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Background: Spinal Muscular Atrophy is a group of rare genetic conditions characterised by progressive muscle wasting and weakness. SMA has a heterogenous clinical presentation ranging from severe infant onset to milder forms with childhood and adult onset. Disease progression has been described using multiple outcome measures, but some gaps and limitations have been identified. The approval of new therapies over the last few years, has caused a paradigm shift in the way the disease is managed, and the potential implementation of Standards of Care revised in 2017 Aims: To explore patient’s perspective on disease progression and access to Standards of Care, and to evaluate the capacity of specific items of the Revised Hammersmith Scale to quantify trunk involvement. Methods: A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods were used to deliver three projects to achieve the three aims of the thesis. The first was based on a set of patient interviews to explore their life experiences. The second, is based on an online survey to evaluate experience of individuals with SMA regarding their care in the UK. The third, is an international multicentric collaboration to collect cross-sectional data on functional and respiratory data to explore the assessment of trunk involvement in SMA. Results: Patient perspective about disease progression showed some relevant differences from the clinician’s view. Access to Standards of Care appears to have significant limitations especially for certain professionals and in particular for the adult population. Capturing trunk involvement in SMA requires an integrated approach around motor performance, respiratory function, and spinal health. Conclusions: Differences in patients’ perspective on disease progression, in particular with the advent of novel therapies, and significant limitations in access to Standards of Care bring new challenges to the SMA community. Care also requires effective evaluation of all impacted body structures, and trunk involvement would benefit from further research to identify improved methods of assessment. Antecedents: l'Atròfia muscular espinal és un grup d'afeccions genètiques rares caracteritzades per una pèrdua i debilitat muscular progressiva. L’AME té una presentació clínica heterogènia que va des d'inicis infantils més severs fins a formes més lleus amb inicis infantils i adults. La progressió de la malaltia s'ha descrit mitjançant múltiples mesures de resultat, però s'han identificat algunes llacunes i limitacions. L'aprovació de noves teràpies durant els darrers anys, ha provocat un canvi de paradigma en la manera de gestionar la malaltia i la possible implementació dels estàndards d'atenció revisats el 2017. Objectius: Explorar la perspectiva del pacient sobre la progressió de la malaltia i l'accés als estàndards d'atenció, i avaluar la capacitat d'ítems específics de Revised Hammersith Scale per quantificar la implicació del tronc en la progressió de la malaltia. Mètodes: S'ha utilitzat una combinació de mètodes qualitatius i quantitatius per dur a terme tres projectes per assolir els tres objectius de la tesi. El primer es va basar en un conjunt d'entrevistes de pacients per explorar les seves experiències vitals. El segon, es basa en una enquesta en línia per avaluar l'experiència de persones amb AME pel que fa a la seva atenció al Regne Unit. El tercer, és una col·laboració multicèntrica internacional per recollir dades transversals sobre dades funcionals i respiratòries per explorar l'avaluació de la implicació del tronc en la AME. Resultats: La perspectiva del pacient sobre la progressió de la malaltia va mostrar algunes diferències rellevants des del punt de vista dels clínics. L'accés als estàndards d'atenció sembla tenir limitacions importants, especialment per a determinats professionals i, en particular, per a la població adulta. Captar la implicació del tronc en la SMA requereix un enfocament integrat al voltant del rendiment motor, la funció respiratòria i la salut de la columna. Conclusions: Les diferències en la perspectiva dels pacients sobre la progressió de la malaltia, en particular amb l'arribada de noves teràpies, i les limitacions significatives en l'accés als estàndards d'atenció, aporten nous reptes a la comunitat SMA. La cura també requereix una avaluació eficaç de totes les estructures corporals afectades, i la implicació del tronc es beneficiarà de més investigacions per identificar mètodes d'avaluació millorats.

Black Sigatoka, caused by Pseudocercospora fijiensis, is one of the most devastating diseases of banana. In commercial banana‐growing systems, black Sigatoka is primarily managed by fungicides. This mode of disease management is not feasible for resource‐limited smallholder farmers. Therefore, bananas resistant to P. fijiensis provide a practical solution for managing the disease, especially under smallholder farming systems. Most banana and plantain hybrids with resistance to P. fijiensis were developed using few sources of resistance, which include Calcutta 4 and Pisang Lilin. To broaden the pool of resistance sources to P. fijiensis, 95 banana accessions were evaluated under field conditions in Sendusu, Uganda. Eleven accessions were resistant to P. fijiensis. Black Sigatoka symptoms did not progress past Stage 2 (narrow brown streaks) in the diploid accessions Pahang (AA), Pisang KRA (AA), Malaccensis 0074 (AA), Long Tavoy (AA), M.A. Truncata (AA), Tani (BB), and Balbisiana (BB), a response similar to the resistant control Calcutta 4. These accessions are potential sources of P. fijiensis resistance and banana breeding programmes can use them to broaden the genetic base for resistance to P. fijiensis., Eleven banana accessions where symptom progression stopped at stage 2 of symptom progression were identified as potential sources of black Sigatoka resistance that can be used to broaden the genetic base for resistance to P. fijiensis.

Resumo O oídio do eucalipto, causado por Podosphaera pannosa, acarreta prejuízos em viveiros de eucalipto no Brasil. A avaliação dessa doença e os danos causados pela mesma, bem como a busca de formas eficientes de controle, justificam a necessidade da confecção de uma escala visual para quantificar a severidade nesse patossistema. O objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar uma escala diagramática para quantificar a severidade de oídio em folhas de eucalipto em viveiro. Para isso, folhas sintomáticas foram coletadas, escaneadas e digitalizadas para determinar sua área total e a área com sintomas. Dessa maneira, foram obtidos oito níveis de severidade, com base na distribuição das amostras. Para validação da escala, a severidade da doença foi estimada por dez avaliadores sem o auxílio da escala, e em seguida, com a utilização da escala proposta, em 60 folhas de eucalipto, com níveis de severidade heterogêneos. Determinou-se a precisão das estimativas obtidas calculando o coeficiente de determinação (R2) e realizou-se uma análise de regressão linear simples. Constatou-se precisão nas estimativas visuais de severidade do oídio em eucalipto com o uso da escala diagramática proposta, portanto, sua utilização é adequada e pode ser aplicada em estudos epidemiológicas e para avaliar estratégias de controle e manejo. Abstract The Eucalyptus powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera pannosa can cause losses in eucalyptus nurseries in Brazil. The evaluation of this disease and the damages that could be caused by it, as well as the investigation for the efficient controlling forms, lead us to the need of having a visual scale, as means to quantify the severity of this pathosystem. This study had, as its goals, the development of a diagrammatic scale to evaluate the powdery mildew severity in eucalyptus leaves in a nursery home. To do so, symptomatic eucalyptus leaves were collected, scanned, and digitalized to determine the total leaf area and the area occupied with symptoms. Thus, we were able to obtain eight levels of severity based on the sample distribution. To validate the scale, the disease severity had been estimated by ten evaluators, which did not have the scale in hands, and in the sequence, the disease severity was estimated by using the proposed scale in 60 eucalyptus leaves, which had heterogeneous levels of severity. The precision of the obtained estimates obtained was by calculating the coefficient of determination (R2) and a simple linear regression analysis was performed. Precision was found in the visual estimates of the severity of powdery mildew in eucalyptus using the proposed diagrammatic scale, therefore, its use is adequate and being this possible to be used for epidemiological researches and to evaluate control and management strategies.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T09:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 The Eucalyptus powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera pannosa can cause losses in eucalyptus nurseries in Brazil. The evaluation of this disease and the damages that could be caused by it, as well as the investigation for the efficient controlling forms, lead us to the need of having a visual scale, as means to quantify the severity of this pathosystem. This study had, as its goals, the development of a diagrammatic scale to evaluate the powdery mildew severity in eucalyptus leaves in a nursery home. To do so, symptomatic eucalyptus leaves were collected, scanned, and digitalized to determine the total leaf area and the area occupied with symptoms. Thus, we were able to obtain eight levels of severity based on the sample distribution. To validate the scale, the disease severity had been estimated by ten evaluators, which did not have the scale in hands, and in the sequence, the disease severity was estimated by using the proposed scale in 60 eucalyptus leaves, which had heterogeneous levels of severity. The precision of the obtained estimates obtained was by calculating the coefficient of determination (R²) and a simple linear regression analysis was performed. Precision was found in the visual estimates of the severity of powdery mildew in eucalyptus using the proposed diagrammatic scale, therefore, its use is adequate and being this possible to be used for epidemiological researches and to evaluate control and management strategies. Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Pesquisador Autônomo Arizona State University Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”

COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and was initially discovered in Wuhan. This outbreak quickly spread all over China and then to more than 20 other countries. SARS-CoV-2 fluorescent microsphere immunochromatographic test strips were prepared by the combination of time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay with a lateral flow assay. The analytical performance and clinical evaluation of this testing method was done and the clinical significance of the testing method was verified. The LLOD of SARS-CoV-2 antibody IgG and IgM was 0.121U/L and 0.366U/L. The specificity of IgM and IgG strips in healthy people and in patients with non-COVID-19 disease was 94%, 96.72% and 95.50%, 99.49%, respectively; and sensitivity of IgM and IgG strips for patients during treatment and follow-up was 63.02%, 37.61% and 87.28%, 90.17%, respectively. The SARS-CoV-2 antibody test strip can provide rapid, flexible and accurate testing, and is able to meet the clinical requirement for rapid on-site testing of virus. The ability to detect IgM and IgG provided a significant benefit for the detection and prediction of clinical course with COVID-19 patients.

Kronik böbrek yetmezliği kronik hastalıklar kapsamında yer alan bireyin yaşamında kalıcı ve süreğen olarak seyreden bir hastalıktır. Kronik böbrek yetmezliği tedavilerinden biri de hemodiyaliz tedavisidir. Kronik böbrek yetmezliği ve hemodiyaliz tedavisi hastayı fiziksel, ekonomik, toplumsal ve psikososyal açıdan olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Kişiden kişiye farklılık gösteren bu hastalık büyük oranda kadın hastaları etkilemektedir. Tıbbi sosyal hizmet kapsamında yer alan nefrolojik sosyal hizmet müdahaleleri ve sosyal hizmet yaklaşımlarından güçlendirme yaklaşımı ile kabul ve uyum süreci desteklenmektedir. Araştırmanın temel amacı; kadın hemodiyaliz hastalarının hastalık süresince yaşadığı psiko-sosyal ve ekonomik kaynaklı sorunlar ile, diyaliz tedavisine bağlı kısıtlılıkları, hastalığın kadının çeşitli rollerinde (birey, eş, anne, çalışan kadın gibi) yarattığı olumsuzluklar ve hastalığı ile baş etme yollarının ve hastalığı nasıl değerlendirdiklerinin güçlendirme yaklaşımı sosyal hizmet temelinden ortaya konulmasıdır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu İstanbul ili Memorial Hizmet Hastanesi Türk Böbrek Vakfı Hemodiyaliz Ünitesinde hemodiyaliz tedavisi gören 18 yaş üstü kadın hastalar oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın veri toplama sürecinde hemodiyaliz tedavisi gören kadın hasta sayısı 124'tür. Tüm hastalara ulaşılarak görüşme talebinde bulunuşmuş olup, onam ve rıza gösteren 70 kadın hasta birey ile görüşme tamamlanmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan "Kadın Hemodiyaliz Hasta Görüşme Formu" ve "Hastalığı Değerlendirme Ölçeği" kullanılmıştır. Araştırma yöntemi olarak nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Tüm veriler bilgisayarda SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) for Windows 22 programına kaydedilerek analiz edilmiştir. Hastaların tanıtıcı bilgileri, hastalığa yönelik sorular ve hastalık değerlendirme ölçeği soruları frekans analizi ile değerlendirilerek frekans ve yüzde ile gösterilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda kadın hastaların hemodiyaliz tedavi sürecinde, ekonomik, psikososyal kaynaklı sorunlar, hemodiyalize bağlı toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinde sorunlar ve hemodiyaliz tedavisi ile beraber birçok kısıtlamalar yaşadığı belirlenmiştir. Kadın hemodiyaliz hastaları hastalığı kalıcı, bağımlılık yapan ve günlük hayatını etkileyerek, çöküntüye uğratan, mücadele edilen bir durum olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Chronic kidney insufficiency is a permanent and chronic disease in the life of the individual included in the scope of chronic diseases. Hemodialysis treatment is one of the treatments for chronic kidney failure. Chronic kidney failure and hemodialysis treatment negatively affect the patient in physical, economic, social and psychosocial aspects. This disease, which differs from person to person, affects mostly female patients. The acceptance and adaptation process is supported with the empowerment approach from nephrological social work interventions and social work approaches within the scope of medical social work. The main purpose of the research is; The psycho-social and economic problems experienced by female hemodialysis patients during their illness, the limitations of dialysis treatment, the negativities caused by the disease in various roles of women (such as individual, wife, mother, working woman) and the ways of coping with the disease and how they evaluate the disease is the basis of service. The sample of the study is all female patients over the age of 18 who receive hemodialysis treatment at the Memorial Service Hospital Turkish Kidney Foundation Hemodialysis Unit, which allows in-house research in Istanbul. During the data collection process of the study, the number of women who received hemodialysis treatment was 124. All patients were contacted and requested for a meeting, and interviews were completed with 70 female patients who gave their consent and consent. "Female Hemodialysis Interview Form" and "Disease Evaluation Scale" prepared by the researcher were used as data collection tools. As a research method, relational scanning model, one of the quantitative research methods, was used. All data were recorded in the SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) for Windows 22 program on the computer and analyzed. Patient's introductory information, questions about the disease and the questions of the disease rating scale were evaluated with frequency analysis and displayed with frequency and percentage. In line with the data obtained, it was determined that female patients experienced many restrictions in the hemodialysis treatment process, including economic and psychosocial problems, problems in gender roles due to hemodialysis, and hemodialysis treatment. Female hemodialysis patients were evaluated as a persistent, addictive condition that affects their daily life and causes collapse and is struggled.

Introduction.Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) caused byCercospora kikuchiiis an endemic soybean crop disease in Argentina.Objective.To develop and validate a scale to quantify the severity of CLB in leaflets of soybean (Glycine max) for the evaluation of foliar fungicides and cultivar trials.Materials and methods.A diagrammatic scale to assess the severity of CLB on soybean leaflets (Glycine max) was developed. The scale was based on the evaluation of 50 leaflets. The different severity levels of the leaflets were determined according to Weber-Fechner’s stimulus-response law. The proposed scale included severity levels of 1, 4.5, 17.5, 50, 82.2, 95, and 99 %. The validation of the scale was performed by 23 raters (3 experienced and 20 inexperienced) who assessed the severity of CLB on 50 leaflets with and without the use of the scale.Results.The results from the three experienced raters were more precise than those obtained by the inexperienced raters. The scale improved the visual interpretation to assess the severity of CLB for the inexperienced raters, who obtained estimated severity values close to the actual severity values. When the inexperienced raters used the proposed scale to estimate the severity of CLB on leaflets, they were accurate having determination coefficients (R2) between 0.74 and 0.91. According to the absolute errors, the greatest deviation was observed between -2.49 and 2.46. However, these deviations were not significantly different from the population average. To speed the process of cultivar evaluations we also propose the use of scales based on grades.Conclusions.The proposed scale to assess the severity of CLB on leaflets can be used for the assessment of foliar fungicide trials and soybean cultivars. The scale showed specificity for assessing the severity of Cercospora leaf blight (CFB) in soybean leaflets. Introducción.El tizón foliar por Cercospora (TFC) causado porCercospora kikuchiies una enfermedad endémica en el cultivo de soja en Argentina.Objetivo.Desarrollar y validar una escala para cuantificar la severidad del TFC en foliolos de soja (Glycine max) para la evaluación de fungicidas foliares y ensayos de cultivares.Materiales y métodos.Se elaboró una escala diagramática para evaluar la gravedad del TFC. La escala se basó en la evaluación de 50 folíolos. Los diferentes niveles de gravedad de los foliolos se determinaron de acuerdo con la Ley de estímulo y respuesta de Weber-Fechner. La escala incluyó niveles de gravedad de 1, 4,5, 17,5, 50, 82,2, 95 y 99 %. La validación de la escala fue realizada por 23 calificadores (3 experimentados y 20 inexpertos) que evaluaron la gravedad del TFC en 50 foliolos con y sin el uso de la escala.Resultados.Los resultados de los tres calificadores experimentados fueron más precisos que los obtenidos por los calificadores inexpertos. La escala mejoró la interpretación visual para evaluar la severidad del TFC para los calificadores inexpertos, que obtuvieron valores de severidad estimados cercanos a los valores de severidad reales. Cuando los calificadores inexpertos utilizaron nuestra escala para estimar la severidad del TFC en los foliolos, fueron precisos con coeficientes de determinación (R2) entre 0,74 y 0,91. Según los errores absolutos, la mayor desviación se observó entre -2,49 y 2,46. Sin embargo, estas desviaciones no fueron significativamente diferentes del promedio de la población. Con el fin de acelerar el proceso de evaluación de los cultivares, se propone también el uso de escalas basadas en las calificaciones.Conclusiones.La escala propuesta puede ser utilizada para la evaluación de los ensayos de fungicidas y de los cultivares de soja. La escala presentó especificidad para evaluar la severidad del tizón foliar por Cercospora (TFC) en folíolos de soja.

Los bioestimulantes de plantas son productos que "contienen sustancias y/o microorganismos cuya función cuando se aplican a las plantas o la rizosfera es estimular los procesos naturales para mejorar/beneficiar la absorción de nutrientes, la eficiencia de nutrientes, la tolerancia al estrés abiótico y la calidad del cultivo (EBIC, 2012). Con el objetivo de cumplir con las regulaciones legales de la Unión Europea, una empresa de protección de cultivos facilitó una selección de productos bioestimulantes para determinar su posible fungitoxicidad y eficacia en el control de oomicetos. Estos productos se han preparado comercialmente para el control de las enfermedades causadas por Phytophthora. Los componentes de su formulación están codificados como L01-L13 y los bioestimulantes como A y B. En este estudio, titulado 'Evaluación de productos bioestimulantes para el control de Phytophthora capsici en pimiento', los productos y los componentes de su formulación se estudiaron in vitro y mediante ensayos de invernadero. En los experimentos in vitro se estudió la posible fungitoxicidad frente a los organismos fitopatógenos P. capsici y P. citrophthora, Fusarium solani, Verticillium dahliae, así como Alternaria alternata. Los patógenos se expusieron a diferentes concentraciones de producto y los resultados de la inhibición del crecimiento se analizaron mediante curvas dosis-respuesta y, cuando fue posible, se calcularon también los valores de EC50 (concentración efectiva media). L01-L13 no indujeron en ningún caso una reducción del 50% del crecimiento de los organismos. Lo mismo ocurrió con los bioestimulantes A y B. Los resultados del estudio in vitro indican que ninguno de estos dos productos, ni los componentes de su formulación, resultaron fungitóxicos para los organismos incluidos en el experimento. Los ensayos de invernadero tuvieron como objetivo evaluar la eficacia de los productos A y B para el control de P. capsici en pimiento. Las plántulas se cultivaron durante dos meses y se pulverizaron foliarmente con los productos. Posteriormente se inocularon con P. capsici mediante inmersión de las raíces en una suspensión de zoosporas. La severidad de la enfermedad se evaluó semanalmente hasta la muerte de las plántulas. Los datos de severidad se analizaron mediante modelos de regresión ordinal, calculando los correspondientes odds ratios con las plantas inoculadas no tratadas como nivel de referencia. Todos los productos evaluados presentaron odds ratios entre 0 y 1, concluyendo que ninguno ellos fue efectivo para el control de P. capsici en pimiento bajo las condiciones del experimento. El posible efecto de control de estos productos habría quedado enmascarado por un estrés excesivo de la plantas, inducido por las condiciones extremadamente agresivas de la inoculación, unido a posibles problemas de fitotoxicidad. Por lo tanto, en el futuro sería necesario explorar otras metodologías para evaluar la eficacia de los bioestimulantes A y B en el control de P. capsici en pimiento., Plant biostimulants are products which ¿contain substance(s) and/or micro-organisms whose function when applied to plants or the rhizosphere is to stimulate natural processes to enhance/benefit nutrient uptake, nutrient efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress, and crop quality¿ (EBIC, 2012). Aiming to comply with the legislative regulations of the European Union, a plant protection company submitted a selection of biostimulating products to studies of fungitoxicity and oomycete control efficacy. These products are aimed for the control of Phytophthora diseases. The product components were coded L01-L13 and the biostimulants A and B. In this investigation, titled `Evaluation of biostimulant products for the control of Phytophthora capsici in pepper¿, the products themselves as well as their formulation components were studied in vitro and through greenhouse trials. The in vitro experiments involved the target oomycetes P. capsici and P. citrophthora, the soil-borne fungi Fusarium solani and Verticillium dahliae as well as the foliar fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata. The pathogens were exposed to different product concentrations and the results of growth inhibition were analyzed by dose-response curves and, wherever possible, EC50 values (half maximal effective concentration) were calculated. None of the product components (L01-L13) reached an effect of 50% growth reduction. The same was true for biostimulants A and B, and since the results were significant, these products and their components were not considered fungitoxic to the organisms of the study. The greenhouse trials were conducted in parallel and aimed at evaluating the efficacy of products A and B in preventing P. capsici from infecting pepper seedlings. Seedlings were grown for two months, were foliarly sprayed with the products and were subsequently inoculated with P. capsici by root submersion in a zoospore suspension. Disease severity was assessed weekly, until seedling death, and the data were analyzed through ordinal regression models and the calculation of odds ratios. The comparisons were done using inoculated non-treated plants as the reference group. All odds ratios ranged from 0 to 1 suggesting that none of the products achieved to significantly increase the chances of disease control under the conditions tested. It is speculated that the potential benefits of the products against disease were masked by the negative impact that inoculation aggressiveness and phytotoxicity had on plant status. Thus, exploring other methodologies in future trials will be the next step in investigating the topic further and achieving a comprehensive understanding of the efficacy and capacity that biostimulants A and B have in preventing pepper infection from P. capsici.

To determine which polysomnography parameters are associated with severity of hypertension. This retrospective study collected data on all patients admitted to our urban, academic center in Beijing with hypertension who had undergone polysomnograms (PSG) and were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (apnea–hyponea index [AHI] ≥5/hour). We then compared polysomnographic parameters (AHI, oxygen desaturation index [ODI], lowest oxygen saturation [LOS], and mean apnea–hypopnea duration [MAD]) by hypertension severity in this cohort. There were 596 subjects who met entry criteria. Age, sex distribution, body mass index (BMI), history of current smoking and alcohol were similar among groups. Subjects with longer MAD suffered from more severe hypertension (P = 0.011). There were no relationship between AHI, ODI, and LOS and hypertension in our cohort. There were no significant differences in age, sex, BMI, history of current smoking and alcohol use between hypertension groups. MAD had a small but significant independent association (odds ratio [OR] = 1.072, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.019–1.128, P = 0.007) with moderate to severe hypertension, using logistic regression analysis that accounted for age, sex, BMI, history of current smoking and alcohol, AHI, and LOS. Chinese inpatients with longer MAD by PSG face higher odds of moderate to severe hypertension. The mechanism of these effects may be due to aggravated nocturnal hypoxaemia and hypercapnia, as well as disturbed sleep architecture. These results suggest that additional information available in the polysomnogram, such as MAD, should be considered when evaluating OSA patients.

Field and greenhouse inoculation methods were compared to determine the genetic variation for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in 38 somaclones of rice cultivar Metica-1. Rice plants in pots were inoculated with isolate 4F1 at the age of sixty four days, with 2.0 g of the fungal culture, multiplied on rice grain and hull medium and placed on the soil surface around the plant. The differences among somaclones in relation to lesion height were significant and varied from 6.5 to 15.5 cm. In the field trial of artificial inoculation with fungal culture, 52 days after planting, the lesion height varied from 6.2 to 17.7 cm. The correlation between disease severity in the greenhouse and the field was positive and highly significant (r=0.44; P< 0.01), indicating the greenhouse inoculation as a safe method for screening germplasm for sheath blight resistance.

Fusarium root rot caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli (Fsp) is widely distributed in Latin America. Experiments involving artificial inoculations could be better compared whether the number of Fsp infective propagules is well quantified by using chlamydospores. This study aimed to define the adequate concentration of chlamydospores of Fsp for assessment of the disease severity under controlled conditions. In greenhouse, two experiments were performed, where common bean susceptible genotypes were sown in a substrate infested with 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 or 6000 chlamydospores g-1 of substrate. Plants were rated for disease severity at 30 d after emergence. Linear response plateau was used to represent the relationship between disease severity and concentration of chlamydospores in the substrate. According to our results, concentrations between 4500 and 5000 chlamydospores g-1 of substrate maximizes the disease severity and can be recommended to evaluate large-scale screenings of bean germplasm.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:29:55Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:43:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-84879737964.pdf: 1181755 bytes, checksum: ae6e010346ed9c52c47d248afa379567 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:29:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-07-09 The leaf spot (Mycosphaerella leaf disease = MLD) caused by Teratosphaeria nubilosa has caused damage in eucalypt plantations in southern and southeastern Brazil. The need to assess the disease in the field to evaluate of this damage, efficiency control, evaluation of germplasm induces to the necessity of having a visual scale for evaluation of disease. The objective was to develop a diagrammatic scale for young leaves and one for adult leaves of Eucalyptus globules for MLD. To do so, the leaves collected in the field were scanned for image analysis. The damaged area, the healthy leaf area and the external area of the same scale RGB (Red, Green, Blue) were determined. Subsequently, it was determinate the levels of severity depending on the sample distribution with seven levels for young leaves and six for adult leaves. For the visual acuity test and validate the scale, the leaves were evaluated for severity, with and without scale. With this proposed scales, the assessors showed good accuracy both for young and adult leaves with R2=0,98 and R2=0,80, respectively. The importance of the development of diagrammatic scales for assessing MLD in eucalyptus must to the fact that allows quantification of the symptoms accurately and precisely. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Avenida Ephigênio Salles MCT-INPA, CEP 69011-670, Manaus (AM) Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Produção Vegetal, CEP 18610-307, Botucatu (SP) Complexo Industrial de Camaçari, Bahia, Rua Alfa, 1033, CEP 42810-290, Camaçari (BA) Universidade Estadual Paulista, CEP 18610-307, Botucatu (SP) Universidade Católica de Pelotas Pesquisadora do setor Florestal, Rua Gonçalves Chaves, 373, CEP 96010-000, Pelotas (RS) Departamento de Produção Vegetal e Departamento de Ciência Florestal Universidade Estadual Paulista, CEP 18610-307, Botucatu (SP) Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Produção Vegetal, CEP 18610-307, Botucatu (SP) Universidade Estadual Paulista, CEP 18610-307, Botucatu (SP) Departamento de Produção Vegetal e Departamento de Ciência Florestal Universidade Estadual Paulista, CEP 18610-307, Botucatu (SP)

RESUMO A mancha foliar (mancha de micosferela) causada por Teratosphaeria nubilosa tem acarretado prejuízos em plantios de eucalipto na região Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. A necessidade de avaliar a doença no campo e os danos causados pela mesma, bem como a busca de formas eficientes de controle e a utilização de germoplasma, leva à necessidade em ter uma escala visual para quantificação da severidade da doença. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar uma escala diagramática com folhas jovens e com folhas adultas de Eucalyptus globulus, para avaliação de mancha de micosferela. Para tal, as folhas coletadas em campo foram escaneadas para digitalização da imagem. Determinou-se a área lesionada, área foliar sadia e área total em escala RGB (Red, Green, Blue). Posteriormente, determinaram-se os níveis de severidade em função da distribuição da amostra, sendo sete níveis para folhas jovens e seis para folhas adultas. Para o teste de acuidade visual e validação da escala, as folhas foram submetidas à avaliação da severidade, com e sem escala. Com a adoção das escalas propostas, a totalidade dos avaliadores apresentou boa acurácia, tanto para folhas jovens como para adultas com R2=0,98 e R2=0,80, respectivamente. A importância da elaboração de escalas diagramáticas para quantificar a severidade de mancha em eucalipto deve-se ao fato de permitir a quantificação dos sintomas de forma acurada e precisa. ABSTRACT The leaf spot (Mycosphaerella leaf disease = MLD) caused by Teratosphaeria nubilosa has caused damage in eucalypt plantations in southern and southeastern Brazil. The need to assess the disease in the field to evaluate of this damage, efficiency control, evaluation of germplasm induces to the necessity of having a visual scale for evaluation of disease. The objective was to develop a diagrammatic scale for young leaves and one for adult leaves of Eucalyptus globules for MLD. To do so, the leaves collected in the field were scanned for image analysis. The damaged area, the healthy leaf area and the external area of the same scale RGB (Red, Green, Blue) were determined. Subsequently, it was determinate the levels of severity depending on the sample distribution with seven levels for young leaves and six for adult leaves. For the visual acuity test and validate the scale, the leaves were evaluated for severity, with and without scale. With this proposed scales, the assessors showed good accuracy both for young and adult leaves with R2=0,98 and R2=0,80, respectively. The importance of the development of diagrammatic scales for assessing MLD in eucalyptus must to the fact that allows quantification of the symptoms accurately and precisely.

Brown patch, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, is an important disease on tall fescue (TF, Festuca arundinacea Schreb, synonym Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub). Rhizoctonia zeae Voorhees, a related pathogen, causes similar symptoms. Confusion over which Rhizoctonia species is causing symptoms and subjective visual evaluations of disease severity may contribute to variability in observed BP resistance of TF cultivars at multiple locations. The objectives of this study were to develop an objective digital image analysis (DIA) method for evaluating disease and to use DIA to screen tall fescue plant introductions (PIs) for resistance to R. solani and R. zeae. There was a strong correlation (r2 = 0.97) between actual disease severity, measured by applying lesioned tissue of a known area to healthy leaves, and DIA calculated disease severity using scanned images of individual leaves (DIA-IL). The accuracy and precision of visual evaluations and DIA evaluations of entire plants (DIA-WP) were evaluated using DIA-IL as a standard of accuracy. Accuracy of DIA-WP was not significantly different from visual evaluation accuracy. Precision was significantly higher for DIA-WP. Evaluation of PIs and putatively BP resistant TF cultivars for resistance to R. solani and R. zeae using DIA-WP identified clones within each PI that ranked high for resistance to R. solani or R. zeae. No clones were identified with high resistance to both R. solani and R. zeae. Improved precision of DIA evaluation methods and inclusion of R. zeae in BP resistance breeding may decrease variability of TF cultivar performance across locations. Master of Science

Com o objetivo de padronizar as avaliações da severidade da Mancha Marrom de Alternaria, foi desenvolvida uma escala diagramática considerando a distribuição, a forma, a freqüência das lesões e os níveis mínimo e máximo de severidade encontrados em campo. Dois tipos de lesões comuns em campo foram representados na escala, pequenas de formato circular ou irregular (0,1; 1; 2,5; 5; 11 e 25 % da área do fruto lesionada) e grandes, nesse caso sempre circulares (1; 2,5; 5; 10 e 17 % da área do fruto lesionada). A validação da escala foi feita em duas etapas: na primeira, quatro avaliadores estimaram a severidade de 79 fotos de frutos sintomáticos, sem o uso da escala, e na segunda, os avaliadores estimaram a severidade dos mesmos frutos com o uso da escala. Quando a escala não foi utilizada, o r² estimado para todo o conjunto de dados foi 0,69, o intercepto (a) 1,42 e o coeficiente angular (b) 0,77. Com o uso da escala, esses parâmetros foram de 0,84, 1,59 e 0,84, respectivamente. A escala mostrou-se adequada para avaliações da severidade da Mancha Marrom de Alternaria em frutos cítricos. A diagrammatic scale of Alternaria Brown Spot in citrus was developed in order to standardize disease severity assessments. The scale was built taking into consideration the distribution, shape and frequency of lesions as well as minimum and maximum severity levels found in the field. Two types of symptoms widely observed at field were represented in the diagrammatic scale: small circular or irregular lesions (0.1 1 2.5 5 11 and 25%) and large circular lesions (1 2.5 5 10 and 17%). The validation of the scale was accomplished in two stages. Firstly, four experts estimated the severity of disease in 79 photographs of citrus fruits with symptoms without using the diagrammatic scale. Secondly, the experts estimated the severity of the disease on the same fruits, by using the scale. When the scale was not used, the coefficient of determination (r²) was 0.69, the intercept (a) 1.42 and the angular coefficient (b) 0.77, while by using the scale these parameters were 0.84, 1.59 and 0.84, respectively. The scale was shown to be appropriate for severity assessment of Alternaria Brown Spot on citrus fruits.

Com o objetivo de quantificar o efeito da cercosporiose do milho (Cercospora zeae-maydis) no rendimento de 12 híbridos comerciais de milho e correlacionar a redução na produtividade de grãos com a severidade da doença, foram conduzidos em duas épocas de semeadura, dois experimentos em área experimental da Universidade Federal de Lavras, em Lavras MG, no ano agrícola de 2005/2006. O primeiro experimento foi instalado em 11/11/2005 e o segundo em 23/12/2005. O controle da doença nas parcelas sadias de todos os híbridos foi obtido através de duas aplicações de epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina (37,5 + 99,75 g i.a.ha-1) em intervalo de 15 dias. Nas parcelas sem controle químico da doença, a epidemia iniciou o seu desenvolvimento com o inóculo natural presente na área. Foram realizadas oito avaliações da severidade da doença em intervalos de sete dias, a partir dos 60 dias após a emergência, por meio de escala de notas variando de 1 (resistente) a 9 (suscetível). Estimou-se a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD) e obteve-se a produtividade de grãos. Com os dados estimou-se a porcentagem de danos e as correlações entre a produtividade de grãos e a porcentagem de danos com as estimativas da AACPD. Constatou-se que: o nível de dano varia entre as épocas de semeadura e híbridos avaliados, sendo em média de 13,3%; a cercosporiose é uma doença que reduz a produtividade de grãos de milho, principalmente para a semeadura tardia e o uso de híbridos resistentes dispensa o controle químico da doença. With the objective of quantifying the effect of gray leaf spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis) on yield of 12 commercial maize hybrids and of correlating grain yield reduction with disease severity, two experiments were performed at two sowing dates (November 11th and December 23rd, 2005) in the experimental area of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil. Disease control in healthy plots of all hybrids was obtained through two applications of epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin - 37.5 + 99.75 g i.a.ha-1) at a 15-day interval. In uncontrolled plots, epidemic development started from natural inoculum present in the area. Eight evaluations of disease severity based on visual symptoms were performed at seven-day intervals from the 60th day after maize emergence, ranging from 1 (resistant) to 9 (susceptible). The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was estimated and grain yield per plot was also obtained. Results of damage percentage and correlations between grain yield and damage percentage with the estimates of the AUDPC were supported by the data. Damage intensity varied according to sowing season and hybrid, with an average of 13.3%. Maize gray leaf spot reduces the corn grain yield, mainly in the late sowing season, and the use of resistant hybrids excludes the chemical control of the disease.

A antracnose do morangueiro, causada por Colletotrichum fragariae Brooks, é uma das mais importantes doenças da cultura. Além dos rizomas, o fungo causa lesões em estolhos, pecíolos, limbos foliares, pedúnculos e frutos. A inoculação de plantas com este patógeno é muitas vezes imprescindível em trabalhos que necessitam uniformidade de inóculo e reprodução de sintomas da doença. Isso ocorre em testes de patogenicidade, em testes de eficácia de métodos de controle, em estudos sobre a variabilidade de diferentes isolados do patógeno e em avaliação de germoplasma quanto à resistência à doença. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar comparativamente sete métodos de inoculação de morangueiro com C. fragariae, descrevendo os sintomas obtidos em diferentes órgãos da planta. Sintomas foliares (mancha preta da folha) foram observados principalmente quando se utilizou pulverização do inóculo. Os métodos mais eficientes em produzir murcha e lesões nos rizomas foram: ferimento e deposição de 5 mL de inóculo nos rizomas, ferimento e deposição de uma gota de inóculo nos pecíolos e injeção de inóculo nos rizomas. The anthracnose crown rot, caused by Colletotrichum fragariae Brooks, is an important disease of strawberries. The fungus also damages stolons, petioles, leaf blades and fruits. The inoculation of C. fragariae is necessary to ensure uniformity and appearance of characteristic symptoms of the disease in pathogenicity tests, variability evaluation of different isolates, efficacy of control measures and germplasm screening for resistance. This study evaluated seven inoculation methods of C. fragariae on strawberry and reports symptoms observed in each case. Symptoms of black leaf spot were mainly observed when the inoculum was sprayed on the plants. The best methods to reproduce wilting and crown rot were: 5 mL of inoculum placed on wounded crowns, a drop of inoculum placed on wounded petioles and crown injection.

Com o objetivo de padronizar as avaliações da severidade da Mancha Marrom de Alternaria, foi desenvolvida uma escala diagramática considerando a distribuição, a forma, a freqüência das lesões e os níveis mínimo e máximo de severidade encontrados em campo. Dois tipos de lesões comuns em campo foram representados na escala, pequenas de formato circular ou irregular (0,1; 1; 2,5; 5; 11 e 25 % da área do fruto lesionada) e grandes, nesse caso sempre circulares (1; 2,5; 5; 10 e 17 % da área do fruto lesionada). A validação da escala foi feita em duas etapas: na primeira, quatro avaliadores estimaram a severidade de 79 fotos de frutos sintomáticos, sem o uso da escala, e na segunda, os avaliadores estimaram a severidade dos mesmos frutos com o uso da escala. Quando a escala não foi utilizada, o r² estimado para todo o conjunto de dados foi 0,69, o intercepto (a) 1,42 e o coeficiente angular (b) 0,77. Com o uso da escala, esses parâmetros foram de 0,84, 1,59 e 0,84, respectivamente. A escala mostrou-se adequada para avaliações da severidade da Mancha Marrom de Alternaria em frutos cítricos.A diagrammatic scale of Alternaria Brown Spot in citrus was developed in order to standardize disease severity assessments. The scale was built taking into consideration the distribution, shape and frequency of lesions as well as minimum and maximum severity levels found in the field. Two types of symptoms widely observed at field were represented in the diagrammatic scale: small circular or irregular lesions (0.1 1 2.5 5 11 and 25%) and large circular lesions (1 2.5 5 10 and 17%). The validation of the scale was accomplished in two stages. Firstly, four experts estimated the severity of disease in 79 photographs of citrus fruits with symptoms without using the diagrammatic scale. Secondly, the experts estimated the severity of the disease on the same fruits, by using the scale. When the scale was not used, the coefficient of determination (r²) was 0.69, the intercept (a) 1.42 and the angular coefficient (b) 0.77, while by using the scale these parameters were 0.84, 1.59 and 0.84, respectively. The scale was shown to be appropriate for severity assessment of Alternaria Brown Spot on citrus fruits.