in higher education with the aid of Assistive Technology (AT) to conceptualise a framework. The researchers employed a mixed methods approach to collect and analyse data statistically and descriptively. The requirements for integrating the model to ease the lack of consideration of students living with disability in the digital age were evaluated and critically reviewed regarding its impact on students' sense of belonging in the digital age. The major findings from this study elucidate the factors perceived as the central requirements for mitigating the lack of inclusivity and social justice in higher education. The procurement of ATs was topical as most respondents (83%) categorically opined the need to improve this process by making timely purchases of the proper ATs from reliable service providers. The successful implementation of this framework could significantly enhance the educational experience of students with disabilities at the University of Venda, making it a more inclusive and supportive learning environment. The findings on the appropriateness of ATs for students overwhelmingly indicated that many of the available devices and technologies meant to assist learners were not fit for the tasks they were intended for. The university, as a key player, should establish a procurement committee and a high-level action plan outlining the requirements for delivering assistive products & services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public relations scholars have greatly impacted the understanding of employee engagement in terms of definitions, theory development, antecedents, outcomes, and progressing scholarship to explore changes in the modern workplace. Yet, understanding the nuances around being disengaged is absent from most of the public relations literature. In addition, although much is known about the connection between employee engagement and internal communication, little has been identified about how internal communication contributes to or ameliorates the experience of being disengaged. Therefore, public relations researchers have the chance to move scholarship on disengagement forward by examining it as a unique concept separate from engagement and exploring the function of internal communication with disengagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the anthropological and philosophical causes of the current ecological crisis. It points out that a fundamental cause for current ecological crisis is the modern dualism that contrasts nature and history. Through various processes of modernity such as the consolidation of historicity together with the idea of progress, changes in the perception of time, the separation of space and time, the dissociation of natural history from total history, and the solipsistic dualism of Cartesianism, all contribute to constitute modernity as dissociation and "history" as the predominant epistemological matrix both for thinking about reality and for intervening in it. As a way of overcoming this overvaluation of history in recent decades, a new principle emerges, the "principle of care" for the Earth together with intragenerational and intergenerational responsibility as the only plausible ways to comprehensively address the serious ecological crisis affecting us. This new ethic of care is inseparable from strictly theological reasons that call for safeguarding the Earth as the dwelling place of the Logos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent theories of socio‐moral development assume that humans evolved a capacity to evaluate others' social actions in different kinds of interactions. Prior infant studies found both reaching and visual preferences for the prosocial over the antisocial agents. However, whether the attribution of either positive or negative valence to agents' actions involved in an aggressive chasing interaction can be inferred by both reaching behaviors and visual attention deployment (i.e., disengagement of visual attention) is still an open question. Here we presented 7‐month‐old infants (N = 92) with events displaying an aggressive chasing interaction. By using preferential reaching and an attentional task (i.e., overlap paradigm), we assessed whether and how infants evaluate aggressive chasing interactions. The results demonstrated that young infants prefer to reach the victim over the aggressor, but neither agent affects visual attention. Moreover, such reaching preferences emerged only when dynamic cues and emotional face‐like features were congruent with agents' social roles. Overall, these findings suggested that infants' evaluations of aggressive interactions are based on infants' sensitivity to some kinematic cues that characterized agents' actions and, especially, to the congruency between such motions and the face‐like emotional expressions of the agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-stakes test performance commonly reflects examinee ability and effort. Examinees exhibiting low effort may be identified through rapid guessing behavior throughout an assessment. There has been a plethora of methods proposed to adjust scores once rapid guesses have been identified, but these have been plagued by strong assumptions or the removal of examinees. In this study, we illustrate how an IRTree model can be used to adjust examinee ability for rapid guessing behavior. Our approach is flexible as it does not assume independence between rapid guessing behavior and the trait of interest (e.g., ability) nor does it necessitate the removal of examinees who engage in rapid guessing. In addition, our method uniquely allows for the simultaneous modeling of a disengagement latent trait in addition to the trait of interest. The results indicate the model is quite useful for estimating individual differences among examinees in the disengagement latent trait and in providing more precise measurement of examinee ability relative to models ignoring rapid guesses or accommodating it in different ways. A simulation study reveals that our model results in less biased estimates of the trait of interest for individuals with rapid responses, regardless of sample size and rapid response rate in the sample. We conclude with a discussion of extensions of the model and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses how international entities working in post-conflict countries can develop and implement relevant and effective exit strategies. It highlights the process to be adopted so the INGOs can disengage from their interventions related to aid provision, reconstruction and rebuilding in the post-war environment in a manner consistent with the goal of ensuring local sustainable development. The paper reviews several contextual elements before overviewing the project management process as well as the varying elements that frames the ''Exit Strategy's'' dynamic -- and guarantees the continuous delivery of services even when aid is withdrawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Back AIMS Methods Results Discussion Service disengagement is common in subjects at CHR‐P (clinical high risk for psychosis), potentially worsening daily functioning and increasing the duration of untreated psychosis. That is why to identify baseline predictors of service disengagement could help better tailoring follow‐up on every CHR‐P individual.Since there are few studies on this topic, the goals of this examination were: (1) to calculate service disengagement rates in a CHR‐P sample along 2‐years of follow‐up; and (2) to examine the most relevant predictive factors of disengagement at baseline.All young CHR‐P participants were enrolled within the ‘Parma At‐Risk Mental States’ (PARMS) protocol. At entry, the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale and the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) were completed. Cox regression analyses were used.Hundred and eighty CHR‐P subjects were recruited in this examination. During the follow‐up, a 2‐year service disengagement prevalence rate of 15% was observed. A statistically robust predictive factor of service disengagement was a lower prescription of antidepressant drug at entry. Other relevant baseline predictive factors were migrant status, higher GAF score, lower levels of anxious‐depressive symptoms and a lower acceptance of psychosocial interventions.Baseline presence of anxious‐depressive features in CHR‐P individuals could favour engagement to specialized EIP services. However, implementing strategies to improve patients' motivation and involvement in care are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we used a factor of curves model (FCM) to examine the co-development of the subdomains of boredom in practical English language classes in an online setting (BPELC) over time in four phases of an online L2 course to explore the covariance of the initial level and slope of the sub-domains, as well as to check to what extent the variation in these subdomains can be accounted by the underpinning global factor of BPELC. Data were collected from 412 adult EFL learners on four temporal occasions via the Boredom in Practical English Classes – Revised scale, created by Pawlak et al. (2020a). Analysis was conducted by Mplus in three stages. Findings revealed a statically significant decrease over time in both subdomains. Also, a negative covariance was uncovered between the initial level and the growth level of each subdomain. Moreover, the covariances between the initial and growth levels of both subdomains were moderately high. Finally, the variances of the initial and growth levels of each of the subdomains were accounted for to a great extent by the underpinning global factor of BPELC. The results are interpreted in view of the underlying theories of boredom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines four different trajectories of contestation individuals go through. We highlight how the five motivational dynamics function per trajectory, depending on how they interact within individuals' psyche, their perceptions, and the surrounding political setting. We argue that through the citizens' narratives about these political moments we can better understand how the motivational dynamics function per trajectory of contention. Our focal point is to disentangle how, under the same political conditions, individuals act differently, even though they might hold the same political stances. Repression is a focal point of analysis in the article showing how the individuals within the various trajectories react to regime's repression differently. It is the context within which individuals within the four trajectories function that is affecting their behaviour. We investigate how the ways individual express dissent change by interacting with the regime whose repressive actions might push them to change their attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Withdrawal from doctoral education has been recognized as a problem with negative consequences for different actors, leading researchers worldwide to explore its underlying factors and processes. However, even if many PhD candidates who withdrew intend to re-enrol, there is a gap in the literature regarding the factors and processes related to re-enrolment. The aim of this qualitative study is to understand pre- and post-withdrawal experiences of PhD candidates and the factors and processes related to withdrawal, dropout and re-enrolment, through the voices of PhD candidates who withdrew and faculty in social and health sciences in a Portuguese university. Our findings conceptualize withdrawal as a behavioural manifestation of disengagement processes comprising interacting emotional/affective, cognitive, and behavioural dimensions, which start before withdrawal, extend beyond it, and may culminate in dropout or re-engagement and re-enrolment. Factors and processes related to withdrawal, dropout, or re-enrolment were situated in various nested contexts. This study highlights the need for an academic cultural change, to envisage withdrawal as a process that does not necessarily mark the end of PhD candidates' incursion into doctoral education. It draws attention to the need to provide adequate working conditions for PhD candidates, and also to promote follow-up and communication with PhD candidates who withdrew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Service disengagement is a major concern for "Early Intervention in Psychosis" (EIP). Indeed, understanding predictors of engagement is important for the effectiveness of mental health interventions, to improve outcome and quality of life, also in adolescents with first episode psychosis (FEP). No specific European investigation on this topic in adolescence has been reported in the literature to date. The aim of this study was to investigate service disengagement rate and predictors in an Italian sample of FEP adolescents treated within an EIP program during a 2-year follow-up period. All participants were adolescents help-seekers (aged 12–18 years) enrolled in the "Parma Early Psychosis" (Pr-EP) program. At baseline, they completed the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed. 71 FEP adolescents were recruited in this research. During the 2 years of our follow-up, a 25.4% prevalence rate of service disengagement was found. Particularly robust predictors of disengagement were lower baseline acceptance of psychosocial interventions, substance abuse at entry, and lower baseline PANSS "Disorganization" factor score. Approximately, 1/4 of our FEP adolescents disengaged from the Pr-EP program during the first 2 years of treatment. A possible solution to decrease disengagement and to favor re-engagement of these young individuals might be to provide the option of low-intensity monitoring and support, also via remote technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Service disengagement is a major concern for "Early Intervention in Psychosis" (EIP). Indeed, identifying predictors of engagement is crucial to maximize mental healthcare interventions in first-episode psychosis (FEP). No Italian study on this topic has been reported to date. Thus, the aims of this investigation were: (1) to examine short-term disengagement rate in an Italian population of FEP patients treated within an EIP service across a 1-year follow-up period, and (b) to assess the most relevant predictors of disengagement in the first year of treatment. Methods: All participants were young FEP help-seeking patients, aged 12–35 years, enrolled within the "Parma Early Psychosis" (Pr-EP) protocol. At baseline, they completed the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used. Results: 496 FEP individuals were enrolled in this research. Across the follow-up, a 16.5% prevalence of short-term disengagement was found. Particularly robust predictors of service disengagement were poor baseline treatment non-adherence, living with parents and the presence of brief psychotic disorder or schizophreniform disorder at entry. Conclusion: About 16% of FEP patients disengaged the Pr-EP program within the first year of treatment. A solution to reduce disengagement and/or to favor re-engagement of these subjects might be to remain on EIP program caseloads allowing the option for low-intensity support and monitoring, also via remote technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to identify the determinants of customer disengagement (CD) and negative customer engagement (NCE) behaviours following service failure. Design/methodology/approach: This study distributed a survey on negative service experiences to 404 customers in Vietnam and analysed the data using structural equation modelling. Findings: Based on the findings, this paper developed a comprehensive model of the determinants of CD and NCE behaviours. CD manifests as "neglect", while NCE manifests as vindictive, third-party and online complaints and negative word of mouth. The key drivers of CD and NCE are negative expectancy disconfirmation and perceived injustice, mediated by customer outrage. A novel finding is that self-efficacy and risk-taking traits enhance NCE behaviours. Vietnamese customers tend to adopt less confrontational NCE behaviours. Practical implications: The findings provide brand managers with insights into unfavourable customer responses to service failure, including CD and NCE behaviours. Customers in Vietnam were predominantly found to disengage. Fulfilling the firm's promises and treating customers fairly are paramount for preventing customer outrage, CD and NCE. Originality/value: This study identifies the determinants of CD and NCE, namely, disconfirmation of service quality expectations and perceived injustice, in the context of an emerging market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

French literary history is characterised by an alternation of two opposing positions: on the one hand, literature has sought legitimacy by relying on other cultural practices (philosophy, politics, science, religion) while, on the other hand, she has tended to assert herself in total autonomy. From the Romantic period onwards, this alternation became more complex, as the two positions confront each other in a tight dialectic to the point where they succeeded one another or coexisted in the reflection and in the literary practice of the same author, and this confrontation continues into the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. We need to consider the different issues at stake in the choice or rejection of the autonomy of the literary.

BackgroundEarly intervention services (EIS) for psychosis have proven highly effective in treating first episode psychosis. Yet, retention or “engagement” in EIS remains highly variable. Dis/engagement as a contested concept and fluid process involving relationships between service providers and service users remains poorly understood. This study aimed to critically evaluate and explain the dynamic interplay of service provider-user relationships in effecting dis/engagement from an early intervention program for psychosis.MethodsForty study participants, 16 service providers and 24 service users (19 current and 5 disengaged) from a Canadian EIS program, were administered semi-structured interviews. Qualitative analysis was conducted using grounded theory methods, with findings captured and reconceptualized in a novel explanatory model.FindingsA model of engagement with eight major domains of engagement in EIS positioned along a control-autonomy spectrum was developed from the findings, with Clinical engagement (attendance) and Life engagement (life activities) at opposite ends of the spectrum, interspersed by six intermediate domains: Medication/treatment, Symptoms/illness, Mental health, Physical health/wellness, Communication, and Relationships, each domain bearing uniquely on engagement.ConclusionsAn examination of service user and service provider perspectives on the various domains identified in the spectrum model, and their dynamic interplay, reveals the complexity of choices faced by service users in engaging and not engaging with services.

Introduction: This study explored the understanding of maltreatment from the perspective of various personnel working in roles related to safeguarding and welfare in English professional and semi-professional football. Method: Through a social constructivist position, the present study was able to explore multiple understandings and perceptions of maltreatment in football. Individual semi-structured interviews (MDuration = 68.00 minutes, SD = 9.05 minutes) were conducted with 19 participants working across league structures ranging from the English Premier League (EPL) to the English Northern Premier League Division One, as well as individuals working with some of the principal organizations in English professional football. Results: Through reflexive thematic analysis, three general dimensions were highlighted: "current understanding of maltreatment in football," "constituents of maltreatment," and "signs and symptoms of maltreatment." Findings from those working in a safeguarding capacity mirror the research literature around understanding the components of maltreatment but also demonstrate how wrongdoing is nuanced by the football context, in that certain forms of maltreatment are driven by the unique nature of this environment. Discussion: From an applied perspective, the findings also outline how to distinguish both the more overt and covert signs and symptoms of maltreatment, whilst also highlighting the impact of maltreatment on individuals' mental health and their sense of self. Overall, the findings provide a platform for practitioners and researchers to consider in the design of safeguarding and welfare provision by highlighting the need to raise knowledge and awareness of maltreatment whilst intervening to challenge the prevailing workplace culture within professional football. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the factors that influence domestic violence and abuse (DVA) victims to withdraw from the Criminal Justice System globally continues to be a key focus for professionals and academics working within this area. There is a dearth of extant literature examining the motivations behind victim withdrawal, particularly retraction occurring post provision of an initial statement. This paper examines the phenomenon of retraction, by thematically analysing N = 60 police retraction statements (PRS) collected by police officers in a large suburban police force in the North West of England. In examining these statements, insight can also be garnered from those victims still in an active relationship with their abusers. Findings highlight female victims' motivations for retraction and are framed around victim problem solving including: a) accepting the relationship which resulted in a discordance in proceeding with the prosecution of the abuser b) rejecting the relationship thereby rendering the prosecution as redundant c) engaging in procedural problem solving where alternative measures such as civil actions were sought to substitute a CJS prosecution and d) the effect of children where motivations were split between retracting to return to the complete family unit including the victim as the mother and retracting due to recognising the importance of the father's role without involvement from the mother. Notwithstanding limitations, this paper demonstrates that there is significant value in conducting an analysis of PRSs in furthering the understanding of why victims choose to retract at this point in their prosecution journey. The extracts from this dataset add insight and understanding into DVA female victim motivations to retract post-initial statement provision and highlight the differences within victim populations who retract their original statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having inherited an Israel–Palestinian peace process in poor shape in January 2001, George W. Bush did little to advance it during his first term. His approach was motivated by political and diplomatic expediency, rather than deep-seated convictions or principles. 9/11 did not have a decisive impact on US policy. During his second term, however, the president authorised a new formal negotiating process. Although this has received little scholarly attention hitherto, it remains the last serious American effort to broker Israeli–Palestinian peace. Barack Obama made no attempt to continue from where Bush left off in early 2009. Furthermore, Obama's preferred approach backfired, to the extent that serious US engagement in Israeli–Palestinian dialogue was effectively over before the end of his first term. This facilitated the approach subsequently pursued by President Donald Trump, who downgraded and side-lined the Israel–Palestinian dispute in favour of other regional priorities in the Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marginalised and ousted from the New Zealand education system, 70% of youths apprehended for offending and appearing in a New Zealand Youth Court or Rangatahi Court experiencing complex needs are not engaged in education, employment, or training (Oranga Tamariki, Oranga Tamariki. (2020). Quarterly report—September 2020). This article reports findings from a broader PhD study investigating the educational experiences of 10 rangatahi Māori (Māori youth) aged 15–17 years apprehended for serious youth offending and excluded from mainstream education. Drawing on mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) and kaupapa Māori, notions of indigenous resilience are used to unpack the rangatahi Māori participants' responses to negative educational experiences in the mainstream English medium secondary school education system. This article posits that resilience was evident when the rangatahi Māori exercised tino rangatiratanga (sovereignty) through boldness (a characteristic of Tū-mata-uenga the guardian of war), resistance and liminality to reject educational spaces where they perceived they were underserved, discriminated against, and marginalised. Changing the negative Māori student exclusion and disengagement statistics in mainstream education is critical. To address the exclusion statistics, classroom practitioners could be more responsive to rangatahi Māori experiencing complex needs by recognising their experiences and understanding their responses to those experiences. Understanding how resilience as resistance, liminality, and boldness is understood within te ao Māori (the Māori world) perspectives will enable a more culturally responsive approach to working with these rangatahi Māori in mainstream education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burnout has traditionally been characterized as a relatively stable construct, leaving the question of whether and how burnout-related experiences fluctuate within and between days unaddressed. In the current study, we assess the effect of time of day (expressed as external time, internal time, or time awake) and day of the week on momentary experiences of the two core components of burnout, i.e., exhaustion and disengagement. We employed a 7-day experience sampling method in the field among 65 working employees, with seven momentary assessments per day. Results indicated that a large proportion of variance in burnout-related experiences occurred between moments (46%-68%), with only minor variance occurring between days within participants (2%-6%). Notably, experiences related to the disengagement component showed no clear pattern over the day, while exhaustion remained relatively stable throughout the morning and then increased moderately towards the end of the day. We conclude that burnout-related experiences typically fluctuate between moments, supporting the view of burnout as a dynamic rather than a purely static state. Furthermore, much of the variance in momentary burnout-related experiences remains to be explained in absence of a structural temporal pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the issue of "ghost students" in educational institutions, referring to students who are enrolled but not actively participating in their education. It discusses the causes of disengagement and proposes technological solutions for early detection and intervention. The article emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations and responsible implementation of technology. It aims to raise awareness about the impact of ghost students and promote a more inclusive and engaging learning environment. The text also discusses the broader implications of ghost students, including issues of access to education and mental health stigma. It calls for further research and policy initiatives to address the needs of ghost students and improve educational outcomes. [Extracted from the article]